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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Accident</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accident-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fatalities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fatalities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Fatalities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fatalities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Investigation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Investigation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Investigation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Investigation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Investigation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Investigation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Conclusions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conclusions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Conclusions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conclusions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Additional_factors_and_alternative_theories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additional_factors_and_alternative_theories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Additional factors and alternative theories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Additional_factors_and_alternative_theories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Previous_tyre_incidents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Previous_tyre_incidents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Previous tyre incidents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Previous_tyre_incidents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modifications_and_revival" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modifications_and_revival"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Modifications and revival</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modifications_and_revival-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criminal_investigation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criminal_investigation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Criminal investigation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criminal_investigation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Documentaries_and_other_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Documentaries_and_other_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Documentaries and other media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Documentaries_and_other_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-BEA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#BEA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>BEA</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-BEA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Air France Flight 4590</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 36 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">36 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_France-vlug_4590" title="Air France-vlug 4590 – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Air France-vlug 4590" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A9_4590" title="الخطوط الجوية الفرنسية الرحلة 4590 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الخطوط الجوية الفرنسية الرحلة 4590" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parisd%C9%99_t%C9%99yyar%C9%99_q%C9%99zas%C4%B1_(25_iyul_2000)" title="Parisdə təyyarə qəzası (25 iyul 2000) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Parisdə təyyarə qəzası (25 iyul 2000)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82_4590_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%E2%80%9E%D0%95%D1%80_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%E2%80%9C" title="Полет 4590 на „Ер Франс“ – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Полет 4590 на „Ер Франс“" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vol_4590_d%27Air_France" title="Vol 4590 d'Air France – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Vol 4590 d'Air France" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let_Air_France_4590" title="Let Air France 4590 – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Let Air France 4590" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concorde-flyulykken_i_Paris_%C3%A5r_2000" title="Concorde-flyulykken i Paris år 2000 – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Concorde-flyulykken i Paris år 2000" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air-France-Flug_4590" title="Air-France-Flug 4590 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Air-France-Flug 4590" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_France%27i_lend_4590" title="Air France'i lend 4590 – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Air France'i lend 4590" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuelo_4590_de_Air_France" title="Vuelo 4590 de Air France – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Vuelo 4590 de Air France" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B2_%DB%B4%DB%B5%DB%B9%DB%B0_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3" title="پرواز ۴۵۹۰ ایرفرانس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پرواز ۴۵۹۰ ایرفرانس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accident_du_Concorde" title="Accident du Concorde – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Accident du Concorde" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voo_4590_de_Air_France" title="Voo 4590 de Air France – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Voo 4590 de Air France" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%EC%96%B4%ED%94%84%EB%9E%91%EC%8A%A4_4590%ED%8E%B8_%EC%B6%94%EB%9D%BD_%EC%82%AC%EA%B3%A0" title="에어프랑스 4590편 추락 사고 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="에어프랑스 4590편 추락 사고" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_France_Penerbangan_4590" title="Air France Penerbangan 4590 – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Air France Penerbangan 4590" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volo_Air_France_4590" title="Volo Air France 4590 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Volo Air France 4590" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%94_4590_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A1" title="טיסה 4590 של אייר פראנס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טיסה 4590 של אייר פראנס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_France_reiss_4590" title="Air France reiss 4590 – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Air France reiss 4590" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Az_Air_France_4590-es_j%C3%A1rat%C3%A1nak_katasztr%C3%B3f%C3%A1ja" title="Az Air France 4590-es járatának katasztrófája – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Az Air France 4590-es járatának katasztrófája" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B1%E1%80%80%E1%80%BC%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B6%E1%80%9E%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AF_%E1%81%84%E1%81%85%E1%81%89%E1%81%80" title="ပြင်သစ်လေကြောင်းပျံသန်းမှု ၄၅၉၀ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပြင်သစ်လေကြောင်းပျံသန်းမှု ၄၅၉၀" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_France-vlucht_4590" title="Air France-vlucht 4590 – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Air France-vlucht 4590" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B3%E3%83%AB%E3%83%89%E5%A2%9C%E8%90%BD%E4%BA%8B%E6%95%85" title="コンコルド墜落事故 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="コンコルド墜落事故" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_France_Flight_4590" title="Air France Flight 4590 – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Air France Flight 4590" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%BE%E1%9E%84%E1%9E%A0%E1%9F%84%E1%9F%87%E1%9E%A0%E1%9E%BE%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%9B%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%81_4590_%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%8B%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%A0%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%A2%E1%9F%8A%E1%9F%82%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B6%E1%9F%86%E1%9E%84" title="ជើងហោះហើរលេខ 4590 របស់ក្រុមហ៊ុនអ៊ែរបារាំង – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ជើងហោះហើរលេខ 4590 របស់ក្រុមហ៊ុនអ៊ែរបារាំង" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katastrofa_lotu_Air_France_4590" title="Katastrofa lotu Air France 4590 – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Katastrofa lotu Air France 4590" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voo_Air_France_4590" title="Voo Air France 4590 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Voo Air France 4590" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B0_%C2%AB%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%C2%BB" title="Катастрофа «Конкорда» – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Катастрофа «Конкорда»" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_France_Flight_4590" title="Air France Flight 4590 – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Air France Flight 4590" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Francen_lento_4590" title="Air Francen lento 4590 – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Air Francen lento 4590" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_France_Flight_4590" title="Air France Flight 4590 – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Air France Flight 4590" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8F%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF_4590" title="ஏர் பிரான்சு வானூர்தி 4590 – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஏர் பிரான்சு வானூர்தி 4590" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_4590" title="แอร์ฟรานซ์ เที่ยวบินที่ 4590 – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แอร์ฟรานซ์ เที่ยวบินที่ 4590" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_France%27%C4%B1n_4590_sefer_say%C4%B1l%C4%B1_u%C3%A7u%C5%9Fu" title="Air France'ın 4590 sefer sayılı uçuşu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Air France'ın 4590 sefer sayılı uçuşu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B0_%C2%AB%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%C2%BB" title="Катастрофа «Конкорда» – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Катастрофа «Конкорда»" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuy%E1%BA%BFn_bay_4590_c%E1%BB%A7a_Air_France" title="Chuyến bay 4590 của Air France – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chuyến bay 4590 của Air France" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B%E8%88%AA%E7%A9%BA4590%E8%99%9F%E7%8F%AD%E6%A9%9F%E7%A9%BA%E9%9B%A3" title="法國航空4590號班機空難 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="法國航空4590號班機空難" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q406535#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> 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.geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Air_France_Flight_4590&params=48_59_08_N_2_28_20_E_type:event_region:FR-IDF"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">48°59′08″N</span> <span class="longitude">2°28′20″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">48.98556°N 2.47222°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">48.98556; 2.47222</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">2000 plane crash of an Air France Concorde in Paris</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard vevent"><caption class="infobox-title fn org summary" style="padding-bottom:0.3em;">Air France Flight 4590</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Concorde_Air_France_Flight_4590_fire_on_runway.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Concorde_Air_France_Flight_4590_fire_on_runway.jpg/250px-Concorde_Air_France_Flight_4590_fire_on_runway.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/03/Concorde_Air_France_Flight_4590_fire_on_runway.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="310" data-file-height="194" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:1.3em;">Flight 4590 during takeoff</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #082567; color: white">Accident</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em; white-space:nowrap;">Date</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">25 July 2000<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2000-07-25</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em; white-space:nowrap;">Summary</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Crashed on <a href="/wiki/Takeoff" title="Takeoff">takeoff</a> following <a href="/wiki/Foreign_object_damage" title="Foreign object damage">debris strike</a> and <a href="/wiki/In-flight_fire" title="In-flight fire">in-flight fire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em; white-space:nowrap;">Site</th><td class="infobox-data flabel location" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Gonesse" title="Gonesse">Gonesse</a>, France <br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Air_France_Flight_4590&params=48_59_08_N_2_28_20_E_type:event_region:FR-IDF"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">48°59′08″N</span> <span class="longitude">2°28′20″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">48.98556°N 2.47222°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">48.98556; 2.47222</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em; white-space:nowrap;">Total fatalities</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">113</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em; white-space:nowrap;">Total injuries</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">6</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #082567; color: white">Aircraft</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Aerospatiale-BAC_Concorde_101,_Air_France_AN0702255.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Aerospatiale-BAC_Concorde_101%2C_Air_France_AN0702255.jpg/250px-Aerospatiale-BAC_Concorde_101%2C_Air_France_AN0702255.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Aerospatiale-BAC_Concorde_101%2C_Air_France_AN0702255.jpg/500px-Aerospatiale-BAC_Concorde_101%2C_Air_France_AN0702255.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1154" /></a></span> <br />F-BTSC, the Concorde involved in the accident, photographed in 1985</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em; white-space:nowrap;">Aircraft type</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Concorde" title="Concorde">Concorde</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em; white-space:nowrap;">Operator</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Air_France" title="Air France">Air France</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em; white-space:nowrap;">IATA flight No.</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">AF4590</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em; white-space:nowrap;">ICAO flight No.</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">AFR4590</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em; white-space:nowrap;">Call sign</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">AIR FRANS 4590</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_registration" title="Aircraft registration">Registration</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">F-BTSC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em; white-space:nowrap;">Flight origin</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle_Airport" title="Charles de Gaulle Airport">Charles de Gaulle Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, France</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em; white-space:nowrap;">Destination</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_International_Airport" title="John F. Kennedy International Airport">John F. Kennedy International Airport</a>, New York City, United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em; white-space:nowrap;">Occupants</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">109</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em; white-space:nowrap;">Passengers</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">100</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em; white-space:nowrap;">Crew</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">9</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em; white-space:nowrap;">Fatalities</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">109</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em; white-space:nowrap;">Survivors</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">0</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #082567; color: white">Ground casualties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em; white-space:nowrap;">Ground fatalities</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">4</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em; white-space:nowrap;">Ground injuries</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">6</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>On 25 July 2000, <b>Air France Flight 4590</b>, a <a href="/wiki/Concorde" title="Concorde">Concorde</a> passenger jet on an international charter flight from <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> to <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>, crashed shortly after takeoff, killing all 109 people on board and four on the ground. It was the only fatal <a href="/wiki/Concorde" title="Concorde">Concorde</a> accident during its 27-year operational history.<sup id="cite_ref-ASN_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ASN-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Whilst taking off from <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle_Airport" title="Charles de Gaulle Airport">Charles de Gaulle Airport</a>, Air France Flight 4590 ran over debris on the runway dropped by an aircraft during the preceding departure, causing a <a href="/wiki/Tire" title="Tire">tyre</a> to explode and disintegrate. Tyre fragments, launched upwards at great speed by the rapidly spinning wheel, violently struck the underside of the wing, damaging parts of the landing gear – thus preventing its retraction – and causing the <a href="/wiki/Integral_fuel_tank" class="mw-redirect" title="Integral fuel tank">integral fuel tank</a> to rupture. Large amounts of fuel leaking from the rupture ignited, causing a loss of thrust in the left-hand-side engines 1 and 2. The aircraft lifted off, but the loss of thrust, high <a href="/wiki/Drag_(physics)" title="Drag (physics)">drag</a> from the extended landing gear, and fire damage to the flight controls made it impossible to maintain control. The jet crashed into a hotel in nearby <a href="/wiki/Gonesse" title="Gonesse">Gonesse</a> two minutes after takeoff. All nine crew and 100 passengers on board were killed, as well as four people in the hotel. Four other people sustained slight injuries.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BEA_final_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BEA_final-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the wake of the disaster, the entire Concorde fleet was grounded. It returned to service on 7 November 2001, following the implementation of various modifications to the airframe, but due to limited commercial success, especially in the <a href="/wiki/Economic_effects_of_the_September_11_attacks#Airlines_and_aviation" title="Economic effects of the September 11 attacks">wake</a> of the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a>, Concorde aircraft were finally retired by Air France in May 2003 and by British Airways in November of the same year. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aircraft_and_crew">Aircraft and crew</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_France_Flight_4590&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Aircraft and crew"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The aircraft involved was a 25-year-old Aérospatiale-BAC <a href="/wiki/Concorde" title="Concorde">Concorde</a> (registration F-BTSC, serial number 203). It was powered by four <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce/Snecma_Olympus_593" title="Rolls-Royce/Snecma Olympus 593">Rolls-Royce Olympus 593/610</a> turbojet engines, each of which was equipped with <a href="/wiki/Afterburner" title="Afterburner">reheat</a>. The aircraft's last scheduled repair had taken place on 21 July 2000, four days before the accident; no problems were reported during the repair. At the time of the crash, the aircraft had flown for 11,989 hours and had made 4,873 take-off and landing cycles.<sup id="cite_ref-BEA_final_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BEA_final-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 21–28">: 21–28 </span></sup> </p><p>The cockpit crew consisted of the following:<sup id="cite_ref-Observer_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Observer-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pilot_in_command" title="Pilot in command">Captain</a> <a href="/wiki/Christian_Marty" title="Christian Marty">Christian Marty</a> (age 54), who had been with Air France since 1967. He had 13,477 flight hours, including 317 hours on the Concorde. Marty had also flown the <a href="/wiki/Boeing_727" title="Boeing 727">Boeing 727</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boeing_737" title="Boeing 737">737</a>, <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A300" title="Airbus A300">Airbus A300</a>, <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A320_family" title="Airbus A320 family">A320</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A340" title="Airbus A340">A340</a> aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-BEA_final_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BEA_final-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 18–19">: 18–19 </span></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_officer_(aviation)" title="First officer (aviation)">First officer</a> Jean Marcot (50), who had been with Air France since 1971 and had 10,035 flight hours, with 2,698 of them on the Concorde. He had also flown the <a href="/wiki/A%C3%A9rospatiale_N_262" title="Aérospatiale N 262">Aérospatiale N 262</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morane-Saulnier_MS.760_Paris" title="Morane-Saulnier MS.760 Paris">Morane-Saulnier MS.760 Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sud_Aviation_Caravelle" title="Sud Aviation Caravelle">Sud Aviation Caravelle</a> and Airbus A300 aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-BEA_final_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BEA_final-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 19">: 19 </span></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_engineer" title="Flight engineer">Flight engineer</a> Gilles Jardinaud (58), who had been with Air France since 1968. He had 12,532 flight hours, of which 937 were on the Concorde aircraft. Jardinaud had also flown the Sud Aviation Caravelle, <a href="/wiki/Dassault_Falcon_20" title="Dassault Falcon 20">Dassault Falcon 20</a>, Boeing 727, 737, and <a href="/wiki/Boeing_747" title="Boeing 747">747</a> (including the <a href="/wiki/Boeing_747-400" title="Boeing 747-400">-400</a> variant) aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-BEA_final_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BEA_final-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 20">: 20 </span></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Accident">Accident</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_France_Flight_4590&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Accident"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The wind at the airport was light and variable that day, and was reported to the cockpit crew as an eight-knot (15 km/h; 9 mph) tailwind as they lined up on runway 26R.<sup id="cite_ref-BEA_final_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BEA_final-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 17, 170">: 17, 170 </span></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Continental_Airlines_DC10_at_Oita_Airport_1996.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Continental_Airlines_DC10_at_Oita_Airport_1996.jpg/250px-Continental_Airlines_DC10_at_Oita_Airport_1996.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Continental_Airlines_DC10_at_Oita_Airport_1996.jpg/330px-Continental_Airlines_DC10_at_Oita_Airport_1996.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Continental_Airlines_DC10_at_Oita_Airport_1996.jpg/500px-Continental_Airlines_DC10_at_Oita_Airport_1996.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>N13067, the DC-10 involved in the accident sequence, photographed in 1996.</figcaption></figure> <p>At 16:38 <a href="/wiki/Central_European_Time" title="Central European Time">CEST</a> (14:38 <a href="/wiki/UTC" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC">UTC</a>), five minutes before the Concorde departed, <a href="/wiki/Continental_Airlines" title="Continental Airlines">Continental Airlines</a> Flight 55, a <a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_DC-10-30" class="mw-redirect" title="McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30">McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30</a>, took off from the same runway for <a href="/wiki/Newark_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Newark International Airport">Newark International Airport</a> and lost a <a href="/wiki/Titanium_alloy" class="mw-redirect" title="Titanium alloy">titanium alloy</a> strip that was part of the engine cowl, identified as a wear strip about 435 millimetres (17.1 in) long, 29 to 34 millimetres (1.1 to 1.3 in) wide, and 1.4 millimetres (0.055 in) thick. The DC-10 was not seriously affected by this.<sup id="cite_ref-BEA_final_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BEA_final-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 17, 107">: 17, 107 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At 16:42, the Concorde ran over this piece of debris during its take-off run while the aircraft was at a speed of 185 mph (300 km/h), cutting the right-front tyre (tyre No 2) of its left main wheel <a href="/wiki/Bogie" title="Bogie">bogie</a> and sending a large chunk of tyre debris (4.5 kilograms or 9.9 pounds) into the underside of the left wing at an estimated speed of 140 metres per second (270 kn; 500 km/h; 310 mph).<sup id="cite_ref-BEA_final_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BEA_final-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 115">: 115 </span></sup> It did not directly puncture any of the fuel tanks, but it sent out a pressure shockwave that ruptured the number 5 fuel tank at its weakest point, just ahead of the left landing gear well. Leaking fuel gushing out from the bottom of the wing was most likely ignited either by an electric arc in the landing gear bay (debris cutting the landing gear wire) or through contact with hot parts of the engine.<sup id="cite_ref-BEA_final_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BEA_final-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 120–123">: 120–123 </span></sup> Engines 1 and 2 both surged and lost all power, likely due to ingestion of hot gases (both engines) and tyre debris (engine 1 only), and then engine 1 slowly recovered over the next few seconds.<sup id="cite_ref-BEA_final_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BEA_final-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 17">: 17 </span></sup> A large plume of flame developed, and the flight engineer shut down engine 2 in response to a fire warning and the captain's command.<sup id="cite_ref-BEA_final_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BEA_final-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 166">: 166 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>BEA 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Air traffic controller Gilles Logelin noticed the flames before the Concorde was airborne and informed the flight crew.<sup id="cite_ref-BEA_final_3-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BEA_final-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 17">: 17 </span></sup> However, the aircraft had passed <a href="/wiki/V1_speed" class="mw-redirect" title="V1 speed">V<sub>1</sub> speed</a>, at which point takeoff is considered unsafe to abort. The plane did not gain enough airspeed with the three remaining engines as damage to the landing gear bay door prevented the retraction of the undercarriage.<sup id="cite_ref-BEA_final_3-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BEA_final-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 134–135">: 134–135 </span></sup> The aircraft was unable to climb or accelerate, and its speed decayed during the course of its brief flight.<sup id="cite_ref-BEA_preliminary_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BEA_preliminary-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 33–37">: 33–37 </span></sup> The fire damaged the inner <a href="/wiki/Elevon" title="Elevon">elevon</a> of the left wing and it began to disintegrate,<sup id="cite_ref-BEA_final_3-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BEA_final-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 164">: 164 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> melted by the extremely high temperatures. Engine number 1 surged again, but did not fully recover, and the right wing lifted from the asymmetrical thrust, banking the aircraft to over 100 degrees. The crew reduced the power on engines three and four in an attempt to level the aircraft, but they lost control due to deceleration and the aircraft <a href="/wiki/Stall_(fluid_dynamics)" title="Stall (fluid dynamics)">stalled</a>. The aircraft struck the ground left wing low after a heading change of nearly 180°, crashing into the Hôtelissimo Les Relais Bleus Hotel.<sup id="cite_ref-CanadianEN_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CanadianEN-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PE04_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PE04-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A video of the burning plane on takeoff and the aftermath of the crash was captured by a passenger in a passing truck.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The crew tried to divert to nearby <a href="/wiki/Paris%E2%80%93Le_Bourget_Airport" title="Paris–Le Bourget Airport">Paris–Le Bourget Airport</a>, but accident investigators stated that a safe landing would have been highly unlikely, given the aircraft's flightpath. The <a href="/wiki/Cockpit_voice_recorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Cockpit voice recorder">cockpit voice recorder</a> (CVR) recorded the last intelligible words in the cockpit (translated into English):<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CVR_transcript_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CVR_transcript-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p><i>Co-pilot</i>: "Le Bourget, Le Bourget, Le Bourget."<br /> <i>Pilot</i>: "Too late (unclear)."<br /> <i>Control tower</i>: "Fire service leader, correction, the Concorde is returning to runway zero nine in the opposite direction."<br /> <i>Pilot</i>: "No time, no (unclear)."<br /> <i>Co-pilot</i>: "Negative, we're trying Le Bourget" (four switching sounds).<br /> <i>Co-pilot</i>: "No (unclear)."<br /> <i>Fire service leader</i>: "De Gaulle tower from fire service leader, can you give me the situation of the Concorde?" (two gongs and sound of switch, followed by another switch and sounds likened to objects being moved)<br /> <i>Pilot</i>: (unclear, sounds like exertion)<br /> <i>Pilot</i>: (unclear, sounds like exertion)<br /> <i>Pilot</i>: (unclear, sounds like exertion)<br /> <i>End of recording</i> </p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fatalities">Fatalities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_France_Flight_4590&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Fatalities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The flight was chartered by German company <a href="/wiki/Peter_Deilmann_Cruises" title="Peter Deilmann Cruises">Peter Deilmann Cruises</a>. The passengers were on their way to board the cruise ship <a href="/wiki/MS_Deutschland" title="MS Deutschland">MS <i>Deutschland</i></a> in New York for a 16-day cruise to <a href="/wiki/Manta,_Ecuador" title="Manta, Ecuador">Manta, Ecuador</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CanadianEN_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CanadianEN-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They included German football manager <a href="/wiki/Rudi_Fa%C3%9Fnacht" title="Rudi Faßnacht">Rudi Faßnacht</a> and German trade union board member <a href="/wiki/Christian_G%C3%B6tz" title="Christian Götz">Christian Götz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC2797965_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC2797965-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-newsweek_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newsweek-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All the passengers and crew, and four employees of the Hotelissimo hotel were killed in the crash.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC2797965_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC2797965-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-newsweek_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newsweek-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ccf;"> <th>Nationality</th> <th>Passengers</th> <th>Crew</th> <th>Ground</th> <th>Total </th></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Austria</td> <td style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td style="text-align:center;">1 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Denmark</td> <td style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td style="text-align:center;">2 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>France</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td style="text-align:center;">8 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Germany</td> <td style="text-align:center;">96</td> <td style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td style="text-align:center;">97 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>United States</td> <td style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td style="text-align:center;">1 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Algeria</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:center;">1 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Mauritius</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:center;">1 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Poland</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:center;">2 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <th><b>Total</b></th> <th style="text-align:center;"><b>100</b></th> <th style="text-align:center;"><b>9</b></th> <th style="text-align:center;"><b>4</b></th> <th style="text-align:center;"><b>113</b> </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_France_Flight_4590&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Remains_Of_N13067_Douglas_DC-10_Ex_--_Continental_(8413447391).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Remains_Of_N13067_Douglas_DC-10_Ex_--_Continental_%288413447391%29.jpg/250px-Remains_Of_N13067_Douglas_DC-10_Ex_--_Continental_%288413447391%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Remains_Of_N13067_Douglas_DC-10_Ex_--_Continental_%288413447391%29.jpg/330px-Remains_Of_N13067_Douglas_DC-10_Ex_--_Continental_%288413447391%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Remains_Of_N13067_Douglas_DC-10_Ex_--_Continental_%288413447391%29.jpg/500px-Remains_Of_N13067_Douglas_DC-10_Ex_--_Continental_%288413447391%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>N13067, the DC-10 involved, was scrapped at <a href="/wiki/Mojave,_California" title="Mojave, California">Mojave, California</a>, in 2002.</figcaption></figure> <p>A few days after the crash, all Air France Concordes were grounded, pending an investigation into the cause of the crash and possible remedies.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British Airways grounded their Concordes three weeks later for the same reason.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Air France's Concorde operation had been a money-losing venture, and it is claimed that the aeroplane had been kept in service as a matter of national pride;<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/British_Airways" title="British Airways">British Airways</a> claimed to make a profit on its Concorde operations.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Jock Lowe, a Concorde pilot, until the crash of Air France Flight 4590 at Paris, the British Airways Concorde operation made a net average profit of about £30M (equivalent to £52M in 2023) a year.<sup id="cite_ref-bbcnews_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbcnews-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Commercial service was resumed on 7 November 2001, after a £17M (£29M today) safety improvement programme, until the type was retired between May (Air France) and October (British Airways), 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-bbcnews_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbcnews-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This was the only fatal accident of Concorde's entire service life.<sup id="cite_ref-abcnews_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abcnews-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Investigation">Investigation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_France_Flight_4590&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Investigation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The official investigation was conducted by France's accident investigation bureau, the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Enquiry_and_Analysis_for_Civil_Aviation_Safety" title="Bureau of Enquiry and Analysis for Civil Aviation Safety">Bureau of Enquiry and Analysis for Civil Aviation Safety</a> (BEA) and led by chief investigator <a href="/wiki/Alain_Bouillard" title="Alain Bouillard">Alain Bouillard</a>. </p><p>Post-accident investigation revealed that the aircraft was over the maximum takeoff weight for ambient temperature and other conditions, and 810 kg (1,790 lb) over the maximum structural weight,<sup id="cite_ref-BEA_final_3-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BEA_final-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 32, 159">: 32, 159 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>BEA 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>BEA 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brookes,_Andrew_page_22_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brookes,_Andrew_page_22-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> loaded so that the centre of gravity was aft of the take-off limit.<sup id="cite_ref-BEA_final_3-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BEA_final-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 159">: 159 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brookes,_Andrew_page_22_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brookes,_Andrew_page_22-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fuel transfer during taxiing left the number 5 wing tank 94 per cent full.