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<span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes and references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div 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Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">28 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kormakiti" title="Kormakiti – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Kormakiti" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%87%D8%AC%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B5%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="لهجة عربية قبرصية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لهجة عربية قبرصية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81rabe_xipriota" title="Árabe xipriota – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Árabe xipriota" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabeg_Kiprenez" title="Arabeg Kiprenez – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Arabeg Kiprenez" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zypriotisches_Arabisch" title="Zypriotisches Arabisch – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zypriotisches Arabisch" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B2%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AC_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%9A%CF%8D%CF%80%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Αραβικά της Κύπρου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αραβικά της Κύπρου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81rabe_chipriota" title="Árabe chipriota – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Árabe chipriota" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="عربی قبرسی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="عربی قبرسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabe_chypriote" title="Arabe chypriote – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Arabe chypriote" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%82%A4%ED%94%84%EB%A1%9C%EC%8A%A4_%EB%A7%88%EB%A1%A0%ED%8C%8C_%EC%95%84%EB%9E%8D%EC%96%B4" title="키프로스 마론파 아랍어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="키프로스 마론파 아랍어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%AB%D5%BA%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Կիպրական արաբերեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կիպրական արաբերեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cipriotski_arapski" title="Cipriotski arapski – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Cipriotski arapski" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Arab_Siprus" title="Bahasa Arab Siprus – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Arab Siprus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabo_cipriota" title="Arabo cipriota – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Arabo cipriota" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%A7%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%99%D7%AA" title="ערבית קפריסאית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ערבית קפריסאית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kipras_ar%C4%81bu_valoda" title="Kipras arābu valoda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kipras arābu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypriotisch_Arabisch" title="Cypriotisch Arabisch – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Cypriotisch Arabisch" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A9%E3%83%93%E3%82%A2%E8%AA%9E%E3%82%AD%E3%83%97%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B9%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="アラビア語キプロス方言 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アラビア語キプロス方言" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B5%DB%8C_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="قبرصی عربی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="قبرصی عربی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_ar%C3%A0bica_%C3%ABd_Cipro" title="Lenga aràbica ëd Cipro – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga aràbica ëd Cipro" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_%C3%A1rabe_cipriota_maronita" title="Língua árabe cipriota maronita – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua árabe cipriota maronita" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Кипрско-арабский язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кипрско-арабский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypriotisk_arabiska" title="Cypriotisk arabiska – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Cypriotisk arabiska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C" title="ภาษาอาหรับมาโรไนต์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาอาหรับมาโรไนต์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%B1br%C4%B1s_Arap%C3%A7as%C4%B1" title="Kıbrıs Arapçası – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kıbrıs Arapçası" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Кіпрсько-арабська мова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кіпрсько-арабська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B5%DB%8C_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="قبرصی عربی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="قبرصی عربی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E6%B5%A6%E8%B7%AF%E6%96%AF%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E8%AF%AD" title="塞浦路斯阿拉伯语 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="塞浦路斯阿拉伯语" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q56416#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Moribund variety of Arabic spoken by the Maronite community of Cyprus</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #faecc8;">Cypriot Arabic</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #faecc8;">Cypriot Maronite Arabic</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #faecc8;">Σάννα · <i>Sanna</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Kormakitis" title="Kormakitis">Kormakitis</a> and urban areas in the south</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Cypriots" title="Maronite Cypriots">Maronite Cypriots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Cypriots" title="Lebanese Cypriots">Lebanese Cypriots</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Speakers</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">No <abbr title="first-language">L1</abbr> speakers in the south (2011)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECouncil_of_Europe20144_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECouncil_of_Europe20144-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />9,800 total speakers (2013 UNSD)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afro-Asiatic</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/West_Semitic_languages" title="West Semitic languages">West Semitic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Semitic_languages" title="Central Semitic languages">Central Semitic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Arabic" title="Varieties of Arabic">Arabic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_Arabic" title="Mesopotamian Arabic">Mesopotamian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/North_Mesopotamian_Arabic" title="North Mesopotamian Arabic">Qeltu</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Cypriot Arabic</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Greek_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek script">Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic script</a> (historical)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #faecc8;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Recognised minority<br />language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="vertical-align:middle;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #faecc8;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/acy" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:acy">acy</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/cypr1248">cypr1248</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Endangered_Languages_Project" title="Endangered Languages Project">ELP</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/3177">Cypriot Spoken Arabic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc=1&tr=lsr&nid=12-AAC-ehx">12-AAC-ehx</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Arabic_in_the_Levant.