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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Regional_variations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_variations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Regional variations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regional_variations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alexandria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alexandria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.1 Alexandria </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alexandria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Port_Said" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Port_Said"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.2 Port Said </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Port_Said-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rural_Nile_Delta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rural_Nile_Delta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.3 Rural Nile Delta </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rural_Nile_Delta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Phonology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morphology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morphology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Morphology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Morphology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Morphology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Morphology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Nouns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Plurals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plurals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1.1 Plurals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plurals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Color/defect_nouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Color/defect_nouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1.2 Color/defect nouns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Color/defect_nouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verbal_nouns_of_form_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verbal_nouns_of_form_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1.3 Verbal nouns of form I </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verbal_nouns_of_form_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Pronouns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Verbs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Strong_verbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Strong_verbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3.1 Strong verbs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Strong_verbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Regular_verbs,_form_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regular_verbs,_form_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3.1.1 Regular verbs, form I </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regular_verbs,_form_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regular_verb,_form_I,_fáʕal/yífʕil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regular_verb,_form_I,_fáʕal/yífʕil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3.1.2 Regular verb, form I, fáʕal/yífʕil </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regular_verb,_form_I,_fáʕal/yífʕil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regular_verb,_form_I,_fíʕil/yífʕal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regular_verb,_form_I,_fíʕil/yífʕal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3.1.3 Regular verb, form I, fíʕil/yífʕal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regular_verb,_form_I,_fíʕil/yífʕal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regular_verb,_form_II,_fáʕʕil/yifáʕʕil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regular_verb,_form_II,_fáʕʕil/yifáʕʕil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3.1.4 Regular verb, form II, fáʕʕil/yifáʕʕil </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regular_verb,_form_II,_fáʕʕil/yifáʕʕil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regular_verb,_form_III,_fá:ʕil/yifá:ʕil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regular_verb,_form_III,_fá:ʕil/yifá:ʕil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3.1.5 Regular verb, form III, fá:ʕil/yifá:ʕil </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regular_verb,_form_III,_fá:ʕil/yifá:ʕil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defective_verbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defective_verbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3.2 Defective verbs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defective_verbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Defective_verb,_form_I,_fáʕa/yífʕi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defective_verb,_form_I,_fáʕa/yífʕi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3.2.1 Defective verb, form I, fáʕa/yífʕi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defective_verb,_form_I,_fáʕa/yífʕi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defective_verb,_form_I,_fíʕi/yífʕa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defective_verb,_form_I,_fíʕi/yífʕa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3.2.2 Defective verb, form I, fíʕi/yífʕa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defective_verb,_form_I,_fíʕi/yífʕa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hollow_verbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hollow_verbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3.3 Hollow verbs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hollow_verbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hollow_verb,_form_I,_fá:l/yifí:l" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hollow_verb,_form_I,_fá:l/yifí:l"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3.3.1 Hollow verb, form I, fá:l/yifí:l </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hollow_verb,_form_I,_fá:l/yifí:l-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hollow_verb,_form_I,_fá:l/yifú:l" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hollow_verb,_form_I,_fá:l/yifú:l"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3.3.2 Hollow verb, form I, fá:l/yifú:l </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hollow_verb,_form_I,_fá:l/yifú:l-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Doubled_verbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Doubled_verbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3.4 Doubled verbs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Doubled_verbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Doubled_verb,_form_I,_fáʕʕ/yifíʕʕ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Doubled_verb,_form_I,_fáʕʕ/yifíʕʕ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3.4.1 Doubled verb, form I, fáʕʕ/yifíʕʕ </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Doubled_verb,_form_I,_fáʕʕ/yifíʕʕ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assimilated_verbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assimilated_verbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3.5 Assimilated verbs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assimilated_verbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Doubly_weak_verbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Doubly_weak_verbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3.6 Doubly weak verbs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Doubly_weak_verbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Irregular_verbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Irregular_verbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3.7 Irregular verbs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Irregular_verbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Table_of_verb_forms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Table_of_verb_forms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3.8 Table of verb forms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Table_of_verb_forms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Negation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Negation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Negation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Negation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syntax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syntax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Syntax </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syntax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coptic_substratum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coptic_substratum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Coptic substratum </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Coptic_substratum-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Coptic substratum subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Coptic_substratum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Phonology_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Phonology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phonology_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syntax_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syntax_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Syntax </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syntax_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lexicon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lexicon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Lexicon </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lexicon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orthography_and_romanization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orthography_and_romanization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Orthography and romanization </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Orthography_and_romanization-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Orthography and romanization subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Orthography_and_romanization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Orthography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orthography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Orthography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orthography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romanization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romanization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Romanization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romanization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sociolinguistic_features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sociolinguistic_features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Sociolinguistic features </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sociolinguistic_features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Study" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Study"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Study </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Study-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sample_text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sample_text"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Sample text </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sample_text-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sample_words_and_sentences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sample_words_and_sentences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Sample words and sentences </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sample_words_and_sentences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 Explanatory notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 Citations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Citations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Citations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18.1 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Egyptian Arabic</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 69 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-69" aria-hidden="true" > 69 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egiptiese_Arabies" title="Egiptiese Arabies – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Egiptiese Arabies" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%9D%E1%88%B5%E1%88%AD_%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%A8%E1%89%A5%E1%8A%9B" title="የምስር አረብኛ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የምስር አረብኛ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%87%D8%AC%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="لهجة مصرية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لهجة مصرية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabe_echipciano" title="Arabe echipciano – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Arabe echipciano" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81rabe_exipcianu" title="Árabe exipcianu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Árabe exipcianu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Fr%C9%99b_dilinin_Misir_dialekti" title="Ərəb dilinin Misir dialekti – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ərəb dilinin Misir dialekti" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%AC%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="میصر عربجه‌سی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="میصر عربجه‌سی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF" title="মিশরীয় আরবি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মিশরীয় আরবি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Эгіпецкая гаворка арабскай мовы – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Эгіпецкая гаворка арабскай мовы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Египетски арабски език – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Египетски арабски език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabeg_Egipt" title="Arabeg Egipt – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Arabeg Egipt" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80rab_egipci" title="Àrab egipci – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Àrab egipci" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptsk%C3%A1_arab%C5%A1tina" title="Egyptská arabština – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Egyptská arabština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptisk_arabisk" title="Egyptisk arabisk – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Egyptisk arabisk" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84gyptisch-Arabisch" title="Ägyptisch-Arabisch – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ägyptisch-Arabisch" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%B9%CE%B3%CF%85%CF%80%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B2%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Αιγυπτιακή αραβική διάλεκτος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αιγυπτιακή αραβική διάλεκτος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81rabe_egipcio" title="Árabe egipcio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Árabe egipcio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egipt-araba_lingvo" title="Egipt-araba lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Egipt-araba lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egiptoar_arabiera" title="Egiptoar arabiera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Egiptoar arabiera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="زبان مصری محاوره‌ای – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان مصری محاوره‌ای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabe_%C3%A9gyptien" title="Arabe égyptien – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Arabe égyptien" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81rabe_exipcio" title="Árabe exipcio – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Árabe exipcio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%82i-khi%CC%8Dp_%C3%82-l%C3%A2-pak-ng%C3%AE" title="Âi-khi̍p Â-lâ-pak-ngî – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Âi-khi̍p Â-lâ-pak-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%A7%91%ED%8A%B8_%EC%95%84%EB%9E%8D%EC%96%B4" title="이집트 아랍어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이집트 아랍어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%BA%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Եգիպտական արաբերեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Եգիպտական արաբերեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egipatski_arapski" title="Egipatski arapski – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Egipatski arapski" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Arab_Mesir" title="Bahasa Arab Mesir – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Arab Mesir" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_araba_egiziana" title="Lingua araba egiziana – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua araba egiziana" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA" title="ערבית מצרית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ערבית מצרית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Arab_Mesir" title="Basa Arab Mesir – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Basa Arab Mesir" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D2%A3_%D0%9C%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%80_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%96%D1%81%D1%96" title="Араб тілінің Мысыр диалектісі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Араб тілінің Мысыр диалектісі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egipto_arab%C5%B3_kalba" title="Egipto arabų kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Egipto arabų kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptisch-Arabisch" title="Egyptisch-Arabisch – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Egyptisch-Arabisch" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyiptomi_arab_nyelv" title="Egyiptomi arab nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Egyiptomi arab nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Египетски арапски јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Египетски арапски јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80" title="इजिप्ती अरबी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इजिप्ती अरबी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%94%E1%83%92%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="არაბული ნინაშ ეგვიპტური დიალექტი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="არაბული ნინაშ ეგვიპტური დიალექტი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AB%D9%87" title="اللغه المصريه الحديثه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اللغه المصريه الحديثه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Arab_Mesir" title="Bahasa Arab Mesir – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Arab Mesir" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%96%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%9E%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9F_%EA%AF%91%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%95%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%9B" title="ꯏꯖꯤꯞꯁꯤꯌꯥꯟ ꯑꯔꯥꯕꯤꯛ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯏꯖꯤꯞꯁꯤꯌꯥꯟ ꯑꯔꯥꯕꯤꯛ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AE%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9B%E1%80%97%E1%80%AE" title="အီဂျစ် အာရဗီ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အီဂျစ် အာရဗီ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptisch-Arabisch" title="Egyptisch-Arabisch – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Egyptisch-Arabisch" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A9%E3%83%93%E3%82%A2%E8%AA%9E%E3%82%A8%E3%82%B8%E3%83%97%E3%83%88%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="アラビア語エジプト方言 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アラビア語エジプト方言" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptisk_arabisk" title="Egyptisk arabisk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Egyptisk arabisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%80" title="ਮਿਸਰੀ ਅਰਬੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਿਸਰੀ ਅਰਬੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="مصری عربی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مصری عربی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A2%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%A0%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%8B" title="អេហ្ស៊ីបអារ៉ាប់ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="អេហ្ស៊ីបអារ៉ាប់" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_ar%C3%A0bica_egissian-a" title="Lenga aràbica egissian-a – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga aràbica egissian-a" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialekt_egipski_j%C4%99zyka_arabskiego" title="Dialekt egipski języka arabskiego – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dialekt egipski języka arabskiego" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81rabe_eg%C3%ADpcio" title="Árabe egípcio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Árabe egípcio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araba_egiptean%C4%83" title="Araba egipteană – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Araba egipteană" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Египетский диалект арабского языка – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Египетский диалект арабского языка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9_%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A0" title="ᱢᱤᱥᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱤᱠ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱢᱤᱥᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱤᱠ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic" title="Egyptian Arabic – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Egyptian Arabic" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%95%D8%A8%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="عەرەبیی میسری – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="عەرەبیی میسری" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Египатски арапски језик – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Arabic variety spoken in Egypt</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Masri" redirects here. 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color: black; background-color: #faecc8;">Egyptian Arabic</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #faecc8;">مصرى (Masri)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Egyptian Arabic">[ˈmɑsˤɾi]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Egyptians" title="Egyptians">Egyptians</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Speakers</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">L1</a>: 78 million (2021)<a href="#cite_note-e27-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Second_language" title="Second language">L2</a>: 25 million (2022)<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> Total: 103 million (2021–2022)<a href="#cite_note-e27-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afro-Asiatic</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/West_Semitic_languages" title="West Semitic languages">West Semitic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Semitic_languages" title="Central Semitic languages">Central Semitic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Egyptian Arabic</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Dialects</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Egyptian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Egyptian Arabic">Judeo-Egyptian Arabic</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Regional_variations">Other regional variations</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic alphabet</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #faecc8;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/arz" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:arz">arz</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/egyp1253">egyp1253</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/IETF_language_tag" title="IETF language tag">IETF</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code>ar-EG</code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%81rabe_egipcio.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/%C3%81rabe_egipcio.PNG/320px-%C3%81rabe_egipcio.PNG" decoding="async" width="320" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/%C3%81rabe_egipcio.PNG/480px-%C3%81rabe_egipcio.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/%C3%81rabe_egipcio.PNG 2x" data-file-width="536" data-file-height="456" /></a><div style="text-align:left;">Areas where Egyptian Arabic is spoken (in dark blue those areas where it is the most widely spoken).</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;">This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols. Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> Egyptian Arabic, locally known as Colloquial Egyptian (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: العاميه المصريه)<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Egyptian Arabic">[el.ʕæmˈmejjæ l.mɑsˤˈɾejjɑ]</a>), or simply Masri (also Masry, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'Egyptian') (مَصري),<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> is the most widely spoken <a href="/wiki/Vernacular" title="Vernacular">vernacular</a> <a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Arabic" title="Varieties of Arabic">Arabic variety</a> in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> It is part of the <a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afro-Asiatic language family</a>, and originated in the <a href="/wiki/Nile_Delta" title="Nile Delta">Nile Delta</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lower_Egypt" title="Lower Egypt">Lower Egypt</a>. The estimated 100 million Egyptians speak a <a href="/wiki/Dialect_continuum" title="Dialect continuum">continuum of dialects</a>, among which Cairene is the most prominent. It is also understood across most of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arabic-speaking countries</a> due to broad Egyptian influence in the region, including through <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Egypt" title="Cinema of Egypt">Egyptian cinema</a> and <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Egypt" title="Music of Egypt">Egyptian music</a>. These factors help to make it the most widely spoken and by far the most widely studied <a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Arabic" title="Varieties of Arabic">variety of Arabic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> While it is primarily a spoken language, the written form is used in novels, plays and poems (<a href="/wiki/Vernacular_literature" title="Vernacular literature">vernacular literature</a>), as well as in comics, advertising, some newspapers and transcriptions of popular songs. In most other written media and in radio and television news reporting, <a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">literary Arabic</a> is used. Literary Arabic is a standardized language based on the language of the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Qur'an</a>, i.e. <a href="/wiki/Classical_Arabic" title="Classical Arabic">Classical Arabic</a>. The Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Vernacular" title="Vernacular">vernacular</a> is almost universally written in the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic alphabet</a> for local consumption, although it is commonly transcribed into <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin letters</a> or in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> in <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a> text and textbooks aimed at teaching non-native learners.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Egyptian Arabic's phonetics, grammatical structure, and vocabulary are influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic language</a>;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBishai1962-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> its rich vocabulary is also influenced by <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> and by <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">European languages</a> such as <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>,<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> and <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Naming">Naming</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Egyptian_Arabic&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Naming">edit</a>]</div> Speakers of Egyptian Arabic generally call their vernacular 'Arabic' (عربى, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Egyptian Arabic">[ˈʕɑrɑbi]</a>) when juxtaposed with non-Arabic languages; "Colloquial Egyptian" (العاميه المصريه, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Egyptian Arabic">[el.ʕæmˈmejjæ l.mɑsˤˈɾejjɑ]</a>)<a href="#endnote_B">[note B]</a> or simply "Aamiyya" (عاميه, colloquial) when juxtaposed with <a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Modern Standard Arabic</a> and the Egyptian dialect (اللهجه المصريه, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Egyptian Arabic">[elˈlæhɡæ l.mɑsˤˈɾejjɑ]</a>)<a href="#endnote_C">[note C]</a> or simply Masri (مَصرى, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Egyptian Arabic">[ˈmɑsˤɾi]</a>, Egyptian) when juxtaposed with other <a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Arabic" title="Varieties of Arabic">vernacular Arabic dialects</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Islam_online2-20">[20]</a><a href="#endnote_A">[note A]</a> The term Egyptian Arabic is usually used synonymously with Cairene Arabic, which is technically a dialect of Egyptian Arabic. The country's native name, مصر Maṣr, is often used locally to refer to Cairo itself. As is the case with <a href="/wiki/French_of_France#Paris" title="French of France">Parisian</a> <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, Cairene Arabic is by far the most prevalent dialect in the country.