<sup id="cite_ref-BEA_final_3-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BEA_final-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 118">: 118 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>BEA 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 30-centimetre (12 in) spacer normally keeps the left main landing gear in alignment, but it had not been replaced after recent maintenance; the BEA concluded that this did not contribute to the accident.<sup id="cite_ref-BEA_final_3-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BEA_final-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 155">: 155 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brookes,_Andrew_page_19_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brookes,_Andrew_page_19-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>BEA 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The final report was issued on <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conclusions">Conclusions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_France_Flight_4590&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Conclusions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The BEA concluded that: </p> <ul><li>The aircraft was overloaded by 810 kilograms (1,790 lb) above the maximum safe takeoff weight. Any effect on takeoff performance from this excess weight was negligible.<sup id="cite_ref-BEA_final_3-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BEA_final-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 159">: 159 </span></sup></li> <li>After reaching takeoff speed, the tyre of the number 2 wheel was cut by a metal strip (a wear strip) lying on the runway, which had fallen from the thrust reverser cowl door of the number 3 engine of a Continental Airlines DC-10 that had taken off from the same runway five minutes previously.<sup id="cite_ref-BEA_final_3-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BEA_final-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 102">: 102 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This wear strip had been replaced at <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a>, Israel, during a <a href="/wiki/C_check" class="mw-redirect" title="C check">C check</a> on 11 June 2000, and then again at <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a>, Texas, on 9 July 2000. The strip installed in Houston had been neither manufactured nor installed in accordance with the procedures as defined by the manufacturer.<sup id="cite_ref-BEA_final_3-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BEA_final-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 105–107, 171, 174">: 105–107, 171, 174 </span></sup></li> <li>The aircraft was <a href="/wiki/Airworthiness" title="Airworthiness">airworthy</a> and the crew were qualified. The landing gear that later failed to retract had not shown serious problems in the past. Despite the crew being trained and certified, no plan existed for the simultaneous failure of two engines on the runway, as it was considered highly unlikely.</li> <li>Aborting the takeoff would have led to a high-speed runway excursion and collapse of the landing gear, which also would have caused the aircraft to crash.</li> <li>While two of the engines had problems and one of them was shut down, the damage to the plane's structure was so severe that the crash would have been inevitable, even with the engines operating normally.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Additional_factors_and_alternative_theories">Additional factors and alternative theories</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_France_Flight_4590&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Additional factors and alternative theories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Former <a href="/wiki/British_Airways" title="British Airways">British Airways</a> Concorde captain John Hutchinson said the fire on its own should have been 'eminently survivable; the pilot should have been able to fly his way out of trouble'. Hutchinson believed this did not happen due to a series of operational errors and 'negligence' by the maintenance department. According to a report in a British newspaper, by journalist David Rose, the crash had "more than one contributing factor, most of which were avoidable."<sup id="cite_ref-Observer_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Observer-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While examining the wreckage in a warehouse, investigators noticed that a spacer was missing from the bogie beam on the left-hand main landing gear. (It was later found in an Air France maintenance workshop.)<sup id="cite_ref-digitaljournal.com_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-digitaljournal.com-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This skewed the alignment of the landing gear because a strut was able to wobble in any direction with 3° of movement. The problem was exacerbated on the left gear's three remaining tyres by the uneven fuel load. Drag marks left on the runway by the left rear landing wheels show the Concorde was veering to the left as it accelerated toward takeoff. Photographs in the BEA report showed a smashed steel landing light, clipped by the aircraft, parts of which were probably ingested by engine number 1.<sup id="cite_ref-Brookes,_Andrew_page_19_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brookes,_Andrew_page_19-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Observer_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Observer-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Rose, former French Concorde pilot Jean-Marie Chauve and former Concorde flight engineer Michel Suaud spent six months preparing a 60-page report which was submitted to the investigating judge. They re-evaluated two factors that the BEA had found to be of negligible consequence to the crash, the unbalanced weight distribution in the fuel tanks and the loose landing gear. Chauve and Suaud gave detailed calculations, stating that without the retardation caused by the missing undercarriage spacer, the aircraft would have taken off 1684 metres from the start of the runway, before the point where the metal strip was located, although the BEA disputed this, saying the acceleration was normal.<sup id="cite_ref-Observer_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Observer-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the start of the takeoff, the aircraft had 1.2 tonnes of extra fuel which should have been burnt during the aircraft's taxi. Nineteen items of luggage, weighing some 500kg (0.5 tonnes) were loaded onto the aircraft at the last minute without being included in the aircraft's manifest, giving the aircraft a weight of 186 tonnes, which exceeded the aircraft's certified maximum structural weight by one tonne. A change in wind conditions created an 8 knot tailwind, which would have reduced the regulated takeoff weight to 180 tonnes, six tonnes below the actual aircraft weight. Rather than taking off from the other end of the runway, in order to take off into the wind, no change in takeoff direction occurred.<sup id="cite_ref-NBC_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NBC-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The additional weight of the extra fuel in tank 11, the rearmost tank, plus the additional luggage shifted the aircraft's centre of gravity rearwards, to beyond the safe operating limit of 54 per cent, set by the Concorde test pilots. Once the damaged forward tank 5 began to lose fuel, the centre of gravity moved even further rearward. At one point, it drifted toward a just-landed Air France <a href="/wiki/Boeing_747" title="Boeing 747">Boeing 747</a> that was carrying then-French President <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac">Jacques Chirac</a> (who was returning from the <a href="/wiki/26th_G8_summit" title="26th G8 summit">26th G8 summit</a> meeting in <a href="/wiki/Okinawa,_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Okinawa, Japan">Okinawa, Japan</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the plane was about to leave the runway, with the aircraft rotated for takeoff, its speed was only 188 knots, 11 knots under the minimum recommended velocity. The flight engineer shut down engine number two at only 25 feet altitude. The procedure for shutting down an engine is to wait until stable flight at 400 feet is achieved, and then only on the command of the captain.<sup id="cite_ref-Observer_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Observer-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-askthepilot.com_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-askthepilot.com-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Mike Bannister, former British Airways Concorde Chief Pilot, there is evidence to suggest that the fuel tank transfer pump that fed the ruptured fuel tank, was left running, causing fuel to be pumped overboard and subsequently feeding the fire, and that the fuel tank was approximately 30% full at the time of crash rather than empty, if the pump had been off.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Previous_tyre_incidents">Previous tyre incidents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_France_Flight_4590&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Previous tyre incidents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In November 1981, the American <a href="/wiki/National_Transportation_Safety_Board" title="National Transportation Safety Board">National Transportation Safety Board</a> (NTSB) sent a letter of concern to the French BEA that included safety recommendations for <a href="/wiki/Concorde" title="Concorde">Concorde</a>. This communiqué was the result of the NTSB's investigations of four Air France Concorde incidents during a 20-month period from <span class="nowrap">July 1979</span> to <span class="nowrap">February 1981</span>. The NTSB described those incidents as "potentially catastrophic", because they were caused by blown tyres during takeoff. During its 27 years in service, Concorde had about 70 tyre- or wheel-related incidents, seven of which caused serious damage to the aircraft or were potentially catastrophic.<sup id="cite_ref-henley_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-henley-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>13 June 1979: The number 5 and 6 tyres blew out during a takeoff from <a href="/wiki/Washington_Dulles_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Dulles International Airport">Washington Dulles International Airport</a>. Fragments thrown from the tyres and rims damaged number 2 engine, punctured three fuel tanks, severed several hydraulic lines and electrical wires, and tore a large hole on the top of the wing over the wheel well area.</li> <li>21 July 1979: Another blown tyre incident during takeoff from Dulles Airport. After that second incident the "French director general of civil aviation issued an <a href="/wiki/Airworthiness_Directive" class="mw-redirect" title="Airworthiness Directive">Airworthiness Directive</a> and Air France issued a Technical Information Update, each calling for revised procedures. These included required inspection of each wheel and tyre for condition, pressure, and temperature prior to each takeoff. In addition, crews were advised that landing gear should not be raised when a wheel/tyre problem is suspected."</li> <li>August 1981: British Airways (BA) plane taking off from New York suffered a blow-out, damaging landing gear door, engine, and fuel tank.<sup id="cite_ref-henley_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-henley-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>November 1985: Tyre burst on a BA plane leaving Heathrow, causing damage to the landing gear door and fuel tank. Two engines were damaged as a result of the accident.<sup id="cite_ref-henley_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-henley-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>January 1988: BA plane leaving Heathrow lost 10 bolts from its landing gear wheel. A fuel tank was punctured.<sup id="cite_ref-henley_44-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-henley-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>July 1993: Tyre burst on a BA plane during landing at Heathrow, causing substantial ingestion damage to the number 3 engine, damaging the landing gear and wing, and puncturing an empty fuel tank.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>October 1993: Tyre burst on a BA plane during taxi at Heathrow, puncturing wing, damaging fuel tanks, and causing a major fuel leak.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Because it is a <a href="/wiki/Tailless_aircraft" title="Tailless aircraft">tailless</a> <a href="/wiki/Delta_wing" title="Delta wing">delta-wing</a> aircraft, Concorde could not use the normal <a href="/wiki/Flap_(aeronautics)" title="Flap (aeronautics)">flaps</a> or <a href="/wiki/Leading_edge_slats" class="mw-redirect" title="Leading edge slats">slats</a> to assist takeoff and landing, and required a significantly higher air and tyre speed during the takeoff roll than an average airliner.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> That higher speed increased the risk of tyre burst during takeoff. Analysis of test results revealed that this occurring could release sufficient <a href="/wiki/Kinetic_energy" title="Kinetic energy">kinetic energy</a> to cause the fuel tank to rupture. The analysis of impact energy considered a tyre piece of 4.5 kilograms (9.9 lb) with a speed around 140 metres per second (310 mph). The piece could reach this speed by combination of rotation of the tyre on takeoff and the tyre burst.<sup id="cite_ref-BEA_final_3-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BEA_final-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 115">: 115 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modifications_and_revival">Modifications and revival</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_France_Flight_4590&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Modifications and revival"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The accident led to modifications to Concorde, including more-secure electrical controls, <a href="/wiki/Kevlar" title="Kevlar">Kevlar</a> lining to the fuel tanks, and specially developed burst-resistant tyres.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The crash of the Air France Concorde nonetheless proved to be the beginning of the end for the type.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Just before service resumed, the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a> took place, resulting in a marked drop in passenger numbers, and contributing to the eventual end of Concorde flights.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Air France stopped flights in <span class="nowrap">May 2003</span>, followed by British Airways five months later.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 2010, two groups attempted, unsuccessfully, to revive Concorde for "Heritage" flights in time for the <a href="/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics" title="2012 Summer Olympics">2012 Summer Olympics</a>. The British Save Concorde Group, SCG, and French group Olympus 593 were attempting to obtain four <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Olympus" title="Rolls-Royce Olympus">Rolls-Royce Olympus</a> engines from the <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_l%27air_et_de_l%27espace" title="Musée de l'air et de l'espace">Le Bourget Air and Space Museum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criminal_investigation">Criminal investigation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_France_Flight_4590&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Criminal investigation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In March 2005, French authorities began a criminal investigation of Continental Airlines, whose plane dropped the debris on the runway,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in September of the same year, Henri Perrier, the former chief engineer of the Concorde division at <a href="/wiki/A%C3%A9rospatiale" title="Aérospatiale">Aérospatiale</a> at the time of the first test flight in 1969 and the programme director in the 1980s and early 1990s, was placed under formal investigation.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2008, Bernard Farret, a deputy prosecutor in <a href="/wiki/Pontoise" title="Pontoise">Pontoise</a>, outside Paris, asked judges to bring <a href="/wiki/Manslaughter" title="Manslaughter">manslaughter</a> charges against Continental Airlines and two of its employees – John Taylor, the mechanic who replaced the wear strip on the DC-10, and his manager Stanley Ford – alleging negligence in the way the repair was carried out.<sup id="cite_ref-prosecutor_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prosecutor-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Continental denied the charges,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and claimed in court that it was being used as a <a href="/wiki/Scapegoating" title="Scapegoating">scapegoat</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Enquiry_and_Analysis_for_Civil_Aviation_Safety" title="Bureau of Enquiry and Analysis for Civil Aviation Safety">BEA</a>. The airline suggested that the Concorde "was already on fire when its wheels hit the titanium strip, and that around 20 first-hand witnesses had confirmed that the plane seemed to be on fire immediately after it began its take-off roll".<sup id="cite_ref-digitaljournal.com_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-digitaljournal.com-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the same time, charges were laid against Henri Perrier, head of the Concorde program at Aérospatiale; Jacques Hérubel, Concorde's chief engineer; and Claude Frantzen, head of <a href="/wiki/Directorate_General_for_Civil_Aviation_(France)" title="Directorate General for Civil Aviation (France)">DGAC</a>, the French airline regulator.<sup id="cite_ref-prosecutor_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prosecutor-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was alleged that Perrier, Hérubel, and Frantzen knew that the plane's fuel tanks could be susceptible to damage from foreign objects, but nonetheless allowed it to fly.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The trial ran in a Parisian court from February to December 2010. Continental Airlines was found criminally responsible for the disaster. It was fined €200,000 ($271,628) and ordered to pay Air France <span class="nowrap">€1 million</span>. Taylor was given a 15-month <a href="/wiki/Suspended_sentence" title="Suspended sentence">suspended sentence</a>, while Ford, Perrier, Hérubel, and Frantzen were cleared of all charges. The court ruled that the crash resulted from a piece of metal from a Continental jet that was left on the runway; the object punctured a tyre on the Concorde and then ruptured a fuel tank.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC11923556_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC11923556-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BBC2012_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC2012-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The convictions were overturned by a French <a href="/wiki/Appellate_court" title="Appellate court">appeals court</a> in November 2012, thereby clearing Continental (which had merged with <a href="/wiki/United_Airlines" title="United Airlines">United Airlines</a> by then) and Taylor of criminal responsibility.