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Map_Arabic_in_the_Levant.jpg/320px-Map_Arabic_in_the_Levant.jpg" decoding="async" width="320" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Map_Arabic_in_the_Levant.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="440" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff0000; color:black;"> </span> Cypriot Arabic</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:235px"><div style="position:relative;width:233px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cyprus_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kormakitis is located in Cyprus"><img alt="Kormakitis is located in Cyprus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Cyprus_location_map.svg/233px-Cyprus_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="233" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Cyprus_location_map.svg/350px-Cyprus_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Cyprus_location_map.svg/466px-Cyprus_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1276" data-file-height="761" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:32.659%;left:33.735%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Kormakitis"><img alt="Kormakitis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Kormakitis</div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Cyprus_location_map.svg" title="File:Cyprus location map.svg">class=notpageimage| </a></div>Location of <a href="/wiki/Kormakitis" title="Kormakitis">Kormakitis</a> in Cyprus, former stronghold of the language</div></div></div> <p><b>Cypriot Arabic</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">العربية القبرصية</span>), also known as <b>Cypriot Maronite Arabic</b> or <b>Sanna</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Moribund_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Moribund language">moribund</a> <a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Arabic" title="Varieties of Arabic">variety</a> of <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Maronites_in_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Maronites in Cyprus">Maronite</a> community of <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>. Formerly speakers were mostly situated in <a href="/wiki/Kormakitis" title="Kormakitis">Kormakitis</a>, but following the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus" title="Turkish invasion of Cyprus">Turkish invasion of Cyprus</a> in 1974, the majority relocated to the south and dispersed,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVersteegh2001212_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVersteegh2001212-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> leading to the decline of the language.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHadjioannouTsiplakouKappler2011507_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHadjioannouTsiplakouKappler2011507-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditionally bilingual in <a href="/wiki/Cypriot_Greek" title="Cypriot Greek">Cypriot Greek</a>, as of some time prior to 2000, all remaining speakers of Cypriot Arabic were over 30 years of age.<sup id="cite_ref-e13_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e13-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2011 census reported that, of the 3,656 Maronite Cypriots in Republic of Cyprus-controlled areas, none declared Cypriot Arabic as their <a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">first language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECouncil_of_Europe20144_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECouncil_of_Europe20144-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_classification">History and classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cypriot_Arabic&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History and classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cypriot Arabic was first introduced to Cyprus by <a href="/wiki/Maronite_Church" title="Maronite Church">Maronites</a> who came mainly from <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> as early as the seventh century, with waves of immigration up to the thirteenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVersteegh2011536-537_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVersteegh2011536-537-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHadjioannouTsiplakouKappler2011507_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHadjioannouTsiplakouKappler2011507-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 2002, it is one of UNESCO-designated severely <a href="/wiki/Endangered_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Endangered languages">endangered languages</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHadjioannouTsiplakouKappler2011535_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHadjioannouTsiplakouKappler2011535-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, since 2008, it is recognised as a minority language of Cyprus,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> coinciding with an attempt to revitalise the language.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHadjioannouTsiplakouKappler2011508_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHadjioannouTsiplakouKappler2011508-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cypriot Arabic has in the past been assigned to a Syrian-Lebanese or <a href="/wiki/Levantine_Arabic" title="Levantine Arabic">Levantine Arabic</a> classification, likely owing to the contemporary presence of a large Lebanese-speaking Maronite community on the mainland.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorg2004a_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorg2004a-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, more recently it has been shown to share a large number of common features with the <i>qeltu</i> or <a href="/wiki/North_Mesopotamian_Arabic" title="North Mesopotamian Arabic">North Mesopotamian Arabic</a> dialects of Iraq, Syria, and Turkey, and a pre-Cypriot medieval antecedent has been deduced as belonging to this dialect area.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOwens2006274_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwens2006274-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indications of an Aramaic substrate suggest it was close to the time of the language shift from Aramaic to Arabic; other features are common to those of Syro-Lebanese and Palestinian, which go back to a period in which there was a <a href="/wiki/Dialect_continuum" title="Dialect continuum">dialect continuum</a> between the Mesopotamian dialects and the Syrian dialect area.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVersteegh2001212_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVersteegh2001212-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVersteegh2011536-537_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVersteegh2011536-537-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Cypriot stage, the language was extensively restructured through contact with <a href="/wiki/Cypriot_Greek" title="Cypriot Greek">Cypriot Greek</a>, acquiring numerous features and constraints not typical of Arabic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVersteegh2011539_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVersteegh2011539-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Essentially unintelligible to mainland Arabic speakers, it is characterized as an isolated "peripheral Arabic" along with others such as <a href="/wiki/Maltese_language" title="Maltese language">Maltese</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorg2004bxviii-xix_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorg2004bxviii-xix-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its Arabic component is a hybrid of dialects from diverse areas and times of Southeastern Anatolia, northern Syria, and Mesopotamia, as well as the Levant, offering unique insights into the historical evolution of Eastern Arabic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVersteegh2011541_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVersteegh2011541-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cypriot_Arabic&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Missing_information plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/44px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="44" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/66px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/88px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>is missing information</b> about what Old Arabic <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ħ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ʔ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ʁ/</span> became in Cypriot Maronite Arabic.