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographic_distribution">Geographic distribution</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Egyptian_Arabic&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geographic distribution">edit</a>]</div> Egyptian Arabic has become widely understood in the Arabic-speaking world primarily for two reasons:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaeri2003-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> The proliferation and popularity of Egyptian films and other media in the region since the early 20th century as well as the great number of Egyptian teachers and professors who were instrumental in setting up the education systems of various countries in the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a> and also taught there and in other countries such as <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>. Also, many <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_people" title="Lebanese people">Lebanese</a> artists choose to sing in Egyptian. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Egyptian_Arabic&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Egyptian_Arabic" title="Special:EditPage/Egyptian Arabic">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2020) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> was spoken in parts of <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Desert" title="Eastern Desert">Eastern Desert</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai</a> before Islam.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> However, Nile Valley <a href="/wiki/Egyptians" title="Egyptians">Egyptians</a> slowly adopted Arabic as a <a href="/wiki/Written_language" title="Written language">written language</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim conquest of Egypt">Muslim conquest of Egypt</a> in the seventh century. Until then, they had spoken either <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a> or <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_language" title="Egyptian language">Egyptian</a> in its <a href="/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic</a> form. A period of Coptic-Arabic <a href="/wiki/Bilingualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilingualism">bilingualism</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lower_Egypt" title="Lower Egypt">Lower Egypt</a> lasted for more than three centuries. The period would last much longer in the south. Arabic had been already familiar to Valley Egyptians since Arabic had been spoken throughout the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Desert" title="Eastern Desert">Eastern Desert</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sinai_(peninsula)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinai (peninsula)">Sinai</a>. Arabic was also a minority language of some residents of the Nile Valley such as <a href="/wiki/Qift" title="Qift">Qift</a> in Upper Egypt through pre-Islamic trade with <a href="/wiki/Nabateans" class="mw-redirect" title="Nabateans">Nabateans</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai Peninsula</a> and the easternmost part of the <a href="/wiki/Nile_Delta" title="Nile Delta">Nile Delta</a>. Egyptian Arabic seems to have begun taking shape in <a href="/wiki/Fustat" title="Fustat">Fustat</a>, the first Islamic capital of Egypt, now part of <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>. One of the earliest linguistic sketches of Cairene Arabic is a 16th-century document entitled Dafʿ al-ʾiṣr ʿan kalām ahl Miṣr<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a>(دفع الإصر عن كلام أهل مصر, "The Removal of the Burden from the Language of the People of Cairo") by the <a href="/wiki/Travel" title="Travel">traveler</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lexicography" title="Lexicography">lexicographer</a> <a href="/wiki/Yusuf_al-Maghribi" title="Yusuf al-Maghribi">Yusuf al-Maghribi</a> (يوسف المغربي), with Misr here meaning "Cairo". It contains key information on early Cairene Arabic and the language situation in <a href="/wiki/Egypt_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Egypt in the Middle Ages">Egypt in the Middle Ages</a>. The main purpose of the document was to show that while the Cairenes' vernacular contained many critical "errors" vis-à-vis Classical Arabic, according to al-Maghribi, it was also related to Arabic in other respects. With few waves of immigration from the Arabian peninsula such as the <a href="/wiki/Banu_Hilal" title="Banu Hilal">Banu Hilal</a> exodus, who later left Egypt and were settled in Morocco and Tunisia, together with the ongoing <a href="/wiki/Islamization" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamization">Islamization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arabization" title="Arabization">Arabization</a> of the country, multiple Arabic varieties, one of which is Egyptian Arabic, slowly supplanted spoken Coptic. Local chroniclers mention the continued use of Coptic as a spoken language until the 17th century by peasant women in <a href="/wiki/Upper_Egypt" title="Upper Egypt">Upper Egypt</a>. Coptic is still the <a href="/wiki/Liturgical_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Liturgical language">liturgical language</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria">Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Catholic_Church" title="Coptic Catholic Church">Coptic Catholic Church</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Status">Status</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Egyptian_Arabic&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Status">edit</a>]</div> Egyptian Arabic has no official status and is not officially recognized as a language.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> <a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Standard Arabic</a> is the official language of the state as per constitutional law with the name اللغة العربية al-luġa al-ʿarabiyyah, lit. "the Arabic language".<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Interest in the local <a href="/wiki/Vernacular" title="Vernacular">vernacular</a> began in the 1800s (in opposition to the language of the ruling class, Turkish) [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>], as the Egyptian national movement for <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a> was taking shape. For many decades to follow, questions about the reform and the modernization of Arabic were hotly debated in Egyptian intellectual circles. Proposals ranged from developing <a href="/wiki/Neologism" title="Neologism">neologisms</a> to replace archaic terminology in Modern Standard Arabic to the simplification of syntactical and morphological rules and the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Colloquialism" title="Colloquialism">colloquialisms</a> to even complete "Egyptianization" (تمصير, tamṣīr) by abandoning the so-called Modern Standard Arabic in favor of Masri or Egyptian Arabic.<a href="#cite_note-Gershoni-29">[29]</a> Proponents of language reform in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> included <a href="/wiki/Qasim_Amin" title="Qasim Amin">Qasim Amin</a>, who also wrote the first Egyptian feminist treatise, former President of the <a href="/wiki/Cairo_University" title="Cairo University">Egyptian University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Lutfi_el-Sayed" title="Ahmed Lutfi el-Sayed">Ahmed Lutfi el-Sayed</a>, and noted intellectual <a href="/wiki/Salama_Moussa" title="Salama Moussa">Salama Moussa</a>. They adopted a modernist, <a href="/wiki/Secular" class="mw-redirect" title="Secular">secular</a> approach and disagreed with the assumption that Arabic was an immutable language because of its association with the <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a>. The first modern Egyptian novel in which the dialogue was written in the vernacular was <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Husayn_Haykal" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Husayn Haykal">Muhammad Husayn Haykal</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Zaynab_(novel)" title="Zaynab (novel)">Zaynab</a> in 1913. It was only in 1966 that <a href="/wiki/Ali_Moustafa_Mosharafa" title="Ali Moustafa Mosharafa">Mustafa Musharafa</a>'s Kantara Who Disbelieved was released, the first novel to be written entirely in Egyptian Arabic.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Other notable novelists, such as <a href="/wiki/Ihsan_Abdel_Quddous" title="Ihsan Abdel Quddous">Ihsan Abdel Quddous</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Idris" title="Yusuf Idris">Yusuf Idris</a>, and poets, such as <a href="/wiki/Salah_Jahin" title="Salah Jahin">Salah Jahin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abdel_Rahman_el-Abnudi" title="Abdel Rahman el-Abnudi">Abdel Rahman el-Abnudi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Fouad_Negm" title="Ahmed Fouad Negm">Ahmed Fouad Negm</a>, helped solidify vernacular literature as a distinct literary genre.<a href="#cite_note-Gershoni-29">[29]</a> Amongst certain groups within Egypt's elite, Egyptian Arabic enjoyed a brief period of rich literary output. That dwindled with the rise of <a href="/wiki/Pan-Arabism" title="Pan-Arabism">Pan-Arabism</a>, which had gained popularity in Egypt by the second half of the twentieth century, as demonstrated by Egypt's involvement in the <a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a> under King <a href="/wiki/Farouk_of_Egypt" title="Farouk of Egypt">Farouk of Egypt</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_revolution_of_1952" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian revolution of 1952">Egyptian revolution of 1952</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Naguib" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed Naguib">Mohammed Naguib</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a>, further enhanced the significance of Pan-Arabism, making it a central element of Egyptian state policy. The importance of Modern Standard Arabic was reemphasised in the public sphere by the revolutionary government, and efforts to accord any formal language status to the Egyptian vernacular were ignored. Egyptian Arabic was identified as a mere dialect, one that was not spoken even in all of Egypt, as almost all of <a href="/wiki/Upper_Egypt" title="Upper Egypt">Upper Egypt</a> speaks <a href="/wiki/Sa%27idi_Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Sa'idi Arabic">Sa'idi Arabic</a>. Though the revolutionary government heavily sponsored the use of the Egyptian vernacular in films, plays, television programmes, and music, the prerevolutionary use of Modern Standard Arabic in official publications was retained.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Linguistic commentators[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">who?</a>] have noted the multi-faceted approach of the Egyptian revolutionaries towards the Arabic language. Whereas Egypt's first <a href="/wiki/President_of_Egypt" title="President of Egypt">president</a>, Mohammed Naguib exhibited a preference for using Modern Standard Arabic in his public speeches, his successor, <a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a> was renowned for using the vernacular and for punctuating his speeches with traditional Egyptian words and expressions. Conversely, Modern Standard Arabic was the norm for state news outlets, including newspapers, magazines, television, and radio. That was especially true of Egypt's national broadcasting company, the <a href="/wiki/ERTU" class="mw-redirect" title="ERTU">Arab Radio and Television Union</a>, which was established with the intent of providing content for the entire <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a>, not merely Egypt, hence the need to broadcast in the standard, rather than the vernacular, language. The <a href="/wiki/Voice_of_the_Arabs" title="Voice of the Arabs">Voice of the Arabs</a> radio station, in particular, had an audience from across the region, and the use of anything other than Modern Standard Arabic was viewed as eminently incongruous. In a study of three Egyptian newspapers (<a href="/wiki/Al-Ahram" title="Al-Ahram">Al-Ahram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Masry_Al-Youm" title="Al-Masry Al-Youm">Al-Masry Al-Youm</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Al-Dustour_(Egypt)" title="Al-Dustour (Egypt)">Al-Dustour</a>) Zeinab Ibrahim concluded that the total number of headlines in Egyptian Arabic in each newspaper varied. Al-Ahram did not include any. Al-Masry Al-Youm had an average of 5% of headlines in Egyptian, while Al-Dustour averaged 11%.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> As the status of Egyptian Arabic as opposed to <a href="/wiki/Classical_Arabic" title="Classical Arabic">Classical Arabic</a> can have such political and religious implications in Egypt,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">how?</a>] the question of whether Egyptian Arabic should be considered a <a href="/wiki/Dialect#Dialect_or_language" title="Dialect">"dialect" or "language"</a> can be a source of debate. In <a href="/wiki/Sociolinguistics" title="Sociolinguistics">sociolinguistics</a>, Egyptian Arabic can be seen as one of many distinct <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> that, despite arguably being languages on <a href="/wiki/Abstand_and_ausbau_languages" title="Abstand and ausbau languages">abstand</a> grounds, are united[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">how?</a>][<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">according to whom?</a>] by a common <a href="/wiki/Abstand_and_ausbau_languages#Roofing" title="Abstand and ausbau languages">Dachsprache</a> in Modern Standard Arabic (MSA). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Egyptian_Arabic&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Publications">edit</a>]</div> During the early 1900s many portions of the Bible were published in Egyptian Arabic. These were published by the Nile Mission Press. By 1932 the whole New Testament and some books of the Old Testament had been published in Egyptian Arabic in Arabic script.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> The dialogs in the following novels are partly in Egyptian Arabic, partly in Standard Arabic: <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Tahir_Haqqi" title="Mahmud Tahir Haqqi">Mahmud Tahir Haqqi</a>'s Adhra' Dinshuway (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: عذراء دنشواي; 1906), <a href="/wiki/Yaqub_Sarruf" title="Yaqub Sarruf">Yaqub Sarruf</a>'s Fatat Misr (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: فتاة مصر, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: Fatāt Miṣr; first published in <a href="/wiki/Al-Muqtataf_(magazine)" title="Al-Muqtataf (magazine)">Al-Muqtataf</a> 1905–1906), and <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Hussein_Heikal" title="Mohammed Hussein Heikal">Mohammed Hussein Heikal</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Zaynab_(novel)" title="Zaynab (novel)">Zaynab</a> (1914).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiem1974109-33">[33]</a> Early stage plays written in Egyptian Arabic were translated from or influenced by European playwrights. <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_%27Uthman_Jalal" title="Muhammad 'Uthman Jalal">Muhammad 'Uthman Jalal</a> translated plays by <a href="/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière">Molière</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Racine" title="Jean Racine">Jean Racine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Goldoni" title="Carlo Goldoni">Carlo Goldoni</a> to Egyptian Arabic and adapted them as well as ten fables by <a href="/wiki/Jean_de_La_Fontaine" title="Jean de La Fontaine">Jean de La Fontaine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yaqub_Sanu" title="Yaqub Sanu">Yaqub Sanu</a> translated to and wrote plays on himself in Egyptian Arabic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoidich201070-34">[34]</a> Many plays were written in Standard Arabic, but performed in colloquial Arabic. <a href="/wiki/Tawfiq_al-Hakim" title="Tawfiq al-Hakim">Tawfiq al-Hakim</a> took this a step further and provided for his Standard Arabic plays versions in colloquial Arabic for the performances.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiem1974102-35">[35]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Taymur" title="Mahmud Taymur">Mahmud Taymur</a> has published some of his plays in two versions, one in Standard, one in colloquial Arabic, among them: Kidb fi Kidb (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: كذب في كذب, <a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> 'All lies', 1951<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies2005601-36">[36]</a> or ca. 1952) and Al-Muzayyifun (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: المزيفون, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: Al-Muzayyifūn, <a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> 'The Forgers', ca. 1953).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiem1974116-37">[37]</a> The writers of stage plays in Egyptian Arabic after the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Revolution_of_1952" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian Revolution of 1952">Egyptian Revolution of 1952</a> include <a href="/wiki/No%27man_Ashour" title="No'man Ashour">No'man Ashour</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Farag" title="Alfred Farag">Alfred Farag</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saad_Eddin_Wahba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saad Eddin Wahba (page does not exist)">Saad Eddin Wahba</a> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B9%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%88%D9%87%D8%A8%D8%A9" class="extiw" title="ar:سعد الدين وهبة">ar</a>], <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rashad_Roushdy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rashad Roushdy (page does not exist)">Rashad Roushdy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Idris" title="Yusuf Idris">Yusuf Idris</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies2005601-36">[36]</a> Thereafter the use of colloquial Egyptian Arabic in theater is stable and common.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoidich201074-38">[38]</a> Later writers of plays in colloquial Egyptian include <a href="/wiki/Ali_Salem" title="Ali Salem">Ali Salem</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Naguib_Surur" title="Naguib Surur">Naguib Surur</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies2005601-36">[36]</a> Novels in Egyptian Arabic after the 1940s and before the 1990s are rare. There are by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Musharrafah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mustafa Musharrafah (page does not exist)">Mustafa Musharrafah</a> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%81%D9%89_%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%81%D9%89_%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%A9" class="extiw" title="ar:مصطفى مصطفى مشرفة">ar</a>] Qantarah Alladhi Kafar ([قنطرة الذي كفر ] Error: {{Langx}}: invalid parameter: |lable= (<a href="/wiki/Category:Lang_and_lang-xx_template_errors" title="Category:Lang and lang-xx template errors">help</a>), Cairo, 1965) and Uthman Sabri's (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: عثمان صبري, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: ʻUthmān Ṣabrī; 1896–1986) Journey on the Nile (<a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian Arabic language">Egyptian Arabic</a>: رحلة في النيل, romanized: Riḥlah fī il-Nīl, 1965)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZack2001194-39">[39]</a> (and his Bet Sirri (بيت سري, Bēt Sirri, 'A Brothel', 1981) that apparently uses a mix of Standard Arabic and Egyptian Arabic<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoidich201077footnote_66-40">[40]</a>). Prose published in Egyptian Arabic since the 1990s include the following novels: <a href="/wiki/Yusuf_al-Qa%27id" title="Yusuf al-Qa'id">Yusuf al-Qa'id</a>'s Laban il-Asfur (لبن العصفور, Laban il-ʿAṣfūr, 'The Milk of the Bird'; 1994),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoidich201079-41">[41]</a> Baha' Awwad's (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: بهاء عواد, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: Bahāʾ ʿAwwād) Shams il-Asil (شمس الاصيل, Shams il-ʿAṣīl, 'Late Afternoon Sun'; 1998), <a href="/wiki/Safa_Abdel_Al_Moneim" title="Safa Abdel Al Moneim">Safa Abdel Al Moneim</a>'s Min Halawit il-Ruh (من حلاوة الروح, Min Ḥalāwit il-Rōḥ, 'Zest for Life', 1998), Samih Faraj's (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: سامح فرج, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: Sāmiḥ Faraj) Banhuf Ishtirasa (بانهوف اشتراسا, Bānhūf Ishtirāsā, 'Bahnhof Strasse', 1999); autobiographies include the one by <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Fouad_Negm" title="Ahmed Fouad Negm">Ahmed Fouad Negm</a>, by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohammed_Naser_Ali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mohammed Naser Ali (page does not exist)">Mohammed Naser Ali</a> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1_(%D8%A5%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A)" class="extiw" title="ar:محمد ناصر (إعلامي)">ar</a>] Ula Awwil (اولى أول, Ūlá Awwil, 'First Class Primary School'), and <a href="/wiki/Fathia_al-Assal" title="Fathia al-Assal">Fathia al-Assal</a>'s Hudn il-Umr (حضن العمر, Ḥuḍn il-ʿUmr, 'The Embrace of a Lifetime').<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies2005599-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoidich201082–83-43">[43]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Epistolary_novel" title="Epistolary novel">epistolary novel</a> Jawabat Haraji il-Gutt (<a href="/wiki/Sa%27idi_Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sa'idi Arabic language">Sa'idi Arabic</a>: جوابات حراجى القط, romanized: Jawābāt Ḥarājī il-Guṭṭ, <a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> 'Letters of Haraji the Cat', 2001) by <a href="/wiki/Abdel_Rahman_el-Abnudi" title="Abdel Rahman el-Abnudi">Abdel Rahman el-Abnudi</a> is exceptional in its use of <a href="/wiki/Sa%CA%BDidi_Arabic" title="Saʽidi Arabic">Saʽidi Arabic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies2005599-42">[42]</a> 21st-century journals publishing in Egyptian Arabic include Bārti (from at least 2002), the weekly magazine Idhak lil-Dunya (اضحك للدنيا, Iḍḥak lil-Dunyā, 'Smile for the World', from 2005),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies2005600-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoidich201084–85-45">[45]</a> and the monthly magazine <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ihna_(magazine)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ihna (magazine) (page does not exist)">Ihna</a>  [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%AD%D9%86%D8%A7_(%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%A9)" class="extiw" title="ar:إحنا (مجلة)">ar</a>] (احنا, Iḥna, 'We', from 2005).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorg2007-46">[46]</a> In the 21st century the number of books published in Egyptian Arabic has increased a lot. Many of them are by female authors, for example <a href="/wiki/Wanna_Be_a_Bride" title="Wanna Be a Bride">I Want to Get Married!</a> (عايزه أتجوز, ʻĀyzah atgawwiz, 2008) by <a href="/wiki/Ghada_Abdel_Aal" title="Ghada Abdel Aal">Ghada Abdel Aal</a> and She Must Have Travelled (شكلها سافرت, Shaklahā sāfarit, 2016) by Soha Elfeqy. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spoken_varieties">Spoken varieties</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Egyptian_Arabic&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Spoken varieties">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Sa%27idi_Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Sa'idi Arabic">Sa'īdi Arabic</a> is a different variety than Egyptian Arabic in Ethnologue.com and ISO 639-3 and in other sources,<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> and the two varieties have limited <a href="/wiki/Mutual_intelligibility" title="Mutual intelligibility">mutual intelligibility</a>. It carries little prestige nationally but continues to be widely spoken, with 19,000,000 speakers.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> The traditional division between <a href="/wiki/Upper_and_Lower_Egypt" title="Upper and Lower Egypt">Upper and Lower Egypt</a> and their respective differences go back to ancient times. Egyptians today commonly call the people of the north بَحَارْوَه, baḥārwah ([bɑˈħɑɾwɑ]) and those of the south صَعَايْدَه, ṣaʿāydah ([sˤɑˈʕɑjdɑ]). The differences throughout Egypt, however, are more wide-ranging and do not neatly correspond to the simple division. The language shifts from the eastern to the western parts of the <a href="/wiki/Nile_Delta" title="Nile Delta">Nile Delta</a>, and the varieties spoken from <a href="/wiki/Giza" title="Giza">Giza</a> to <a href="/wiki/Minya,_Egypt" title="Minya, Egypt">Minya</a> are further grouped into a Middle Egypt cluster. Despite the differences, there are features distinguishing all the Egyptian Arabic varieties of the Nile Valley from any other varieties of Arabic. Such features include <a href="/wiki/Vowel_reduction" title="Vowel reduction">reduction of long vowels</a> in open and unstressed syllables, the postposition of demonstratives and interrogatives, the modal meaning of the imperfect and the integration of the participle.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Western_Egyptian_Bedawi_Arabic" title="Western Egyptian Bedawi Arabic">Western Egyptian Bedawi Arabic</a> variety<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> of the western desert differs from all other Arabic varieties in Egypt in that it linguistically is part of <a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_Arabic" title="Maghrebi Arabic">Maghrebi Arabic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Arabian_Arabic" title="Northwest Arabian Arabic">Northwest Arabian Arabic</a> is also distinct from Egyptian Arabic.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regional_variations">Regional variations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Egyptian_Arabic&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Regional variations">edit</a>]</div> Egyptian Arabic varies regionally across its <a href="/wiki/Sprachraum" title="Sprachraum">sprachraum</a>, with certain characteristics being noted as typical of the speech of certain regions. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Alexandria">Alexandria</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Egyptian_Arabic&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Alexandria">edit</a>]</div> The dialect of <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a> (West Delta) is noted for certain <a href="/wiki/Shibboleth" title="Shibboleth">shibboleths</a> separating its speech from that of Cairo (South Delta). The ones that are most frequently noted in popular discourse are the use of the word <a href="/wiki/Falafel" title="Falafel">falafel</a> as opposed to طعميّة taʿmiyya for the fava-bean fritters common across the country and the pronunciation of the word for the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_pound" title="Egyptian pound">Egyptian pound</a> (جنيه ginēh <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Egyptian Arabic">[ɡeˈneː]</a>), as <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Egyptian Arabic">[ˈɡeni]</a>, closer to the pronunciation of the origin of the term, the British <a href="/wiki/Guinea_(British_coin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Guinea (British coin)">guinea</a>). The speech of the older Alexandrians is also noted for use of the same pre-syllable (ne-) in the singular and plural of the first person present and future tenses, which is also a common feature of <a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Arabic" title="Tunisian Arabic">Tunisian Arabic</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> and also of <a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_Arabic" title="Maghrebi Arabic">Maghrebi Arabic</a> in general. The dialects of the western Delta tend to use the perfect with /<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a>/ instead of the perfect with /<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>/, for example for فهم this is faham instead of fihim.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoidich2006622.3.2.1.1_a-Perfekt_und_i-Perfekt-55">[55]</a> Other examples for this are لَبَس, labas, 'to wear', نَزَل, nazal, 'to descend', شَرَب, sharab, 'to drink', نَسَى, nasá, 'to forget',<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehnstedtWoidich2018783.3.2_The_Case_of_Alexandria-56">[56]</a> رَجَع, طَلَع, رَكَب. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Port_Said">Port Said</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Egyptian_Arabic&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Port Said">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Port_Said" title="Port Said">Port Said</a>'s dialect (East Delta) is noted for a "heavier", more guttural sound, compared to other regions of the country. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rural_Nile_Delta">Rural Nile Delta</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Egyptian_Arabic&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Rural Nile Delta">edit</a>]</div> The dialect of the <a href="/wiki/Fellah" title="Fellah">Fellah</a> in Northern Egypt is noted for a distinct accent, replacing the urban pronunciations of /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a>/ (spelled <a href="/wiki/%D8%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="ج">ج</a> gīm) and /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a>/ (<a href="/wiki/%D9%82" class="mw-redirect" title="ق">ق</a> qāf) with [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a>] and [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a>] respectively, but that is not true of all rural dialects, a lot of them do not have such replacement. The dialect also has many grammatical differences when contrasted to urban dialects.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Egyptian_Arabic&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Phonology">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic_phonology" title="Egyptian Arabic phonology">Egyptian Arabic phonology</a></div> Egyptian Arabic has a phonology that differs significantly from that of other varieties of Arabic, and has its own inventory of consonants and vowels. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Morphology">Morphology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Egyptian_Arabic&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Morphology">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nouns">Nouns</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Egyptian_Arabic&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Nouns">edit</a>]</div> In contrast to CA and MSA, but like all modern colloquial <a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Arabic" title="Varieties of Arabic">varieties of Arabic</a>, Egyptian Arabic nouns are not inflected for case and lack <a href="/wiki/Nunation" title="Nunation">nunation</a> (with the exception of certain fixed phrases in the accusative case, such as شكراً [ˈʃokɾɑn], "thank you"). As all nouns take their <a href="/wiki/Pausal_pronunciation" class="mw-redirect" title="Pausal pronunciation">pausal</a> forms, singular words and <a href="/wiki/Broken_plural" title="Broken plural">broken plurals</a> simply lose their case endings. In sound plurals and dual forms, where, in MSA, difference in case is present even in pausal forms, the genitive/accusative form is the one preserved. Fixed expressions in the <a href="/wiki/Construct_state" title="Construct state">construct state</a> beginning in abu, often geographic names, retain their -u in all cases.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Plurals">Plurals</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Egyptian_Arabic&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Plurals">edit</a>]</div> Nouns take either a sound plural or <a href="/wiki/Broken_plural" title="Broken plural">broken plural</a>. The sound plural is formed by adding endings, and can be considered part of the declension. For the broken plural, however, a different pattern for the stem is used. The sound plural with the suffix ـِين, -īn is used for nouns referring to male persons that are participles or follow the pattern CaCCaaC. It takes the form ـيِين, -yīn for nouns of the form CaCCa and the form ـيِّين, -yyīn for nisba adjectives.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoidich20061152.4.9.3.1_Externe_Pluralbildung_mit_''-īn'',_''-āt''_and_''-a''-59">[59]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Most common broken plural patterns </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Singular</th> <th>Plural</th> <th>Notes</th> <th>Examples </th></tr> <tr> <td>CVCCVC(a)</td> <td>CaCaaCiC</td> <td>any four-consonant noun with short second vowel</td> <td>maktab, makaatib "desk, office"; markib, maraakib "boat"; maṭbax, maṭaabix "kitchen"; masʔala, masaaʔil "matter"; maṭṛaḥ, maṭaaṛiḥ "place"; masṛaḥ, masaaṛiḥ "theater"; tazkaṛa, tazaakir "ticket"; ʔiswira, ʔasaawir "bracelet"; muʃkila, maʃaakil "problem"; muulid, mawaalid "(holy) birthday"; maktaba, makaatib "stationary"; </td></tr> <tr> <td>CVCCVVC(a)</td> <td>CaCaCiiC</td> <td>any four-consonant noun with long second vowel</td> <td>fustaan, fasatiin "dress"; muftaaḥ, mafatiiḥ "key"; fingaan, fanagiin "cup"; sikkiina, sakakiin "knife"; tamriin, tamariin "exercise"; siggaada, sagagiid "carpet"; magmuuʕ, magamiiʕ "total"; maṣruuf, maṣaṛiif "expense"; maskiin, masakiin "poor, pitiable" </td></tr> <tr> <td>CaC(i)C, CiCC, CeeC (< *CayC)</td> <td>CuCuuC</td> <td>very common for three-consonant nouns</td> <td>dars, duruus "lesson"; daxl, duxuul "income"; daʔn, duʔuun "chin"; ḍeef, ḍuyuuf "guest"; ḍirṣ, ḍuruuṣ "molar tooth"; fann, funuun "art"; farʔ, furuuʔ "difference"; faṣl, fuṣuul "class, chapter"; geeb, guyuub "pocket"; geeʃ, guyuuʃ "army"; gild, guluud "leather"; ḥall, ḥuluul "solution"; ḥarb, ḥuruub "war"; ḥaʔʔ, ḥuʔuuʔ "right"; malik, muluuk "king" </td></tr> <tr> <td>CaC(a)C, CiCC, CuCC, CooC (< *CawC)</td> <td>ʔaCCaaC</td> <td>very common for three-consonant words</td> <td>durg, ʔadraag "drawer"; duʃʃ, ʔadʃaaʃ "shower"; film, ʔaflaam "film"; miʃṭ, ʔamʃaaṭ "comb"; mitr, ʔamtaar "meter"; gism, ʔagsaam "body " ; guzʔ, ʔagzaaʔ "part"; muxx, ʔamxaax "brain"; nahṛ, ʔanhaaṛ "river"; door, ʔadwaaṛ "(one's) turn, floor (of building)"; nooʕ, ʔanwaaʕ "kind, sort"; yoom, ʔayyaam "day"; nuṣṣ, ʔanṣaaṣ "half"; qism, ʔaqṣaam "division"; waʔt, ʔawʔaat "time"; faṛaḥ, ʔafṛaaḥ "joy, wedding"; gaṛas, ʔagṛaas "bell"; maṭaṛ, ʔamṭaaṛ "rain"; taman, ʔatmaan "price"; walad, ʔawlaad "boy" </td></tr> <tr> <td>CaaC, CuuC</td> <td>ʔaCwaaC</td> <td>variant of previous</td> <td>ḥaal, ʔaḥwaal "state, condition"; nuur, ʔanwaaṛ "light" </td></tr> <tr> <td>CaCCa, CooCa (< *CawCa)</td> <td>CiCaC, CuCaC</td> <td>CaCCa < Classical CaCCa (not CaaCiCa)</td> <td>gazma, gizam "shoe"; dawla, duwal "state, country"; ḥalla, ḥilal "pot"; ʃooka, ʃuwak "fork"; taxta, tuxat "blackboard" </td></tr> <tr> <td>CiCCa</td> <td>CiCaC</td> <td></td> <td>ḥiṣṣa, ḥiṣaṣ "allotment"; ḥiṭṭa, ḥiṭaṭ "piece"; minḥa, minaḥ "scholarship"; nimra, nimar "number"; qiṣṣa, qiṣaṣ "story" </td></tr> <tr> <td>CuCCa</td> <td>CuCaC</td> <td></td> <td>fuṛma, fuṛam "shape, form"; fuṛṣa, fuṛaṣ "chance"; fusḥa, fusaḥ "excursion"; fuuṭa, fuwaṭ "towel"; nukta, nukat "joke"; ʔuṭṭa, ʔuṭaṭ "cat"; mudda, mudad "period (of time)" </td></tr> <tr> <td>CVCVVC(a)</td> <td>CaCaayiC</td> <td>three-consonant roots with long second vowel</td> <td>sigaaṛa, sagaayir "cigarette"; gariida, gaṛaayid "newspaper"; gimiil, gamaayil "favor"; ḥabiib, ḥabaayib "lover"; ḥariiʔa, ḥaraayiʔ "destructive fire"; ḥaʔiiʔa, ḥaʔaayiʔ "fact, truth"; natiiga, nataayig "result"; xaṛiiṭa, xaṛaayiṭ "map"; zibuun, zabaayin "customer" </td></tr> <tr> <td>CaaCiC, CaCCa</td> <td>CawaaCiC</td> <td>CaCCa < Classical CaaCiCa (not CaCCa)</td> <td>ḥaamil, ḥawaamil "pregnant"; haanim, hawaanim "lady"; gaamiʕ, gawaamiʕ "mosque"; maaniʕ, mawaaniʕ "obstacle"; fakha, fawaakih "fruit"; ḥadsa, ḥawaadis "accident"; fayda, fawaayid "benefit"; ʃaariʕ, ʃawaariʕ "street"; xaatim, xawaatim "ring" </td></tr> <tr> <td>CaaCiC</td> <td>CuCCaaC</td> <td>mostly occupational nouns</td> <td>kaatib, kuttaab "writer"; saakin, sukkaan "inhabitant"; saayiḥ, suwwaaḥ "tourist"; </td></tr> <tr> <td>CaCiiC</td> <td>CuCaCa</td> <td>adjectives and occupational nouns</td> <td>faʔiir, fuʔaṛa "poor"; nabiih, nubaha "intelligent"; naʃiiṭ, nuʃaṭa "active"; raʔiis, ruʔasa "president"; safiir, sufaṛa "ambassador"; waziir, wuzaṛa "minister"; xabiir, xubaṛa "expert"; ṭaalib, ṭalaba "student" </td></tr> <tr> <td>CaCiiC/CiCiiC</td> <td>CuCaaC</td> <td>adjectives</td> <td>gamiil, gumaal "beautiful"; naʃiiṭ, nuʃaaṭ "active"; niḍiif, nuḍaaf "clean"; tixiin, tuxaan "fat" </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Secondary broken plural patterns </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Singular</th> <th>Plural</th> <th>Notes</th> <th>Examples </th></tr> <tr> <td>CVCCVVC</td> <td>CaCaCCa</td> <td>occupational nouns</td> <td>tilmiiz, talamza "student"; ʔustaaz, ʔasatza "teacher"; simsaaṛ, samasṛa "broker"; duktoor, dakatra "doctor" </td></tr> <tr> <td>CaCVVC</td> <td>CawaaCiiC</td> <td></td> <td>qamuus, qawamiis "dictionary"; maʕaad, mawaʕiid "appointment"; ṭabuuṛ, ṭawabiiṛ "line, queue"; meʃwar, maʃaweer "walk, appointment" </td></tr> <tr> <td>CaCaC</td> <td>CiCaaC</td> <td></td> <td>gamal, gimaal "camel"; gabal, gibaal "mountain, hill" </td></tr> <tr> <td>CaCC</td> <td>ʔaCCuC</td> <td></td> <td>ʃahṛ, ʔaʃhur "month" </td></tr> <tr> <td>CiCaaC, CaCiiC(a)</td> <td>CuCuC</td> <td></td> <td>kitaab, kutub "book"; madiina, mudun "city" </td></tr> <tr> <td>CaCC(a)</td> <td>CaCaaCi</td> <td></td> <td>maʕna, maʕaani "meaning"; makwa, makaawi "iron"; ʔahwa, ʔahaawi "coffee"; ʔaṛḍ, ʔaṛaaḍi "ground, land" </td></tr> <tr> <td>CaaCa, CaaCi, CaCya</td> <td>CawaaCi</td> <td></td> <td>ḥaaṛa, ḥawaaṛi "alley"; naadi, nawaadi "club"; naḥya, nawaaḥi "side" </td></tr> <tr> <td>CaCaC, CiCaaC</td> <td>ʔaCCiCa/ʔiCCiCa</td> <td></td> <td>ḥizaam, ʔaḥzima "belt"; masal, ʔamsila "example"; sabat, ʔisbita "basket" </td></tr> <tr> <td>CiCiyya</td> <td>CaCaaya</td> <td></td> <td>hidiyya, hadaaya "gift" </td></tr> <tr> <td>CaaC</td> <td>CiCaaC</td> <td></td> <td>faaṛ, firaan "mouse"; gaaṛ, giraan "neighbor"; xaal, xilaan "maternal uncle" </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Color/defect_nouns">Color/defect nouns</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Egyptian_Arabic&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Color/defect nouns">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin:1em"> <caption>Examples of "color and defect" nouns </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Meaning</th> <th>(template)</th> <th>green</th> <th>blue</th> <th>black</th> <th>white</th> <th>deaf</th> <th>blind</th> <th>one-eyed </th></tr> <tr> <th>Masculine </th> <td>ʔaCCaC</td> <td>ʔaxḍaṛ</td> <td>ʔazraʔ</td> <td>ʔiswid</td> <td>ʔabyaḍ</td> <td>ʔaṭṛaʃ</td> <td>ʔaʕma</td> <td>ʔaʕwaṛ </td></tr> <tr> <th>Feminine </th> <td>CaCCa</td> <td>xaḍṛa</td> <td>zarʔa</td> <td>sooda</td> <td>beeḍa</td> <td>ṭaṛʃa</td> <td>ʕamya</td> <td>ʕooṛa </td></tr> <tr> <th>Plural </th> <td>CuCC</td> <td>xuḍr</td> <td>zurʔ</td> <td>suud</td> <td>biiḍ</td> <td>ṭurʃ</td> <td>ʕumy</td> <td>ʕuur </td></tr> </tbody></table> A common set of nouns referring to colors, as well as a number of nouns referring to physical defects of various sorts (ʔaṣlaʕ "bald"; ʔaṭṛaʃ "deaf"; ʔaxṛas "dumb"), take a special inflectional pattern, as shown in the table. Only a small number of common colors inflect this way: ʔaḥmaṛ "red"; ʔazraʔ "blue"; ʔaxḍaṛ "green"; ʔaṣfaṛ "yellow"; ʔabyaḍ "white"; ʔiswid "black"; ʔasmaṛ "brown-skinned, brunette"; ʔaʃʔaṛ "blond(e)". The remaining colors are invariable, and mostly so-called nisba adjectives derived from colored objects: bunni "brown" (< bunn "coffee powder"); ṛamaadi "gray" (< ṛamaad "ashes"); banafsigi "purple" (< banafsig "violet"); burtuʔaani "orange" (< burtuʔaan "oranges"); zibiibi "maroon" (< zibiib "raisins"); etc., or of foreign origin: beeع "beige" from the French; bamba "pink" from Turkish <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pembe" class="extiw" title="wikt:pembe">pembe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHindsBadawi1986104-60">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Verbal_nouns_of_form_I">Verbal nouns of form I</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Egyptian_Arabic&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Verbal nouns of form I">edit</a>]</div> Verbal nouns of form I are not regular. The following table lists common patterns. <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Verbal noun of form I patterns<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Pattern </th> <th>Template </th> <th>Example(s) </th></tr> <tr> <td>فَعْل faʿl </td> <td>CVCC </td> <td>ضرب, ḍarb, 'striking' </td></tr> <tr> <td>فَعْلَة faʿla </td> <td>CVCCa </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>فِعْل fiʿl </td> <td>CVCC </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>فِعْلَة fiʿla </td> <td>CVCCa </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>فُعْل fuʿl </td> <td>CVCC </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>فُعْلَة fuʿla </td> <td>CVCCa </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>فَعَل faʿal </td> <td>CVCVC </td> <td>عمل, ʿamal, 'work' </td></tr> <tr> <td>فَعَلَة faʿala </td> <td>CVCVCa </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>فَعَال faʿāl </td> <td>CVCVVC </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>فَعَالَة faʿāla </td> <td>CVCVVCa </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>فِعَال fiʿāl </td> <td>CVCVVC </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>فِعَالَة fiʿāla </td> <td>CVCVVCa </td> <td>كتابة, kitāba, 'writing' </td></tr> <tr> <td>فُعَال fuʿāl </td> <td>CVCVVC </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>فَعُول faʿūl </td> <td>CVCVVC </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>فُعُول fuʿūl </td> <td>CVCVVC </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>فُعُولَة fuʿūla </td> <td>CVCVVCa </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>فَعِيل faʿīl </td> <td>CVCVVC </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>فِعْلَان fiʿlān </td> <td>CVCCaan </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>فُعْلَان fuʿlān </td> <td>CVCCaan </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>فَعَلَان faʿalān </td> <td>CVCVCaan </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>مَفْعَل mafʿal </td> <td>maCCVC </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>مَفْعِلَة mafʿila </td> <td>maCCVCa </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>مَفَعَّة mafaʿʿa </td> <td>maCVCCa </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>مَفَال mafāl </td> <td>maCVVC </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>مَفِيل mafīl </td> <td>maCVVC </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>فَوْل fōl </td> <td>CVVC </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>فَعَالِيَّة faʿaliyya </td> <td>CVCVCiyya </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>فِعَى fiʿa </td> <td>CVCa </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronouns">Pronouns</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Egyptian_Arabic&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Pronouns">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="float: left; text-align:center;"> <caption>Forms of the independent and clitic pronouns </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="3">Meaning</th> <th rowspan="3">Subject</th> <th colspan="9">Direct object/Possessive</th> <th colspan="6">Indirect object </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">After vowel</th> <th colspan="3">After 1 cons.</th> <th colspan="3">After 2 cons. </th> <th colspan="2">After vowel</th> <th colspan="2">After 1 cons.</th> <th colspan="2">After 2 cons. </th></tr> <tr> <th>Normal</th> <th>+ ʃ</th> <th>+ l-</th> <th>Normal</th> <th>+ ʃ</th> <th>+ l-</th> <th>Normal</th> <th>+ ʃ</th> <th>+ l- </th> <th>Normal</th> <th>+ ʃ</th> <th>Normal</th> <th>+ ʃ</th> <th>Normal</th> <th>+ ʃ </th></tr> <tr> <td>"my" (nominal)</td> <td>—</td> <td colspan="3">- ́ya</td> <td colspan="6">-i</td> <td colspan="6">— </td></tr> <tr> <td>"I/me" (verbal)</td> <td>ána</td> <td colspan="6">- ́ni</td> <td colspan="3">-íni</td> <td colspan="4">- ́li</td> <td colspan="2">-íli </td></tr> <tr> <td>"you(r) (masc.)"</td> <td>ínta</td> <td colspan="3">- ́k</td> <td colspan="6">-ak</td> <td colspan="4">- ́lak</td> <td colspan="2">-ílak </td></tr> <tr> <td>"you(r) (fem.)"</td> <td>ínti</td> <td colspan="3">- ́ki</td> <td>-ik</td> <td colspan="2">-ki</td> <td>-ik</td> <td colspan="2">-iki</td> <td>- ́lik</td> <td>-lkí</td> <td>-lik</td> <td>-likí</td> <td>-ílik</td> <td>-ilkí </td></tr> <tr> <td>"he/him/his"</td> <td>huwwa</td> <td>- ́</td> <td colspan="2">-hu</td> <td colspan="2">-u</td> <td>-hu</td> <td colspan="2">-u</td> <td>-uhu</td> <td colspan="4">- ́lu</td> <td colspan="2">-ílu </td></tr> <tr> <td>"she/her"</td> <td>hiyya</td> <td colspan="6">- ́ha</td> <td colspan="3">-áha</td> <td colspan="2">- ́lha</td> <td colspan="2">-láha</td> <td colspan="2">-ílha </td></tr> <tr> <td>"we/us/our"</td> <td>íḥna</td> <td colspan="6">- ́na</td> <td colspan="3">-ína</td> <td colspan="2">- ́lna</td> <td colspan="2">-lína</td> <td colspan="2">-ílna </td></tr> <tr> <td>"you(r) (pl.)"</td> <td>íntu</td> <td colspan="6">- ́ku(m)</td> <td colspan="3">-úku(m)</td> <td colspan="2">- ́lku(m)</td> <td colspan="2">-lúku(m)</td> <td colspan="2">-ílku(m) </td></tr> <tr> <td>"they/them/their"</td> <td>humma</td> <td colspan="6">- ́hum</td> <td colspan="3">-úhum</td> <td colspan="2">- ́lhum</td> <td colspan="2">-lúhum</td> <td colspan="2">-ílhum </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="float: left;"> <caption>Examples of possessive constructs </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Base Word</th> <th>béet "house"</th> <th>biyúut "houses"</th> <th>bánk "bank"</th> <th>sikkíina "knife"</th> <th>máṛa "wife"</th> <th>ʔább "father"</th> <th>ʔidéen "hands" </th></tr> <tr> <th>Construct Base</th> <th>béet-</th> <th>biyúut-</th> <th>bánk-</th> <th>sikkíin(i)t-</th> <th>miṛáat-</th> <th>ʔabúu-</th> <th>ʔidée- </th></tr> <tr> <td>"my ..."</td> <td>béet-i</td> <td>biyúut-i</td> <td>bánk-i</td> <td>sikkínt-i</td> <td>miṛáat-i</td> <td>ʔabúu-ya</td> <td>ʔidáy-ya </td></tr> <tr> <td>"your (masc.) ..."</td> <td>béet-ak</td> <td>biyúut-ak</td> <td>bánk-ak</td> <td>sikkínt-ak</td> <td>miṛáat-ak</td> <td>ʔabúu-k</td> <td>ʔidée-k </td></tr> <tr> <td>"your (fem.) ..."</td> <td>béet-ik</td> <td>biyúut-ik</td> <td>bánk-ik</td> <td>sikkínt-ik</td> <td>miṛáat-ik</td> <td>ʔabúu-ki</td> <td>ʔidée-ki </td></tr> <tr> <td>"his ..."</td> <td>béet-u</td> <td>biyúut-u</td> <td>bánk-u</td> <td>sikkínt-u</td> <td>miṛáat-u</td> <td>ʔabúu-(h)</td> <td>ʔidée-(h) </td></tr> <tr> <td>"her ..."</td> <td>bét-ha</td> <td>biyút-ha</td> <td>bank-áha</td> <td>sikkinít-ha</td> <td>miṛát-ha</td> <td>ʔabúu-ha</td> <td>ʔidée-ha </td></tr> <tr> <td>"our ..."</td> <td>bét-na</td> <td>biyút-na</td> <td>bank-ína</td> <td>sikkinít-na</td> <td>miṛát-na</td> <td>ʔabúu-na</td> <td>ʔidée-na </td></tr> <tr> <td>"your (pl.) ..."</td> <td>bét-ku(m)</td> <td>biyút-ku(m)</td> <td>bank-úku(m)</td> <td>sikkinít-ku(m)</td> <td>miṛát-ku(m)</td> <td>ʔabúu-ku(m)</td> <td>ʔidée-ku(m) </td></tr> <tr> <td>"their ..."</td> <td>bét-hum</td> <td>biyút-hum</td> <td>bank-úhum</td> <td>sikkinít-hum</td> <td>miṛát-hum</td> <td>ʔabúu-hum</td> <td>ʔidée-hum </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="float: left;"> <caption>Suffixed prepositions </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Base Word</th> <th>fi "in"</th> <th>bi "by, in, with"</th> <th>li "to"</th> <th>wayya "with"</th> <th>ʕala "on"</th> <th>ʕand "in the possession of, to have"</th> <th>min "from" </th></tr> <tr> <td>"... me"</td> <td>fíy-ya</td> <td>bíy-ya</td> <td>líy-ya</td> <td>wayyáa-ya</td> <td>ʕaláy-ya</td> <td>ʕánd-i</td> <td>mínn-i </td></tr> <tr> <td>"... you (masc.)"</td> <td>fíi-k</td> <td>bíi-k</td> <td>líi-k, l-ak</td> <td>wayyáa-k</td> <td>ʕalée-k</td> <td>ʕánd-ak</td> <td>mínn-ak </td></tr> <tr> <td>"... you (fem.)"</td> <td>fíi-ki</td> <td>bíi-ki</td> <td>líi-ki, li-ki</td> <td>wayyáa-ki</td> <td>ʕalée-ki</td> <td>ʕánd-ik</td> <td>mínn-ik </td></tr> <tr> <td>"... him"</td> <td>fíi-(h)</td> <td>bíi-(h)</td> <td>líi-(h), l-u(h)</td> <td>wayyáa-(h)</td> <td>ʕalée-(h)</td> <td>ʕánd-u</td> <td>mínn-u </td></tr> <tr> <td>"... her"</td> <td>fíi-ha</td> <td>bíi-ha</td> <td>líi-ha, la-ha</td> <td>wayyáa-ha</td> <td>ʕalée-ha</td> <td>ʕand-áha</td> <td>minn-áha, mín-ha </td></tr> <tr> <td>"... us"</td> <td>fíi-na</td> <td>bíi-na</td> <td>líi-na, li-na</td> <td>wayyáa-na</td> <td>ʕalée-na</td> <td>ʕand-ína</td> <td>minn-ína </td></tr> <tr> <td>"... you (pl.)"</td> <td>fíi-ku(m)</td> <td>bíi-ku(m)</td> <td>líi-ku(m), li-ku(m)</td> <td>wayyáa-ku(m)</td> <td>ʕalée-ku(m)</td> <td>ʕand-úku(m)</td> <td>minn-úku(m), mín-ku(m) </td></tr> <tr> <td>"... them"</td> <td>fíi-hum</td> <td>bíi-hum</td> <td>líi-hum, li-hum</td> <td>wayyáa-hum</td> <td>ʕalée-hum</td> <td>ʕand-úhum</td> <td>minn-úhum, mín-hum </td></tr></tbody></table> Egyptian Arabic object pronouns are <a href="/wiki/Clitic" title="Clitic">clitics</a>, in that they attach to the end of a noun, verb, or preposition, with the result forming a single phonological word rather than separate words. Clitics can be attached to the following types of words: <ul><li>A clitic pronoun attached to a noun indicates possession: béet "house", béet-i "my house"; sikkíina "knife", sikkínt-i "my knife"; ʔább "father", ʔabúu-ya "my father". The form of a pronoun may vary depending on the phonological form of the word being attached to (ending with a vowel or with one or two consonants), and the noun being attached to may also have a separate "construct" form before possessive clitic suffixes.</li> <li>A clitic pronoun attached to a preposition indicates the object of the preposition: minno "from it (masculine object)", ʕaleyha "on it (feminine object)"</li> <li>A clitic pronoun attached to a verb indicates the object of the verb: ʃúft "I saw", ʃúft-u "I saw him", ʃuft-áha "I saw her".</li></ul> With verbs, indirect object clitic pronouns can be formed using the preposition li- plus a clitic. Both direct and indirect object clitic pronouns can be attached to a single verb: agíib "I bring", agíb-hu "I bring it", agib-húu-lik "I bring it to you", m-agib-hu-lkíi-ʃ "I do not bring it to you". <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verbs">Verbs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Egyptian_Arabic&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Verbs">edit</a>]</div> Verbs in Arabic are based on a stem made up of three or four consonants. The set of consonants communicates the basic meaning of a verb. Changes to the vowels in between the consonants, along with prefixes and/or suffixes, specify grammatical functions such as tense, person, and number, in addition to changes in the meaning of the verb that embody grammatical concepts such as <a href="/wiki/Causative" title="Causative">causative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Intensive">intensive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Passive_voice" title="Passive voice">passive</a> or <a href="/wiki/Reflexive_verb" title="Reflexive verb">reflexive</a>. Each particular <a href="/wiki/Lexical_verb" title="Lexical verb">lexical verb</a> is specified by two stems, one used for the past tense and one used for non-past tenses along with <a href="/wiki/Subjunctive_mood" title="Subjunctive mood">subjunctive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Imperative_mood" title="Imperative mood">imperative</a> moods. To the former stem, suffixes are added to mark the verb for person, number, and gender, while to the latter stem, a combination of prefixes and suffixes are added. (Very approximately, the prefixes specify the person and the suffixes indicate number and gender.) Since Arabic lacks an <a href="/wiki/Infinitive" title="Infinitive">infinitive</a>, the third person masculine singular past tense form serves as the "dictionary form" used to identify a verb. For example, the verb meaning "write" is often specified as kátab, which actually means "he wrote". In the paradigms below, a verb will be specified as kátab/yíktib (where kátab means "he wrote" and yíktib means "he writes"), indicating the past stem (katab-) and non-past stem (-ktib-, obtained by removing the prefix yi-). The verb classes in Arabic are formed along two axes. One axis (described as "form I", "form II", etc.) is used to specify grammatical concepts such as <a href="/wiki/Causative" title="Causative">causative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Intensive">intensive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Passive_voice" title="Passive voice">passive</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Reflexive_verb" title="Reflexive verb">reflexive</a>, and involves varying the stem form. For example, from the root K-T-B "write" is derived form I kátab/yíktib "write", form II káttib/yikáttib "cause to write", form III ká:tib/yiká:tib "correspond", etc. The other axis is determined by the particular consonants making up the root. For example, defective verbs have a W or Y as the last root consonant, which is often reflected in paradigms with an extra final vowel in the stem (e.g. ráma/yírmi "throw" from R-M-Y); meanwhile, hollow verbs have a W or Y as the middle root consonant, and the stems of such verbs appear to have only two consonants (e.g. gá:b/yigí:b "bring" from G-Y-B). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Strong_verbs">Strong verbs</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Egyptian_Arabic&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Strong verbs">edit</a>]</div> Strong verbs are those that have no "weakness" (e.g. W or Y) in the root consonants. Each verb has a given vowel pattern for Past (a or i) and Present (a or i or u). Combinations of each exist. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Regular_verbs,_form_I">Regular verbs, form I</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Egyptian_Arabic&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Regular verbs, form I">edit</a>]</div> Form I verbs have a given vowel pattern for past (a or i) and present (a, i or u). Combinations of each exist: <table class="wikitable centered" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Vowel patterns </th> <th rowspan="2">Example </th></tr> <tr> <th>Past </th> <th>Present </th></tr> <tr> <td>a </td> <td>a </td> <td>ḍárab – yíḍrab to beat </td></tr> <tr> <td>a </td> <td>i </td> <td>kátab – yíktib to write </td></tr> <tr> <td>a </td> <td>u </td> <td>ṭálab – yíṭlub~yúṭlub to order, to demand </td></tr> <tr> <td>i </td> <td>a </td> <td>fíhim – yífham to understand </td></tr> <tr> <td>i </td> <td>i </td> <td>misik – yímsik to hold, to touch </td></tr> <tr> <td>i </td> <td>u </td> <td>sikit – yískut~yúskut to be silent, to shut up </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Regular_verb,_form_I,_fáʕal/yífʕil">Regular verb, form I, fáʕal/yífʕil</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Egyptian_Arabic&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Regular verb, form I, fáʕal/yífʕil">edit</a>]</div> Example: kátab/yíktib "write" <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Tense/Mood </th> <th colspan="2">Past </th> <th colspan="2">Present Subjunctive </th> <th colspan="2">Present Indicative </th> <th colspan="2">Future </th> <th colspan="2">Imperative </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Person </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">1st </th> <td>katáb-t </td> <td>katáb-na </td> <td>á-ktib </td> <td>ní-ktib </td> <td>bá-ktib </td> <td>bi-ní-ktib </td> <td>ḥá-ktib </td> <td>ḥá-ní-ktib </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:silver"> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">2nd </th> <th>masculine </th> <td>katáb-t </td> <td rowspan="2">katáb-tu </td> <td>tí-ktib </td> <td rowspan="2">ti-ktíb-u </td> <td>bi-tí-ktib </td> <td rowspan="2">bi-ti-ktíb-u </td> <td>ḥa-tí-ktib </td> <td rowspan="2">ḥa-ti-ktíb-u </td> <td>í-ktib </td> <td rowspan="2">i-ktíb-u </td></tr> <tr> <th>feminine </th> <td>katáb-ti </td> <td>ti-ktíb-i </td> <td>bi-ti-ktíb-i </td> <td>ḥa-ti-ktíb-i </td> <td>i-ktíb-i </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">3rd </th> <th>masculine </th> <td>kátab </td> <td rowspan="2">kátab-u </td> <td>yí-ktib </td> <td rowspan="2">yi-ktíb-u </td> <td>bi-yí-ktib </td> <td rowspan="2">bi-yi-ktíb-u </td> <td>ḥa-yí-ktib </td> <td rowspan="2">ḥa-yi-ktíb-u </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="background:silver"> </td></tr> <tr> <th>feminine </th> <td>kátab-it </td> <td>tí-ktib </td> <td>bi-tí-ktib </td> <td>ḥa-tí-ktib </td></tr> </tbody></table> Note that, in general, the present indicative is formed from the subjunctive by the addition of bi- (bi-a- is elided to ba-). Similarly, the future is formed from the subjunctive by the addition of ḥa- (ḥa-a- is elided to ḥa-). The i in bi- or in the following prefix will be deleted according to the regular rules of vowel syncope: <ul><li>híyya b-tíktib "she writes" (híyya + bi- + tíktib)</li> <li>híyya bi-t-ʃú:f "she sees" (híyya + bi- + tiʃú:f)</li> <li>an-áktib "I write (subjunctive)" (ána + áktib)</li></ul> Example: kátab/yíktib "write": non-finite forms <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Number/Gender </th> <th>Active Participle </th> <th>Passive Participle </th> <th>Verbal Noun </th></tr> <tr> <th>Masc. Sg. </th> <td>ká:tib </td> <td>maktú:b </td> <td rowspan="3">kitá:ba </td></tr> <tr> <th>Fem. Sg. </th> <td>kátb-a </td> <td>maktú:b-a </td></tr> <tr> <th>Pl. </th> <td>katb-í:n </td> <td>maktub-í:n </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Regular_verb,_form_I,_fíʕil/yífʕal">Regular verb, form I, fíʕil/yífʕal</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Egyptian_Arabic&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Regular verb, form I, fíʕil/yífʕal">edit</a>]</div> Example: fíhim/yífham "understand" <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Tense/Mood </th> <th colspan="2">Past </th> <th colspan="2">Present Subjunctive </th> <th colspan="2">Present Indicative </th> <th colspan="2">Future </th> <th colspan="2">Imperative </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Person </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">1st </th> <td>fihím-t </td> <td>fihím-na </td> <td>á-fham </td> <td>ní-fham </td> <td>bá-fham </td> <td>bi-ní-fham </td> <td>ḥá-fham </td> <td>ḥá-ní-fham </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:silver"> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">2nd </th> <th>masculine </th> <td>fihím-t </td> <td rowspan="2">fihím-tu </td> <td>tí-fham </td> <td rowspan="2">ti-fhám-u </td> <td>bi-tí-fham </td> <td rowspan="2">bi-ti-fhám-u </td> <td>ḥa-tí-fham </td> <td rowspan="2">ḥa-ti-fhám-u </td> <td>í-fham </td> <td rowspan="2">i-fhám-u </td></tr> <tr> <th>feminine </th> <td>fihím-ti </td> <td>ti-fhám-i </td> <td>bi-ti-fhám-i </td> <td>ḥa-ti-fhám-i </td> <td>i-fhám-i </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">3rd </th> <th>masculine </th> <td>fíhim </td> <td rowspan="2">fíhm-u </td> <td>yí-fham </td> <td rowspan="2">yi-fhám-u </td> <td>bi-yí-fham </td> <td rowspan="2">bi-yi-fhám-u </td> <td>ḥa-yí-fham </td> <td rowspan="2">ḥa-yi-fhám-u </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="background:silver"> </td></tr> <tr> <th>feminine </th> <td>fíhm-it </td> <td>tí-fham </td> <td>bi-tí-fham </td> <td>ḥa-tí-fham </td></tr> </tbody></table> Boldfaced forms fíhm-it and fíhm-u differ from the corresponding forms of katab (kátab-it and kátab-u due to vowel syncope). Note also the syncope in ána fhím-t "I understood". <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Regular_verb,_form_II,_fáʕʕil/yifáʕʕil">Regular verb, form II, fáʕʕil/yifáʕʕil</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Egyptian_Arabic&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Regular verb, form II, fáʕʕil/yifáʕʕil">edit</a>]</div> Example: dárris/yidárris "teach" <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Tense/Mood </th> <th colspan="2">Past </th> <th colspan="2">Present Subjunctive </th> <th colspan="2">Present Indicative </th> <th colspan="2">Future </th> <th colspan="2">Imperative </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Person </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">1st </th> <td>darrís-t </td> <td>darrís-na </td> <td>a-dárris </td> <td>ni-dárris </td> <td>ba-dárris </td> <td>bi-n-dárris </td> <td>ḥa-dárris </td> <td>ḥa-n-dárris </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:silver"> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">2nd </th> <th>masculine </th> <td>darrís-t </td> <td rowspan="2">darrís-tu </td> <td>ti-dárris </td> <td rowspan="2">ti-darrís-u </td> <td>bi-t-dárris </td> <td rowspan="2">bi-t-darrís-u </td> <td>ḥa-t-dárris </td> <td rowspan="2">ḥa-t-darrís-u </td> <td>dárris </td> <td rowspan="2">darrís-u </td></tr> <tr> <th>feminine </th> <td>darrís-ti </td> <td>ti-darrís-i </td> <td>bi-t-darrís-i </td> <td>ḥa-t-darrís-i </td> <td>darrís-i </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">3rd </th> <th>masculine </th> <td>dárris </td> <td rowspan="2">darrís-u </td> <td>yi-dárris </td> <td rowspan="2">yi-darrís-u </td> <td>bi-y-dárris </td> <td rowspan="2">bi-y-darrís-u </td> <td>ḥa-y-dárris </td> <td rowspan="2">ḥa-y-darrís-u </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="background:silver"> </td></tr> <tr> <th>feminine </th> <td>darrís-it </td> <td>ti-dárris </td> <td>bi-t-dárris </td> <td>ḥa-t-dárris </td></tr> </tbody></table> Boldfaced forms indicate the primary differences from the corresponding forms of katab: <ul><li>The prefixes ti-, yi-, ni- have elision of i following bi- or ḥa- (all verbs whose stem begins with a single consonant behave this way).