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC2012_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC2012-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Parisian court also ruled that Continental would have to pay 70% of any compensation claims. As Air France had paid out <span class="nowrap">€100 million</span> to the families of the victims, Continental could be <a href="/wiki/Indemnity" title="Indemnity">made to pay its share</a> of that compensation payout. The French appeals court, while overturning the criminal rulings by the Parisian court, affirmed the civil ruling and left Continental liable for the compensation claims.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC2012_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC2012-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_France_Flight_4590&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AFGonesseMemorial.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/59/AFGonesseMemorial.jpg/170px-AFGonesseMemorial.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/59/AFGonesseMemorial.jpg/255px-AFGonesseMemorial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/59/AFGonesseMemorial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="273" data-file-height="364" /></a><figcaption>Gonesse memorial</figcaption></figure> <p>A monument in honour of the crash victims was established at <a href="/wiki/Gonesse" title="Gonesse">Gonesse</a>. The Gonesse monument consists of a piece of transparent glass with a piece of an aircraft wing jutting through.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another monument, a 6,000-square-metre (65,000 sq ft) memorial surrounded with <a href="/wiki/Topiary" title="Topiary">topiary</a> planted in the shape of a Concorde, was established in 2006 at <a href="/wiki/Mitry-Mory" title="Mitry-Mory">Mitry-Mory</a>, just south of Charles de Gaulle Airport.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Documentaries_and_other_media">Documentaries and other media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_France_Flight_4590&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Documentaries and other media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The Concorde that crashed was the primary aircraft extensively used in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Concorde_..._Airport_%2779" class="mw-redirect" title="The Concorde ... Airport '79">The Concorde ... Airport '79</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The timeline and causes of the crash were profiled in the premiere episode of the <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Channel" class="mw-redirect" title="National Geographic Channel">National Geographic</a> documentary series <i><a href="/wiki/Seconds_From_Disaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Seconds From Disaster">Seconds From Disaster</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a> aired a <i><a href="/wiki/Dateline_NBC" title="Dateline NBC">Dateline NBC</a></i> documentary on the crash, its causes, and its legacy on <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-NBC_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NBC-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_4" title="Channel 4">Channel 4</a> and <a href="/wiki/USA_Network_(Canadian_TV_channel)" title="USA Network (Canadian TV channel)">Discovery Channel Canada</a> aired a documentary called <i>Concorde's Last Flight</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Networks" class="mw-redirect" title="Smithsonian Networks">Smithsonian Channel</a> aired a 90-minute documentary in 2010.<i><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i></li> <li>The accident and subsequent investigation were featured in the 7th episode during <a href="/wiki/List_of_Mayday_episodes#Season_14_(2015)" title="List of Mayday episodes">Season 14</a> of the Canadian documentary series <i><a href="/wiki/Mayday_(Canadian_TV_series)" title="Mayday (Canadian TV series)">Mayday</a></i> (also known as <i>Air Crash Investigation</i>) titled "Concorde: Up in Flames", first broadcast in January 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2020, Montreal synth-pop group <a href="/wiki/Le_Couleur" title="Le Couleur">Le Couleur</a> released an album, <i>Concorde</i>, inspired by the story of this crash.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_France_Flight_4590&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ASN-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ASN_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRanter" class="citation web cs1">Ranter, Harro. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20000725-0">"ASN Aircraft accident Aérospatiale / BAC Concorde 101 F-BTSC Gonesse"</a>. <i>Aviation Safety Network</i>. <a href="/wiki/Flight_Safety_Foundation" title="Flight Safety Foundation">Flight Safety Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190331080442/https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20000725-0">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Aviation+Safety+Network&rft.atitle=ASN+Aircraft+accident+A%C3%A9rospatiale+%2F+BAC+Concorde+101+F-BTSC+Gonesse&rft.aulast=Ranter&rft.aufirst=Harro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faviation-safety.net%2Fdatabase%2Frecord.php%3Fid%3D20000725-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+France+Flight+4590" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarry2019" class="citation web cs1">Barry, Ben (5 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/science-and-technology/2019/08/how-concorde-pushed-limits-then-pushed-them-too-far">"How Concorde Pushed the Limits – Then Pushed Them Too Far – Disaster and Aftermath"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic" title="National Geographic">National Geographic</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200629134109/https://www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/science-and-technology/2019/08/how-concorde-pushed-limits-then-pushed-them-too-far">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=How+Concorde+Pushed+the+Limits+%E2%80%93+Then+Pushed+Them+Too+Far+%E2%80%93+Disaster+and+Aftermath&rft.date=2019-09-05&rft.aulast=Barry&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.co.uk%2Fscience-and-technology%2F2019%2F08%2Fhow-concorde-pushed-limits-then-pushed-them-too-far&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+France+Flight+4590" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BEA_final-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BEA_final_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BEA_final_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BEA_final_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BEA_final_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BEA_final_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BEA_final_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BEA_final_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BEA_final_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BEA_final_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BEA_final_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BEA_final_3-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BEA_final_3-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BEA_final_3-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BEA_final_3-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BEA_final_3-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BEA_final_3-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BEA_final_3-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BEA_final_3-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BEA_final_3-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BEA_final_3-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BEA_final_3-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BEA_final_3-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bea.aero/fileadmin/uploads/tx_elydbrapports/f-sc000725a.pdf">"Accident on 25 July 2000 at La Patte d'Oie in Gonesse (95) to the Concorde registered F-BTSC operated by Air France (REPORT translation f-sc000725a)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Enquiry_and_Analysis_for_Civil_Aviation_Safety" title="Bureau of Enquiry and Analysis for Civil Aviation Safety">Bureau of Enquiry and Analysis for Civil Aviation Safety</a>. 16 January 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231111164525/https://bea.aero/fileadmin/uploads/tx_elydbrapports/f-sc000725a.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 11 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Accident+on+25+July+2000+at+La+Patte+d%27Oie+in+Gonesse+%2895%29+to+the+Concorde+registered+F-BTSC+operated+by+Air+France+%28REPORT+translation+f-sc000725a%29&rft.pub=Bureau+of+Enquiry+and+Analysis+for+Civil+Aviation+Safety&rft.date=2002-01-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbea.aero%2Ffileadmin%2Fuploads%2Ftx_elydbrapports%2Ff-sc000725a.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+France+Flight+4590" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Observer-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Observer_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Observer_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Observer_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Observer_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Observer_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRose2001" class="citation news cs1">Rose, David (13 May 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/may/13/davidrose.focus">"Doomed"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. London: The Observer. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0029-7712">0029-7712</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161201213044/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/may/13/davidrose.focus">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Doomed&rft.date=2001-05-13&rft.issn=0029-7712&rft.aulast=Rose&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2001%2Fmay%2F13%2Fdavidrose.focus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+France+Flight+4590" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/International/story?id=82724&page=1">"Metal Part Maybe Came From Continental Jet"</a>. <i>ABC News</i>. Associated Press. 24 September 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180723003554/https://abcnews.go.com/International/story?id=82724&page=1">Archived</a> from the original on 23 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Metal+Part+Maybe+Came+From+Continental+Jet&rft.date=2000-09-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FInternational%2Fstory%3Fid%3D82724%26page%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+France+Flight+4590" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BEA_preliminary-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BEA_preliminary_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bea.aero/fileadmin/documents/docspa/2000/f-sc000725pa/pdf/f-sc000725pa.pdf">"Accident on 25 July 2000 at "La Patte d'Oie" in Gonesse (95), to the Concorde, registered F-BTSC, operated by Air France (Preliminary report translation f-sc000725pa)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Enquiry_and_Analysis_for_Civil_Aviation_Safety" title="Bureau of Enquiry and Analysis for Civil Aviation Safety">BEA</a>. 1 September 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190528154451/https://www.bea.aero/fileadmin/documents/docspa/2000/f-sc000725pa/pdf/f-sc000725pa.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 28 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Accident+on+25+July+2000+at+%22La+Patte+d%27Oie%22+in+Gonesse+%2895%29%2C+to+the+Concorde%2C+registered+F-BTSC%2C+operated+by+Air+France+%28Preliminary+report+translation+f-sc000725pa%29&rft.pub=BEA&rft.date=2000-09-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bea.aero%2Ffileadmin%2Fdocuments%2Fdocspa%2F2000%2Ff-sc000725pa%2Fpdf%2Ff-sc000725pa.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+France+Flight+4590" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4zeDsSJmcpM"><i>How the Crash of Flight 4590 Destroyed Concorde's Mystique</i></a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Channel" title="Smithsonian Channel">Smithsonian Channel</a></i> (Documentary). 20 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+the+Crash+of+Flight+4590+Destroyed+Concorde%27s+Mystique&rft.date=2017-01-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D4zeDsSJmcpM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+France+Flight+4590" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CanadianEN-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CanadianEN_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CanadianEN_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/concorde-crash">"Concorde Crash"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Canadian_Encyclopedia" title="The Canadian Encyclopedia">The Canadian Encyclopedia</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110608031912/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=M1ARTM0012219">Archived</a> from the original on 8 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Canadian+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Concorde+Crash&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fconcorde-crash&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+France+Flight+4590" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/851209.stm">"Concorde crash kills 113"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 25 July 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210812020624/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/851209.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 12 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Concorde+crash+kills+113&rft.date=2000-07-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F851209.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+France+Flight+4590" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PE04-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PE04_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/htdocs/plane_crashes/air_france/pe_04.html">"The damaged hotel and the scorched field show the impact of the crash"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CBS_News" title="CBS News">CBS News</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210930013829/https://www.cbsnews.com/htdocs/plane_crashes/air_france/pe_04.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBS+News&rft.atitle=The+damaged+hotel+and+the+scorched+field+show+the+impact+of+the+crash&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fhtdocs%2Fplane_crashes%2Fair_france%2Fpe_04.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+France+Flight+4590" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/htdocs/plane_crashes/air_france/pe_09.html">"French police and rescue service workers inspect the debris of the hotel and the crashed jet"</a>. <i>CBS News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210929232949/https://www.cbsnews.com/htdocs/plane_crashes/air_france/pe_09.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBS+News&rft.atitle=French+police+and+rescue+service+workers+inspect+the+debris+of+the+hotel+and+the+crashed+jet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fhtdocs%2Fplane_crashes%2Fair_france%2Fpe_09.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+France+Flight+4590" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFINA_Société2012" class="citation audio-visual cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">INA Société (23 July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lj7PW7AGzcI"><i>Crash du Concorde à Gonesse</i></a> [<i>Concorde crash in Gonesse</i>] (in French). <a href="/wiki/Gonesse" title="Gonesse">Gonesse</a>: <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/Lj7PW7AGzcI">Archived</a> from the original on 12 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Crash+du+Concorde+%C3%A0+Gonesse&rft.place=Gonesse&rft.pub=YouTube&rft.date=2012-07-23&rft.au=INA+Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DLj7PW7AGzcI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+France+Flight+4590" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDisc0v3ry2010" class="citation web cs1">Disc0v3ry (6 October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://youtube.com/watch?v=388FlyL6fO0?si=kjE0dtZG7cr8rbnK">"concorde crash footage"</a>. <i>YouTube</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.theguardian.com&rft.atitle=Concorde+crash+video+%7C+guardian.co.uk+%7C+guardian.co.uk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fgalleryguide%2F0%2C6191%2C347655%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+France+Flight+4590" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bea.aero/fileadmin/documents/docspa/2000/f-sc000725a/pdf/appendix2p.pdf">"Appendix 2 CVR transcript"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Enquiry_and_Analysis_for_Civil_Aviation_Safety" title="Bureau of Enquiry and Analysis for Civil Aviation Safety">BEA</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Free+Library&rft.atitle=Mori+to+send+messages+to+Chirac%2C+Schroeder+over+Concorde&rft.date=2000-07-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefreelibrary.com%2FMori%2Bto%2Bsend%2Bmessages%2Bto%2BChirac%2C%2BSchroeder%2Bover%2BConcorde.-a063804411&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+France+Flight+4590" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLichfield2000" class="citation news cs1">Lichfield, John (29 July 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/air-france-grounds-concorde-until-cause-of-crash-is-known-707692.html">"Air France grounds Concorde until cause of crash is known"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=British+Airways+Grounds+Concorde+Fleet&rft.date=2000-08-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.the-independent.com%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Fhome-news%2Fbritish-airways-grounds-concorde-fleet-710301.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+France+Flight+4590" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFScotchmer2004" class="citation book cs1">Scotchmer, Suzzane (2004). <i>Innovation and Incentives</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Philadelphia+Inquirer&rft.atitle=The+Concorde+belies+those+who+foresaw+its+extinction&rft.date=1986-01-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnl.newsbank.com%2Fnl-search%2Fwe%2FArchives%3Fp_product%3DPI%26s_site%3Dphilly%26p_multi%3DPI%26p_theme%3Drealcities%26p_action%3Dsearch%26p_maxdocs%3D200%26p_topdoc%3D1%26p_text_direct-0%3D0EB29A63D671E93E%26p_field_direct-0%3Ddocument_id%26p_perpage%3D10%26p_sort%3DYMD_date%3AD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+France+Flight+4590" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFArnold2003" class="citation news cs1">Arnold, James (10 October 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/2935337.stm">"Why economists don't fly Concorde"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210419085907/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/2935337.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 19 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Why+economists+don%27t+fly+Concorde&rft.date=2003-10-10&rft.aulast=Arnold&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fbusiness%2F2935337.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+France+Flight+4590" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbcnews-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bbcnews_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbcnews_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWestcott2013" class="citation news cs1">Westcott, Richard (24 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/business-24629451">"Could Concorde ever fly again? 