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please expand the section to include this information. Further details may exist on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Cypriot_Arabic" title="Talk:Cypriot Arabic">talk page</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2017</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="#CITEREFBorg1997">Borg (1997)</a> argues that the sound system of Cypriot Arabic has been heavily influenced by that of <a href="/wiki/Cypriot_Greek" title="Cypriot Greek">Cypriot Greek</a>. Cypriot Arabic has lost all <a href="/wiki/Emphatic_consonants" class="mw-redirect" title="Emphatic consonants">emphatic consonants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stop_consonants" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonants">stop</a>-voicing opposition (though this is subject to debate in literature)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorg1997228_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorg1997228-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—but retained <a href="/wiki/Gemination" title="Gemination">gemination</a>. Geminate voiceless stop consonants surface as <a href="/wiki/Aspiration_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspiration (linguistics)">aspirates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorg1997229_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorg1997229-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, Old Arabic <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a>/</span> merged with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/b/</span> became <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p/</span>, and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d/</span> merged with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorg1997228_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorg1997228-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The consonant <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemes</a> of Cypriot Arabic, according to <a href="#CITEREFBorg1997">Borg (1997)</a>, are <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/m<span class="wrap"> </span>n<span class="wrap"> </span>p<span class="wrap"> </span>t<span class="wrap"> </span>k<span class="wrap"> </span>f<span class="wrap"> </span>v<span class="wrap"> </span>θ<span class="wrap"> </span>ð<span class="wrap"> </span>s<span class="wrap"> </span>z<span class="wrap"> </span>ʃ<span class="wrap"> </span>ʒ<span class="wrap"> </span>x<span class="wrap"> </span>j<span class="wrap"> </span>l<span class="wrap"> </span>r<span class="wrap"> </span>ʕ/</span>. <a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">Affricates</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t͡ʃ<span class="wrap"> </span>d͡ʒ]</span> occur as <a href="/wiki/Allophone" title="Allophone">allophones</a> of <a href="/wiki/Consonant_cluster" title="Consonant cluster">clusters</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʃ<span class="wrap"> </span>dʒ/</span>. Voiced stops occur as allophones of voiceless stops <a href="/wiki/Intervocalic" class="mw-redirect" title="Intervocalic">intervocalically</a> and next to a <a href="/wiki/Sonorant" title="Sonorant">sonorant</a> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/z/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorg1997228–229_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorg1997228–229-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are five vowel phonemes, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a<span class="wrap"> </span>e<span class="wrap"> </span>i<span class="wrap"> </span>o<span class="wrap"> </span>u/</span>, and two diphthongs, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aj<span class="wrap"> </span>aw/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorg1997222–223_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorg1997222–223-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Phonological rules observed in Cypriot Arabic include:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorg1997223–225_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorg1997223–225-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Historical stop + stop clusters are dissimilated to <a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">fricative</a> + stop.</li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k<span class="wrap"> </span>x/</span> are <a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(sound_change)" title="Palatalization (sound change)">palatalized</a> to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[c<span class="wrap"> </span>ç]</span> before <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i<span class="wrap"> </span>e<span class="wrap"> </span>j/</span>. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j/</span> is fully <a href="/wiki/Consonant_assimilation" class="mw-redirect" title="Consonant assimilation">assimilated</a>.</li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j/</span> between an <a href="/wiki/Obstruent" title="Obstruent">obstruent</a> and a vowel surfaces as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kj]</span>.</li> <li>An <a href="/wiki/Epenthesis" title="Epenthesis">epenthetic</a> stop occurs between a nasal and a <a href="/wiki/Continuant" title="Continuant">continuant</a> or sonorant. The <a href="/wiki/Place_of_articulation" title="Place of articulation">place of articulation</a> is inherited from the nasal before it and the voicing from the continuant or sonorant that follows.</li></ul> <p>Phenomena similar to the first three are also observed in Cypriot Greek. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writing_system">Writing system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cypriot_Arabic&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Writing system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In May 2009, the Committee of Experts for the Codification of Cypriot Maronite Arabic submitted an action plan for the codification and revitalisation of the language to the Cypriot government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECouncil_of_Europe20113_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECouncil_of_Europe20113-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Public Foundation for European Comparative Minority Research reported in 2006 that both the <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> script had been suggested for adoption. The Greek script is used for Cypriot Arabic in a Cypriot Arabic–Greek <a href="/wiki/Translation_dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Translation dictionary">dictionary</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPublic_Foundation_for_European_Comparative_Minority_Research200612_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPublic_Foundation_for_European_Comparative_Minority_Research200612-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alexander Borg, a linguist specialising in the language, created a Latin-based alphabet with elements from Maltese and Greek that the <a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-governmental organisation">non-governmental organisation</a> for the revitalisation of the language "Hki Fi Sanna" endorsed in 2007, and some "small texts" have apparently been translated into it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHki_Fi_SannaZtite20083_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHki_Fi_SannaZtite20083-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="29">Cypriot Arabic Latin Alphabet </th></tr> <tr> <td>A</td> <td>B</td> <td>C</td> <td>D</td> <td>Δ </td> <td>E</td> <td>F</td> <td>G</td> <td>Ġ</td> <td>Ċ </td> <td>I</td> <td>J</td> <td>K</td> <td>L</td> <td>M </td> <td>N</td> <td>O</td> <td>P</td> <td>Θ</td> <td>R </td> <td>S</td> <td>T</td> <td>U</td> <td>V</td> <td>W </td> <td>X</td> <td>Y</td> <td>Z</td> <td>Ş </td></tr> <tr> <td>a</td> <td>b</td> <td>c</td> <td>d</td> <td>ẟ </td> <td>e</td> <td>f</td> <td>g</td> <td>ġ</td> <td>ċ </td> <td>i</td> <td>j</td> <td>k</td> <td>l</td> <td>m </td> <td>n</td> <td>o</td> <td>p</td> <td>θ</td> <td>r </td> <td>s</td> <td>t</td> <td>u</td> <td>v</td> <td>w </td> <td>x</td> <td>y</td> <td>z</td> <td>ş </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>All letters loosely represent their <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> values, with some exceptions: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C" title="C">c</a>: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiced pharyngeal fricative">ʕ</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%8A" title="Ċ">ċ</a>: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">tʃ</a>]</span> (biphonemic)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%BA%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="ẟ">ẟ</a>: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative" title="Voiced dental fricative">ð</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%A0" title="Ġ">ġ</a>: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">dʒ</a>]</span> (biphonemic)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J" title="J">j</a>: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9E" title="Ş">ş</a>: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y" title="Y">y</a>: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>]</span></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cypriot_Arabic&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Phrases<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dt></dl> <table> <tbody><tr> <td><span title="Cypriot Arabic-language text"><i lang="acy-Latn">Ismi o Kumetto. Ayşo ismak l-id?</i></span></td> <td>My name is Kumetto. What is your name? </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Cypriot Arabic-language text"><i lang="acy-Latn">Ismi l-ana o Pavlo. Ayşo ismik l-idi?</i></span></td> <td>My name is Pavlo. What is your name? (fem.) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Cypriot Arabic-language text"><i lang="acy">L-aẟa aş pikulullu?</i></span></td> <td>What is his name? </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Cypriot Arabic-language text"><i lang="acy-Latn">L-ism tel l-yapati o Antoni</i></span></td> <td>My father's name is Antoni </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Cypriot Arabic-language text"><i lang="acy-Latn">Xmenye u tisca aşka pisawnna?</i></span></td> <td>What do eight and nine make? </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Cypriot Arabic-language text"><i lang="acy-Latn">Pisawnna caşra u sapca.</i></span></td> <td>They make seventeen </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Cypriot Arabic-language text"><i lang="acy-Latn">Aş xar kan imps? Imps kan Yamuxmis</i></span></td> <td>What day was yesterday? Yesterday was Thursday </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Cypriot Arabic-language text"><i lang="acy-Latn">Aş xar tte kun pukra? Pukra tte kun Yamussift</i></span></td> <td>What day is tomorrow? Tomorrow is Saturday </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Cypriot Arabic-language text"><i lang="acy-Latn">Yamuxxat marrux fi li knise</i></span></td> <td>On Sunday we go to church </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Cypriot Arabic-language text"><i lang="acy-Latn">Kilt xops ma zaytun, xaytċ casel u şraft xlip tel pakra</i></span></td> <td>I ate bread with olives, some honey and drank some cow's milk </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Cypriot Arabic-language text"><i lang="acy-Latn">Ye</i></span></td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Cypriot Arabic-language text"><i lang="acy-Latn">La</i></span></td> <td>No </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cypriot_Arabic&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Cypriot_Maronite_Arabic_Swadesh_List" class="extiw" title="wikt:Appendix:Cypriot Maronite Arabic Swadesh List">Cypriot Maronite Arabic Swadesh list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Cyprus" title="Languages of Cyprus">Languages of Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Arabic" title="Varieties of Arabic">Varieties of Arabic</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cypriot_Arabic&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notes and references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECouncil_of_Europe20144-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECouncil_of_Europe20144_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECouncil_of_Europe20144_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCouncil_of_Europe2014">Council of Europe (2014)</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/25/language/acy">Cypriot Arabic</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (25th ed., 2022) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.naharnet.com/stories/en/221537-cyprus-maronite-minority-sees-chance-to-save-ancient-language">"Cyprus Maronite Minority Sees Chance to Save Ancient Language"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cyprus+Maronite+Minority+Sees+Chance+to+Save+Ancient+Language&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.naharnet.com%2Fstories%2Fen%2F221537-cyprus-maronite-minority-sees-chance-to-save-ancient-language&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACypriot+Arabic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVersteegh2001212-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVersteegh2001212_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVersteegh2001212_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVersteegh2001">Versteegh (2001)</a>, p. 212.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHadjioannouTsiplakouKappler2011507-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHadjioannouTsiplakouKappler2011507_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHadjioannouTsiplakouKappler2011507_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHadjioannouTsiplakouKappler2011">Hadjioannou, Tsiplakou & Kappler (2011)</a>, p. 507.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-e13-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-e13_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cypriot Arabic at <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/13/">Ethnologue</a></i> (13th ed., 1996).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVersteegh2011536-537-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVersteegh2011536-537_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVersteegh2011536-537_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVersteegh2011">Versteegh (2011)</a>, p. 536-537.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHadjioannouTsiplakouKappler2011535-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHadjioannouTsiplakouKappler2011535_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHadjioannouTsiplakouKappler2011">Hadjioannou, Tsiplakou & Kappler (2011)</a>, p. 535.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111024143749/http://languagecharter.eokik.hu/sites/StatesParties/Cyprus.htm">"Implementation of the Charter in Cyprus"</a>. <i>Database for the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages</i>. Public Foundation for European Comparative Minority Research. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://languagecharter.eokik.hu/sites/StatesParties/Cyprus.htm">the original</a> on 24 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Database+for+the+European+Charter+for+Regional+or+Minority+Languages&rft.atitle=Implementation+of+the+Charter+in+Cyprus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flanguagecharter.eokik.hu%2Fsites%2FStatesParties%2FCyprus.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACypriot+Arabic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHadjioannouTsiplakouKappler2011508-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHadjioannouTsiplakouKappler2011508_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHadjioannouTsiplakouKappler2011">Hadjioannou, Tsiplakou & Kappler (2011)</a>, p. 508.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorg2004a-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorg2004a_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBorg2004a">Borg (2004a)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwens2006274-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOwens2006274_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOwens2006">Owens (2006)</a>, p. 274.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVersteegh2011539-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVersteegh2011539_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVersteegh2011">Versteegh (2011)</a>, p. 539.