</li> <li>The imperative prefix i- is missing (again, all verbs whose stem begins with a single consonant behave this way).</li> <li>Due to the regular operation of the stress rules, the stress in the past tense forms darrís-it and darrís-u differs from kátab-it and kátab-u.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Regular_verb,_form_III,_fá:ʕil/yifá:ʕil">Regular verb, form III, fá:ʕil/yifá:ʕil</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Egyptian_Arabic&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Regular verb, form III, fá:ʕil/yifá:ʕil">edit</a>]</div> Example: sá:fir/yisá:fir "travel" <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Tense/Mood </th> <th colspan="2">Past </th> <th colspan="2">Present Subjunctive </th> <th colspan="2">Present Indicative </th> <th colspan="2">Future </th> <th colspan="2">Imperative </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Person </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">1st </th> <td>safír-t </td> <td>safír-na </td> <td>a-sá:fir </td> <td>ni-sá:fir </td> <td>ba-sá:fir </td> <td>bi-n-sá:fir </td> <td>ḥa-sá:fir </td> <td>ḥa-n-sá:fir </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:silver"> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">2nd </th> <th>masculine </th> <td>safír-t </td> <td rowspan="2">safír-tu </td> <td>ti-sá:fir </td> <td rowspan="2">ti-sáfr-u </td> <td>bi-t-sá:fir </td> <td rowspan="2">bi-t-sáfr-u </td> <td>ḥa-t-sá:fir </td> <td rowspan="2">ḥa-t-sáfr-u </td> <td>sá:fir </td> <td rowspan="2">sáfr-u </td></tr> <tr> <th>feminine </th> <td>safír-ti </td> <td>ti-sáfr-i </td> <td>bi-t-sáfr-i </td> <td>ḥa-t-sáfr-i </td> <td>sáfr-i </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">3rd </th> <th>masculine </th> <td>sá:fir </td> <td rowspan="2">sáfr-u </td> <td>yi-sá:fir </td> <td rowspan="2">yi-sáfr-u </td> <td>bi-y-sá:fir </td> <td rowspan="2">bi-y-sáfr-u </td> <td>ḥa-y-sá:fir </td> <td rowspan="2">ḥa-y-sáfr-u </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="background:silver"> </td></tr> <tr> <th>feminine </th> <td>sáfr-it </td> <td>ti-sá:fir </td> <td>bi-t-sá:fir </td> <td>ḥa-t-sá:fir </td></tr> </tbody></table> The primary differences from the corresponding forms of darris (shown in boldface) are: <ul><li>The long vowel a: becomes a when unstressed.</li> <li>The i in the stem sa:fir is elided when a suffix beginning with a vowel follows.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Defective_verbs">Defective verbs</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Egyptian_Arabic&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Defective verbs">edit</a>]</div> Defective verbs have a W or Y as the last root consonant. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Defective_verb,_form_I,_fáʕa/yífʕi">Defective verb, form I, fáʕa/yífʕi</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Egyptian_Arabic&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Defective verb, form I, fáʕa/yífʕi">edit</a>]</div> Example: ráma/yírmi "throw away" (i.e. trash, etc.) <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Tense/Mood </th> <th colspan="2">Past </th> <th colspan="2">Present Subjunctive </th> <th colspan="2">Present Indicative </th> <th colspan="2">Future </th> <th colspan="2">Imperative </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Person </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">1st </th> <td>ramé:-t </td> <td>ramé:-na </td> <td>á-rmi </td> <td>ní-rmi </td> <td>bá-rmi </td> <td>bi-ní-rmi </td> <td>ḥá-rmi </td> <td>ḥa-ní-rmi </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:silver"> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">2nd </th> <th>masculine </th> <td>ramé:-t </td> <td rowspan="2">ramé:-tu </td> <td>tí-rmi </td> <td rowspan="2">tí-rm-u </td> <td>bi-tí-rmi </td> <td rowspan="2">bi-tí-rm-u </td> <td>ḥa-tí-rmi </td> <td rowspan="2">ḥa-tí-rm-u </td> <td>í-rmi </td> <td rowspan="2">í-rm-u </td></tr> <tr> <th>feminine </th> <td>ramé:-ti </td> <td>tí-rm-i </td> <td>bi-tí-rm-i </td> <td>ḥa-tí-rm-i </td> <td>í-rm-i </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">3rd </th> <th>masculine </th> <td>ráma </td> <td rowspan="2">rám-u </td> <td>yí-rmi </td> <td rowspan="2">yí-rm-u </td> <td>bi-yí-rmi </td> <td rowspan="2">bi-yí-rm-u </td> <td>ḥa-yí-rmi </td> <td rowspan="2">ḥa-yí-rm-u </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="background:silver"> </td></tr> <tr> <th>feminine </th> <td>rám-it </td> <td>tí-rmi </td> <td>bi-tí-rmi </td> <td>ḥa-tí-rmi </td></tr> </tbody></table> The primary differences from the corresponding forms of katab (shown in boldface) are: <ul><li>In the past, there are three stems: ráma with no suffix, ramé:- with a consonant-initial suffix, rám- with a vowel initial suffix.</li> <li>In the non-past, the stem rmi becomes rm- before a (vowel initial) suffix, and the stress remains on the prefix, since the stem vowel has been elided.</li> <li>Note also the accidental homonymy between masculine tí-rmi, í-rmi and feminine tí-rm-i, í-rm-i.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Defective_verb,_form_I,_fíʕi/yífʕa">Defective verb, form I, fíʕi/yífʕa</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Egyptian_Arabic&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Defective verb, form I, fíʕi/yífʕa">edit</a>]</div> Example: nísi/yínsa "forget" <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Tense/Mood </th> <th colspan="2">Past </th> <th colspan="2">Present Subjunctive </th> <th colspan="2">Present Indicative </th> <th colspan="2">Future </th> <th colspan="2">Imperative </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Person </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">1st </th> <td>nisí:-t </td> <td>nisí:-na </td> <td>á-nsa </td> <td>ní-nsa </td> <td>bá-nsa </td> <td>bi-ní-nsa </td> <td>ḥá-nsa </td> <td>ḥa-ní-nsa </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:silver"> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">2nd </th> <th>masculine </th> <td>nisí:-t </td> <td rowspan="2">nisí:-tu </td> <td>tí-nsa </td> <td rowspan="2">tí-ns-u </td> <td>bi-tí-nsa </td> <td rowspan="2">bi-tí-ns-u </td> <td>ḥa-tí-nsa </td> <td rowspan="2">ḥa-tí-ns-u </td> <td>í-nsa </td> <td rowspan="2">í-ns-u </td></tr> <tr> <th>feminine </th> <td>nisí:-ti </td> <td>tí-ns-i </td> <td>bi-tí-ns-i </td> <td>ḥa-tí-ns-i </td> <td>í-ns-i </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">3rd </th> <th>masculine </th> <td>nísi </td> <td rowspan="2">nísy-u </td> <td>yí-nsa </td> <td rowspan="2">yí-ns-u </td> <td>bi-yí-nsa </td> <td rowspan="2">bi-yí-ns-u </td> <td>ḥa-yí-nsa </td> <td rowspan="2">ḥa-yí-ns-u </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="background:silver"> </td></tr> <tr> <th>feminine </th> <td>nísy-it </td> <td>tí-nsa </td> <td>bi-tí-nsa </td> <td>ḥa-tí-nsa </td></tr> </tbody></table> This verb type is quite similar to the defective verb type ráma/yírmi. The primary differences are: <ul><li>The occurrence of i and a in the stems are reversed: i in the past, a in the non-past.</li> <li>In the past, instead of the stems ramé:- and rám-, the verb has nisí:- (with a consonant-initial suffix) and nísy- (with a vowel initial suffix). Note in particular the |y| in nísyit and nísyu as opposed to rámit and rámu.</li> <li>Elision of i in nisí:- can occur, e.g. ána nsí:t "I forgot".</li> <li>In the non-past, because the stem has a instead of i, there is no homonymy between masculine tí-nsa, í-nsa and feminine tí-ns-i, í-ns-i.</li></ul> Some other verbs have different stem variations, e.g. míʃi/yímʃi "walk" (with i in both stems) and báʔa/yíbʔa "become, remain" (with a in both stems). The verb láʔa/yilá:ʔi "find" is unusual in having a mixture of a form I past and form III present (note also the variations líʔi/yílʔa and láʔa/yílʔa). Verbs other than form I have consistent stem vowels. All such verbs have a in the past (hence form stems with -é:-, not -í:-). Forms V, VI, X and IIq have a in the present (indicated by boldface below); others have i; forms VII, VIIt, and VIII have i in both vowels of the stem (indicated by italics below); form IX verbs, including "defective" verbs, behave as regular doubled verbs: <ul><li>Form II: wádda/yiwáddi "take away"; ʔáwwa/yiʔáwwi "strengthen"</li> <li>Form III: ná:da/yiná:di "call"; dá:wa/yidá:wi "treat, cure"</li> <li>Form IV (rare, classicized): ʔárḍa/yírḍi "please, satisfy"</li> <li>Form V: itʔáwwa/yitʔáwwa "become strong"</li> <li>Form VI: itdá:wa/yitdá:wa "be treated, be cured"</li> <li>Form VII (rare in the Cairene dialect): inḥáka/yinḥíki "be told"</li> <li>Form VIIt: itnása/yitnísi "be forgotten"</li> <li>Form VIII: iʃtára/yiʃtíri "buy"</li> <li>Form IX (very rare): iḥláww/yiḥláww "be/become sweet"</li> <li>Form X: istákfa/yistákfa "have enough"</li> <li>Form Iq: need example</li> <li>Form IIq: need example</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hollow_verbs">Hollow verbs</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Egyptian_Arabic&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Hollow verbs">edit</a>]</div> Hollow have a W or Y as the middle root consonant. For some forms (e.g. form II and form III), hollow verbs are conjugated as strong verbs (e.g. form II ʕáyyin/yiʕáyyin "appoint" from ʕ-Y-N, form III gá:wib/yigá:wib "answer" from G-W-B). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Hollow_verb,_form_I,_fá:l/yifí:l">Hollow verb, form I, fá:l/yifí:l</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Egyptian_Arabic&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Hollow verb, form I, fá:l/yifí:l">edit</a>]</div> Example: gá:b/yigí:b "bring" <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Tense/mood </th> <th colspan="2">Past </th> <th colspan="2">Present subjunctive </th> <th colspan="2">Present indicative </th> <th colspan="2">Future </th> <th colspan="2">Imperative </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Person </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">1st </th> <td>gíb-t </td> <td>gíb-na </td> <td>a-gí:b </td> <td>ni-gí:b </td> <td>ba-gí:b </td> <td>bi-n-gí:b </td> <td>ḥa-gí:b </td> <td>ḥa-n-gí:b </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:silver"> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">2nd </th> <th>masculine </th> <td>gíb-t </td> <td rowspan="2">gíb-tu </td> <td>ti-gí:b </td> <td rowspan="2">ti-gí:b-u </td> <td>bi-t-gí:b </td> <td rowspan="2">bi-t-gí:b-u </td> <td>ḥa-t-gí:b </td> <td rowspan="2">ḥa-t-gí:b-u </td> <td>gí:b </td> <td rowspan="2">gí:b-u </td></tr> <tr> <th>feminine </th> <td>gíb-ti </td> <td>ti-gí:b-i </td> <td>bi-t-gí:b-i </td> <td>ḥa-t-gí:b-i </td> <td>gí:b-i </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">3rd </th> <th>masculine </th> <td>gá:b </td> <td rowspan="2">gá:b-u </td> <td>yi-gí:b </td> <td rowspan="2">yi-gí:b-u </td> <td>bi-y-gí:b </td> <td rowspan="2">bi-y-gí:b-u </td> <td>ḥa-y-gí:b </td> <td rowspan="2">ḥa-y-gí:b-u </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="background:silver"> </td></tr> <tr> <th>feminine </th> <td>gá:b-it </td> <td>ti-gí:b </td> <td>bi-t-gí:b </td> <td>ḥa-t-gí:b </td></tr> </tbody></table> This verb works much like dárris/yidárris "teach". Like all verbs whose stem begins with a single consonant, the prefixes differ in the following way from those of regular and defective form I verbs: <ul><li>The prefixes ti-, yi-, ni- have elision of i following bi- or ḥa-.</li> <li>The imperative prefix i- is missing.</li></ul> In addition, the past tense has two stems: gíb- before consonant-initial suffixes (first and second person) and gá:b- elsewhere (third person). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Hollow_verb,_form_I,_fá:l/yifú:l">Hollow verb, form I, fá:l/yifú:l</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Egyptian_Arabic&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Hollow verb, form I, fá:l/yifú:l">edit</a>]</div> Example: ʃá:f/yiʃú:f "see" <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Tense/Mood </th> <th colspan="2">Past </th> <th colspan="2">Present Subjunctive </th> <th colspan="2">Present Indicative </th> <th colspan="2">Future </th> <th colspan="2">Imperative </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Person </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">1st </th> <td>ʃúf-t </td> <td>ʃúf-na </td> <td>a-ʃú:f </td> <td>ni-ʃú:f </td> <td>ba-ʃú:f </td> <td>bi-n-ʃú:f </td> <td>ḥa-ʃú:f </td> <td>ḥa-n-ʃú:f </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:silver"> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">2nd </th> <th>masculine </th> <td>ʃúf-t </td> <td rowspan="2">ʃúf-tu </td> <td>ti-ʃú:f </td> <td rowspan="2">ti-ʃú:f-u </td> <td>bi-t-ʃú:f </td> <td rowspan="2">bi-t-ʃú:f-u </td> <td>ḥa-t-ʃú:f </td> <td rowspan="2">ḥa-t-ʃú:f-u </td> <td>ʃú:f </td> <td rowspan="2">ʃú:f-u </td></tr> <tr> <th>feminine </th> <td>ʃúf-ti </td> <td>ti-ʃú:f-i </td> <td>bi-t-ʃú:f-i </td> <td>ḥa-t-ʃú:f-i </td> <td>ʃú:f-i </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">3rd </th> <th>masculine </th> <td>ʃá:f </td> <td rowspan="2">ʃá:f-u </td> <td>yi-ʃú:f </td> <td rowspan="2">yi-ʃú:f-u </td> <td>bi-y-ʃú:f </td> <td rowspan="2">bi-y-ʃú:f-u </td> <td>ḥa-y-ʃú:f </td> <td rowspan="2">ḥa-y-ʃú:f-u </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="background:silver"> </td></tr> <tr> <th>feminine </th> <td>ʃá:f-it </td> <td>ti-ʃú:f </td> <td>bi-t-ʃú:f </td> <td>ḥa-t-ʃú:f </td></tr> </tbody></table> This verb class is identical to verbs such as gá:b/yigí:b except in having stem vowel u in place of i. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Doubled_verbs">Doubled verbs</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Egyptian_Arabic&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Doubled verbs">edit</a>]</div> Doubled verbs have the same consonant as middle and last root consonant, e.g. ḥább/yiḥíbb "love" from Ḥ-B-B. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Doubled_verb,_form_I,_fáʕʕ/yifíʕʕ">Doubled verb, form I, fáʕʕ/yifíʕʕ</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Egyptian_Arabic&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Doubled verb, form I, fáʕʕ/yifíʕʕ">edit</a>]</div> Example: ḥább/yiḥíbb "love" <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Tense/Mood </th> <th colspan="2">Past </th> <th colspan="2">Present Subjunctive </th> <th colspan="2">Present Indicative </th> <th colspan="2">Future </th> <th colspan="2">Imperative </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Person </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">1st </th> <td>ḥabbé:-t </td> <td>ḥabbé:-na </td> <td>a-ḥíbb </td> <td>ni-ḥíbb </td> <td>ba-ḥíbb </td> <td>bi-n-ḥíbb </td> <td>ḥa-ḥíbb </td> <td>ḥa-n-ḥíbb </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:silver"> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">2nd </th> <th>masculine </th> <td>ḥabbé:-t </td> <td rowspan="2">ḥabbé:-tu </td> <td>ti-ḥíbb </td> <td rowspan="2">ti-ḥíbb-u </td> <td>bi-t-ḥíbb </td> <td rowspan="2">bi-t-ḥíbb-u </td> <td>ḥa-t-ḥíbb </td> <td rowspan="2">ḥa-t-ḥíbb-u </td> <td>ḥíbb </td> <td rowspan="2">ḥíbb-u </td></tr> <tr> <th>feminine </th> <td>ḥabbé:-ti </td> <td>ti-ḥíbb-i </td> <td>bi-t-ḥíbb-i </td> <td>ḥa-t-ḥíbb-i </td> <td>ḥíbb-i </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">3rd </th> <th>masculine </th> <td>ḥább </td> <td rowspan="2">ḥább-u </td> <td>yi-ḥíbb </td> <td rowspan="2">yi-ḥíbb-u </td> <td>bi-y-ḥíbb </td> <td rowspan="2">bi-y-ḥíbb-u </td> <td>ḥa-y-ḥíbb </td> <td rowspan="2">ḥa-y-ḥíbb-u </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="background:silver"> </td></tr> <tr> <th>feminine </th> <td>ḥább-it </td> <td>ti-ḥíbb </td> <td>bi-t-ḥíbb </td> <td>ḥa-t-ḥíbb </td></tr> </tbody></table> This verb works much like gá:b/yigí:b "bring". Like that class, it has two stems in the past, which are ḥabbé:- before consonant-initial suffixes (first and second person) and ḥább- elsewhere (third person). é:- was borrowed from the defective verbs; the Classical Arabic equivalent form would be *ḥabáb-, e.g. *ḥabáb-t. Other verbs have u or a in the present stem: baṣṣ/yibúṣṣ "to look", ṣaḥḥ/yiṣáḥḥ "be right, be proper". As for the other forms: <ul><li>Form II, V doubled verbs are strong: ḥáddid/yiḥáddid "limit, fix (appointment)"</li> <li>Form III, IV, VI, VIII doubled verbs seem non-existent</li> <li>Form VII and VIIt doubled verbs (same stem vowel a in both stems): inbáll/yinbáll "be wetted", itʕádd/yitʕádd</li> <li>Form VIII doubled verbs (same stem vowel a in both stems): ihtámm/yihtámm "be interested (in)"</li> <li>Form IX verbs (automatically behave as "doubled" verbs, same stem vowel a in both stems): iḥmárr/yiḥmárr "be red, blush", iḥláww/yiḥláww "be sweet"</li> <li>Form X verbs (stem vowel either a or i in non-past): istaḥáʔʔ/yistaḥáʔʔ "deserve" vs. istaʕádd/yistaʕídd "be ready", istamárr/yistamírr "continue".</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Assimilated_verbs">Assimilated verbs</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Egyptian_Arabic&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Assimilated verbs">edit</a>]</div> Assimilated verbs have W or Y as the first root consonant. Most of these verbs have been regularized in Egyptian Arabic, e.g. wázan/yíwzin "to weigh" or wíṣíl/yíwṣal "to arrive". Only a couple of irregular verbs remain, e.g. wíʔif/yúʔaf "stop" and wíʔiʕ/yúʔaʕ "fall" (see below). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Doubly_weak_verbs">Doubly weak verbs</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Egyptian_Arabic&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Doubly weak verbs">edit</a>]</div> "Doubly weak" verbs have more than one "weakness", typically a W or Y as both the second and third consonants. This term is in fact a misnomer, as such verbs actually behave as normal defective verbs (e.g. káwa/yíkwi "iron (clothes)" from K-W-Y, ʔáwwa/yiʔáwwi "strengthen" from ʔ-W-Y, dá:wa/yidá:wi "treat, cure" from D-W-Y). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Irregular_verbs">Irregular verbs</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Egyptian_Arabic&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Irregular verbs">edit</a>]</div> The irregular verbs are as follows: <ul><li>ídda/yíddi "give" (endings like a normal defective verb)</li> <li>wíʔif/yúʔaf "stop" and wíʔiʕ/yúʔaʕ "fall" (áʔaf, báʔaf, ḥáʔaf "I (will) stop"; úʔaf "stop!")</li> <li>kal/yá:kul "eat" and xad/yá:xud "take" (kalt, kal, kálit, kálu "I/he/she/they ate", also regular ákal, etc. "he/etc. ate"; á:kul, bá:kul, ḥá:kul "I (will) eat", yáklu "they eat"; kúl, kúli, kúlu "eat!"; wá:kil "eating"; mittá:kil "eaten")</li> <li>gé/yí:gi "come". This verb is extremely irregular (with particularly unusual forms in boldface):</li></ul> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Tense/Mood </th> <th colspan="2">Past </th> <th colspan="2">Present Subjunctive </th> <th colspan="2">Imperative </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Person </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">1st </th> <td>gé:-t or gí:-t </td> <td>gé:-na or gí:-na </td> <td>á:-gi </td> <td>ní:-gi </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:silver"> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">2nd </th> <th>masculine </th> <td>gé:-t or gí:-t </td> <td rowspan="2">gé:-tu or gí:-tu </td> <td>tí:-gi </td> <td rowspan="2">tí:-g-u </td> <td>taʕá:la </td> <td rowspan="2">taʕá:l-u </td></tr> <tr> <th>feminine </th> <td>gé:-ti or gí:-ti </td> <td>tí:-g-i </td> <td>taʕá:l-i </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">3rd </th> <th>masculine </th> <td>gé or gá (also ʔíga) <pre> gá:-ni (or -li) "he came to me" but not *gé:-ni </pre> </td> <td rowspan="2">gum <pre> but gú:-ni (or -li) "they came to me" and magú:-ʃ "they didn't come" </pre> </td> <td>yí:-gi </td> <td rowspan="2">yí:-g-u </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="background:silver"> </td></tr> <tr> <th>feminine </th> <td>gat (also ʔígat) </td> <td>tí:-gi </td></tr> </tbody></table> Example: gé/yí:gi "come": non-finite forms <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Number/Gender </th> <th>Active Participle </th> <th>Verbal Noun </th></tr> <tr> <th>Masc. Sg. </th> <td>gayy </td> <td rowspan="3">nigíyy </td></tr> <tr> <th>Fem. Sg. </th> <td>gáyy-a </td></tr> <tr> <th>Pl. </th> <td>gayy-í:n </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Table_of_verb_forms">Table of verb forms</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Egyptian_Arabic&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Table of verb forms">edit</a>]</div> In this section all verb classes and their corresponding stems are listed, excluding the small number of irregular verbs described above. Verb roots are indicated schematically using capital letters to stand for consonants in the root: <ul><li>F = first consonant of root</li> <li>M = middle consonant of three-consonant root</li> <li>S = second consonant of four-consonant root</li> <li>T = third consonant of four-consonant root</li> <li>L = last consonant of root</li></ul> Hence, the root F-M-L stands for all three-consonant roots, and F-S-T-L stands for all four-consonant roots. (Traditional Arabic grammar uses F-ʕ-L and F-ʕ-L-L, respectively, but the system used here appears in a number of grammars of spoken Arabic dialects and is probably less confusing for English speakers, since the forms are easier to pronounce than those involving ʕ.) The following table lists the prefixes and suffixes to be added to mark tense, person, number and gender, and the stem form to which they are added. The forms involving a vowel-initial suffix, and corresponding stem PAv or NPv, are highlighted in silver. The forms involving a consonant-initial suffix, and corresponding stem PAc, are highlighted in gold. The forms involving a no suffix, and corresponding stem PA0 or NP0, are unhighlighted. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Tense/Mood </th> <th colspan="2">Past </th> <th colspan="2">Non-Past </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Person </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">1st </th> <td style="background:gold">PAc-t </td> <td style="background:gold">PAc-na </td> <td>a-NP0 </td> <td>ni-NP0 </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">2nd </th> <th>masculine </th> <td style="background:gold">PAc-t </td> <td style="background:gold" rowspan="2">PAc-tu </td> <td>ti-NP0 </td> <td style="background:silver" rowspan="2">ti-NPv-u </td></tr> <tr> <th>feminine </th> <td style="background:gold">PAc-ti </td> <td style="background:silver">ti-NPv-i </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">3rd </th> <th>masculine </th> <td>PA0 </td> <td style="background:silver" rowspan="2">PAv-u </td> <td>yi-NP0 </td> <td style="background:silver" rowspan="2">yi-NPv-u </td></tr> <tr> <th>feminine </th> <td style="background:silver">PAv-it </td> <td>ti-NP0 </td></tr> </tbody></table> The following table lists the verb classes along with the form of the past and non-past stems, active and passive participles, and verbal noun, in addition to an example verb for each class. Notes: <ul><li>Italicized forms are those that follow automatically from the regular rules of vowel shortening and deletion.</li> <li>Multisyllabic forms without a stress mark have variable stress, depending on the nature of the suffix added, following the regular rules of stress assignment.</li> <li>Many participles and verbal nouns have acquired an extended sense. In fact, participles and verbal nouns are the major sources for lexical items based on verbs, especially derived (i.e. non-Form-I) verbs.</li> <li>Some verb classes do not have a regular verbal noun form; rather, the verbal noun varies from verb to verb. Even in verb classes that do have a regular verbal noun form, there are exceptions. In addition, some verbs share a verbal noun with a related verb from another class (in particular, many passive verbs use the corresponding active verb's verbal noun, which can be interpreted in either an active or passive sense). Some verbs appear to lack a verbal noun entirely. (In such a case, a paraphrase would be used involving a clause beginning with inn.)</li> <li>Outside of Form I, passive participles as such are usually non-existent; instead, the active participle of the corresponding passive verb class (e.g. Forms V, VI, VIIt/VIIn for Forms II, III, I respectively) is used. The exception is certain verbs in Forms VIII and X that contain a "classicized" passive participle that is formed in imitation of the corresponding participle in <a href="/wiki/Classical_Arabic" title="Classical Arabic">Classical Arabic</a>, e.g. mistáʕmil "using", mustáʕmal "used".</li> <li>Not all forms have a separate verb class for hollow or doubled roots. When no such class is listed below, roots of that shape appear as strong verbs in the corresponding form, e.g. Form II strong verb ḍáyyaʕ/yiḍáyyaʕ "waste, lose" related to Form I hollow verb ḍá:ʕ/yiḍí:ʕ "be lost", both from root Ḍ-Y-ʕ.</li></ul> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="5">Form </th> <th rowspan="5">Root Type </th> <th colspan="6">Stem </th> <th colspan="2">Participle </th> <th rowspan="5">Verbal Noun </th> <th rowspan="5">Example </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background:silver"> </th> <th colspan="3">Past </th> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2">Non-Past </th> <th rowspan="4">Active </th> <th rowspan="4">Passive </th></tr> <tr> <th>Person of Suffix </th> <th>1st/2nd </th> <th colspan="2">3rd </th></tr> <tr> <th>Suffix Type </th> <th>Cons-Initial </th> <th>None </th> <th>Vowel-Initial </th> <th>None </th> <th>Vowel-Initial </th></tr> <tr> <th>Suffix Name </th> <th style="background:gold">PAc </th> <th>PA0 </th> <th style="background:silver">PAv </th> <th>NP0 </th> <th style="background:silver">NPv </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="6">I </th> <th rowspan="6">Strong </th> <td rowspan="6" style="background:silver"> </td> <td rowspan="3" colspan="3">FaMaL </td> <td colspan="2">FMaL </td> <td rowspan="6">Fá:MiL </td> <td rowspan="6">maFMú:L </td> <td rowspan="6">(varies, e.g. FaML, FiML) </td> <td>fátaḥ/yíftaḥ "open" </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">FMiL </td> <td>kátab/yíktib "write" </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">FMuL </td> <td>dáxal/yúdxul "enter" </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" colspan="2">FiMiL </td> <td rowspan="3">FiML </td> <td colspan="2">FMaL </td> <td>fíhim/yífham "understand" </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">FMiL </td> <td>mísik/yímsik "hold, catch" </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">FMuL </td> <td>síkin/yúskun "reside" </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="4">I </th> <th rowspan="4">Defective </th> <td rowspan="4" style="background:silver"> </td> <td rowspan="2">FaMé: </td> <td rowspan="2">FáMa </td> <td rowspan="2">FaM </td> <td>FMa </td> <td>FM </td> <td rowspan="4">Fá:Mi </td> <td rowspan="4">máFMi </td> <td rowspan="4">(varies, e.g. FaMy, máFMa) </td> <td>báʔa/yíbʔa "remain" </td></tr> <tr> <td>FMi </td> <td>FM </td> <td>ráma/yírmi "throw" </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">FiMí: </td> <td rowspan="2">FíMi </td> <td rowspan="2">FíMy </td> <td>FMa </td> <td>FM </td> <td>nísi/yínsa "forget" </td></tr> <tr> <td>FMi </td> <td>FM </td> <td>míʃi/yímʃi "walk" </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="4">I </th> <th rowspan="4">Hollow </th> <td rowspan="4" style="background:silver"> </td> <td>FíL </td> <td rowspan="4" colspan="2">Fá:L </td> <td colspan="2">Fí:L </td> <td rowspan="4">Fá:yiL </td> <td rowspan="4">(mitFá:L, properly Form VIIt) </td> <td rowspan="4">(varies, e.g. Fe:L, Fo:L) </td> <td>ga:b/yigí:b "bring" </td></tr> <tr> <td>FúL </td> <td colspan="2">Fú:L </td> <td>ʃa:f/yiʃú:f "see" </td></tr> <tr> <td>FíL </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2">Fá:L </td> <td>na:m/yiná:m "sleep" </td></tr> <tr> <td>FúL </td> <td>xa:f/yixá:f "fear" </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">I </th> <th rowspan="2">Doubled </th> <td rowspan="2" style="background:silver"> </td> <td rowspan="2">FaMMé: </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2">FáMM </td> <td colspan="2">FíMM </td> <td rowspan="2">Fá:MiM </td> <td rowspan="2">maFMú:M </td> <td rowspan="2">(varies, e.g. FaMM, FuMM) </td> <td>ḥabb/yiḥíbb "love" </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">FúMM </td> <td>ḥaṭṭ/yiḥúṭṭ "put" </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">II </th> <th rowspan="2">Strong </th> <td rowspan="2" style="background:silver"> </td> <td colspan="5">FaMMaL </td> <td>miFáMMaL </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background:silver"> </td> <td rowspan="2">taFMí:L </td> <td>ɣáyyaṛ/yiɣáyyaṛ "change" </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5">FaMMiL </td> <td>miFáMMiL </td> <td>dárris/yidárris "teach" </td></tr> <tr> <th>II </th> <th>Defective </th> <td style="background:silver"> </td> <td>FaMMé: </td> <td>FáMMa </td> <td>FáMM </td> <td>FáMMi </td> <td>FáMM </td> <td>miFáMMi </td> <td style="background:silver"> </td> <td>taFMíya </td> <td>wárra/yiwárri "show" </td></tr> <tr> <th>III </th> <th>Strong </th> <td style="background:silver"> </td> <td>FaMíL </td> <td>Fá:MiL </td> <td>FáML </td> <td>Fá:MiL </td> <td>FáML </td> <td>miFá:MiL </td> <td style="background:silver"> </td> <td>miFáMLa </td> <td>zá:kir/yizá:kir "study" </td></tr> <tr> <th>III </th> <th>Defective </th> <td style="background:silver"> </td> <td>FaMé: </td> <td>Fá:Ma </td> <td>Fá:M </td> <td>Fá:Mi </td> <td>Fá:M </td> <td>miFá:Mi </td> <td style="background:silver"> </td> <td>miFáMya </td> <td>ná:da/yiná:di "call" </td></tr> <tr> <th>IV </th> <th>Strong </th> <td style="background:silver"> </td> <td colspan="3">ʔáFMaL </td> <td colspan="2">FMiL </td> <td>míFMiL </td> <td style="background:silver"> </td> <td>iFMá:L </td> <td>ʔáḍṛab/yíḍrib "go on strike" </td></tr> <tr> <th>IV </th> <th>Defective </th> <td style="background:silver"> </td> <td>ʔaFMé: </td> <td>ʔáFMa </td> <td>ʔáFM </td> <td>FMi </td> <td>FM </td> <td>míFMi </td> <td style="background:silver"> </td> <td>(uncommon) </td> <td>ʔáṛḍa/yíṛḍi "please" </td></tr> <tr> <th>IV </th> <th>Hollow </th> <td style="background:silver"> </td> <td>ʔaFáL </td> <td colspan="2">ʔaFá:L </td> <td colspan="2">Fí:L </td> <td>miFí:L </td> <td style="background:silver"> </td> <td>ʔiFá:La </td> <td>ʔafá:d/yifí:d "inform" </td></tr> <tr> <th>IV </th> <th>Doubled </th> <td style="background:silver"> </td> <td>ʔaFaMMé: </td> <td colspan="2">ʔaFáMM </td> <td colspan="2">FíMM </td> <td>miFíMM </td> <td style="background:silver"> </td> <td>iFMá:M </td> <td>ʔaṣárr/yiṣírr "insist" </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">V </th> <th rowspan="2">Strong </th> <td rowspan="2" style="background:silver"> </td> <td colspan="3">itFaMMaL </td> <td colspan="2">tFaMMaL </td> <td>mitFáMMaL </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background:silver"> </td> <td rowspan="2">taFáMMuL (or Form II) </td> <td>itmáṛṛan/yitmáṛṛan "practice" </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">itFaMMiL </td> <td colspan="2">tFaMMiL </td> <td>mitFáMMiL </td> <td>itkállim/yitkállim "speak" </td></tr> <tr> <th>V </th> <th>Defective </th> <td style="background:silver"> </td> <td>itFaMMé: </td> <td>itFáMMa </td> <td>itFáMM </td> <td>tFáMMa </td> <td>tFáMM </td> <td>mitFáMMi </td> <td style="background:silver"> </td> <td>(use Form II) </td> <td>itʔáwwa/yitʔáwwa "become strong" </td></tr> <tr> <th>VI </th> <th>Strong </th> <td style="background:silver"> </td> <td>itFaMíL </td> <td>itFá:MiL </td> <td>itFáML </td> <td>tFá:MiL </td> <td>tFáML </td> <td>mitFá:MiL </td> <td style="background:silver"> </td> <td>taFá:MuL (or Form III) </td> <td>itʕá:win/yitʕá:win "cooperate" </td></tr> <tr> <th>VI </th> <th>Defective </th> <td style="background:silver"> </td> <td>itFaMé: </td> <td>itFá:Ma </td> <td>itFá:M </td> <td>tFá:Ma </td> <td>tFá:M </td> <td>mitFá:Mi </td> <td style="background:silver"> </td> <td>(use Form III) </td> <td>iddá:wa/yiddá:wa "be treated, be cured" </td></tr> <tr> <th>VIIn </th> <th>Strong </th> <td style="background:silver"> </td> <td colspan="3">inFáMaL </td> <td>nFíMiL </td> <td>nFíML </td> <td>minFíMiL </td> <td style="background:silver"> </td> <td>inFiMá:L (or Form I) </td> <td>inbásaṭ/yinbísiṭ "enjoy oneself" </td></tr> <tr> <th>VIIn </th> <th>Defective </th> <td style="background:silver"> </td> <td>inFaMé: </td> <td>inFáMa </td> <td>inFáM </td> <td>nFíMi </td> <td>nFíM </td> <td>minFíMi </td> <td style="background:silver"> </td> <td>(use Form I) </td> <td>inḥáka/yinḥíki "be told" </td></tr> <tr> <th>VIIn </th> <th>Hollow </th> <td style="background:silver"> </td> <td>inFáL </td> <td colspan="2">inFá:L </td> <td colspan="2">nFá:L </td> <td>minFá:L </td> <td style="background:silver"> </td> <td>inFiyá:L (or Form I) </td> <td>inbá:ʕ/yinbá:ʕ "be sold" </td></tr> <tr> <th>VIIn </th> <th>Doubled </th> <td style="background:silver"> </td> <td>inFaMMé: </td> <td colspan="2">inFáMM </td> <td colspan="2">nFáMM </td> <td>minFáMM </td> <td style="background:silver"> </td> <td>inFiMá:M (or Form I) </td> <td>inbáll/yinbáll "be wetted" </td></tr> <tr> <th>VIIt </th> <th>Strong </th> <td style="background:silver"> </td> <td colspan="3">itFáMaL </td> <td>tFíMiL </td> <td>tFíML </td> <td>mitFíMiL </td> <td style="background:silver"> </td> <td>itFiMá:L (or Form I) </td> <td>itwágad/yitwígid "be found" </td></tr> <tr> <th>VIIt </th> <th>Defective </th> <td style="background:silver"> </td> <td>itFaMé: </td> <td>itFáMa </td> <td>itFáM </td> <td>tFíMi </td> <td>tFíM </td> <td>mitFíMi </td> <td style="background:silver"> </td> <td>(use Form I) </td> <td>itnása/yitnísi "be forgotten" </td></tr> <tr> <th>VIIt </th> <th>Hollow </th> <td style="background:silver"> </td> <td>itFáL </td> <td colspan="2">itFá:L </td> <td colspan="2">tFá:L </td> <td>mitFá:L </td> <td style="background:silver"> </td> <td>itFiyá:L (or Form I) </td> <td>itbá:ʕ/yitbá:ʕ "be sold" </td></tr> <tr> <th>VIIt </th> <th>Doubled </th> <td style="background:silver"> </td> <td>itFaMMé: </td> <td colspan="2">itFáMM </td> <td colspan="2">tFáMM </td> <td>mitFáMM </td> <td style="background:silver"> </td> <td>itFiMá:M (or Form I) </td> <td>itʕádd/yitʕádd "be counted" </td></tr> <tr> <th>VIII </th> <th>Strong </th> <td style="background:silver"> </td> <td colspan="3">iFtáMaL </td> <td>FtíMiL </td> <td>FtíML </td> <td>miFtíMiL, muFtáMiL (classicized) </td> <td>muFtáMaL (classicized) </td> <td>iFtiMá:L (or Form I) </td> <td>istálam/yistílim "receive" </td></tr> <tr> <th>VIII </th> <th>Defective </th> <td style="background:silver"> </td> <td>iFtaMé: </td> <td>iFtáMa </td> <td>iFtáM </td> <td>FtíMi </td> <td>FtíM </td> <td>miFtíMi, muFtáMi (classicized) </td> <td style="background:silver"> </td> <td>(use Form I) </td> <td>iʃtára/yiʃtíri "buy" </td></tr> <tr> <th>VIII </th> <th>Hollow </th> <td style="background:silver"> </td> <td>iFtáL </td> <td colspan="2">iFtá:L </td> <td colspan="2">Ftá:L </td> <td>miFtá:L, muFtá:L (classicized) </td> <td style="background:silver"> </td> <td>iFtiyá:L (or Form I) </td> <td>ixtá:ṛ/yixtá:ṛ "choose" </td></tr> <tr> <th>VIII </th> <th>Doubled </th> <td style="background:silver"> </td> <td>iFtaMMé: </td> <td colspan="2">iFtáMM </td> <td colspan="2">FtáMM </td> <td>miFtáMM, muFtáMM (classicized) </td> <td style="background:silver"> </td> <td>iFtiMá:M (or Form I) </td> <td>ihtámm/yihtámm "be interested (in)" </td></tr> <tr> <th>IX </th> <th>Strong </th> <td style="background:silver"> </td> <td>iFMaLLé: </td> <td colspan="2">iFMáLL </td> <td colspan="2">FMáLL </td> <td>miFMíLL </td> <td style="background:silver"> </td> <td>iFMiLá:L </td> <td>iḥmáṛṛ/yiḥmáṛṛ "be red, blush" </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">X </th> <th rowspan="2">Strong </th> <td rowspan="2" style="background:silver"> </td> <td colspan="3">istáFMaL </td> <td colspan="2">stáFMaL </td> <td>mistáFMaL, mustáFMaL (classicized) </td> <td style="background:silver"> </td> <td rowspan="2">istiFMá:L </td> <td>istáɣṛab/yistáɣṛab "be surprised" </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">istáFMiL </td> <td colspan="2">stáFMiL </td> <td>mistáFMiL, mustáFMiL (classicized) </td> <td>mustáFMaL (classicized) </td> <td>istáʕmil/yistáʕmil "use" </td></tr> <tr> <th>X </th> <th>Defective </th> <td style="background:silver"> </td> <td>istaFMé: </td> <td>istáFMa </td> <td>istáFM </td> <td>stáFMa </td> <td>stáFM </td> <td>mistáFMi, mustáFMi (classicized) </td> <td style="background:silver"> </td> <td>(uncommon) </td> <td>istákfa/yistákfa "be enough" </td></tr> <tr> <th>X </th> <th>Hollow </th> <td style="background:silver"> </td> <td>istaFáL </td> <td colspan="2">istaFá:L </td> <td colspan="2">staFí:L </td> <td>mistaFí:L, mistaFí:L (classicized) </td> <td style="background:silver"> </td> <td>istiFá:L a </td> <td>istaʔá:l/yistaʔí:l "resign" </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">X </th> <th rowspan="2">Doubled </th> <td rowspan="2" style="background:silver"> </td> <td rowspan="2">istaFaMMé: </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2">istaFáMM </td> <td colspan="2">staFáMM </td> <td>mistaFáMM, mustaFáMM (classicized) </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background:silver"> </td> <td rowspan="2">istiFMá:M </td> <td>istaḥáʔʔ/yistaḥáʔʔ "deserve" </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">staFíMM </td> <td>mistaFíMM, mustaFíMM (classicized) </td> <td>istamáṛṛ/yistamírr "continue" </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Iq </th> <th rowspan="2">Strong </th> <td rowspan="2" style="background:silver"> </td> <td colspan="5">FaSTaL </td> <td>miFáSTaL </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background:silver"> </td> <td rowspan="2">FaSTáLa </td> <td>láxbaṭ/yiláxbaṭ "confuse" </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5">FaSTiL </td> <td>miFáSTiL </td> <td>xárbiʃ/yixárbiʃ "scratch" </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">IIq </th> <th rowspan="2">Strong </th> <td rowspan="2" style="background:silver"> </td> <td colspan="3">itFaSTaL </td> <td colspan="2">tFaSTaL </td> <td>mitFáSTaL </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background:silver"> </td> <td rowspan="2">itFaSTáLa </td> <td>itláxbaṭ/yitláxbaṭ "be confused" </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">itFaSTiL </td> <td colspan="2">tFaSTiL </td> <td>mitFáSTiL </td> <td>itʃáʕlil/yitʃáʕlil "flare up" </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Negation">Negation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Egyptian_Arabic&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Negation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Negation_in_Arabic" title="Negation in Arabic">Negation in Arabic</a></div> One characteristic feature of Egyptian syntax is the two-part negative verbal circumfix /ma-...-ʃ(i)/, which it shares with other North African dialect areas as well as some <a href="/wiki/South_Levantine_Arabic" title="South Levantine Arabic">southern Levantine</a> dialect areas, probably as a result of the influence of Egyptian Arabic on these areas: <ul><li>Past: /ˈkatab/ "he wrote" /ma-katab-ʃ(i)/ "he didn't write" ما كتبشِ</li> <li>Present: /ˈbijik-tib/ "he writes" /ma-bjik-tib-ʃ(i)/ "he doesn't write" ما بيكتبشِ</li></ul> /ma-/ probably comes from the Arabic negator /maː/. This negating <a href="/wiki/Circumfix" title="Circumfix">circumfix</a> is similar in function to the <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> circumfix ne ... pas. It should also be noted that Coptic and Ancient Egyptian both had negative circumfix. The structure can end in a consonant /ʃ/ or in a vowel /i/, varying according to the individual or region. Nowadays speakers use /ʃ/. However, /ʃi/ was sometimes used stylistically, specially in the past, as attested in <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_films_of_the_1940s" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian films of the 1940s">old films</a>. The negative circumfix often surrounds the entire verbal composite including direct and indirect object pronouns: <ul><li>/ma-katab-hum-ˈliː-ʃ/ "he didn't write them to me"</li></ul> However, verbs in the future tense can instead use the prefix /miʃ/: <ul><li>/miʃ-ħa-ˈjiktib/ (or /ma-ħa-jikˈtibʃ/ "he won't write"</li></ul> Interrogative sentences can be formed by adding the negation <a href="/wiki/Clitic" title="Clitic">clitic</a> "(miʃ)" before the verb: <ul><li>Past: /ˈkatab/ "he wrote"; /miʃ-ˈkatab/ "didn't he write?"</li> <li>Present: /ˈjiktib/ "he writes"; /miʃ-bi-ˈjiktib/ "doesn't he write?"</li> <li>Future: /ħa-ˈjiktib/ "he will write"; /miʃ-ħa-ˈjiktib/ "won't he write?"</li></ul> Addition of the circumfix can cause complex changes to the verbal cluster, due to the application of the rules of vowel syncope, shortening, lengthening, insertion and elision described above: <ul><li>The addition of /ma-/ may trigger elision or syncope: <ul><li>A vowel following /ma-/ is elided: (ixtáːr) "he chose" → (maxtárʃ).</li> <li>A short vowel /i/ or /u/ in the first syllable may be deleted by syncope: (kíbir) "he grew" → (makbírʃ).</li></ul></li> <li>The addition of /-ʃ/ may result in vowel shortening or epenthesis: <ul><li>A final long vowel preceding a single consonant shortens: (ixtáːr) "he chose" → (maxtárʃ).</li> <li>An unstressed epenthetic /i/ is inserted when the verbal complex ends in two consonants: /kunt/ "I was" → (makúntiʃ).</li></ul></li> <li>In addition, the addition of /-ʃ/ triggers a stress shift, which may in turn result in vowel shortening or lengthening: <ul><li>The stress shifts to the syllable preceding /ʃ/: (kátab) "he wrote" → (makatábʃ).</li> <li>A long vowel in the previously stressed syllable shortens: (ʃáːfit) "she saw" → (maʃafítʃ); (ʃá:fu) "they saw" or "he saw it" → (maʃafú:ʃ).</li> <li>A final short vowel directly preceding /ʃ/ lengthens: (ʃáːfu) "they saw" or "he saw it" → (maʃafú:ʃ).</li></ul></li></ul> In addition, certain other morphological changes occur: <ul><li>(ʃafúː) "they saw him" → (maʃafuhúːʃ) (to avoid a clash with (maʃafúːʃ) "they didn't see/he didn't see him").</li> <li>(ʃáːfik) "He saw you (fem. sg.)" → (maʃafkíːʃ).</li> <li>(ʃúftik) "I saw you (fem. sg.)" → (maʃuftikíːʃ).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Syntax">Syntax</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Egyptian_Arabic&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Syntax">edit</a>]</div> In contrast with Classical Arabic, but much like the other <a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Arabic" title="Varieties of Arabic">varieties of Arabic</a>, Egyptian Arabic prefers <a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93verb%E2%80%93object" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject–verb–object">subject–verb–object</a> (SVO) <a href="/wiki/Word_order" title="Word order">word order</a>; CA and to a lesser extent MSA prefer <a href="/wiki/Verb%E2%80%93subject%E2%80%93object" class="mw-redirect" title="Verb–subject–object">verb–subject–object</a> (VSO). For example, in MSA "Adel read the book" would be قرأَ عادل الكتاب Qaraʾa ʿĀdilu l-kitāb <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>IPA: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[ˈqɑɾɑʔɑ ˈʕæːdel ol keˈtæːb]</a> whereas EA would say عادل قرا الكتاب ʕādil ʔara l-kitāb <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">IPA: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Egyptian Arabic">[ˈʕæːdel ˈʔɑɾɑ lkeˈtæːb]</a>. Also in common with other Arabic varieties is the loss of unique <a href="/wiki/Agreement_(linguistics)" title="Agreement (linguistics)">agreement</a> in the dual form: while the dual remains productive to some degree in nouns, dual nouns are analyzed as plural for the purpose of agreement with verbs, demonstratives, and adjectives. Thus "These two Syrian professors are walking to the university" in MSA (in an SVO sentence for ease of comparison) would be "هذان الأستاذان السوريان يمشيان إلى الجامعة" Haḏān al-ʾustāḏān as-Sūriyyān yamšiyān ʾilā l-ǧāmiʿah <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">IPA: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[hæːˈzæːn æl ʔostæːˈzæːn as suːrejˈjæːn jæmʃeˈjæːn ˈʔelæ lɡæːˈmeʕæ]</a>, which becomes in EA "الأستاذين السوريين دول بيمشو للجامعة" il-ʔustazēn il-Suriyyīn dōl biyimʃu lil-gamʕa, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">IPA: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Egyptian Arabic">[el ʔostæˈzeːn el soɾejˈjiːn ˈdoːl beˈjemʃo lelˈɡæmʕæ]</a>. Unlike most other forms of Arabic, however, Egyptian prefers final placement of <a href="/wiki/Question_word" class="mw-redirect" title="Question word">question words</a> in interrogative sentences. This is a feature characteristic of the <a href="#Coptic_substratum">Coptic substratum of Egyptian Arabic</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Coptic_substratum">Coptic substratum</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Egyptian_Arabic&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Coptic substratum">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Copto-Arabic_literature" title="Copto-Arabic literature">Copto-Arabic literature</a></div> Some authors have argued for the influence of a <a href="/wiki/Stratum_(linguistics)" title="Stratum (linguistics)">substratum</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic language</a> which was the native language of the vast majority of <a href="/wiki/Nile_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Nile Valley">Nile Valley</a> Egyptians prior to the Muslim conquest on Egyptian Arabic,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENishio1995-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBishai1962-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoussef2003-63">[63]</a> specifically on its <a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">syntax</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lexicon" title="Lexicon">lexicon</a>. Coptic is the latest stage of the indigenous <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_language" title="Egyptian language">Egyptian language</a> spoken until the mid-17th century when it was finally completely supplanted among Egyptian Muslims and a majority of Copts by the Egyptian Arabic. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phonology_2">Phonology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Egyptian_Arabic&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Phonology">edit</a>]</div> Since Coptic lacked <a href="/wiki/Interdental_consonant" title="Interdental consonant">interdental consonants</a> it could possibly have influenced the manifestation of their occurrences in <a href="/wiki/Classical_Arabic" title="Classical Arabic">Classical Arabic</a> /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_fricative" title="Voiceless dental fricative">θ</a>/ /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative" title="Voiced dental fricative">ð</a>/ /<a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">ðˤ</a>/ as their dental counterparts /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a>/ /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a>/ and the emphatic dental /<a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">dˤ</a>/ respectively. (see <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic_phonology#Consonants" title="Egyptian Arabic phonology">consonants</a>) Behnstedt argues that the phenomenon of merging of interdentals with plosives has also occurred in areas without a substratum lacking interdentals, e.g. in <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aden" title="Aden">Aden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a>, and can be caused by drift rather than the influence of a substratum concluding that "[o]n the phonological level, there is no evidence for Coptic substratal influence."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehnstedt2005501-64">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syntax_2">Syntax</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Egyptian_Arabic&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Syntax">edit</a>]</div> A syntactic feature of to Egyptian Arabic arguably inherited from Coptic<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENishio1995-62">[62]</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Wh-in-situ" class="mw-redirect" title="Wh-in-situ">remaining</a> of <a href="/wiki/Interrogative_word" title="Interrogative word">wh-words</a> (i.e. "who", "when", "why") in their "logical" positions in a sentence rather than being preposed, or moved to the front of the sentence, as in (mostly) in Classical Arabic or English. Examples: <ul><li>راح مصر امتى؟ /rˤaːħ masˤrI ʔimta/ "When (/ʔimta/) did he go to Egypt?" (lit. "He went to Egypt when?")</li> <li>راح مصر ليه؟ /rˤaːħ masˤrI leːh/ "Why (/leːh/) did he go to Egypt? (lit. "He went to Egypt why?")</li> <li>مين [اللى] راح مصر؟ /miːn rˤaːħ masˤr/ or /miːn illi rˤaːħ masˤr/ "Who (/miːn/) went to Egypt/Cairo? (literally – same order)</li></ul> The same sentences in <a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Literary Arabic</a> (with all the question words (wh-words) in the beginning of the sentence) would be: <ul><li>متى ذهب إلى مصر؟ /mataː ðahaba ʔilaː misˤr/</li> <li>لِمَ ذهب إلى مصر؟ /lima ðahaba ʔilaː misˤr/</li> <li>من ذهب إلى مصر؟ /man ðahaba ʔilaː misˤr/</li></ul> Diem argues that in Cairene Arabic also the preposition of wh-words occurs and in Classical Arabic and other Arabic dialects also their postposition and thus the effect of a Coptic substratum might be – if at all – the preference for one of the two possibilities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiem197951–52-65">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lexicon">Lexicon</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Egyptian_Arabic&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Lexicon">edit</a>]</div> Behnstedt estimates the existence of ca. 250 to 300 Coptic loanwords in Egyptian Arabic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehnstedt2005503-66">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orthography_and_romanization">Orthography and romanization</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Egyptian_Arabic&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Orthography and romanization">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orthography">Orthography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Egyptian_Arabic&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Orthography">edit</a>]</div> There is no fixed orthography for Egyptian Arabic. Where it is written in Arabic script the orthography varies between spellings closer to those of Standard Arabic and spellings closer to the phonology of Egyptian Arabic. This variability arises from the deficiency of the Arabic script for writing the colloquial Egyptian Arabic, for which it is not designed. Part of this is the unavailability of signs for some sounds of Egyptian Arabic that are not part of Standard Arabic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZack20011991._The_orthography-67">[67]</a> Both options are used in parallel, often even in by one author or in one work.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoidich20062Einleitung-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZack2001199–200a._Description_of_the_orthography_of_''Laban_il-‘aṣfūr''-69">[69]</a> The two options appears for example for these cases: <ul><li>treatment of originally long vowels that become short or deleted as a result of <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic_phonology#Vowel_shortening" title="Egyptian Arabic phonology">vowel shortening</a> or <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic_phonology#Vowel_deletion_(syncope)" title="Egyptian Arabic phonology">vowel deletion</a>, e.g. the feminine active participle of عرف, ʿirif, 'to know', that is pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Egyptian Arabic">[ˈʕæɾfæ]</a>, can be written in two ways: <ul><li>etymological spelling with the shortly pronounced originally long vowel "ا": عارفة,</li> <li>phonetic spelling without the "ا": عرفة;</li></ul></li> <li>words written with the letters "ث"‎, "ذ", and "ظ" in Standard Arabic that are pronounced /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a>/, /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>/, and /<a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">dˁ</a>/ in Egyptian Arabic can keep their etymological Standard Arabic spelling or be phonetically respelled with "ت"‎, "د" and "ض".</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romanization">Romanization</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Egyptian_Arabic&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Romanization">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic alphabet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">Romanization of Arabic</a></div> In the table below romanizations by different authors starting with Spitta's from 1880 are given as examples of the variety of those used. Where authors use custom glyphs the ones given try the best available approximation. The use of transcribing glyphs among different authors and between those and a representation of Egyptian Arabic in Arabic script (in doubt <a href="#CITEREFHindsBadawi1986">Hinds & Badawi 1986</a> is used below) can not be exactly aligned because different authors use different analyses of the studied language. Here also the table below tries to give a good approximation. <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Arabic letter </th> <th colspan="7">Romanization </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Spitta<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> </th> <th>Mitchell<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell19782–3,_8,_13B._The_system_of_writing_and_hints_on_pronunciation-72">[72]</a> </th> <th>Harrell<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> </th> <th>Abdel-Massih[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </th> <th>Hinds/ Badawi<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHindsBadawi1986XVI–XVIII8._Transcription-74">[74]</a> </th> <th>Woidich<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoidich2006XXVI–XXVII,_11-75">[75]</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Arabic_chat_alphabet" title="Arabic chat alphabet">Franco</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="9">Consonants </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D8%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="ب">ب</a> </td> <td>b </td> <td>b</td> <td>b</td> <td>b</td> <td>b</td> <td>b</td> <td>b</td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a>/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ب/<a href="/wiki/%D9%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="پ">پ</a><a href="#cite_note-p-j-v-marginal-77">[77]</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>p</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>p</td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a>/<a href="#cite_note-p-j-v-marginal-77">[77]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D8%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="ت">ت</a> </td> <td>t </td> <td>t</td> <td>t</td> <td>t</td> <td>t</td> <td>t</td> <td>t</td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a>/ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D8%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="ث">ث</a><a href="#cite_note-lostsounds-78">[78]</a> (respelled to ت for /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a>/) </td> <td> </td> <td>t/s<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>t/θ</td> <td></td> <td>t/s</td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a>/, /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>/ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D8%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="ج">ج</a> </td> <td>g </td> <td>g</td> <td>g</td> <td>g</td> <td>g</td> <td>g</td> <td>g</td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a>/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ج/<a href="/wiki/%DA%86" class="mw-redirect" title="چ">چ</a><a href="#cite_note-p-j-v-marginal-77">[77]</a></td> <td> </td> <td>j</td> <td>ž</td> <td>ž</td> <td>j</td> <td>ž</td> <td>j</td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a>/<a href="#cite_note-p-j-v-marginal-77">[77]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D8%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="ح">ح</a> </td> <td>ḥ </td> <td>ꞕ</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C4%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="Ħ">ħ</a></td> <td>ɦ</td> <td>ꞕ</td> <td>ḥ</td> <td>7/h (h<a href="#cite_note-franco-names-80">[80]</a>)</td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiceless pharyngeal fricative">ħ</a>/ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D8%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="خ">خ</a> </td> <td>ḫ </td> <td>x</td> <td>x</td> <td>x</td> <td>x</td> <td>x</td> <td>kh/7’/5 (kh<a href="#cite_note-franco-names-80">[80]</a>)</td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>/ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D8%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="د">د</a> </td> <td>d </td> <td>d</td> <td>d</td> <td>d</td> <td>d</td> <td>d</td> <td>d</td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a>/ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D8%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="ذ">ذ</a><a href="#cite_note-lostsounds-78">[78]</a> (respelled to د for /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a>/) </td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>d/z</td> <td></td> <td>d/z</td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a>/, /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>/ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D8%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="ر">ر</a> </td> <td>r </td> <td>r</td> <td>r</td> <td>r/ṛ</td> <td>r</td> <td>r</td> <td>r</td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a>/~/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a>/ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D8%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="ز">ز</a> </td> <td>z </td> <td>z</td> <td>z</td> <td>z</td> <td>z</td> <td>z</td> <td>z</td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>/ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D8%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="س">س</a> </td> <td>s </td> <td>s</td> <td>s</td> <td>s</td> <td>s</td> <td>s</td> <td>s</td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>/ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D8%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="ش">ش</a> </td> <td>ś </td> <td>ʃ</td> <td>ʃ</td> <td>š</td> <td>ʃ</td> <td>š</td> <td>sh/ch/4</td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>/ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D8%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="ص">ص</a> </td> <td>ṣ </td> <td>ʂ</td> <td></td> <td>ṣ</td> <td>ʂ</td> <td>ṣ</td> <td>s</td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">sˁ</a>/ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D8%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="ض">ض</a> </td> <td>ḍ </td> <td>ɖ</td> <td></td> <td>ḍ</td> <td>ɖ/ẓ</td> <td>ḍ</td> <td>d</td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">dˁ</a>/ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D8%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="ط">ط</a> </td> <td>ṭ </td> <td>ʈ</td> <td></td> <td>ṭ</td> <td>ʈ</td> <td>ṭ</td> <td>t</td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">tˁ</a>/ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D8%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="ظ">ظ</a><a href="#cite_note-lostsounds-78">[78]</a> (respelled to ض for /<a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">dˁ</a>/) </td> <td> </td> <td>ʐ</td> <td></td> <td>ẓ</td> <td>d/ᶎ</td> <td>ẓ</td> <td>z</td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">dˁ</a>/, /<a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">zˁ</a>/ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D8%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="ع">ع</a> </td> <td>ʿ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C6%B8" title="Ƹ">ƹ</a></td> <td>ع</td> <td>ʕ</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C6%B8" title="Ƹ">ƹ</a></td> <td>ʿ</td> <td>3 (not written or a/e<a href="#cite_note-franco-names-80">[80]</a>)</td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiced pharyngeal fricative">ʕ</a>/ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D8%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="غ">غ</a> </td> <td>ġ </td> <td>ɣ</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C7%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="Ǥ">ǥ</a></td> <td>ɣ</td> <td>ɣ</td> <td>ġ</td> <td>gh/3’ (gh<a href="#cite_note-franco-names-80">[80]</a>)</td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a>/ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D9%81" class="mw-redirect" title="ف">ف</a> </td> <td>f </td> <td>f</td> <td>f</td> <td>f</td> <td>f</td> <td>f</td> <td>f</td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a>/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ف/<a href="/wiki/%DA%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="ڤ">ڤ</a><a href="#cite_note-p-j-v-marginal-77">[77]</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>v</td> <td>v</td> <td>v</td> <td>v</td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a>/<a href="#cite_note-p-j-v-marginal-77">[77]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%D9%82" class="mw-redirect" title="ق">ق</a> </td> <td>q (ʾ)<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> </td> <td>q</td> <td>ʔ</td> <td>ʔ</td> <td>ɢ</td> <td></td> <td>2/k</td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a>/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>q </td> <td>q</td> <td>q</td> <td>q</td> <td>q</td> <td>q</td> <td>k</td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a>/ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D9%83" class="mw-redirect" title="ك">ك</a> </td> <td>k </td> <td>k</td> <td>k</td> <td>k</td> <td>k</td> <td>k</td> <td>k</td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>/ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D9%84" class="mw-redirect" title="ل">ل</a> </td> <td>l </td> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> <td>l/ḷ</td> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a>/ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D9%85" class="mw-redirect" title="م">م</a> </td> <td>m </td> <td>m</td> <td>m</td> <td>m</td> <td>m</td> <td>m</td> <td>m</td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a>/ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D9%86" class="mw-redirect" title="ن">ن</a> </td> <td>n </td> <td>n</td> <td>n</td> <td>n</td> <td>n</td> <td>n</td> <td>n</td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a>/ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D9%87" class="mw-redirect" title="ه">ه</a> </td> <td>h </td> <td>h</td> <td>h</td> <td>h</td> <td>h</td> <td>h</td> <td>h</td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a>/ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D9%88" class="mw-redirect" title="و">و</a> </td> <td>w </td> <td>w</td> <td>w</td> <td>w</td> <td>w</td> <td>w</td> <td>w/ou</td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a>/ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D9%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="ي">ي</a> </td> <td>j </td> <td>y</td> <td>y</td> <td>y</td> <td>y</td> <td>y</td> <td>y/i</td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>/ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D8%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="ء">ء</a> </td> <td>ʾ </td> <td>ʕ</td> <td>ʔ</td> <td>ʔ</td> <td>ʕ</td> <td>ʾ</td> <td>2 (not written or a/e<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a>)</td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a>/ </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="9">Long vowels </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%D8%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="ا">ا</a> </td> <td>ɑ̂/(ɑ̊)<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> </td> <td>aa</td> <td>a:</td> <td>aa</td> <td>aa</td> <td>ā</td> <td>a</td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a(ː)</a>/: [<a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ(ː)</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td>ɑ̈ </td> <td>aa</td> <td>a:</td> <td>aa</td> <td>ɑɑ</td> <td>ā</td> <td>a</td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a(ː)</a>/: [<a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ(ː)</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%D9%88" class="mw-redirect" title="و">و</a> </td> <td>û </td> <td>uu</td> <td>u:</td> <td>uu</td> <td>uu</td> <td>ū</td> <td>ou/oo/o</td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u(ː)</a>/ </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>oo</td> <td>o:</td> <td>oo</td> <td>oo</td> <td>ō</td> <td>o</td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o(ː)</a>/ </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%D9%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="ي">ي</a> </td> <td>y </td> <td>ii</td> <td>i:</td> <td>ii</td> <td>ii</td> <td>ī</td> <td>i/ee</td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i(ː)</a>/ </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>ee</td> <td>e:</td> <td>ee</td> <td>ee</td> <td>ē</td> <td>e/ei/ai</td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e(ː)</a>/ </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="9">Short vowels </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fat%E1%B8%A5ah" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatḥah">ـَ</a>/<a href="/wiki/%D8%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="ا">ا</a> </td> <td>ɑ/ɑ̈/(e/ɑ̊)<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> </td> <td>a</td> <td>a</td> <td>a</td> <td>a/ɑ</td> <td>a</td> <td>a</td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a>/ [<a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a>] and [<a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%8Cammah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ḍammah">ـُ</a>/<a href="/wiki/%D9%88" class="mw-redirect" title="و">و</a> </td> <td>o/u </td> <td>o/u</td> <td>u/(o)</td> <td>o/u</td> <td>o/u</td> <td>o/u</td> <td>o/ou</td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>/ [<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a>]~[<a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">ʊ</a>]~[<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kasrah" class="mw-redirect" title="Kasrah">ـِ</a>/<a href="/wiki/%D9%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="ي">ي</a> </td> <td>i/(e/ü)<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> </td> <td>i/e</td> <td>i/(e)</td> <td>e/i</td> <td>e/i</td> <td>e/i</td> <td>e/i</td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>/ [<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a>]~[<a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a>] and [<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td>epenthetic (<a href="/wiki/Anaptyxis" class="mw-redirect" title="Anaptyxis">anaptyctic</a> vowel)<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> </td> <td>e̊/å/i̊/ů<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpitta188052–55§_21._Die_Zwischenvocale-87">[87]</a> </td> <td>ĭ/ă/ŭ</td> <td>a/e/i/o/u<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrell195759–607.10-88">[88]</a></td> <td></td> <td>ⁱ/ᵃ/...<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a></td> <td>i/i̊/u/ů<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a></td> <td>not written/e<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBjørnsson201064–654.2.1.2.3_The_epenthetic_vowel-91">[91]</a></td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a>]~[<a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a>]<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoidich2006321.3.2.3_Epenthese_von_''-i-''_(Aufsprengung)-92">[92]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sociolinguistic_features">Sociolinguistic features</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Egyptian_Arabic&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Sociolinguistic features">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs expansion. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egyptian_Arabic&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. (April 2011)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Egyptian Arabic is used in most social situations, with Modern Standard and Classical Arabic generally being used only in writing and in highly religious and/or formal situations. However, within Egyptian Arabic, there is a wide range of variation. <a href="/wiki/El-Said_Badawi" title="El-Said Badawi">El-Said Badawi</a> identifies three distinct levels of Egyptian Arabic-based chiefly on the quantity of non-Arabic lexical items in the vocabulary: ʿĀmmiyyat al-Musaqqafīn (Cultured Colloquial or <a href="/wiki/Formal_Spoken_Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Formal Spoken Arabic">Formal Spoken Arabic</a>), ʿĀmmiyyat al-Mutanawwirīn (Enlightened or Literate Colloquial), and ʿĀmmiyyat al-'Ummiyīn (Illiterate Colloquial).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHindsBadawi1986VII–X-93">[93]</a> Cultured Colloquial/Formal Spoken Arabic is characteristic of the educated classes and is the language of discussion of high-level subjects, but it is still Egyptian Arabic; it is characterized by use of technical terms imported from foreign languages and MSA and closer attention to the pronunciation of certain letters (particularly <a href="/wiki/%D9%82" class="mw-redirect" title="ق">qāf</a>). It is relatively standardized and, being closer to the standard, it is understood fairly well across the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHindsBadawi1986VII–X-93">[93]</a> On the opposite end of the spectrum, Illiterate Colloquial, common to rural areas and to working-class neighborhoods in the cities, has an almost-exclusively Arabic vocabulary; the few loanwords generally are very old borrowings (e.g. جمبرى gambari, [ɡæmˈbæɾi] "<a href="/wiki/Shrimp" title="Shrimp">shrimp</a>", from <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> gamberi, "shrimp" (pl.)) or refer to technological items that find no or poor equivalents in Arabic (e.g. تلفزيون tel(e)vezyōn/tel(e)fezyōn [tel(e)vezˈjoːn, tel(e)fezˈjoːn], <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHindsBadawi1986VII–X-93">[93]</a> Enlightened Colloquial (ʿĀmmiyyat al-Mutanawwirīn) is the language of those who have had some schooling and are relatively affluent; loanwords tend to refer to items of popular culture, consumer products, and fashions. It is also understood widely in the Arab world, as it is the <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> of <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian cinema">Egyptian cinema</a> and television.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHindsBadawi1986VII–X-93">[93]</a> In contrast to MSA and most other varieties of Arabic, Egyptian Arabic has a form of the <a href="/wiki/T-V_distinction" class="mw-redirect" title="T-V distinction">T-V distinction</a>. In the singular, انت enta/enti is acceptable in most situations, but to address clear social superiors (e.g. older persons, superiors at work, certain government officials), the form حضرتك ḥaḍretak/ḥaḍretek, meaning "Your <a href="/wiki/Grace_(style)" title="Grace (style)">Grace</a>" is preferred (compare <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_pronouns#The_use_of_vusted_and_vuestra_merced" title="Spanish pronouns">usted</a>). This use of ḥaḍretak/ḥaḍretek is linked to the system of <a href="/wiki/Honorifics" class="mw-redirect" title="Honorifics">honorifics</a> in daily Egyptian speech. The honorific taken by a given person is determined by their relationship to the speaker and their occupation. <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:80%;"> <caption>Examples of Egyptian honorifics </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Honorific </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> </th> <th scope="col">Origin/meaning </th> <th scope="col">Usage and notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>سِيَادْتَك/سِيَادْتِك siyadtak/siyadtik </td> <td>[seˈjættæk] </td> <td>Standard Arabic siyādatuka, "Your Lordship" </td> <td>Persons with a far higher social standing than the speaker, particularly at work. Also applied to high government officials, including the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Egypt" title="President of Egypt">President</a>. Equivalent in practical terms to "Your <a href="/wiki/Excellency" title="Excellency">Excellency</a>" or "The <a href="/wiki/Most_Honourable" class="mw-redirect" title="Most Honourable">Most Honourable</a>". </td></tr> <tr> <td>سَعَادْتَك saʿādtak </td> <td>[sæˈʕættæk] </td> <td>Standard Arabic saʿādatuka, "Your Happiness" </td> <td>Government officials and others with significantly higher social standing. Equivalent in governmental contexts "Your <a href="/wiki/Excellency" title="Excellency">Excellency</a>", or "Your Honor" when addressing a judge. </td></tr> <tr> <td>مَعَالِيك maʿālīk </td> <td>[mæʕæˈliːk] </td> <td>Standard Arabic maʿālīka, "Your Highness" </td> <td>(Obsolete.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHindsBadawi1986598-94">[94]</a>) <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Egypt" title="Cabinet of Egypt">Government ministers</a>. Equivalent in practical terms to "Your <a href="/wiki/Excellency" title="Excellency">Excellency</a>" or "The <a href="/wiki/Right_Honourable" class="mw-redirect" title="Right Honourable">Right Honourable</a>". </td></tr> <tr> <td>حَجّ/حَجَّة ḥagg/ḥagg </td> <td>[ˈħæɡ(ɡ)]/[ˈħæɡɡæ] </td> <td>Standard Arabic <a href="/wiki/Hajji" title="Hajji">ḥāǧ</a>, "pilgrim" </td> <td>Traditionally, any Muslim who has made the <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a>, or any Christian who has made <a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage" title="Pilgrimage">pilgrimage</a> to <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>. Currently also used as a general term of respect for all elderly. </td></tr> <tr> <td>بَاشَا bāsha </td> <td>[ˈbæːʃæ] </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Turkish language">Ottoman Turkish</a> <a href="/wiki/Pasha" title="Pasha">pasha</a> </td> <td>Informal address to a male of equal or lesser social status. Roughly equivalent to "man" or "dude" in informal English speech. </td></tr> <tr> <td>بيه/بك bēh </td> <td>[beː] </td> <td>Ottoman Turkish <a href="/wiki/Bey" title="Bey">bey</a> </td> <td>Informal address to a male of equal or lesser social status. Essentially equivalent to but less current than bāsha. </td></tr> <tr> <td>أَفَنْدِي afandi </td> <td>[æˈfændi] </td> <td>Ottoman Turkish <a href="/wiki/Effendi" title="Effendi">efendi</a> </td> <td>Largely archaic address to a well-born male of a less social standard than bēh and bāsha; more commonly used jocularly to social equals or to younger male members of the same family. </td></tr> <tr> <td>هَانِم hānim </td> <td>[ˈhæːnem] </td> <td>Ottoman Turkish <a href="/wiki/Khan_(title)#Compound_and_derived_princely_titles" title="Khan (title)">hanım</a>/khanum, "Lady" </td> <td>Address to a woman of high social standing, or esteemed as such by the speaker. Somewhat archaic. </td></tr> <tr> <td>سِتّ sitt </td> <td>[ˈset(t)] </td> <td>Standard Arabic sayyida(t) "mistress" </td> <td>The usual word for "woman". When used as a term of address, it conveys a modicum of respect. </td></tr> <tr> <td>مَدَام madām </td> <td>[mæˈdæːm] </td> <td><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> madame </td> <td>Respectful term of address for an older or married woman. </td></tr> <tr> <td>آنِسَة ānisa </td> <td>[ʔæˈnesæ] </td> <td>Standard Arabic ānisah, "young lady" </td> <td>Semi-formal address to an unmarried young woman. </td></tr> <tr> <td>أُسْتَاذ ustāz </td> <td>[ʔosˈtæːz] </td> <td>Standard Arabic ustādh, "professor", "gentleman" </td> <td>Besides actual university <a href="/wiki/Professor" title="Professor">professors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Schoolteacher" class="mw-redirect" title="Schoolteacher">schoolteachers</a>, used for experts in certain fields. May also be used as a generic informal reference, as bēh or bāsha. </td></tr> <tr> <td>أُوسْطَى/أُسْطَى usṭa </td> <td>[ˈostˤɑ]/[ˈɑstˤɑ] </td> <td>Turkish usta, "master" </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Driving" title="Driving">Drivers</a> and also skilled laborers. </td></tr> <tr> <td>رَئِيس raʾīs </td> <td>[ˈɾɑjjes] </td> <td>Standard Arabic raʿīs, "chief" </td> <td>Skilled laborers. The term predates the use of the same word to mean "president", and traditionally referred to the chief of a village. </td></tr> <tr> <td>بَاش مُهَنْدِس bashmuhandis </td> <td>[bæʃmoˈhændes] </td> <td>Ottoman Turkish baş mühendis, "chief <a href="/wiki/Engineer" title="Engineer">engineer</a>" </td> <td>Certain types of highly skilled laborers (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Electrician" title="Electrician">electricians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plumber" title="Plumber">plumbers</a>). </td></tr> <tr> <td>مِعَلِّم miʿallim </td> <td>[meˈʕællem] </td> <td>Standard Arabic muʿallim, "teacher" </td> <td>Most <a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">working class</a> men, particularly semi-skilled and <a href="/wiki/Unskilled_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Unskilled labor">unskilled laborers</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>عَمّ ʿamm </td> <td>[ˈʕæm(m)] </td> <td>Standard Arabic ʿamm, "paternal uncle" </td> <td>Older male servants or social subordinates with whom the speaker has a close relationship. It can also be used as a familiar term of address, much like basha. The use of the word in its original meaning is also current, for third-person reference. The second-person term of address to a paternal uncle is ʿammo [ˈʕæmmo]; onkel [ˈʔonkel], from French <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/oncle" class="extiw" title="wikt:oncle">oncle</a>, may also be used, particularly for uncles unrelated by blood (including spouses of aunts, uncles-in-law, and "honorary" uncles). </td></tr> <tr> <td>دَادَة dāda </td> <td>[ˈdæːdæ] </td> <td>Turkish dadı, "nanny" </td> <td>Older female servants or social subordinates with whom the speaker has a close relationship. </td></tr> <tr> <td>أَبِيه abēh </td> <td>[ʔæˈbeː] </td> <td>Ottoman Turkish abi/ağabey, "elder brother" </td> <td>Male relatives older than the speaker by about 10–15 years. Upper-class, and somewhat archaic. </td></tr> <tr> <td>أَبْلَة abla </td> <td>[ˈʔɑblɑ] </td> <td>Ottoman Turkish abla, "elder sister" </td> <td>Female relatives older than the speaker by about 10–15 years. </td></tr></tbody></table> Other honorifics also exist. In usage, honorifics are used in the second and third person. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Study">Study</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Egyptian_Arabic&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Study">edit</a>]</div> Egyptian Arabic has been a subject of study by scholars and laypersons in the past and the present for many reasons, including personal interest, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt_in_the_Western_imagination" title="Ancient Egypt in the Western imagination">egyptomania</a>, business, news reporting, and diplomatic and political interactions. Egyptian Colloquial Arabic (ECA) is now a field of study in both graduate and undergraduate levels in many higher education institutions and universities in the world. When added to academic instruction, Arabic-language schools and university programs provide Egyptian Arabic courses in a classroom fashion, and others facilitate classes for online study. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sample_text">Sample text</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Egyptian_Arabic&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Sample text">edit</a>]</div> Article 1 of the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a> Egyptian/Masri (Arabic script; spelling not standardised): <blockquote> <div dir="rtl"> الاعلان العالمى لحقوق الانسان, البند الاولانى البنى ادمين كلهم مولودين حرّين ومتساويين فى الكرامة والحقوق. اتوهبلهم العقل والضمير، والمفروض يعاملو بعضيهم بروح الاخوية. </div> </blockquote> Franco/<a href="/wiki/Arabic_Chat_Alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic Chat Alphabet">Arabic Chat Alphabet</a> (has no strict standard): <blockquote> el e3lan el 3alami le 72u2 el ensan, el band el awalani el bani2admin kollohom mawlodin 7orrin we metsawyin fel karama wel 7o2u2. Etwahablohom el 3a2l wel damir, wel mafrud ye3amlo ba3dihom be ro7 el akhaweya. </blockquote> IPA Phonemic transcription (for comparison with <a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Literary Arabic</a>): <blockquote> /il ʔiʕˈlaːn il ʕaːˈlami li ħˈʔuːʔ il ʔinˈsaːn | il ˈband il ʔawwaˈlaːni/ /il bani ʔadˈmiːn kulˈluhum mawluˈdiːn ħurˈriːn wi mitsawˈjiːn fil kaˈrˤaːma wil ħuˈʔuːʔ || ʔetwahabˈlohom ilˈʕaʔle we ddˤaˈmiːr wel mafˈruːdˤ jeʕamlo baʕˈdˤiːhom biˈroːħ el ʔaxaˈwejja/ </blockquote> IPA phonemic transcription (for a general demonstration of Egyptian phonology): <blockquote> /el ʔeʕˈlaːn el ʕaːˈlami le ħˈʔuːʔ el ʔenˈsaːn | el ˈband el ʔawwaˈlaːni/ /el bani ʔadˈmiːn kolˈlohom mawloˈdiːn ħorˈriːn we metsawˈjiːn fel kaˈrˤaːma wel ħoˈʔuːʔ || ʔetwahabˈlohom elˈʕaʔle we ddˤaˈmiːr wel mafˈruːdˤ jeˈʕamlu baʕˈdˤiːhom beˈroːħ el ʔaxaˈwejja/ </blockquote> IPA phonetic transcription morphologically (in fast speech, <a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">long vowels</a> are half-long or without distinctive length): <blockquote> [el ʔeʕˈlæːn el ʕæˈlæmi le ħˈʔuːʔ el ʔenˈsæːn | el ˈbænd el ʔæwwæˈlæːni] [el bæniʔædˈmiːn kolˈlohom mæwlʊˈdiːn ħʊrˈriːn we metsæwˈjiːn fel kɑˈɾɑːmɑ wel ħʊˈʔuːʔ || ʔetwæhæbˈlohom elˈʕæʔle we ddɑˈmiːɾ wel mɑfˈɾuːd jeˈʕæmlu bɑʕˈdiːhom beˈɾoːħ el ʔæxæˈwejjæ] </blockquote> English: <blockquote> Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in the spirit of brotherhood. </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sample_words_and_sentences">Sample words and sentences</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Egyptian_Arabic&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Sample words and sentences">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>إزيك [ezˈzæjjæk] ("How are you [m.]")</li> <li>إزيك [ezˈzæjjek] ("How are you [f.]")</li> <li>إزيكو [ezzæjˈjoko] ("How are you [pl.]")</li> <li>ايه ده [ˈʔeː ˈdæ] ("What is all this?", "What is the point", "What is this?" – expression of annoyance) <ul><li>Ex.: انت بتقوللهم عليا كده ليه, ايه ده؟ [ˈentæ betʔolˈlohom ʕæˈlæjjæ ˈkedæ ˈleː ˈʔeː dæ] ("Why are you telling them such things about me, what is all this?")</li></ul></li> <li>خلاص [xɑˈlɑːsˤ]: several meanings, though its main meaning is "enough", often adverbial <ul><li>"Stop it!" Ex.: زهقت, خلاص [zeˈheʔte xɑˈlɑːsˤ] ("I'm annoyed, stop it!")</li> <li>"It is over!", "finally, eventually" مامتى كانت عيانه و ماتت, خلاص Ex.: [ˈmɑmti kæːnet ʕajˈjæːnæ wˈmæːtet xɑˈlɑːsˤ]| ("My mother was ill and died finally." [or "...and it is over now"])</li> <li>"Ok, then!" Ex.: خلاص, أشوفك بكرا [xɑˈlɑːsˤ ʔæˈʃuːfæk ˈbokɾɑ] ("I'll see you tomorrow then")</li></ul></li> <li>خالص [ˈxɑːlesˤ] ("at all") <ul><li>ماعندناش حاجه نقولها خالص [mæʕændeˈnæːʃ ˈħæːɡæ nˈʔolhæ ˈxɑːlesˤ] ("We have nothing at all to say")</li></ul></li> <li>كفاية [keˈfæːjæ] ("It is enough!" or "That is enough")</li> <li>يعنى [ˈjæʕni] ("that is to say" or "meaning" or "y'know") <ul><li>As answer to انت عامل إيه؟ [entæ ˈʕæːmel ˈ(ʔ)eː] ("How do you do [m.]?") (as an answer: مش أد كده [meʃ ˈʔædde ˈkedæ] "I am so so" or نص نص [ˈnosˤse ˈnosˤ] <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> '"half half"' = مش تمام [meʃ tæˈmæːm] "not perfect")</li> <li>يعنى ايه؟ [jæʕni ˈʔeː] ("What does that mean?")</li> <li>امتى هتخلص يعنى؟ [ˈemtæ hɑtˈxɑllɑsˤ ˈjæʕni] ("When are you finishing exactly, then?)</li></ul></li> <li>بقى [ˈbæʔæ] (particle of enforcement → "just" in imperative clauses and "well,...then?" in questions) <ul><li>هاته بقى [ˈhæːto ˈbæʔæ] ("Just give it to me!)" عمل ايه بقى؟ [ˈʕæmæl ˈ(ʔ)eː ˈbæʔæ] or  [ˈʕæmæl ˈ(ʔ)eː ˈbæʔæ] ("Well, what did he do then?")</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Egyptian_Arabic&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Arabic" title="Levantine Arabic">Levantine Arabic</a> – one of the two prestige varieties of spoken Arabic, alongside Egyptian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayoumi_Andil" title="Bayoumi Andil">Bayoumi Andil</a> – Egyptian linguist who stated that Egyptian is a language</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic_Wikipedia" title="Egyptian Arabic Wikipedia">Egyptian Arabic Wikipedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_language" title="Egyptian language">Egyptian language</a> – extinct language family spoken in ancient Egypt <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic language</a> – latest stage of the Egyptian language</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futuh" title="Futuh">Futuh</a> or early Muslim military expansions</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Egyptian_Arabic&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><a href="#ref_A">^Note A</a> <a href="/wiki/Classical_Arabic" title="Classical Arabic">Classical Arabic</a> pronunciation: [alluʁˠatu lmisˠɾijjatu lħadiːθa]; <a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Literary Arabic</a>: /alluɣatu lmisˤrijjatu lħadiːθa/.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_B">^Note B</a> <a href="/wiki/Classical_Arabic" title="Classical Arabic">Classical Arabic</a> pronunciation: [alluʁˠatu lmisˠɾijjatu lʕaːmmijja]; <a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Literary Arabic</a>: /alluɣatu lmisˤrijjatu lʕaːmmijja/.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_C">^Note C</a> <a href="/wiki/Classical_Arabic" title="Classical Arabic">Classical Arabic</a> pronunciation: [allahɟatu lmisˠɾijja]; <a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Literary Arabic</a>: /allahɡatu lmisˤrijja/.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Egyptian_Arabic&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-e27-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-e27_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-e27_1-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/arz">Egyptian Arabic</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (27th ed., 2024) <a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/arz">Egyptian Arabic</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (27th ed., 2024) <a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFسبيرو1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">سبيرو (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fa0azQEACAAJ&q=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9"><bdi lang="ar">قاموس اللهجة العامية المصرية، عربي – إنكليزي</bdi></a> (in Arabic). مكتبة لبنان ناشرون. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326133756/https://books.google.com/books?id=fa0azQEACAAJ&q=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-03-26. Retrieved 2020-10-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87%D8%AC%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9%D8%8C+%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A+%E2%80%93+%D8%A5%D9%86%D9%83%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A&rft.pub=%D9%85%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A9+%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86+%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86&rft.date=1999&rft.au=%D8%B3%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dfa0azQEACAAJ%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B9%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9%2B%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25B5%25D8%25B1%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptian+Arabic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.net/news/cultureandart/2019/2/12/%D8%AA%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AC-%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%85%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%81-%D8%B7%D9%87-%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A8%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1"><bdi lang="ar">تتويج رواية مكتوبة بالعامية.. طيف طه حسين ومستقبل الثقافة بمصر</bdi></a>. www.aljazeera.net (in Arabic). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190704055503/https://www.aljazeera.net/news/cultureandart/2019/2/12/%D8%AA%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AC-%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%85%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%81-%D8%B7%D9%87-%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A8%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-07-04. Retrieved 2020-02-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.aljazeera.net&rft.atitle=%D8%AA%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AC+%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D9%85%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A9+%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9..+%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%81+%D8%B7%D9%87+%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86+%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A8%D9%84+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9+%D8%A8%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.net%2Fnews%2Fcultureandart%2F2019%2F2%2F12%2F%25D8%25AA%25D8%25AA%25D9%2588%25D9%258A%25D8%25AC-%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9-%25D9%2585%25D9%2583%25D8%25AA%25D9%2588%25D8%25A8%25D8%25A9-%25D8%25A8%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B9%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9-%25D8%25B7%25D9%258A%25D9%2581-%25D8%25B7%25D9%2587-%25D8%25AD%25D8%25B3%25D9%258A%25D9%2586-%25D9%2588%25D9%2585%25D8%25B3%25D8%25AA%25D9%2582%25D8%25A8%25D9%2584-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25AB%25D9%2582%25D8%25A7%25D9%2581%25D8%25A9-%25D8%25A8%25D9%2585%25D8%25B5%25D8%25B1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptian+Arabic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMusa2016" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script">Musa, Heba (15 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://akhbarelyom.com/news/newdetails/590075/1/%D8%B7%D9%87-%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86..%D8%B9%D8%B4%D9%82-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B5%D8%AD%D9%89-%D9%88%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%87-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%B9%D9%89-%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%81%D9%87%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%84-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A2%D9%86"><bdi lang="ar">طه حسين..عشق الفصحى وكره العامية ودعى لتفهم التوارة والإنجيل والقرآن</bdi></a>. <bdi lang="ar">بوابة اخبار اليوم</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220408104905/https://akhbarelyom.com/news/newdetails/590075/1/%D8%B7%D9%87-%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86..