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Could+Concorde+ever+fly+again%3F+No%2C+says+British+Airways&rft.date=2013-10-24&rft.aulast=Westcott&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fbusiness-24629451&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+France+Flight+4590" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-abcnews-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-abcnews_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRuppe2000" class="citation news cs1">Ruppe, David (26 July 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/International/story?id=83069">"Concorde's Stellar Safety Record"</a>. <i>ABC News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150205113117/http://abcnews.go.com/International/story?id=83069">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Concorde%27s+Stellar+Safety+Record&rft.date=2000-07-26&rft.aulast=Ruppe&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FInternational%2Fstory%3Fid%3D83069&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+France+Flight+4590" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iasa.com.au/folders/Safety_Issues/others/concordespacer.html">"Concorde: For the Want of a Spacer"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Concorde%3A+For+the+Want+of+a+Spacer&rft.pub=Iasa.com.au&rft.date=2001-06-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iasa.com.au%2Ffolders%2FSafety_Issues%2Fothers%2Fconcordespacer.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+France+Flight+4590" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brookes,_Andrew_page_22-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brookes,_Andrew_page_22_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brookes,_Andrew_page_22_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrookes2002" class="citation book cs1">Brookes, Andrew J. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sXZTAAAAMAAJ"><i>Destination Disaster: Aviation Accidents in the Modern Age</i></a>. Ian Allan. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7110-2862-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7110-2862-3"><bdi>978-0-7110-2862-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220125022839/https://books.google.com/books?id=sXZTAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Destination+Disaster%3A+Aviation+Accidents+in+the+Modern+Age&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Ian+Allan&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7110-2862-3&rft.aulast=Brookes&rft.aufirst=Andrew+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsXZTAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+France+Flight+4590" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brookes,_Andrew_page_19-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brookes,_Andrew_page_19_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brookes,_Andrew_page_19_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrookes2002" class="citation book cs1">Brookes, Andrew J. (2002). <i>Destination Disaster: Aviation Accidents in the Modern Age</i>. Ian Allan. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7110-2862-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7110-2862-1"><bdi>0-7110-2862-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Destination+Disaster%3A+Aviation+Accidents+in+the+Modern+Age&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Ian+Allan&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-7110-2862-1&rft.aulast=Brookes&rft.aufirst=Andrew+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+France+Flight+4590" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160106085111/https://www.bea.aero/en/enquetes/concorde/pressrelease16january2002.php">"Press release, 16 January 2002 Issue of the final report into the Concorde accident on 25 July 2000"</a> (Press release). <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Enquiry_and_Analysis_for_Civil_Aviation_Safety" title="Bureau of Enquiry and Analysis for Civil Aviation Safety">BEA</a>. 16 January 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bea.aero/en/enquetes/concorde/pressrelease16january2002.php">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(English edition)</span> on 6 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Press+release%2C+16+January+2002+Issue+of+the+final+report+into+the+Concorde+accident+on+25+July+2000&rft.pub=BEA&rft.date=2012-01-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bea.aero%2Fen%2Fenquetes%2Fconcorde%2Fpressrelease16january2002.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+France+Flight+4590" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flightglobal.com/poor-repair-to-dc-10-was-cause-of-concorde-crash-/34715.article">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Poor repair' to DC-10 was cause of Concorde crash"</a>. Flight Global. 24 October 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191213000109/https://www.flightglobal.com/poor-repair-to-dc-10-was-cause-of-concorde-crash-/34715.article">Archived</a> from the original on 13 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Poor+repair%27+to+DC-10+was+cause+of+Concorde+crash&rft.pub=Flight+Global&rft.date=2000-10-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.flightglobal.com%2Fpoor-repair-to-dc-10-was-cause-of-concorde-crash-%2F34715.article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+France+Flight+4590" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-digitaljournal.com-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-digitaljournal.com_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-digitaljournal.com_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.digitaljournal.com/article/295099">"Concorde crash remains unresolved 10 years later"</a>. <i>digitaljournal.com</i>. 25 July 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161204095027/http://www.digitaljournal.com/article/295099">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=digitaljournal.com&rft.atitle=Concorde+crash+remains+unresolved+10+years+later&rft.date=2010-07-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.digitaljournal.com%2Farticle%2F295099&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+France+Flight+4590" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NBC-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NBC_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NBC_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGreenberg2010" class="citation news cs1">Greenberg, Peter (1 February 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna29306441">"What brought down the Concorde?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dateline_NBC" title="Dateline NBC">Dateline NBC</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210929232947/https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna29306441">Archived</a> from the original on 29 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dateline+NBC&rft.atitle=What+brought+down+the+Concorde%3F&rft.date=2010-02-01&rft.aulast=Greenberg&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fid%2Fwbna29306441&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+France+Flight+4590" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrookes2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Brookes" title="Andrew Brookes">Brookes, Andrew J.</a> (2002). <i>Destination Disaster: Aviation Accidents in the Modern Age</i>. Ian Allan. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7110-2862-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7110-2862-1"><bdi>0-7110-2862-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Destination+Disaster%3A+Aviation+Accidents+in+the+Modern+Age&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Ian+Allan&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-7110-2862-1&rft.aulast=Brookes&rft.aufirst=Andrew+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+France+Flight+4590" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iasa.com.au/folders/Safety_Issues/others/concordespacer.html">"Concorde: For the Want of a Spacer"</a>. <i>iasa.com.au</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100207121508/http://www.iasa.com.au/folders/Safety_Issues/others/concordespacer.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 February 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=iasa.com.au&rft.atitle=Concorde%3A+For+the+Want+of+a+Spacer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iasa.com.au%2Ffolders%2FSafety_Issues%2Fothers%2Fconcordespacer.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+France+Flight+4590" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-askthepilot.com-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-askthepilot.com_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://askthepilot.com/untold-concorde-story/">"Untold Story of the Concorde Disaster"</a>. <i>askthepilot.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161113183931/http://www.askthepilot.com/untold-concorde-story/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=askthepilot.com&rft.atitle=Untold+Story+of+the+Concorde+Disaster&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faskthepilot.com%2Funtold-concorde-story%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+France+Flight+4590" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBannister2023" class="citation book cs1">Bannister, Mike (29 August 2023). <i>Concorde: The Thrilling Account of History's Most Extraordinary Airliner</i>. Penguin Books, Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781405951920" title="Special:BookSources/9781405951920"><bdi>9781405951920</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concorde%3A+The+Thrilling+Account+of+History%27s+Most+Extraordinary+Airliner&rft.pub=Penguin+Books%2C+Limited&rft.date=2023-08-29&rft.isbn=9781405951920&rft.aulast=Bannister&rft.aufirst=Mike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+France+Flight+4590" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-henley-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-henley_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-henley_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-henley_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-henley_44-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHenley2000" class="citation news cs1">Henley, Jon (17 August 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2000/aug/17/concorde.world">"Concorde crash 'a disaster waiting to happen'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160128025350/http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2000/aug/17/concorde.world">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Concorde+crash+%27a+disaster+waiting+to+happen%27&rft.date=2000-08-17&rft.aulast=Henley&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk%2F2000%2Faug%2F17%2Fconcorde.world&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+France+Flight+4590" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://assets.digital.cabinet-office.gov.uk/media/5422ff4340f0b61346000a85/Concorde_Type_1_Variant_102__G-BOAF_11-93.pdf">"AAIB Bulletin No: 11/93"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Air Accidents Investigation Branch, Cabinet Office. 1993. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220125022840/https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5422ff4340f0b61346000a85/Concorde_Type_1_Variant_102__G-BOAF_11-93.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 25 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AAIB+Bulletin+No%3A+11%2F93&rft.pub=Air+Accidents+Investigation+Branch%2C+Cabinet+Office&rft.date=1993&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.digital.cabinet-office.gov.uk%2Fmedia%2F5422ff4340f0b61346000a85%2FConcorde_Type_1_Variant_102__G-BOAF_11-93.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+France+Flight+4590" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://assets.digital.cabinet-office.gov.uk/media/5422f92eed915d1371000727/BAC-SNIAS_Concorde_102__G-BOAB_03-94.pdf">"AAIB Bulletin No: 3/94"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Air Accidents Investigation Branch, Cabinet Office. 1994. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160130073301/https://assets.digital.cabinet-office.gov.uk/media/5422f92eed915d1371000727/BAC-SNIAS_Concorde_102__G-BOAB_03-94.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 30 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AAIB+Bulletin+No%3A+3%2F94&rft.pub=Air+Accidents+Investigation+Branch%2C+Cabinet+Office&rft.date=1994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.digital.cabinet-office.gov.uk%2Fmedia%2F5422f92eed915d1371000727%2FBAC-SNIAS_Concorde_102__G-BOAB_03-94.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+France+Flight+4590" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn1250-new-improved-concorde-cleared-for-take-off/">"New improved Concorde cleared for take-off"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_Scientist" title="New Scientist">New Scientist</a></i>. 6 September 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180726010002/https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn1250-new-improved-concorde-cleared-for-take-off/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=New+improved+Concorde+cleared+for+take-off&rft.date=2001-09-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fdn1250-new-improved-concorde-cleared-for-take-off%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+France+Flight+4590" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://airsafe.com/journal/issue14.htm">Perception of Risk in the Wake of the Concorde Accident</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110707100534/http://www.airsafe.com/journal/issue14.htm">Archived</a> 7 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", Issue 14, <i>Airsafe Journal</i>, Revised <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2001.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.concordesst.com/latestnews_03_2.html">"LATEST NEWS Archive"</a>. <i>ConcordeSST.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100206023039/http://www.concordesst.com/latestnews_03_2.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 February 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ConcordeSST.com&rft.atitle=LATEST+NEWS+Archive&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.concordesst.com%2Flatestnews_03_2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+France+Flight+4590" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLawless2003" class="citation news cs1">Lawless, Jill (26 October 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A11477-2003Oct24.html">"Final Concorde flight lands at Heathrow"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. Associated Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080513093402/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A11477-2003Oct24.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Final+Concorde+flight+lands+at+Heathrow&rft.date=2003-10-26&rft.aulast=Lawless&rft.aufirst=Jill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Farticles%2FA11477-2003Oct24.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+France+Flight+4590" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100610050839/http://www.dailytech.com/Iconic+Concorde+Could+Return+for+2012+Olympics/article18627.htm">"Iconic Concorde Could Return for 2012 Olympics"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailytech.com/Iconic+Concorde+Could+Return+for+2012+Olympics/article18627.htm">the original</a> on 10 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iconic+Concorde+Could+Return+for+2012+Olympics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailytech.com%2FIconic%2BConcorde%2BCould%2BReturn%2Bfor%2B2012%2BOlympics%2Farticle18627.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+France+Flight+4590" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/travel/news/2005-03-10-continental-concorde_x.htm">"Judge places Continental under investigation in Concorde crash"</a>. <i>USA Today</i>. 10 March 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090125081931/http://www.usatoday.com/travel/news/2005-03-10-continental-concorde_x.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2010</span>. <q>A French magistrate on Thursday opened a formal investigation of Continental Airlines for manslaughter for the suspected role played by one of its jets in the July 2000 crash of the supersonic Concorde that killed 113 people. Investigating judge Christophe Regnard placed Continental under investigation—a step short of being formally charged—for manslaughter and involuntary injury, judicial officials said.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Judge+places+Continental+under+investigation+in+Concorde+crash&rft.date=2005-03-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Ftravel%2Fnews%2F2005-03-10-continental-concorde_x.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+France+Flight+4590" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4285832.stm">"Ex-Concorde head quizzed on crash"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 27 September 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141220143457/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4285832.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Ex-Concorde+head+quizzed+on+crash&rft.date=2005-09-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F4285832.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+France+Flight+4590" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-prosecutor-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-prosecutor_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-prosecutor_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7291269.stm">"Prosecutor seeks Concorde charges"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 12 March 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100206044841/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7291269.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 6 February 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Prosecutor+seeks+Concorde+charges&rft.date=2008-03-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F7291269.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+France+Flight+4590" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100205094122/http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0%2C%2C5197016%2C00.html">"Continental denies responsibility for crash as Concorde trial begins"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a>. 2 March 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/continental-denies-responsibility-for-crash-as-concorde-trial-begins/a-5197016">the original</a> on 5 February 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Continental+denies+responsibility+for+crash+as+Concorde+trial+begins&rft.pub=Deutsche+Welle&rft.date=2010-03-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fcontinental-denies-responsibility-for-crash-as-concorde-trial-begins%2Fa-5197016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+France+Flight+4590" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8492561.stm">"Concorde crash manslaughter trial begins in France"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 2 February 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100209190940/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8492561.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 9 February 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Concorde+crash+manslaughter+trial+begins+in+France&rft.date=2010-02-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F8492561.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+France+Flight+4590" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBremner2008" class="citation news cs1">Bremner, Charles (12 March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article3539777.ece">"Continental Airlines faces manslaughter charges over Paris Concorde crash"</a>. <i>The Times</i>. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Continental+Airlines+faces+manslaughter+charges+over+Paris+Concorde+crash&rft.date=2008-03-12&rft.aulast=Bremner&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Farticle3539777.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+France+Flight+4590" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2024">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7487282.stm">"Five to face Concorde crash trial"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 3 July 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100202054224/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7487282.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2010</span>. <q>The five accused are: John Taylor, the Continental mechanic who allegedly fitted the metal strip to the DC-10, and Stanley Ford, a maintenance official from the airline; Henri Perrier, a former head of the Concorde division at Aerospatiale, now part of the aerospace company EADS, and Concorde's former chief engineer Jacques Herubel; Claude Frantzen, a former member of France's civil aviation watchdog</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Five+to+face+Concorde+crash+trial&rft.date=2008-07-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F7487282.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+France+Flight+4590" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFClark2010" class="citation news cs1">Clark, Nicola (1 February 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/02/world/europe/02concorde.html">"Trial to Open in Concorde Disaster"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100204054126/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/02/world/europe/02concorde.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Trial+to+Open+in+Concorde+Disaster&rft.date=2010-02-01&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Nicola&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F02%2F02%2Fworld%2Feurope%2F02concorde.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+France+Flight+4590" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC11923556-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBC11923556_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFraser2010" class="citation news cs1">Fraser, Christian (6 December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-11923556">"Continental responsible for Concorde crash in 2000"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101206045552/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-11923556">Archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Continental+responsible+for+Concorde+crash+in+2000&rft.date=2010-12-06&rft.aulast=Fraser&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-11923556&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+France+Flight+4590" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC2012-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBC2012_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC2012_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC2012_61-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-20545201">"Concorde crash: Continental Airlines cleared by France court"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 29 November 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121129163514/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-20545201">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Concorde+crash%3A+Continental+Airlines+cleared+by+France+court&rft.date=2012-11-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-20545201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+France+Flight+4590" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voanews.com/a/paris-court-finds-continental-responsible-for-concorde-crash-111386879/170358.html">"Paris Court Finds Continental Responsible for Concorde Crash"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a>. 6 December 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190519183536/https://www.voanews.com/a/paris-court-finds-continental-responsible-for-concorde-crash-111386879/170358.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Paris+Court+Finds+Continental+Responsible+for+Concorde+Crash&rft.pub=Voice+of+America&rft.date=2010-12-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.voanews.com%2Fa%2Fparis-court-finds-continental-responsible-for-concorde-crash-111386879%2F170358.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+France+Flight+4590" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFClark2012" class="citation news cs1">Clark, Nicola (29 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/30/business/global/french-court-overturns-conviction-in-concorde-crash.html">"French Court Overturns Convictions in Concorde Crash"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190815125501/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/30/business/global/french-court-overturns-conviction-in-concorde-crash.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=French+Court+Overturns+Convictions+in+Concorde+Crash&rft.date=2012-11-29&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Nicola&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F11%2F30%2Fbusiness%2Fglobal%2Ffrench-court-overturns-conviction-in-concorde-crash.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+France+Flight+4590" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/2010-07-25-france-concorde-crash-tenth-anniversary_N.htm">Families mark 10 years since Concorde crash</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131013045229/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/2010-07-25-france-concorde-crash-tenth-anniversary_N.htm">Archived</a> 13 October 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a></i> at the <i><a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a></i>. 25 July 2010. Retrieved on 27 September 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.leparisien.fr/seine-et-marne-77/un-memorial-pour-les-victimes-du-crash-du-concorde-la-zone-commerciale-s-agrandit-participez-au-concours-pep-s-star-la-mairie-propose-de-parler-de-tout-debattez-du-logement-avec-marie-noelle-lienemann-25-04-2006-2006933166.php">"Un mémorial pour les victimes du crash du Concorde La zone commerciale s'agrandit Participez au concours Pep's Star La mairie propose de parler de tout Débattez du logement avec Marie-Noëlle Lienemann"</a> [A memorial for the victims of the crash of the Concorde The commercial area is growing Participate in the contest Pep's Star The town hall proposes to talk about everything Debate housing with Marie-Noëlle Lienemann]. <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Parisien" title="Le Parisien">Le Parisien</a></i> (in French). 25 April 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210929232948/https://www.leparisien.fr/seine-et-marne-77/un-memorial-pour-les-victimes-du-crash-du-concorde-la-zone-commerciale-s-agrandit-participez-au-concours-pep-s-star-la-mairie-propose-de-parler-de-tout-debattez-du-logement-avec-marie-noelle-lienemann-25-04-2006-2006933166.php">Archived</a> from the original on 29 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Le+Parisien&rft.atitle=Un+m%C3%A9morial+pour+les+victimes+du+crash+du+Concorde+La+zone+commerciale+s%27agrandit+Participez+au+concours+Pep%27s+Star+La+mairie+propose+de+parler+de+tout+D%C3%A9battez+du+logement+avec+Marie-No%C3%ABlle+Lienemann&rft.date=2006-04-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.leparisien.fr%2Fseine-et-marne-77%2Fun-memorial-pour-les-victimes-du-crash-du-concorde-la-zone-commerciale-s-agrandit-participez-au-concours-pep-s-star-la-mairie-propose-de-parler-de-tout-debattez-du-logement-avec-marie-noelle-lienemann-25-04-2006-2006933166.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+France+Flight+4590" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.club-concorde.org/ssc/Mem-AF4590.htm">"Mémorial AF4590"</a>. <i>club-concorde.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160826100239/http://www.club-concorde.org/ssc/Mem-AF4590.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 26 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=club-concorde.org&rft.atitle=M%C3%A9morial+AF4590&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.club-concorde.org%2Fssc%2FMem-AF4590.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+France+Flight+4590" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.concordesst.com/accident/203a.html">"The Concorde SST Web Site: History of the aircraft that would become Air France Flight 4590"</a>. <i>Concordesst.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100130095546/http://www.concordesst.com/accident/203a.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 January 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Concordesst.com&rft.atitle=The+Concorde+SST+Web+Site%3A+History+of+the+aircraft+that+would+become+Air+France+Flight+4590&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.concordesst.com%2Faccident%2F203a.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+France+Flight+4590" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.natgeotv.com/za/shows/natgeo/seconds-from-disaster">"Seconds from Disaster"</a>. <i>natgeotv</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210929234456/https://www.natgeotv.com/za/shows/natgeo/seconds-from-disaster">Archived</a> from the original on 29 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=natgeotv&rft.atitle=Seconds+from+Disaster&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.natgeotv.com%2Fza%2Fshows%2Fnatgeo%2Fseconds-from-disaster&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+France+Flight+4590" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBramson2015" class="citation news cs1">Bramson, Dara (1 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/07/supersonic-airplanes-concorde/396698/">"Where Is Today's Supersonic Jet?"</a>. <i>The Atlantic</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180723212248/https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/07/supersonic-airplanes-concorde/396698/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Where+Is+Today%27s+Supersonic+Jet%3F&rft.date=2015-07-01&rft.aulast=Bramson&rft.aufirst=Dara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Ftechnology%2Farchive%2F2015%2F07%2Fsupersonic-airplanes-concorde%2F396698%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+France+Flight+4590" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianchannel.com/shows/concorde-flying-supersonic/0/136656">"Concorde: Flying Supersonic"</a>. <i>Smithsonian Channel</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180724032237/https://www.smithsonianchannel.com/shows/concorde-flying-supersonic/0/136656">Archived</a> from the original on 24 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Channel&rft.atitle=Concorde%3A+Flying+Supersonic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianchannel.com%2Fshows%2Fconcorde-flying-supersonic%2F0%2F136656&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+France+Flight+4590" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/video/tv/air-crash-investigation">"Air Crash Investigation"</a>. <i>National Geographic Channel</i>. 18 August 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210929232948/https://www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/video/tv/air-crash-investigation">Archived</a> from the original on 29 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic+Channel&rft.atitle=Air+Crash+Investigation&rft.date=2017-08-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.co.uk%2Fvideo%2Ftv%2Fair-crash-investigation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+France+Flight+4590" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCollo-Julin2020" class="citation web cs1">Collo-Julin, Salem (14 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/synth-pop-trio-le-couleur-explore-beauty-through-tragedy-on-concorde/Content?oid=82683142">"Synth-pop trio Le Couleur explore beauty through tragedy on Concorde"</a>. <i>Chicago Reader</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Reader&rft.atitle=Synth-pop+trio+Le+Couleur+explore+beauty+through+tragedy+on+Concorde&rft.date=2020-09-14&rft.aulast=Collo-Julin&rft.aufirst=Salem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagoreader.com%2Fchicago%2Fsynth-pop-trio-le-couleur-explore-beauty-through-tragedy-on-concorde%2FContent%3Foid%3D82683142&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+France+Flight+4590" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://exclaim.ca/music/article/le_couleur_concorde_album_review">"Le Couleur Explore Death Through Dance on 'Concorde' | Exclaim!"</a>. <i>exclaim.ca</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210513214834/https://exclaim.ca/music/article/le_couleur_concorde_album_review">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=exclaim.ca&rft.atitle=Le+Couleur+Explore+Death+Through+Dance+on+%27Concorde%27+%26%23124%3B+Exclaim%21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fexclaim.ca%2Fmusic%2Farticle%2Fle_couleur_concorde_album_review&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+France+Flight+4590" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="BEA">BEA</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_France_Flight_4590&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: BEA"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bea.aero/fileadmin/uploads/tx_elydbrapports/f-sc000725a.pdf">"Accident on 25 July 2000 at La Patte d'Oie in Gonesse (95) to the Concorde registered F-BTSC operated by Air France (REPORT translation f-sc000725a)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Enquiry_and_Analysis_for_Civil_Aviation_Safety" title="Bureau of Enquiry and Analysis for Civil Aviation Safety">BEA</a>. 16 January 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231111164525/https://bea.aero/fileadmin/uploads/tx_elydbrapports/f-sc000725a.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 11 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Accident+on+25+July+2000+at+La+Patte+d%27Oie+in+Gonesse+%2895%29+to+the+Concorde+registered+F-BTSC+operated+by+Air+France+%28REPORT+translation+f-sc000725a%29&rft.pub=BEA&rft.date=2002-01-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbea.aero%2Ffileadmin%2Fuploads%2Ftx_elydbrapports%2Ff-sc000725a.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+France+Flight+4590" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Section 2.2 "Crew Actions" (page 166): "The exceptional environment described above quite naturally led the FE to ask to shut down the engine. This was immediately confirmed by the Captain's calling for the engine fire procedure".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Page 32: "The maximum structural weight on takeoff being 185,070 kg, it appears that the aircraft was slightly overloaded on takeoff".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Page 159: "14h40m01s... it can be deduced that, for the crew, the aircraft weight at which the takeoff was commenced was 185,880 kg, for a MTOW of 185,070 kg".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Section 1.16.7.3 "The Fuel in Tank 5" (page 118): "Taking into account these calculations, we may consider that the quantity of fuel in tank 5 was practically that which was loaded on the apron, which represents around 94% of the total volume of the tank".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Page 155: "In conclusion, nothing in the research undertaken indicates that the absence of the spacer contributed in any way to the accident on 25 July 2000"</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_France_Flight_4590&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Air_France_Flight_4590" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Air France Flight 4590">Air France Flight 4590</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4zeDsSJmcpM">"How the Crash of Flight 4590 Destroyed Concorde's Mystique"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Channel" title="Smithsonian Channel">Smithsonian Channel</a>. 20 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+the+Crash+of+Flight+4590+Destroyed+Concorde%27s+Mystique&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Channel&rft.date=2017-01-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D4zeDsSJmcpM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+France+Flight+4590" class="Z3988"></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J0DFyUJfciQ">"Why the Concorde crashed and what happened next"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. 26 March 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/J0DFyUJfciQ">Archived</a> from the original on 12 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+the+Concorde+crashed+and+what+happened+next&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2019-03-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DJ0DFyUJfciQ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+France+Flight+4590" class="Z3988"></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Enquiry_and_Analysis_for_Civil_Aviation_Safety" title="Bureau of Enquiry and Analysis for Civil Aviation Safety">Bureau of Enquiry and Analysis for Civil Aviation Safety</a></i> <ul><li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bea.aero/en/enquetes/concorde/index.php">Accident on 25 July 2000 at "La Patte d'oie" at Gonesse</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160106085111/http://www.bea.aero/en/enquetes/concorde/index.php">Archived</a> 6 January 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bea.aero/en/investigation-reports/notified-events/detail/event/accident-to-the-concorde-registered-f-btsc-operated-by-air-france-occured-on-072500-at-gonesse/">Alternate</a>) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160106085111/https://www.bea.aero/en/enquetes/concorde/index.php">Archive</a>) <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bea.aero/fileadmin/documents/docspa/2000/f-sc000725pa/pdf/f-sc000725pa.pdf">Preliminary report</a> published 1 September 2000</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bea.aero/fileadmin/documents/docspa/2000/f-sc000725ae/pdf/f-sc000725ae.pdf">Interim report</a> published 15 December 2000</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bea.aero/fileadmin/documents/docspa/2000/f-sc000725ae2/pdf/f-sc000725ae2.pdf">Interim report 2</a> published 23 July 2001</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bea.aero/fileadmin/documents/docspa/2000/f-sc000725a/htm/f-sc000725a.html">Final report</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151026081536/http://www.bea-fr.org/docspa/2000/f-sc000725a/htm/f-sc000725a.html">Archive</a>) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bea.aero/fileadmin/uploads/tx_elydbrapports/f-sc000725a.pdf">PDF</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231111164525/https://bea.aero/fileadmin/uploads/tx_elydbrapports/f-sc000725a.pdf">Archive</a>) published 16 January 2002</li></ul></li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bea.aero/fr/enquetes/concorde/index.php">Accident survenu le 25 juillet 2000 au lieu-dit "La Patte d'oie" à Gonesse</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160106085111/http://www.bea.aero/fr/enquetes/concorde/index.php">Archived</a> 6 January 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bea.aero/fr/les-enquetes/les-evenements-notifies/detail/event/lors-du-decollage-de-la-piste-26-droite-de-laerodrome-de-paris-charles-de-gaulle-peu-avant-la-ro-1/">Alternate</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190722163602/https://www.bea.aero/fr/les-enquetes/les-evenements-notifies/detail/event/lors-du-decollage-de-la-piste-26-droite-de-laerodrome-de-paris-charles-de-gaulle-peu-avant-la-ro-1/">Archived</a> 22 July 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120327061301/https://www.bea.aero/fr/enquetes/concorde/index.php">Archive</a>) <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> – the French version is the report of record. <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bea.aero/docspa/2000/f-sc000725p/htm/f-sc000725p.html">Preliminary report</a> <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bea.aero/fileadmin/documents/docspa/2000/f-sc000725p/pdf/f-sc000725p.pdf">PDF</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190530080245/https://bea.aero/fileadmin/documents/docspa/2000/f-sc000725p/pdf/f-sc000725p.pdf">Archive</a>), published 1 September 2000.