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorg2004bxviii-xix-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorg2004bxviii-xix_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBorg2004b">Borg (2004b)</a>, p. xviii-xix.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVersteegh2011541-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVersteegh2011541_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVersteegh2011">Versteegh (2011)</a>, p. 541.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorg1997228-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorg1997228_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorg1997228_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBorg1997">Borg (1997)</a>, p. 228.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorg1997229-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorg1997229_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBorg1997">Borg (1997)</a>, p. 229.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorg1997228–229-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorg1997228–229_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBorg1997">Borg (1997)</a>, pp. 228–229.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorg1997222–223-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorg1997222–223_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBorg1997">Borg (1997)</a>, pp. 222–223.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorg1997223–225-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorg1997223–225_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBorg1997">Borg (1997)</a>, pp. 223–225.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECouncil_of_Europe20113-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECouncil_of_Europe20113_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCouncil_of_Europe2011">Council of Europe (2011)</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPublic_Foundation_for_European_Comparative_Minority_Research200612-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPublic_Foundation_for_European_Comparative_Minority_Research200612_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPublic_Foundation_for_European_Comparative_Minority_Research2006">Public Foundation for European Comparative Minority Research (2006)</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHki_Fi_SannaZtite20083-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHki_Fi_SannaZtite20083_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHki_Fi_SannaZtite2008">Hki Fi Sanna & Ztite (2008)</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatsioloudis2008" class="citation web cs1">Katsioloudis, Koumettos (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140318074331/http://sana.squarespace.com/storage/hfs1_1224073798-11653.pdf">"First steps in Cypriot Maronite Arabic (CMA), Lesson 1/Μάθημα 1"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (handout). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sana.squarespace.com/storage/hfs1_1224073798-11653.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2014-03-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=First+steps+in+Cypriot+Maronite+Arabic+%28CMA%29%2C+Lesson+1%2F%CE%9C%CE%AC%CE%B8%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1+1&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Katsioloudis&rft.aufirst=Koumettos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsana.squarespace.com%2Fstorage%2Fhfs1_1224073798-11653.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACypriot+Arabic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cypriot_Arabic&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPublic_Foundation_for_European_Comparative_Minority_Research2006" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130508192325/http://languagecharter.eokik.hu/docs/byLanguage/CMArabic_in_Cyprus.doc">"Cypriot Maronite Arabic in Cyprus through the lenses of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages"</a>. Public Foundation for European Comparative Minority Research. 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://languagecharter.eokik.hu/docs/byLanguage/CMArabic_in_Cyprus.doc">the original</a> on 2013-05-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cypriot+Maronite+Arabic+in+Cyprus+through+the+lenses+of+the+European+Charter+for+Regional+or+Minority+Languages&rft.pub=Public+Foundation+for+European+Comparative+Minority+Research&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Public+Foundation+for+European+Comparative+Minority+Research&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flanguagecharter.eokik.hu%2Fdocs%2FbyLanguage%2FCMArabic_in_Cyprus.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACypriot+Arabic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorg1985" class="citation book cs1">Borg, Alexander (1985). <i>Cypriot Arabic: A Historical and Comparative Investigation into the Phonology and Morphology of the Arabic Vernacular Spoken by the Maronites of Kormakiti Village in the Kyrenia District of North-Western Cyprus</i>. Stuttgart: Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-515-03999-6" title="Special:BookSources/3-515-03999-6"><bdi>3-515-03999-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cypriot+Arabic%3A+A+Historical+and+Comparative+Investigation+into+the+Phonology+and+Morphology+of+the+Arabic+Vernacular+Spoken+by+the+Maronites+of+Kormakiti+Village+in+the+Kyrenia+District+of+North-Western+Cyprus&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.pub=Deutsche+Morgenl%C3%A4ndische+Gesellschaft&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=3-515-03999-6&rft.aulast=Borg&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACypriot+Arabic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorg1997" class="citation book cs1">Borg, Alexander (1997). 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Section 1 The Near and Middle East</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-13198-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-13198-9"><bdi>978-90-04-13198-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Oriental+Studies.+Section+1+The+Near+and+Middle+East&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-90-04-13198-9&rft.aulast=Borg&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACypriot+Arabic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorg2004b" class="citation book cs1">Borg, Alexander (2004b). <i>A Comparative Glossary of Cypriot Maronite Arabic (Arabic-English)</i>. 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Hki Fi Sanna. 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(2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cypnet.co.uk/ncyprus/people/cypmaronites/dialect.html">"The Spoken Arabic Dialect Of The Maronites Of Cyprus"</a>. <i>The Journal of Maronite Studies</i>. <b>4</b> (1).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Maronite+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Spoken+Arabic+Dialect+Of+The+Maronites+Of+Cyprus&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=George+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cypnet.co.uk%2Fncyprus%2Fpeople%2Fcypmaronites%2Fdialect.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACypriot+Arabic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTsiapera1969" class="citation book cs1">Tsiapera, Maria (1969). <i>A Descriptive Analysis of Cypriot Maronite Arabic</i>. The Hague: Mouton.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Descriptive+Analysis+of+Cypriot+Maronite+Arabic&rft.place=The+Hague&rft.pub=Mouton&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Tsiapera&rft.aufirst=Maria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACypriot+Arabic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVersteegh2001" class="citation book cs1">Versteegh, Kees (2001). <i>The Arabic Language</i>. <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_University_Press" title="Edinburgh University Press">Edinburgh University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7486-1436-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7486-1436-2"><bdi>0-7486-1436-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arabic+Language&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-7486-1436-2&rft.aulast=Versteegh&rft.aufirst=Kees&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACypriot+Arabic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVersteegh2011" class="citation book cs1">Versteegh, Kees (2011). <i>Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics</i>. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-14976-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-14976-2"><bdi>978-90-04-14976-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Arabic+Language+and+Linguistics&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-90-04-14976-2&rft.aulast=Versteegh&rft.aufirst=Kees&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACypriot+Arabic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalter2020" class="citation book cs1">Walter, Mary Ann (2020-04-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/3744513">"Cypriot Maronite Arabic"</a>. <i>Arabic and contact-induced change</i>. Berlin: Language Science Press. pp. 159–175. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5281%2Fzenodo.3744513">10.5281/zenodo.3744513</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-96110-251-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-96110-251-8"><bdi>978-3-96110-251-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cypriot+Maronite+Arabic&rft.btitle=Arabic+and+contact-induced+change&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=159-175&rft.pub=Language+Science+Press&rft.date=2020-04-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5281%2Fzenodo.3744513&rft.isbn=978-3-96110-251-8&rft.aulast=Walter&rft.aufirst=Mary+Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F3744513&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACypriot+Arabic" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cypriot_Arabic&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B9YQ9sn-qqDsVFl4d09QdHMtSXMtUDZDRGxhZW5uR0MyNWcw">Cypriot Maronite Arabic grammar (in Greek), includes a list of published literature on the language</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omniglot.com/writing/cypriotarabic.htm">"Cypriot Arabic alphabet, pronunciation and language"</a>. <i>omniglot.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-09-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=omniglot.com&rft.atitle=Cypriot+Arabic+alphabet%2C+pronunciation+and+language&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fomniglot.com%2Fwriting%2Fcypriotarabic.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACypriot+Arabic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.koutipandoras.gr/article/kypriaka-aravika-agnosti-dialektos/">"Κυπριακά αραβικά: Ακούστε την άγνωστη διάλεκτο της Κύπρου"</a>. <i>www.koutipandoras.gr</i> (in Greek). 2022-09-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Alphabet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Arabic_alphabet" title="History of the Arabic alphabet">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">Romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Numerology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influence_of_Arabic_on_other_languages" title="Influence of Arabic on other languages">Influence on other languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Scripts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_script" title="Nabataean script">Nabataean script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_North_Arabian" title="Ancient North Arabian">Ancient North Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Ancient South Arabian script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_numerals" title="Arabic numerals">Arabic numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Arabic_numerals" title="Eastern Arabic numerals">Eastern numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_Braille" title="Arabic Braille">Arabic Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Braille" title="Algerian Braille">Algerian Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Braille" title="Maltese Braille">Maltese Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_diacritics" title="Arabic diacritics">Diacritics</a> <ul><li><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_diacritics#I‘jām_(phonetic_distinctions_of_consonants)" title="Arabic diacritics">i‘jām</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_diacritics#Tashkil_(marks_used_as_phonetic_guides)" title="Arabic diacritics">Tashkil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_diacritics#Harakat_(short_vowel_marks)" title="Arabic diacritics">Harakat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunation" title="Nunation">Nunation</a> (tanwin)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaddah" title="Shaddah">Shaddah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamza" title="Hamza">Hamza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagger_alif" title="Dagger alif">Dagger alif</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_alphabet" title="Maltese alphabet">Maltese alphabet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Letters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleph#Arabic_ʼAlif" title="Aleph"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">ʾAlif</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bet_(letter)#Arabic_bāʾ" title="Bet (letter)"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Bāʾ</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taw#Arabic_tāʾ" title="Taw"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Tāʾ</i></span></a></li> <li><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%AE%C4%81%CA%BE" title="Ṯāʾ">Ṯāʾ</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gimel#Arabic_ǧīm" title="Gimel"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Ǧīm</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heth#Arabic_ḥāʾ" title="Heth"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Ḥāʾ</i></span></a></li> <li><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%AA%C4%81%CA%BE" title="Ḫāʾ">Ḫāʾ</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalet#Arabic_dāl" title="Dalet"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Dāl</i></span></a></li> <li><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%8E%C4%81l" title="Ḏāl">Ḏāl</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resh#Arabic_rāʼ" title="Resh"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Rāʾ</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zayin" title="Zayin"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Zāy</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin_(letter)#Arabic_sīn" title="Shin (letter)"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Sīn</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin_(letter)#Arabic_shīn" title="Shin (letter)"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Šīn</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsade#Arabic_Ṣād" title="Tsade"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Ṣād</i></span></a></li> <li><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%8C%C4%81d" title="Ḍād">Ḍād</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teth#Arabic_Ṭāʾ" title="Teth"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Ṭāʾ</i></span></a></li> <li><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BA%92%C4%81%CA%BE" title="Ẓāʾ">Ẓāʾ</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayin#Arabic_ʿAyn" title="Ayin"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">ʿAyn</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghayn" title="Ghayn"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Ġayn</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pe_(Semitic_letter)" title="Pe (Semitic letter)"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Fāʾ</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qoph#Arabic_qāf" title="Qoph"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Qāf</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaph#Arabic_kāf" title="Kaph"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Kāf</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamedh#Arabic_lām" title="Lamedh"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Lām</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mem#Arabic_mīm" title="Mem"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Mīm</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nun_(letter)#Arabic_nūn" title="Nun (letter)"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Nūn</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_(letter)#Arabic_hāʾ" title="He (letter)"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Hāʾ</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waw_(letter)#Arabic_wāw" title="Waw (letter)"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Wāw</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yodh#Arabic_yāʾ" title="Yodh"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Yāʾ</i></span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Arabic" title="Varieties of Arabic">Varieties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-Islamic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Arabic_language" title="Proto-Arabic language">Proto-Arabic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_Arabic" title="Nabataean Arabic">Nabataean Arabic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Arabic" title="Old Arabic">Old Arabic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Hijazi_Arabic" title="Old Hijazi Arabic">Old Hijazi Arabic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pre-classical_Arabic" title="Pre-classical Arabic">Pre-classical Arabic</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Arabic" title="Classical Arabic">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Modern Standard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern<br />spoken</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_Arabic" title="Maghrebi Arabic">Maghrebi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pre-Hilalian_Arabic_dialects" title="Pre-Hilalian Arabic dialects">Pre-Hilalian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Andalusi_Arabic" title="Andalusi Arabic">Andalusi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siculo-Arabic" title="Siculo-Arabic">Sicilian</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_language" title="Maltese language">Maltese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maltralian" title="Maltralian">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cottonera_dialect" title="Cottonera dialect">Cottenera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gozitan_dialects" title="Gozitan dialects">Gozitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qormi_dialect" title="Qormi dialect">Qormi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBejtun_dialect" title="Żejtun dialect">Żejtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurrieq_dialect" title="Zurrieq dialect">Żurrieqi</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Hilalian_Urban_Arabic_dialects" title="Pre-Hilalian Urban Arabic dialects">Urban</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Arabic#Tunis" title="Tunisian Arabic">Tunis</a> (North-Eastern Tunisian)</li></ul></li> <li>Village <ul><li>Eastern <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Arabic#Sahil" title="Tunisian Arabic">Sahili</a> (Sahel)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Arabic#Sfax" title="Tunisian Arabic">Sfaxian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jijel_Arabic" title="Jijel Arabic">Jijel</a> (Lesser Kabylia)</li></ul></li> <li>Western <ul><li>Traras-Msirda</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebli_Arabic" title="Jebli Arabic">Jebli</a> (Mountain)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Judeo-Maghrebi <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Moroccan_Arabic" title="Judeo-Moroccan Arabic">Judeo-Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tripolitanian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tripolitanian Arabic">Judeo-Tripolitanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tunisian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tunisian Arabic">Judeo-Tunisian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hilalian_dialects" title="Hilalian dialects">Hilalian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Central Hilal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Arabic" title="Algerian Arabic">Algerian koiné</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Algerian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Algerian Arabic">Judeo-Algerian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Saharan_Arabic" title="Algerian Saharan Arabic">Algerian Saharan</a></li> <li>Eastern Algerian</li></ul></li> <li>Eastern Hilal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Arabic" title="Tunisian Arabic">Tunisian koiné</a></li></ul></li> <li>Maqil <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fessi_dialect" title="Fessi dialect">Fessi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassaniya_Arabic" title="Hassaniya Arabic">Hassaniya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nemadi_dialect" title="Nemadi dialect">Nemadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Arabic" title="Moroccan Arabic">Moroccan koiné</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Morocco_Arabic" title="Eastern Morocco Arabic">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Morocco_Arabic" title="Western Morocco Arabic">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Algerian_Arabic" title="Western Algerian Arabic">Western Algerian</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sulaym <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Arabic" title="Libyan Arabic">Libyan koiné</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Egyptian_Bedawi_Arabic" title="Western Egyptian Bedawi Arabic">Western Egyptian Bedawi</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nile Valley</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic" title="Egyptian Arabic">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%CA%BDidi_Arabic" title="Saʽidi Arabic">Saʽidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Arabic" title="Sudanese Arabic">Sudanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Arabic" title="Levantine Arabic">Levantine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Levantine_Arabic" title="North Levantine Arabic">North</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cilician_Arabic" title="Cilician Arabic">Cilician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Arabic" title="Lebanese Arabic">Lebanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Arabic" title="Syrian Arabic">Syrian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Arabic" title="Aleppo Arabic">Aleppine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_Arabic" title="Damascus Arabic">Damascene</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Levantine_Arabic" title="South Levantine Arabic">South</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_Arabic" title="Jordanian Arabic">Jordanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Arabic" title="Palestinian Arabic">Palestinian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_Arabic" title="Mesopotamian Arabic">Mesopotamian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gilit_Mesopotamian_Arabic" title="Gilit Mesopotamian Arabic">Gilit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baghdadi_Arabic" title="Baghdadi Arabic">Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khuzestani_Arabic" title="Khuzestani Arabic">Khuzestani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawi_Arabic" title="Shawi Arabic">Shawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Mesopotamian_Arabic" title="South Mesopotamian Arabic">South</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Mesopotamian_Arabic" title="North Mesopotamian Arabic">North</a> (Qeltu)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_Arabic" title="Anatolian Arabic">Anatolian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Iraqi_Arabic" title="Judeo-Iraqi Arabic">Judeo-Iraqi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Jewish_Arabic" title="Baghdad Jewish Arabic">Baghdadi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Arabic" title="Peninsular Arabic">Peninsular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahrani_Arabic" title="Bahrani Arabic">Bahrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bareqi_Arabic" title="Bareqi Arabic">Bareqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Arabian_Arabic" title="Northwest Arabian Arabic">Bedawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhofari_Arabic" title="Dhofari Arabic">Dhofari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Arabic" title="Gulf Arabic">Gulf</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahraini_Gulf_Arabic" title="Bahraini Gulf Arabic">Bahraini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirati_Arabic" title="Emirati Arabic">Emirati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_Arabic" title="Kuwaiti Arabic">Kuwaiti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hejazi_Arabic" title="Hejazi