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bea.aero/fileadmin/documents/docspa/2000/f-sc000725e/htm/f-sc000725e.html">Interim report</a> <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bea.aero/fileadmin/documents/docspa/2000/f-sc000725e/pdf/f-sc000725e.pdf">PDF</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120327061346/https://www.bea.aero/docspa/2000/f-sc000725e/pdf/f-sc000725e.pdf">Archive</a>), published 15 December 2000.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bea.aero/fileadmin/documents/docspa/2000/f-sc000725e2/htm/f-sc000725e2.html">Interim report 2</a> <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bea.aero/fileadmin/uploads/tx_elydbrapports/f-sc000725e2.pdf">PDF</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231111000521/https://bea.aero/fileadmin/uploads/tx_elydbrapports/f-sc000725e2.pdf">Archive</a>), published 23 July 2001.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bea.aero/fileadmin/documents/docspa/2000/f-sc000725/rapportcomplet.html">Final report</a> <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bea.aero/fileadmin/uploads/tx_elydbrapports/f-sc000725.pdf">PDF</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231111014334/https://bea.aero/fileadmin/uploads/tx_elydbrapports/f-sc000725.pdf">Archive</a>), published 16 January 2002</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.planecrashinfo.com/cvr000725.htm">PlaneCrashInfo.Com – Data Entry on Flight 4590</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20000725-0">Accident description</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Aviation_Safety_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Aviation Safety Network">Aviation Safety Network</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/may/13/davidrose.focus">Doomed – The Real Story of Flight 4590: Special Investigation</a>, The Guardian, 13 May 2001. – mentions other contributing factors</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/htdocs/plane_crashes/air_france/framesource.html">Disaster</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/CBS_News" title="CBS News">CBS News</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/905308.stm">CVR transcript</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0007/25/bn.11.html">All 109 Aboard Dead in Concorde Crash into Hotel Near Paris; 4 On Ground Dead</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091016120334/http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0007/25/bn.11.html">Archived</a> 16 October 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – <i><a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a></i></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090826100625/http://ntsb.gov/Recs/letters/1981/A81_150_152.pdf">"Safety Recommendation(s)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Washington, DC: National Transportation Safety Board. 9 November 1981. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ntsb.gov/recs/letters/1981/A81_150_152.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 26 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Safety+Recommendation%28s%29&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=National+Transportation+Safety+Board&rft.date=1981-11-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ntsb.gov%2Frecs%2Fletters%2F1981%2FA81_150_152.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+France+Flight+4590" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081119154238/http://www.airguideonline.com/airsafety_SSC.htm">"Concorde Incidents & Fatal Accident"</a>. Airguideonline.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.airguideonline.com/airsafety_SSC.htm">the original</a> on 19 November 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Concorde+Incidents+%26+Fatal+Accident&rft.pub=Airguideonline.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.airguideonline.com%2Fairsafety_SSC.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+France+Flight+4590" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lessonslearned.faa.gov/ll_main.cfm?TabID=1&LLID=78">"Air France Flight 4590 at Paris, France"</a>. <i>Lessons Learned</i>. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration" title="Federal Aviation Administration">Federal Aviation Administration</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lessons+Learned&rft.atitle=Air+France+Flight+4590+at+Paris%2C+France&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flessonslearned.faa.gov%2Fll_main.cfm%3FTabID%3D1%26LLID%3D78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+France+Flight+4590" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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aria-labelledby="Aviation_accidents_and_incidents_in_France_since_2000235" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aviation_accidents_and_incidents_in_France_since_2000" title="Template:Aviation accidents and incidents in France since 2000"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Aviation_accidents_and_incidents_in_France_since_2000" title="Template talk:Aviation accidents and incidents in France since 2000"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Aviation_accidents_and_incidents_in_France_since_2000" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Aviation accidents and incidents in France since 2000"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Aviation_accidents_and_incidents_in_France_since_2000235" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Aviation accidents and incidents in France since 2000</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Air France Flight 4590</a> (July 2000)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Air_Cara%C3%AFbes_Flight_1501" title="Air Caraïbes Flight 1501">Air Caraïbes Flight 1501</a> (March 2001)^</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Brit_Air_Flight_5672" title="Brit Air Flight 5672">Brit Air Flight 5672</a> (June 2003)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/EasyJet_Flight_6074" title="EasyJet Flight 6074">EasyJet Flight 6074</a> (September 2006)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Air_Moorea_Flight_1121" title="Air Moorea Flight 1121">Air Moorea Flight 1121</a> (August 2007)^</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/XL_Airways_Germany_Flight_888T" title="XL Airways Germany Flight 888T">XL Airways Germany Flight 888T</a> (November 2008)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Germanwings_Flight_9525" title="Germanwings Flight 9525">Germanwings Flight 9525</a> (March 2015)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2021_Touques_Airbus_AS350B_helicopter_crash" title="2021 Touques Airbus AS350B helicopter crash">Touques Airbus AS350B helicopter crash</a> (March 2021)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>^ Occurred in overseas departments and overseas territories<br /><a href="/wiki/Template:Aviation_accidents_and_incidents_in_France_between_1950_and_1999" title="Template:Aviation accidents and incidents in France between 1950 and 1999">1950–1999 ◄</a> 2000–</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Aviation_accidents_and_incidents_in_2000_(2000)378" style="white-space:nowrap;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks plainlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aviation_accidents_and_incidents_in_2000" title="Template:Aviation accidents and incidents in 2000"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Aviation_accidents_and_incidents_in_2000" title="Template talk:Aviation accidents and incidents in 2000"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Aviation_accidents_and_incidents_in_2000" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Aviation accidents and incidents in 2000"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Aviation_accidents_and_incidents_in_2000_(2000)378" class="hlist vevent" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Aviation_accidents_and_incidents" title="Aviation accidents and incidents">Aviation accidents and incidents</a> in 2000<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2000</span>)</span> </span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;padding-left:0.5em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Jan 10</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Crossair_Flight_498" title="Crossair Flight 498">Crossair Flight 498</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Jan 13</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/2000_Marsa_Brega_Short_360_crash" title="2000 Marsa Brega Short 360 crash">Marsa Brega Short 360 crash</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Jan 30</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Kenya_Airways_Flight_431" title="Kenya Airways Flight 431">Kenya Airways Flight 431</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Jan 31</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Airlines_Flight_261" title="Alaska Airlines Flight 261">Alaska Airlines Flight 261</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Feb 8</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/2000_Zion_mid-air_collision" title="2000 Zion mid-air collision">Zion mid-air collision</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Feb 16</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Emery_Worldwide_Airlines_Flight_17" title="Emery Worldwide Airlines Flight 17">Emery Worldwide Airlines Flight 17</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Mar 5</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Airlines_Flight_1455" title="Southwest Airlines Flight 1455">Southwest Airlines Flight 1455</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Apr 8</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/2000_Marana_V-22_crash" title="2000 Marana V-22 crash">Marana V-22 crash</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Apr 19</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Air_Philippines_Flight_541" title="Air Philippines Flight 541">Air Philippines Flight 541</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">May 21</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/2000_East_Coast_Aviation_Services_British_Aerospace_Jetstream_crash" title="2000 East Coast Aviation Services British Aerospace Jetstream crash">Pennsylvania BAe Jetstream 3101 crash</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">May 25</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Airlines_Flight_812" title="Philippine Airlines Flight 812">Philippine Airlines Flight 812</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">May 31</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Whyalla_Airlines_Flight_904" title="Whyalla Airlines Flight 904">Whyalla Airlines Flight 904</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Jun 22</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Wuhan_Airlines_Flight_343" title="Wuhan Airlines Flight 343">Wuhan Airlines Flight 343</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Jul 4</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Mal%C3%A9v_Flight_262" title="Malév Flight 262">Malév Flight 262</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Jul 8</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Aerocaribe_Flight_7831" title="Aerocaribe Flight 7831">Aerocaribe Flight 7831</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Jul 12</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Hapag-Lloyd_Flight_3378" title="Hapag-Lloyd Flight 3378">Hapag-Lloyd Flight 3378</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Jul 17</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Alliance_Air_Flight_7412" title="Alliance Air Flight 7412">Alliance Air Flight 7412</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Jul 24</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/2000_Marlborough_helicopter_crash" title="2000 Marlborough helicopter crash">Marlborough helicopter crash</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Jul 25</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Air France Flight 4590</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Jul 27</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/2000_Royal_Nepal_Airlines_Twin_Otter_crash" title="2000 Royal Nepal Airlines Twin Otter crash">Royal Nepal Airlines crash</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Aug 7</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/2000_Skerjafj%C3%B6r%C3%B0ur_plane_crash" title="2000 Skerjafjörður plane crash">Skerjafjörður plane crash</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Aug 11</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Airlines_Flight_1763" title="Southwest Airlines Flight 1763">Southwest Airlines Flight 1763</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Aug 23</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Air_Flight_072" title="Gulf Air Flight 072">Gulf Air Flight 072</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Sep 4</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/2000_Australia_Beechcraft_King_Air_crash" title="2000 Australia Beechcraft King Air crash">Australia Beechcraft King Air crash</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Sep 16</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/2000_SLAF_Mi-17_Crash" title="2000 SLAF Mi-17 Crash">SLAF Mi-17 Crash</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Oct 19</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Lao_Aviation_Flight_703" title="Lao Aviation Flight 703">Lao Aviation Flight 703</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Oct 31</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Singapore_Airlines_Flight_006" title="Singapore Airlines Flight 006">Singapore Airlines Flight 006</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Nov 15</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/2000_ASA_Pesada_Antonov_An-24_crash" title="2000 ASA Pesada Antonov An-24 crash">ASA Pesada An-24 crash</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Nov 18</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Dirgantara_Air_Service_Flight_3130" title="Dirgantara Air Service Flight 3130">Dirgantara Air Service Flight 3130</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Dec 4</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Sabena_Flight_877" title="Sabena Flight 877">Sabena Flight 877</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Dec 29</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/British_Airways_Flight_2069" title="British Airways Flight 2069">British Airways Flight 2069</a></div></div> </div> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Template:Aviation_accidents_and_incidents_in_1999" title="Template:Aviation accidents and incidents in 1999">1999   ◄</a><span class="nowrap">   </span> <a href="/wiki/Template:Aviation_accidents_and_incidents_in_2001" title="Template:Aviation accidents and incidents in 2001">►   2001</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="List_of_in-flight_fires104" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:In-flight_fires" title="Template:In-flight fires"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:In-flight_fires" title="Template talk:In-flight fires"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:In-flight_fires" title="Special:EditPage/Template:In-flight fires"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="List_of_in-flight_fires104" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/In-flight_fire#Notable_examples" title="In-flight fire">List of in-flight fires</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1940s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Air_Lines_Flight_608" title="United Air Lines Flight 608">United Air Lines Flight 608</a> (October 1947)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1950s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linea_Aeropostal_Venezolana_Flight_253_(June_1956)" title="Linea Aeropostal Venezolana Flight 253 (June 1956)">Linea Aeropostal Venezolana Flight 253</a> (June 1956)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swissair_Flight_306" title="Swissair Flight 306">Swissair Flight 306</a> (September 1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_Airlines_Flight_40" title="Mohawk Airlines Flight 40">Mohawk Airlines Flight 40</a> (June 1967)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1972_K%C3%B6nigs_Wusterhausen_air_disaster" class="mw-redirect" title="1972 Königs Wusterhausen air disaster">Interflug Flight 350</a> (August 1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varig_Flight_820" title="Varig Flight 820">Varig Flight 820</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_International_Airlines_Flight_740" title="Pakistan International Airlines Flight 740">Pakistan International Airlines Flight 740</a> (November 1979)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saudia_Flight_163" title="Saudia Flight 163">Saudia Flight 163</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilgrim_Airlines_Flight_458" title="Pilgrim Airlines Flight 458">Pilgrim Airlines Flight 458</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Canada_Flight_797" title="Air Canada Flight 797">Air Canada Flight 797</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexicana_de_Aviaci%C3%B3n_Flight_940" title="Mexicana de Aviación Flight 940">Mexicana de Aviación Flight 940</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LOT_Polish_Airlines_Flight_5055" title="LOT Polish Airlines Flight 5055">LOT Polish Airlines Flight 5055</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Airways_Flight_295" title="South African Airways Flight 295">South African Airways Flight 295</a> (1987)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria_Airways_Flight_2120" title="Nigeria Airways Flight 2120">Nigeria Airways Flight 2120</a> (July 1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Zambia_national_football_team_plane_crash" title="1993 Zambia national football team plane crash">Zambia national football team plane crash</a> (April 1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baikal_Airlines_Flight_130" title="Baikal Airlines Flight 130">Baikal Airlines Flight 130</a> (January 1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ValuJet_Flight_592" title="ValuJet Flight 592">ValuJet Flight 592</a> (May 1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FedEx_Express_Flight_1406" title="FedEx Express Flight 1406">FedEx Express Flight 1406</a> (September 1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propair_Flight_420" title="Propair Flight 420">Propair Flight 420</a> (June 1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swissair_Flight_111" title="Swissair Flight 111">Swissair Flight 111</a> (September 1998)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Air France Flight 4590</a> (July 2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Northern_Airlines_Flight_6136" title="China Northern Airlines Flight 6136">China Northern Airlines Flight 6136</a> (May 2002)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UPS_Airlines_Flight_6" title="UPS Airlines Flight 6">UPS Airlines Flight 6</a> (September 2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angara_Airlines_Flight_9007" title="Angara Airlines Flight 9007">Angara Airlines Flight 9007</a> (July 2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asiana_Airlines_Flight_991" title="Asiana Airlines Flight 991">Asiana Airlines Flight 991</a> (July 2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/EgyptAir_Flight_804" title="EgyptAir Flight 804">EgyptAir Flight 804</a> (May 2016)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Total_Linhas_A%C3%A9reas_Flight_5682" title="Total Linhas Aéreas Flight 5682">Total Linhas Aéreas Flight 5682</a> (November 2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Air_France52" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Air_France" title="Template:Air France"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Air_France" title="Template talk:Air France"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Air_France" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Air France"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Air_France52" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Air_France" title="Air France">Air France</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Accidents_and_incidents62" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Air_France_accidents_and_incidents" title="Air France accidents and incidents">Accidents and incidents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1934_Air_France_Wibault_282T_crash" title="1934 Air France Wibault 282T crash">1934 Wibault 282T crash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_France_Flight_072" title="Air France Flight 072">Flight 072</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_France_Flight_009" title="Air France Flight 009">Flight 009</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1950_Air_France_multiple_Douglas_DC-4_accidents" title="1950 Air France multiple Douglas DC-4 accidents">1950 Douglas DC-4 accidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Air_France_SNCASE_Languedoc_crash" title="1952 Air France SNCASE Languedoc crash">1952 SNCASE Languedoc crash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_France_Flight_178" title="Air France Flight 178">Flight 178</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_France_Flight_343" title="Air France Flight 343">Flight 343</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_France_Flight_406" title="Air France Flight 406">Flight 406</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_France_Flight_2005" title="Air France Flight 2005">Flight 2005</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_France_Flight_007" title="Air France Flight 007">Flight 007</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_France_Flight_117" title="Air France Flight 117">Flight 117</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_France_robbery" title="Air France robbery">Air France robbery</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_France_Flight_212_(1968)" title="Air France Flight 212 (1968)">Flight 212</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_France_Flight_1611" title="Air France Flight 1611">Flight 1611</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_France_Flight_212_(1969)" title="Air France Flight 212 (1969)">Flight 212</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Entebbe" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Entebbe">Operation Entebbe</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_France_Flight_296Q" title="Air France Flight 296Q">Flight 296Q</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_France_Flight_8969" title="Air France Flight 8969">Flight 8969</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_France_Flight_422" title="Air France Flight 422">Flight 422</a> (1998)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Flight 4590</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_France_Flight_358" title="Air France Flight 358">Flight 358</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_France_Flight_447" title="Air France Flight 447">Flight 447</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_France_Flight_066" title="Air France Flight 066">Flight 066</a> (2017)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Gagey" title="Frédéric Gagey">Frédéric Gagey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Hymans" title="Max Hymans">Max Hymans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marc_Janaillac" title="Jean-Marc Janaillac">Jean-Marc Janaillac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Smith_(Canadian_businessman)" title="Benjamin Smith (Canadian businessman)">Ben Smith</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Corporate affairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_France%E2%80%93KLM" title="Air France–KLM">Air France–KLM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Corsica" title="Air Corsica">Air Corsica</a> (11.94%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_France_Hop" title="Air France Hop">Air France Hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transavia_France" title="Transavia France">Transavia France</a> (60%) </li></ul></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former subsidiaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Airlinair" title="Airlinair">Airlinair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Mauritius" title="Air Mauritius">Air Mauritius</a> (28%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brit_Air" title="Brit Air">Brit Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flandre_Air" title="Flandre Air">Flandre Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joon_(airline)" title="Joon (airline)">Joon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteus_Airlines" title="Proteus Airlines">Proteus Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9gional" title="Régional">Régional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Airlines_(France)" title="Regional Airlines (France)">Regional Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servair" title="Servair">Servair</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Merged into Air France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_Orient" title="Air Orient">Air Orient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Inter" title="Air Inter">Air Inter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Union" title="Air Union">Air Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C3%A9ropostale_(aviation)" title="Aéropostale (aviation)">Compagnie Générale Aéropostale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CFRNA" title="CFRNA">Compagnie Internationale de Navigation Aérienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_G%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_des_Transports_A%C3%A9riens" title="Société Générale des Transports Aériens">Société Générale des Transports Aériens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transports_A%C3%A9riens_Intercontinentaux" title="Transports Aériens Intercontinentaux">Transports Aériens Intercontinentaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_A%C3%A9romaritime_de_Transport" title="Union Aéromaritime de Transport">Union Aéromaritime de Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_Airlines_Holdings710" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#0030A1; color:#FFFFFF"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_Airlines_Holdings" title="Template:United Airlines Holdings"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:#FFFFFF">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_Airlines_Holdings" title="Template talk:United Airlines Holdings"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:#FFFFFF">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_Airlines_Holdings" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United Airlines Holdings"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:#FFFFFF">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_Airlines_Holdings710" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_Airlines_Holdings" title="United Airlines Holdings"><span style="color:white;">United Airlines Holdings</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#0030A1; color:#FFFFFF;width:1%">Current airlines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Airlines" title="United Airlines">United Airlines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Airlines_fleet" title="United Airlines fleet">fleet</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#0030A1; color:#FFFFFF;width:1%">Current marketing brands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Express" title="United Express">United Express</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#0030A1; color:#FFFFFF;width:1%">Former airlines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_Airlines_(United_States)" title="Capital Airlines (United States)">Capital Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Airlines" title="Continental Airlines">Continental Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Micronesia" title="Continental Micronesia">Continental Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Air" title="New York Air">New York Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Am" title="Pan Am">Pan Am</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Express_Airlines_(1980s)" title="People Express Airlines (1980s)">People Express Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontier_Airlines_(1950%E2%80%931986)" title="Frontier Airlines (1950–1986)">Frontier Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_International_Airlines" title="Texas International Airlines">Texas International Airlines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#0030A1; color:#FFFFFF;width:1%">Former marketing brands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Connection" title="Continental Connection">Continental Connection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Express" title="Continental Express">Continental Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Lite" title="Continental Lite">Continental Lite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle_by_United" title="Shuttle by United">Shuttle by United</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_(airline)" title="Ted (airline)">Ted</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#0030A1; color:#FFFFFF;width:1%">Former holding companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Lorenzo#Jet_Capital" title="Frank Lorenzo">Jet Capital Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Air_Corporation" title="Texas Air Corporation">Texas Air Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UAL_Corporation" title="UAL Corporation">UAL Corporation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#0030A1; color:#FFFFFF;width:1%">Frequent flyer services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Club" title="United Club">United Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MileagePlus" title="MileagePlus">MileagePlus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#0030A1; color:#FFFFFF;width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Patterson" title="William A. Patterson">William A. Patterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Tilton" title="Glenn Tilton">Glenn Tilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Kellner" title="Larry Kellner">Larry Kellner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Smisek" title="Jeff Smisek">Jeff Smisek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Munoz_(executive)" title="Oscar Munoz (executive)">Oscar Munoz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Varney" title="Walter Varney">Walter Varney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Six" title="Robert Six">Robert Six</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#0030A1; color:#FFFFFF;width:1%">Legal and public relations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Blakey_v._Continental_Airlines,_Inc." title="Blakey v. Continental Airlines, Inc.">Blakey v. Continental Airlines, Inc.</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untied.com" title="Untied.com">Untied.com</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/United_Breaks_Guitars" title="United Breaks Guitars">United Breaks Guitars</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_United_Express_passenger_removal" title="2017 United Express passenger removal">2017 United Express passenger removal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#0030A1; color:#FFFFFF;width:1%">United Airlines<br />accidents and incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Air_Lines_Flight_23" title="United Air Lines Flight 23">Flight 23</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1934_United_Air_Lines_Boeing_247_crash" title="1934 United Air Lines Boeing 247 crash">1934 Boeing 247 crash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Air_Lines_Flight_4" title="United Air Lines Flight 4">Flight 4</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Air_Lines_Flight_34" title="United Air Lines Flight 34">Flight 34</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1943_Liberator_crash_at_Whenuapai" title="1943 Liberator crash at Whenuapai">1943 Liberator crash at Whenuapai</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Air_Lines_Flight_521" title="United Air Lines Flight 521">Flight 521</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Air_Lines_Flight_608" title="United Air Lines Flight 608">Flight 608</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Air_Lines_Flight_624" title="United Air Lines Flight 624">Flight 624</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Air_Lines_Flight_610" title="United Air Lines Flight 610">Flight 610</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Air_Lines_Flight_615" title="United Air Lines Flight 615">Flight 615</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1955_MacArthur_Airport_United_Air_Lines_crash" title="1955 MacArthur Airport United Air Lines crash">1955 MacArthur Airport United Air Lines crash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Air_Lines_Flight_409" title="United Air Lines Flight 409">Flight 409</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Air_Lines_Flight_629" title="United Air Lines Flight 629">Flight 629</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Grand_Canyon_mid-air_collision" title="1956 Grand Canyon mid-air collision">1956 Grand Canyon mid-air collision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Air_Lines_Flight_736" title="United Air Lines Flight 736">Flight 736</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_New_York_mid-air_collision" title="1960 New York mid-air collision">1960 New York mid-air collision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Air_Lines_Flight_859" title="United Air Lines Flight 859">Flight 859</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Air_Lines_Flight_297" title="United Air Lines Flight 297">Flight 297</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Air_Lines_Flight_823" title="United Air Lines Flight 823">Flight 823</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Air_Lines_Flight_389" title="United Air Lines Flight 389">Flight 389</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Air_Lines_Flight_227" title="United Air Lines Flight 227">Flight 227</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Air_Lines_Flight_266" title="United Air Lines Flight 266">Flight 266</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Air_Lines_Flight_553" title="United Air Lines Flight 553">Flight 553</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Airlines_Flight_2860" title="United Airlines Flight 2860">Flight 2860</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Airlines_Flight_173" title="United Airlines Flight 173">Flight 173</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Airlines_Flight_2885" title="United Airlines Flight 2885">Flight 2885</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Airlines_Flight_811" title="United Airlines Flight 811">Flight 811</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Airlines_Flight_232" title="United Airlines Flight 232">Flight 232</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Airlines_Flight_585" title="United Airlines Flight 585">Flight 585</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Airlines_Flight_826" title="United Airlines Flight 826">Flight 826</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Airlines_Flight_175" title="United Airlines Flight 175">Flight 175</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Airlines_Flight_93" title="United Airlines Flight 93">Flight 93</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_O%27Hare_International_Airport_runway_incursion" title="2006 O'Hare International Airport runway incursion">Flight 1015</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Airlines_Flight_1175" title="United Airlines Flight 1175">Flight 1175</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Airlines_Flight_328" title="United Airlines Flight 328">Flight 328</a> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#0030A1; color:#FFFFFF;width:1%">United Express<br />accidents and incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Express_Flight_2415" title="United Express Flight 2415">Flight 2415</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Express_Flight_6291" title="United Express Flight 6291">Flight 6291</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Express_Flight_5925" title="United Express Flight 5925">Flight 5925</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_United_Express_passenger_removal" title="2017 United Express passenger removal">Flight 3411</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CommutAir_Flight_4933" title="CommutAir Flight 4933">Flight 4933</a> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#0030A1; color:#FFFFFF;width:1%">Continental Airlines<br />accidents and incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Airlines_Flight_11" title="Continental Airlines Flight 11">Flight 11</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Airlines_Flight_12" title="Continental Airlines Flight 12">Flight 12</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Airlines_Flight_603" title="Continental Airlines Flight 603">Flight 603</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Airlines_Flight_1713" title="Continental Airlines Flight 1713">Flight 1713</a> (1987)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Flight 55</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Airlines_Flight_1883" title="Continental Airlines Flight 1883">Flight 1883</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Airlines_Flight_1404" title="Continental Airlines Flight 1404">Flight 1404</a> (2008)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#0030A1; color:#FFFFFF;width:1%">Continental Express / Connection<br />accidents and incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Colorado_Airlines_Flight_2286" title="Trans-Colorado Airlines Flight 2286">Flight 2286</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Express_Flight_2574" title="Continental Express Flight 2574">Flight 2574</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colgan_Air_Flight_3407" title="Colgan Air Flight 3407">Flight 3407</a> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#0030A1; color:#FFFFFF;width:1%">Facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Willis_Tower" title="Willis Tower">Willis Tower</a> (Chicago)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/77_West_Wacker_Drive" title="77 West Wacker Drive">77 West Wacker Drive</a> (Chicago)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1600_Smith_Street" title="1600 Smith Street">1600 Smith Street</a> (Houston)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cullen_Center#600_Jefferson" title="Cullen Center">600 Jefferson</a> 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