Arabic">Hejazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najdi_Arabic" title="Najdi Arabic">Najdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omani_Arabic" title="Omani Arabic">Omani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shihhi_Arabic" title="Shihhi Arabic">Shihhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Arabic" title="Yemeni Arabic">Yemeni</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hadhrami_Arabic" title="Hadhrami Arabic">Hadhrami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San%CA%BDani_Arabic" title="Sanʽani Arabic">Sanʽani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%CA%BDizzi-Adeni_Arabic" title="Taʽizzi-Adeni Arabic">Taʽizzi-Adeni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tihamiyya_Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Tihamiyya Arabic">Tihami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Yemeni_Arabic" title="Judeo-Yemeni Arabic">Judeo-Yemeni</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_Arabic" title="Central Asian Arabic">Central Asian</a> <ul><li>Bakhtiari</li> <li>Bukhara</li> <li>Kashkadarya</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorasani_Arabic" title="Khorasani Arabic">Khorasani</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shirvani_Arabic" title="Shirvani Arabic">Shirvani</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadian_Arabic" title="Chadian Arabic">Chadian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerian Arabic">Nigerian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sociolinguistics" title="Sociolinguistics">Sociological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bedouin_Arabic" title="Bedouin Arabic">Bedouin Arabic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic" title="Judeo-Arabic">Judeo-Arabic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Algerian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Algerian Arabic">Judeo-Algerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Egyptian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Egyptian Arabic">Judeo-Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Iraqi_Arabic" title="Judeo-Iraqi Arabic">Judeo-Iraqi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Jewish_Arabic" title="Baghdad Jewish Arabic">Baghdadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Moroccan_Arabic" title="Judeo-Moroccan Arabic">Judeo-Moroccan</a> <ul><li>Kjal</li> <li>Wqal</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tripolitanian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tripolitanian Arabic">Judeo-Tripolitanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tunisian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tunisian Arabic">Judeo-Tunisian</a> <ul><li>Tunisene</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Yemeni_Arabic" title="Judeo-Yemeni Arabic">Judeo-Yemeni</a> <ul><li>Adeni</li> <li>Beda</li> <li>Habban</li> <li>Sanʽani</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arabic-based_creole_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic-based creole languages">Creoles</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Pidgin_Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pidgin Arabic">pidgins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bimbashi_Arabic" title="Bimbashi Arabic">Bimbashi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Pidgin_Arabic" title="Gulf Pidgin Arabic">Gulf Pidgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_Bengali_Pidgin_Arabic" title="Jordanian Bengali Pidgin Arabic">Jordanian Bengali Pidgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juba_Arabic" title="Juba Arabic">Juba</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maridi_Arabic" title="Maridi Arabic">Maridi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubi_language" title="Nubi language">Nubi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pidgin_madam" class="mw-redirect" title="Pidgin madam">Pidgin madam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turku_Arabic" title="Turku Arabic">Turku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bongor_Arabic" title="Bongor Arabic">Bongor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_literature" title="Arabic literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_name" title="Arabic name">Names</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Linguistics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_phonology" title="Arabic phonology">Phonology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sun_and_moon_letters" title="Sun and moon letters">Sun and moon letters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajwid" title="Tajwid">Tajwid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Im%C4%81la" title="Imāla">Imāla</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BEI%CA%BFrab" title="ʾIʿrab"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">ʾIʿrāb</i></span> (case)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_grammar" title="Arabic grammar">Grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semitic_root" title="Semitic root">Triliteral root</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mater_lectionis" title="Mater lectionis">Mater lectionis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">IPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranic_Arabic_Corpus" title="Quranic Arabic Corpus">Quranic Arabic Corpus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Calligraphy</a><br />· <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Script</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ajami_script" title="Ajami script">Ajami script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwani" title="Diwani">Diwani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hijazi_script" title="Hijazi script">Hijazi script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawi_script" title="Jawi script">Jawi script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeli_Thuluth" title="Jeli Thuluth">Jeli Thuluth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kairouani_calligraphy" title="Kairouani calligraphy">Kairouani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kufic" title="Kufic">Kufic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_script" title="Maghrebi script">Maghrebi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashq" title="Mashq">Mashq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhaqqaq" title="Muhaqqaq">Muhaqqaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naskh_(script)" title="Naskh (script)">Naskh (script)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nastaliq" title="Nastaliq">Nastaliq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasm" title="Rasm">Rasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruq%CA%BFah_script" title="Ruqʿah script">Ruqʿah script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahmukhi" title="Shahmukhi">Shahmukhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sini_(script)" title="Sini (script)">Sini (script)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliq_script" title="Taliq script">Taliq script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawqi" title="Tawqi">Tawqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thuluth" title="Thuluth">Thuluth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_keyboard" title="Arabic keyboard">Arabic keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script_in_Unicode" title="Arabic script in Unicode">Arabic script in Unicode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-6" title="ISO/IEC 8859-6">ISO/IEC 8859-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows-1256" title="Windows-1256">Windows-1256</a></li> <li>MS-DOS codepages <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_708" title="Code page 708">708</a></li> <li>709</li> <li>710</li> <li>711</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_720" title="Code page 720">720</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_864" title="Code page 864">864</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacArabic_encoding" title="MacArabic encoding">MacArabic encoding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Islam and Arabic language</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></li> <li>Languages between parentheses are <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the language on their left.</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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