%D8%B9%D8%B4%D9%82-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B5%D8%AD%D9%89-%D9%88%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%87-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%B9%D9%89-%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%81%D9%87%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%84-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A2%D9%86">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-04-08. Retrieved 2020-02-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D8%B7%D9%87+%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86..%D8%B9%D8%B4%D9%82+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B5%D8%AD%D9%89+%D9%88%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%87+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%B9%D9%89+%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%81%D9%87%D9%85+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9+%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%84+%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A2%D9%86&rft.date=2016-11-15&rft.aulast=Musa&rft.aufirst=Heba&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fakhbarelyom.com%2Fnews%2Fnewdetails%2F590075%2F1%2F%25D8%25B7%25D9%2587-%25D8%25AD%25D8%25B3%25D9%258A%25D9%2586..%25D8%25B9%25D8%25B4%25D9%2582-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2581%25D8%25B5%25D8%25AD%25D9%2589-%25D9%2588%25D9%2583%25D8%25B1%25D9%2587-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B9%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9-%25D9%2588%25D8%25AF%25D8%25B9%25D9%2589-%25D9%2584%25D8%25AA%25D9%2581%25D9%2587%25D9%2585-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25AA%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A9-%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A5%25D9%2586%25D8%25AC%25D9%258A%25D9%2584-%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2582%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A2%25D9%2586&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptian+Arabic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://etoninstitute.com/blog/language/different-arabic-dialects">"Different Arabic Dialects Spoken Around the Arab World"</a>. April 15, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201127132549/https://etoninstitute.com/blog/language/different-arabic-dialects">Archived</a> from the original on November 27, 2020. Retrieved July 23, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Different+Arabic+Dialects+Spoken+Around+the+Arab+World&rft.date=2018-04-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fetoninstitute.com%2Fblog%2Flanguage%2Fdifferent-arabic-dialects&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptian+Arabic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://enterprise.press/stories/2017/08/29/disney-returns-to-using-egyptian-dialect-in-dubbing-movies/">"Disney returns to using Egyptian dialect in dubbing movies"</a>. Enterprise. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201119135519/https://enterprise.press/stories/2017/08/29/disney-returns-to-using-egyptian-dialect-in-dubbing-movies/">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-11-19. Retrieved 2019-05-31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Enterprise&rft.atitle=Disney+returns+to+using+Egyptian+dialect+in+dubbing+movies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenterprise.press%2Fstories%2F2017%2F08%2F29%2Fdisney-returns-to-using-egyptian-dialect-in-dubbing-movies%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptian+Arabic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/languages-spoken-in-egypt.html">"Languages Spoken In Egypt"</a>. WorldAtlas. 25 April 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201119135525/https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/languages-spoken-in-egypt.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-11-19. Retrieved 2019-09-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WorldAtlas&rft.atitle=Languages+Spoken+In+Egypt&rft.date=2017-04-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldatlas.com%2Farticles%2Flanguages-spoken-in-egypt.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptian+Arabic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOndras2005" class="citation book cs1">Ondras, Frantisek (2005-04-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jjiZAAAACAAJ&q=egyptian+colloquial+arabic">Egyptian Colloquial Arabic</a>. Czech Institute of Egyptology. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788086277363" title="Special:BookSources/9788086277363"><bdi>9788086277363</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326133733/https://books.google.com/books?id=jjiZAAAACAAJ&q=egyptian+colloquial+arabic">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-03-26. Retrieved 2020-10-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Egyptian+Colloquial+Arabic&rft.pub=Czech+Institute+of+Egyptology&rft.date=2005-04-26&rft.isbn=9788086277363&rft.aulast=Ondras&rft.aufirst=Frantisek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjjiZAAAACAAJ%26q%3Degyptian%2Bcolloquial%2Barabic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptian+Arabic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDick" class="citation web cs1">Dick, Marlin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304002737/http://tbsjournal.arabmediasociety.com/Archives/Fall05/Dick.html">"TBS 15 The State of the Musalsal: Arab Television Drama and Comedy and the Politics of the Satellite Era by Marlin Dick"</a>. Arab Media & Society. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tbsjournal.arabmediasociety.com/Archives/Fall05/Dick.html">the original</a> on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-11-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arab+Media+%26+Society&rft.atitle=TBS+15+The+State+of+the+Musalsal%3A+Arab+Television+Drama+and+Comedy+and+the+Politics+of+the+Satellite+Era+by+Marlin+Dick&rft.aulast=Dick&rft.aufirst=Marlin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftbsjournal.arabmediasociety.com%2FArchives%2FFall05%2FDick.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptian+Arabic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Mahmoud Gaafar, Jane Wightwick (2014).Colloquial Arabic of Egypt: The Complete Course for Beginners. </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOstergrenBossé2011" class="citation book cs1">Ostergren, Robert C.; Bossé, Mathias Le (2011-06-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4R4DyZ8At7IC&q=egyptian+arabic+%22most%22&pg=PA173">The Europeans, Second Edition: A Geography of People, Culture, and Environment</a>. Guilford Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60918-244-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60918-244-1"><bdi>978-1-60918-244-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326133744/https://books.google.com/books?id=4R4DyZ8At7IC&q=egyptian+arabic+%22most%22&pg=PA173">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-03-26. Retrieved 2020-10-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Europeans%2C+Second+Edition%3A+A+Geography+of+People%2C+Culture%2C+and+Environment&rft.pub=Guilford+Press&rft.date=2011-06-15&rft.isbn=978-1-60918-244-1&rft.aulast=Ostergren&rft.aufirst=Robert+C.&rft.au=Boss%C3%A9%2C+Mathias+Le&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4R4DyZ8At7IC%26q%3Degyptian%2Barabic%2B%2522most%2522%26pg%3DPA173&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptian+Arabic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichardson2007" class="citation book cs1">Richardson, Dan (2007-08-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=socYatmLZc8C&q=egyptian+arabic+%22most%22&pg=PT1983">The Rough Guide to Egypt</a>. Rough Guides UK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84836-798-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84836-798-2"><bdi>978-1-84836-798-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326133828/https://books.google.com/books?id=socYatmLZc8C&q=egyptian+arabic+%22most%22&pg=PT1983">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-03-26. Retrieved 2020-10-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rough+Guide+to+Egypt&rft.pub=Rough+Guides+UK&rft.date=2007-08-02&rft.isbn=978-1-84836-798-2&rft.aulast=Richardson&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsocYatmLZc8C%26q%3Degyptian%2Barabic%2B%2522most%2522%26pg%3DPT1983&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptian+Arabic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsante2002" class="citation book cs1">Asante, Molefi Kete (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof00mole">Culture and Customs of Egypt</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof00mole/page/117">117</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31740-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31740-8"><bdi>978-0-313-31740-8</bdi></a>. <q>egyptian arabic influence.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture+and+Customs+of+Egypt&rft.pages=117&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-313-31740-8&rft.aulast=Asante&rft.aufirst=Molefi+Kete&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fculturecustomsof00mole&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptian+Arabic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201130234310/https://tafl.live/"><bdi lang="ar">تعلم العربية| جامعة الأزهر | بوابة التعليم الالكتروني والتعليم عن بعد | e-Learning Al-Azhar University | Learn Arabic</bdi></a>. tafl.live. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tafl.live/">the original</a> on 2020-11-30. Retrieved 2019-11-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9%7C+%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B2%D9%87%D8%B1+%7C+%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A+%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85+%D8%B9%D9%86+%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AF+%7C+e-Learning+Al-Azhar+University+%7C+Learn+Arabic&rft.pub=tafl.live&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftafl.live%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptian+Arabic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBishai1962-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBishai1962_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBishai1962_16-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBishai1962">Bishai 1962</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://raseef22.net/article/91686-%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A3%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AB-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A#:~:text=%D8%AA%D8%A3%D8%AB%D9%8A%D8%B1%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%A9%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9,%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A9%20%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%8C%20%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B3%D8%A8%20%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%AF.">لاف الكلمات القبطية في أحاديث المصريين اليومية</a>, 18 February 2017, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221030130738/https://raseef22.net/article/91686-%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A3%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AB-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A#:~:text=%D8%AA%D8%A3%D8%AB%D9%8A%D8%B1%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%A9%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9,%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A9%20%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%8C%20%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B3%D8%A8%20%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%AF.">archived</a> from the original on 30 October 2022, retrieved 30 October 2022, <q>ليس أثر القبطية في العامية في مصر مجرد تبادل مصطلحات، أو كلمات دخلت القاموس العربي كما دخلت كلمة "تلفزيون"، إنما تأثرت بها من حيث نطق الحروف وبنية الجملة وتركيبها – الدكتور لؤي محمود سعيد</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%A3%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AB+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9&rft.date=2017-02-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fraseef22.net%2Farticle%2F91686-%25D8%25A2%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%2581-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2583%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AA-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2582%25D8%25A8%25D8%25B7%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9-%25D9%2581%25D9%258A-%25D8%25A3%25D8%25AD%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%25D9%258A%25D8%25AB-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25B5%25D8%25B1%25D9%258A%23%3A~%3Atext%3D%25D8%25AA%25D8%25A3%25D8%25AB%25D9%258A%25D8%25B1%2520%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2582%25D8%25A8%25D8%25B7%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9%2520%25D9%2581%25D9%258A%2520%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B9%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9%2C%25D9%2588%25D8%25A8%25D9%2586%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9%2520%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25AC%25D9%2585%25D9%2584%25D8%25A9%2520%25D9%2588%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B1%25D9%2583%25D9%258A%25D8%25A8%25D9%2587%25D8%25A7%25D8%258C%2520%25D8%25A8%25D8%25AD%25D8%25B3%25D8%25A8%2520%25D8%25B3%25D8%25B9%25D9%258A%25D8%25AF.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptian+Arabic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.masrawy.com/news/news-ayamzaman/details/2022/9/24/2296718/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7-%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B6%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%85%D8%A7-%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA-%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%A3%D8%AB%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%A9">"البابا تواضروس: العامية المصرية ما زالت متأثرة باللغة القبطية"</a>, masrawy.com, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221021102841/https://www.masrawy.com/news/news-ayamzaman/details/2022/9/24/2296718/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7-%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B6%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%85%D8%A7-%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA-%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%A3%D8%AB%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%A9">archived</a> from the original on 2022-10-21, retrieved 2022-10-21</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=masrawy.com&rft.atitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7+%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B6%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%3A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D9%85%D8%A7+%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA+%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%A3%D8%AB%D8%B1%D8%A9+%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.masrawy.com%2Fnews%2Fnews-ayamzaman%2Fdetails%2F2022%2F9%2F24%2F2296718%2F%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A8%25D8%25A7%25D8%25A8%25D8%25A7-%25D8%25AA%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B6%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25D8%25B3-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B9%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25B5%25D8%25B1%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9-%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7-%25D8%25B2%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25AA-%25D9%2585%25D8%25AA%25D8%25A3%25D8%25AB%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A9-%25D8%25A8%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2584%25D8%25BA%25D8%25A9-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2582%25D8%25A8%25D8%25B7%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptian+Arabic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://raseef22.com/article/79624-13-%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9-%D8%A3%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%91%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%83%D9%91%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%91%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%91%D8%A9"><bdi lang="ar">13 لغة أجنبية تشكل العامية المصرية</bdi></a> [13 foreign languages within the Egyptian Arabic dialect]. <bdi lang="ar">رصيف 22</bdi>. May 31, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200814140127/https://raseef22.com/article/79624-13-%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9-%D8%A3%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%91%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%83%D9%91%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%91%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%91%D8%A9">Archived</a> from the original on August 14, 2020. 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Retrieved 2020-06-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue&rft.atitle=Arabic%2C+Sa%27idi+Spoken&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Flanguage%2Faec&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptian+Arabic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Versteegh, p. 162 </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=ayl">"Arabic, Libyan Spoken"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514044722/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=ayl">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-05-14. Retrieved 2010-09-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arabic%2C+Libyan+Spoken&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Fshow_language.asp%3Fcode%3Dayl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptian+Arabic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> David Dalby, 1999/2000, The Linguasphere Register, The Linguasphere Observatory </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=avl">"Arabic, Eastern Egyptian Bedawi Spoken"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514044846/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=avl">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-05-14. Retrieved 2010-09-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arabic%2C+Eastern+Egyptian+Bedawi+Spoken&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Fshow_language.asp%3Fcode%3Davl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptian+Arabic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lingualism.com/maghrebi-arabic/tunisian-arabic-grammar/">"Tunisian Arabic Grammar"</a>, lingualism.com, 27 June 2018, retrieved 29 June 2023</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=lingualism.com&rft.atitle=Tunisian+Arabic+Grammar&rft.date=2018-06-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flingualism.com%2Fmaghrebi-arabic%2Ftunisian-arabic-grammar%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptian+Arabic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Cf. also <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwens2003" class="citation journal cs1">Owens, Jonathan (October 2003). "Arabic Dialect History and Historical Linguistic Mythology". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_American_Oriental_Society" title="Journal of the American Oriental Society">Journal of the American Oriental Society</a>. 123 (4): 715. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3589965">10.2307/3589965</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-0279">0003-0279</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3589965">3589965</a>. <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q58152596" class="extiw" title="d:Q58152596">Q58152596</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=Arabic+Dialect+History+and+Historical+Linguistic+Mythology&rft.volume=123&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=715&rft.date=2003-10&rft.issn=0003-0279&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3589965%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3589965&rft.aulast=Owens&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptian+Arabic" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoidich2006622.3.2.1.1_a-Perfekt_und_i-Perfekt-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoidich2006622.3.2.1.1_a-Perfekt_und_i-Perfekt_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWoidich2006">Woidich 2006</a>, p. 62, 2.3.2.1.1 a-Perfekt und i-Perfekt. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehnstedtWoidich2018783.3.2_The_Case_of_Alexandria-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehnstedtWoidich2018783.3.2_The_Case_of_Alexandria_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBehnstedtWoidich2018">Behnstedt & Woidich 2018</a>, p. 78, 3.3.2 The Case of Alexandria. </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoidich1996" class="citation journal cs1">Woidich, Manfred (1996-12-31). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.openedition.org/ema/1952">"Rural Dialect of Egyptian Arabic: An Overview"</a>. Égypte/Monde arabe (27–28): 325–354. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fema.1952">10.4000/ema.1952</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1110-5097">1110-5097</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210423164550/https://journals.openedition.org/ema/1952">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-04-23. Retrieved 2021-04-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%C3%89gypte%2FMonde+arabe&rft.atitle=Rural+Dialect+of+Egyptian+Arabic%3A+An+Overview&rft.issue=27%E2%80%9328&rft.pages=325-354&rft.date=1996-12-31&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fema.1952&rft.issn=1110-5097&rft.aulast=Woidich&rft.aufirst=Manfred&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.openedition.org%2Fema%2F1952&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptian+Arabic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> See e.g. Behnstedt & Woidich (2005) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoidich20061152.4.9.3.1_Externe_Pluralbildung_mit_''-īn'',_''-āt''_and_''-a''-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoidich20061152.4.9.3.1_Externe_Pluralbildung_mit_''-īn'',_''-āt''_and_''-a''_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWoidich2006">Woidich 2006</a>, p. 115, 2.4.9.3.1 Externe Pluralbildung mit -īn, -āt and -a. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHindsBadawi1986104-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHindsBadawi1986104_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHindsBadawi1986">Hinds & Badawi 1986</a>, p. 104. </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGadalla2000">Gadalla 2000</a>, pp. 132–133, 3.2.1. Verbal Nouns, tab. 39 and 40 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENishio1995-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENishio1995_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENishio1995_62-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFNishio1995">Nishio 1995</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoussef2003-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoussef2003_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYoussef2003">Youssef 2003</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehnstedt2005501-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehnstedt2005501_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBehnstedt2005">Behnstedt 2005</a>, p. 501. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiem197951–52-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDiem197951–52_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDiem1979">Diem 1979</a>, pp. 51–52. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehnstedt2005503-66"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehnstedt2005503_66-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBehnstedt2005">Behnstedt 2005</a>, p. 503. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZack20011991._The_orthography-67"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZack20011991._The_orthography_67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZack2001">Zack 2001</a>, p. 199, 1. The orthography. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoidich20062Einleitung-68"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoidich20062Einleitung_68-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWoidich2006">Woidich 2006</a>, p. 2, Einleitung. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZack2001199–200a._Description_of_the_orthography_of_''Laban_il-‘aṣfūr''-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZack2001199–200a._Description_of_the_orthography_of_''Laban_il-‘aṣfūr''_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZack2001">Zack 2001</a>, pp. 199–200, a. Description of the orthography of Laban il-‘aṣfūr. </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> Generally, for more specific information see <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic_phonology" title="Egyptian Arabic phonology">Egyptian Arabic phonology</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> For the consonants see <a href="#CITEREFSpitta1880">Spitta 1880</a>, p. 1, § 1a, for the vowels mainly <a href="#CITEREFSpitta1880">Spitta 1880</a>, p. 34, § 12a. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell19782–3,_8,_13B._The_system_of_writing_and_hints_on_pronunciation-72"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell19782–3,_8,_13B._The_system_of_writing_and_hints_on_pronunciation_72-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMitchell1978">Mitchell 1978</a>, pp. 2–3, 8, 13, B. The system of writing and hints on pronunciation. </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> For the consonants see <a href="#CITEREFHarrell1957">Harrell 1957</a>, p. 25, for the vowels see <a href="#CITEREFHarrell1957">Harrell 1957</a>, p. 45. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHindsBadawi1986XVI–XVIII8._Transcription-74"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHindsBadawi1986XVI–XVIII8._Transcription_74-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHindsBadawi1986">Hinds & Badawi 1986</a>, pp. XVI–XVIII, 8. Transcription. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoidich2006XXVI–XXVII,_11-75"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoidich2006XXVI–XXVII,_11_75-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWoidich2006">Woidich 2006</a>, pp. XXVI–XXVII, 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAbu_Elhija2014">Abu Elhija 2014</a>, p. 208; <a href="#CITEREFBjørnsson2010">Bjørnsson 2010</a>, pp. 41–42, 58, 61. Only the most common variants are listed, others are used as well. </li> <li id="cite_note-p-j-v-marginal-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-p-j-v-marginal_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-p-j-v-marginal_77-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-p-j-v-marginal_77-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-p-j-v-marginal_77-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-p-j-v-marginal_77-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-p-j-v-marginal_77-5">f</a> The sounds /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a>/, /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a>/, and /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a>/ can appear in loanwords, but have a marginal status, often they aren't used by less educated speakers, cf. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]; <a href="#CITEREFMitchell1978">Mitchell 1978</a>, p. 8, B. The system of writing and hints on pronunciation. Examples are: <ul><li>پيپسى bebsi (or pepsi) "Pepsi", pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Egyptian Arabic">[ˈbeb.si]</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Egyptian Arabic">[ˈpep.si]</a>),</li> <li>‏<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A9#Egyptian_Arabic" class="extiw" title="wikt:چاكتة">چاكتة</a>‎ jakitta "jacket", pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Egyptian Arabic">[ʒæˈkettæ]</a> or rarely by less educated speakers <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Egyptian Arabic">[zækettæ]</a> and</li> <li>‏<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%A4%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7#Egyptian_Arabic" class="extiw" title="wikt:ڤيلا">ڤيلّا</a>‎ villa "villa", pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Egyptian Arabic">[ˈvel.læ]</a> or rarely by less educated speakers <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Egyptian Arabic">[ˈfel.læ]</a>.</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-lostsounds-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lostsounds_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lostsounds_78-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lostsounds_78-2">c</a> The sounds of the letters ث‎, ذ‎, and ظ in Standard Arabic are not present in Egyptian Arabic. That is why the romanizations that are not <a href="/wiki/Transliteration" title="Transliteration">transliterations</a> of the representation of Egyptian Arabic in Arabic script do not give a specific transcription for those letters but rather transcriptions that are the same like for other Arabic letters with the same pronunciation. </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> As examples see "tálat" (p. 215) and "sánya" (p. 213). </li> <li id="cite_note-franco-names-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-franco-names_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-franco-names_80-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-franco-names_80-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-franco-names_80-3">d</a> Used in names. </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> ⟨ʾ⟩ is used additionally to indicate phonology, but not generally for romanization, see <a href="#CITEREFSpitta1880">Spitta 1880</a>, p. 12, § 2a 18). </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> Word-initial. </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> ⟨ɑ̊⟩ is used to indicate phonology, but not generally for romanization, cf. <a href="#CITEREFSpitta1880">Spitta 1880</a>, p. 36, § 13b: "ṭɑlɑb (gespr. ṭɑ̊lɑb)". </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> ⟨e⟩ and ⟨ɑ̊⟩ are used additionally to indicate phonology, but not generally for romanization. </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> ⟨e⟩ and ⟨ü⟩ are used additionally to indicate phonology, but not generally for romanization, cf. <a href="#CITEREFSpitta1880">Spitta 1880</a>, p. 40, § 14: "siḥr „Zauber“ (sprich seḥr mit im Gaumen klingendem e)" and "ṣibjân „Jünglinge“ sprich ṣübjân mit dumpfem ü, welches dann zu ṣubjân wird". </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> At least some authors transcribe stressed anaptyctic vowels like the other short vowels, cf. <a href="#CITEREFSpitta1880">Spitta 1880</a>, p. 55, § 21g. Betonter Zwischenvocal and <a href="#CITEREFHindsBadawi1986">Hinds & Badawi 1986</a>, p. XVIII: "Unstressed anaptyctic vowels are represented in small elevated form, while stressed anaptyctic vowels are given in the normal fount." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpitta188052–55§_21._Die_Zwischenvocale-87"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpitta188052–55§_21._Die_Zwischenvocale_87-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSpitta1880">Spitta 1880</a>, pp. 52–55, § 21. Die Zwischenvocale. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrell195759–607.10-88"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrell195759–607.10_88-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarrell1957">Harrell 1957</a>, pp. 59–60, 7.10. </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> ⟨ᵃ⟩ is used for example in "ʕil-ʕɑgrᵃ ʕal-ɑllɑ" <a href="#CITEREFHindsBadawi1986">Hinds & Badawi 1986</a>, p. 7, but maybe not all the possible glyphs ⟨ⁱ⟩, ⟨ᵃ⟩, ⟨ᵅ⟩, ⟨ᵉ⟩, ⟨ᵒ⟩ and ⟨ᵘ⟩ are actually used in transcription. </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> In <a href="/wiki/Sandhi" title="Sandhi">sandhi</a>, i.e. at word boundary positions, the epenthetic vowel is transcribed ⟨i̊⟩/⟨ů⟩, otherwise ⟨i⟩/⟨u⟩, see <a href="#CITEREFWoidich2006">Woidich 2006</a>, p. 32, 1.3.2.3 Epenthese von -i- (Aufsprengung). </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBjørnsson201064–654.2.1.2.3_The_epenthetic_vowel-91"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBjørnsson201064–654.2.1.2.3_The_epenthetic_vowel_91-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBjørnsson2010">Bjørnsson 2010</a>, p. 64–65, 4.2.1.2.3 The epenthetic vowel. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoidich2006321.3.2.3_Epenthese_von_''-i-''_(Aufsprengung)-92"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoidich2006321.3.2.3_Epenthese_von_''-i-''_(Aufsprengung)_92-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWoidich2006">Woidich 2006</a>, p. 32, 1.3.2.3 Epenthese von -i- (Aufsprengung). </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHindsBadawi1986VII–X-93">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHindsBadawi1986VII–X_93-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHindsBadawi1986VII–X_93-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHindsBadawi1986VII–X_93-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHindsBadawi1986VII–X_93-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFHindsBadawi1986">Hinds & Badawi 1986</a>, pp. VII–X. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHindsBadawi1986598-94"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHindsBadawi1986598_94-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHindsBadawi1986">Hinds & Badawi 1986</a>, p. 598. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Egyptian_Arabic&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbdel-MassihBahig1978" class="citation book cs1">Abdel-Massih, Ernest T.; Bahig, A. Fathy (1978). A Comprehensive Study of Egyptian Arabic, Vol. 1: Conversations, Cultural Texts, Sociolinguistic Notes (2nd ed.). Ann Arbor: Center for Near Eastern and North African Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-932098-11-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-932098-11-5"><bdi>978-0-932098-11-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/777140122">777140122</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL11480326M">11480326M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Comprehensive+Study+of+Egyptian+Arabic%2C+Vol.+1%3A+Conversations%2C+Cultural+Texts%2C+Sociolinguistic+Notes&rft.place=Ann+Arbor&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Center+for+Near+Eastern+and+North+African+Studies&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F777140122&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL11480326M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-932098-11-5&rft.aulast=Abdel-Massih&rft.aufirst=Ernest+T.&rft.au=Bahig%2C+A.+Fathy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptian+Arabic" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbu_Elhija2014" class="citation journal cs1">Abu Elhija, Dua'a (23 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17586801.2013.868334">"A New Writing System? 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Writing Systems Research. 6 (2): 190–214. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F17586801.2013.868334">10.1080/17586801.2013.868334</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1758-6801">1758-6801</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Writing+Systems+Research&rft.atitle=A+New+Writing+System%3F+Developing+Orthographies+for+Writing+Arabic+Dialects+in+Electronic+Media&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=190-214&rft.date=2014-01-23&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F17586801.2013.868334&rft.issn=1758-6801&rft.aulast=Abu+Elhija&rft.aufirst=Dua%27a&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F17586801.2013.868334&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptian+Arabic" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBehnstedtWoidich1985" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Behnstedt, Peter; Woidich, Manfred (1985). Die ägyptisch-arabischen Dialekte. Vol. I & II. Wiesbaden, Germany: L. Reichert. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783882262278" title="Special:BookSources/9783882262278"><bdi>9783882262278</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/13049795">13049795</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+%C3%A4gyptisch-arabischen+Dialekte&rft.place=Wiesbaden%2C+Germany&rft.pub=L.+Reichert&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F13049795&rft.isbn=9783882262278&rft.aulast=Behnstedt&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Woidich%2C+Manfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptian+Arabic" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBehnstedtWoidich2018" class="citation book cs1">Behnstedt, Peter; Woidich, Manfred (2018). 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Journal of the American Oriental Society. 82 (3): 285–289. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F597639">10.2307/597639</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-0279">0003-0279</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/597639">597639</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=Coptic+Grammatical+Influence+on+Egyptian+Arabic&rft.volume=82&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=285-289&rft.date=1962-07&rft.issn=0003-0279&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F597639%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F597639&rft.aulast=Bishai&rft.aufirst=Wilson+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptian+Arabic" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBjørnsson2010" class="citation thesis cs1">Bjørnsson, Jan Arild (November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-27138">Egyptian Romanized Arabic: A Study of Selected Features from Communication Among Egyptian Youth on Facebook</a> (PDF) (Master of Arts). University of Oslo. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/747047111">747047111</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Egyptian+Romanized+Arabic%3A+A+Study+of+Selected+Features+from+Communication+Among+Egyptian+Youth+on+Facebook&rft.inst=University+of+Oslo&rft.date=2010-11&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F747047111&rft.aulast=Bj%C3%B8rnsson&rft.aufirst=Jan+Arild&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Furn.nb.no%2FURN%3ANBN%3Ano-27138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptian+Arabic" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorg2007" class="citation book cs1">Borg, Gert (2007). "How to Be Kool in Arabic Writing: Linguistic Observations from the Side Line". In Motzki, Harald; Ditters, Everhard (eds.). 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Amsterdam: Brill Academic Publishers. pp. 525–542. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2FEJ.9789004160156.I-762.144">10.1163/EJ.9789004160156.I-762.144</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16015-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16015-6"><bdi>978-90-04-16015-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/940891095">940891095</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=How+to+Be+Kool+in+Arabic+Writing%3A+Linguistic+Observations+from+the+Side+Line&rft.btitle=Approaches+to+Arabic+Linguistics%3A+Presented+to+Kees+Versteegh+on+the+Occasion+of+His+Sixtieth+Birthday&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.series=Studies+in+Semitic+Languages+and+Linguistics+Vol.+49&rft.pages=525-542&rft.pub=Brill+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F940891095&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2FEJ.9789004160156.I-762.144&rft.isbn=978-90-04-16015-6&rft.aulast=Borg&rft.aufirst=Gert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptian+Arabic" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies2005" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Davies, Humphrey T. 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Wiesbaden, Germany: Franz Steiner Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-515-01834-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-515-01834-0"><bdi>978-3-515-01834-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/185628300">185628300</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL5150940M">5150940M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hochsprache+und+Dialekt+im+Arabischen%3A+Untersuchungen+zur+heutigen+arabischen+Zweisprachigkeit.+Abhandlungen+fuer+die+Kunde+des+Morgenlandes&rft.place=Wiesbaden%2C+Germany&rft.pub=Franz+Steiner+Verlag&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F185628300&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL5150940M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-3-515-01834-0&rft.aulast=Diem&rft.aufirst=Werner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptian+Arabic" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiem1979" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Diem, Werner (1979). 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New York: Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-23897-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-23897-5"><bdi>0-312-23897-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/50124768">50124768</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sacred+Language%2C+Ordinary+People%3A+Dilemmas+of+Culture+and+Politics+in+Egypt&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F50124768&rft.isbn=0-312-23897-5&rft.aulast=Haeri&rft.aufirst=Niloofar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptian+Arabic" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrell1957" class="citation book cs1">Harrell, Richard S. (1957). The Phonology of Colloquial Egyptian Arabic. Publications Series B-Aids, no. 9. New York: American Council of Learned Societies. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/4299226">4299226</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Phonology+of+Colloquial+Egyptian+Arabic&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Publications+Series+B-Aids%2C+no.+9&rft.pub=American+Council+of+Learned+Societies&rft.date=1957&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F4299226&rft.aulast=Harrell&rft.aufirst=Richard+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptian+Arabic" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHindsBadawi1986" class="citation book cs1">Hinds, Martin; Badawi, El-Said (1986). A Dictionary of Egyptian Arabic. Beirut: Librairie du Liban Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85341-003-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85341-003-1"><bdi>978-1-85341-003-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/928122887">928122887</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL15378288M">15378288M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Egyptian+Arabic&rft.place=Beirut&rft.pub=Librairie+du+Liban+Publishers&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F928122887&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL15378288M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-1-85341-003-1&rft.aulast=Hinds&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=Badawi%2C+El-Said&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptian+Arabic" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell1956" class="citation book cs1">Mitchell, T. F. (1956). An Introduction to Egyptian Colloquial Arabic. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/466065001">466065001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Egyptian+Colloquial+Arabic&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1956&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F466065001&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=T.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptian+Arabic" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell1962" class="citation book cs1">Mitchell, T. F. (1962). Colloquial Arabic: The Living Language of Egypt. London: The English Universities Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/896332745">896332745</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colloquial+Arabic%3A+The+Living+Language+of+Egypt&rft.place=London&rft.pub=The+English+Universities+Press&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F896332745&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=T.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptian+Arabic" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell1978" class="citation book cs1">Mitchell, T. F. (1978). An Introduction to Egyptian Colloquial Arabic. Oxford: Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0198151497" title="Special:BookSources/0198151497"><bdi>0198151497</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1158940549">1158940549</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL18702205M">18702205M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Egyptian+Colloquial+Arabic&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1158940549&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL18702205M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=0198151497&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=T.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptian+Arabic" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNishio1995" class="citation conference cs1">Nishio, Tetsuo (1995). "Word Order and Word Order Change of Wh-Questions in Egyptian Arabic: The Coptic Substratum Reconsidered". In Cremona, Joe; Holes, Clive; Khan, Geoffrey (eds.). Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference of l’Association Internationale pour la Dialectologie Arabe (AIDA), Held at Trinity Hall in the University of Cambridge, 10–14 September 1995. Cambridge: University Publications Centre. pp. 171–179. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/469259739">469259739</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Word+Order+and+Word+Order+Change+of+Wh-Questions+in+Egyptian+Arabic%3A+The+Coptic+Substratum+Reconsidered&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+2nd+International+Conference+of+l%E2%80%99Association+Internationale+pour+la+Dialectologie+Arabe+%28AIDA%29%2C+Held+at+Trinity+Hall+in+the+University+of+Cambridge%2C+10%E2%80%9314+September+1995&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=171-179&rft.pub=University+Publications+Centre&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F469259739&rft.aulast=Nishio&rft.aufirst=Tetsuo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptian+Arabic" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrasseBlanfordMoestrupEl-Shoubary2000" class="citation book cs1">Prasse, Karl-G.; Blanford, Katrine; Moestrup, Elisabeth A.; El-Shoubary, Iman (2000). 5 Egyptian-Arabic One Act Plays: A First Reader (Bilingual ed.). Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/87-7289-612-4" title="Special:BookSources/87-7289-612-4"><bdi>87-7289-612-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/754875354">754875354</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=5+Egyptian-Arabic+One+Act+Plays%3A+A+First+Reader&rft.place=Copenhagen&rft.edition=Bilingual&rft.pub=Museum+Tusculanum+Press&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F754875354&rft.isbn=87-7289-612-4&rft.aulast=Prasse&rft.aufirst=Karl-G.&rft.au=Blanford%2C+Katrine&rft.au=Moestrup%2C+Elisabeth+A.&rft.au=El-Shoubary%2C+Iman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptian+Arabic" class="Z3988"> "Plays in Arabic[. ]Includes preface in Arabic and English, and 'Reading rules' in English"—OCLC.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpitta1880" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Spitta, Wilhelm (1880). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/grammatikdesara00spitgoog">Grammatik des arabischen Vulgärdialectes von Ägypten</a> (in German). Leipzig: J.C. Hinrichs. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/14714297">14714297</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL23438029M">23438029M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grammatik+des+arabischen+Vulg%C3%A4rdialectes+von+%C3%84gypten&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.pub=J.C.+Hinrichs&rft.date=1880&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F14714297&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL23438029M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.aulast=Spitta&rft.aufirst=Wilhelm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgrammatikdesara00spitgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptian+Arabic" class="Z3988"> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/PQ112070596" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/PQ112070596"> (PQ112070596)</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTomiche1964" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tomiche, Nada (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/leparlerarabeduc0000tomi/mode/2up">Le parler arabe du Caire</a>. Recherches méditerranéennes Textes et études linguistiques, 3 (in French and Arabic). Paris, The Hague: Mouton & Co. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/12631611">12631611</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+parler+arabe+du+Caire&rft.place=Paris%2C+The+Hague&rft.series=Recherches+m%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9ennes+Textes+et+%C3%A9tudes+linguistiques%2C+3&rft.pub=Mouton+%26+Co&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F12631611&rft.aulast=Tomiche&rft.aufirst=Nada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fleparlerarabeduc0000tomi%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptian+Arabic" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVersteegh2001" class="citation book cs1">Versteegh, Kees (2001) [2001]. The Arabic Language. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7486-1436-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7486-1436-2"><bdi>0-7486-1436-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/45767561">45767561</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arabic+Language&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F45767561&rft.isbn=0-7486-1436-2&rft.aulast=Versteegh&rft.aufirst=Kees&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptian+Arabic" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson2002" class="citation book cs1">Watson, Janet C. E. (2002). The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-925759-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-925759-1"><bdi>978-0-19-925759-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/49518955">49518955</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL9656479M">9656479M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Phonology+and+Morphology+of+Arabic&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F49518955&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL9656479M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-19-925759-1&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Janet+C.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptian+Arabic" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoidich2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Woidich, Manfred (2006). Das Kairenisch-Arabische: Eine Grammatik. Porta linguarum Orientalium, neue Serie, 22 (in German). Wiesbaden, Germany: Harrassowitz Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-05315-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-05315-0"><bdi>978-3-447-05315-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/70268095">70268095</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL19689820M">19689820M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Das+Kairenisch-Arabische%3A+Eine+Grammatik&rft.place=Wiesbaden%2C+Germany&rft.series=Porta+linguarum+Orientalium%2C+neue+Serie%2C+22&rft.pub=Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F70268095&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL19689820M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-3-447-05315-0&rft.aulast=Woidich&rft.aufirst=Manfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptian+Arabic" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoidich2010" class="citation conference cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Woidich, Manfred (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-fau/files/1499/04_Woidich_Aegyptisch_Arabische_Dialektliteratur.pdf">"Von der wörtlichen Rede zur Sachprosa: Zur Entwicklung der Ägyptisch-Arabischen Dialektliteratur"</a> (PDF). Dialektliteratur heute – regional und international. Forschungskolloquium am Interdisziplinären Zentrum für Dialektforschung an der Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 19.11.2009–20.11.2009 (in German).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Von+der+w%C3%B6rtlichen+Rede+zur+Sachprosa%3A+Zur+Entwicklung+der+%C3%84gyptisch-Arabischen+Dialektliteratur&rft.btitle=Dialektliteratur+heute+%E2%80%93+regional+und+international.+Forschungskolloquium+am+Interdisziplin%C3%A4ren+Zentrum+f%C3%BCr+Dialektforschung+an+der+Friedrich-Alexander-Universit%C3%A4t+Erlangen-N%C3%BCrnberg%2C+19.11.2009%E2%80%9320.11.2009&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Woidich&rft.aufirst=Manfred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopus4.kobv.de%2Fopus4-fau%2Ffiles%2F1499%2F04_Woidich_Aegyptisch_Arabische_Dialektliteratur.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptian+Arabic" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoussef2003" class="citation book cs1">Youssef, Ahmad Abdel-Hamid (2003). From Pharaoh's Lips: Ancient Egyptian Language in the Arabic of Today. Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/977-424-708-6" title="Special:BookSources/977-424-708-6"><bdi>977-424-708-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/912578933">912578933</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Pharaoh%27s+Lips%3A+Ancient+Egyptian+Language+in+the+Arabic+of+Today&rft.place=Cairo&rft.pub=The+American+University+in+Cairo+Press&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F912578933&rft.isbn=977-424-708-6&rft.aulast=Youssef&rft.aufirst=Ahmad+Abdel-Hamid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptian+Arabic" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZack2001" class="citation journal cs1">Zack, Elisabeth (2001). "The Use of Colloquial Arabic in Prose Literature: 'Laban ilʿaṣfūr' by Yūsuf al-Qaʿīd". Quaderni di Studi Arabi. 19: 193–219. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1121-2306">1121-2306</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25802939">25802939</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quaderni+di+Studi+Arabi&rft.atitle=The+Use+of+Colloquial+Arabic+in+Prose+Literature%3A+%27Laban+il%CA%BFa%E1%B9%A3f%C5%ABr%27+by+Y%C5%ABsuf+al-Qa%CA%BF%C4%ABd&rft.volume=19&rft.pages=193-219&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25802939%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=1121-2306&rft.aulast=Zack&rft.aufirst=Elisabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptian+Arabic" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Egyptian_Arabic&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="arz:"> Egyptian Arabic edition</a> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/32px-Incubator-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/48px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/64px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="1000" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wt/arz" class="extiw" title="incubator:Wt/arz">Egyptian Arabic test</a> of <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary">Wiktionary</a> at <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Incubator" class="extiw" title="meta:Wikimedia Incubator">Wikimedia Incubator</a></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a phrasebook for <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic_phrasebook#Q29919" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Egyptian Arabic phrasebook">Egyptian Arabic</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Egyptian_Arabic_Swadesh_list" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Appendix:Egyptian Arabic Swadesh list">Appendix:Egyptian Arabic Swadesh list</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.danielpipes.org/books/an-arabists-guide-to-egyptian-colloquial.pdf">An Arabist's Guide to Egyptian Colloquial</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Pipes" title="Daniel Pipes">Daniel Pipes</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141222081815/http://www.danielpipes.org/books/an-arabists-guide-to-egyptian-colloquial.pdf">Archive</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eu.lisaanmasry.org/info/en/home.html">Lisaan Masry Egyptian Arabic Dictionary</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coptic.org/language/colloquialegyptian.htm">Coptic Words in Egyptian Arabic</a> (in Arabic)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=51">Description of Egyptian Arabic from UCLA's Language Materials Project</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060818044621/http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=51">Archived</a> 2006-08-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ahewar.org/debat/show.art.asp?aid=114792">A review on the book Present Culture in Egypt</a> (in Arabic)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Arabic_language" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Arabic_language" title="Template:Arabic language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Arabic_language" title="Template talk:Arabic language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arabic_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Arabic language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Arabic_language" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> language</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Alphabet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Arabic_alphabet" title="History of the Arabic alphabet">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">Romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Numerology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influence_of_Arabic_on_other_languages" title="Influence of Arabic on other languages">Influence on other languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Scripts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_script" title="Nabataean script">Nabataean script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_North_Arabian" title="Ancient North Arabian">Ancient North Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Ancient South Arabian script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_numerals" title="Arabic numerals">Arabic numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Arabic_numerals" title="Eastern Arabic numerals">Eastern numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_Braille" title="Arabic Braille">Arabic Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Braille" title="Algerian Braille">Algerian Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Braille" title="Maltese Braille">Maltese Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_diacritics" title="Arabic diacritics">Diacritics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_diacritics#I‘jām_(phonetic_distinctions_of_consonants)" title="Arabic diacritics">i‘jām</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_diacritics#Tashkil_(marks_used_as_phonetic_guides)" title="Arabic diacritics">Tashkil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_diacritics#Harakat_(short_vowel_marks)" title="Arabic diacritics">Harakat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunation" title="Nunation">Nunation</a> (tanwin)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaddah" title="Shaddah">Shaddah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamza" title="Hamza">Hamza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagger_alif" title="Dagger alif">Dagger alif</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_alphabet" title="Maltese alphabet">Maltese alphabet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Letters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleph#Arabic_ʼAlif" title="Aleph">ʾAlif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bet_(letter)#Arabic_bāʾ" title="Bet (letter)">Bāʾ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taw#Arabic_tāʾ" title="Taw">Tāʾ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%AE%C4%81%CA%BE" title="Ṯāʾ">Ṯāʾ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gimel#Arabic_ǧīm" title="Gimel">Ǧīm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heth#Arabic_ḥāʾ" title="Heth">Ḥāʾ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%AA%C4%81%CA%BE" title="Ḫāʾ">Ḫāʾ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalet#Arabic_dāl" title="Dalet">Dāl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%8E%C4%81l" title="Ḏāl">Ḏāl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resh#Arabic_rāʼ" title="Resh">Rāʾ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zayin" title="Zayin">Zāy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin_(letter)#Arabic_sīn" title="Shin (letter)">Sīn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin_(letter)#Arabic_shīn" title="Shin (letter)">Šīn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsade#Arabic_Ṣād" title="Tsade">Ṣād</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%8C%C4%81d" title="Ḍād">Ḍād</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teth#Arabic_Ṭāʾ" title="Teth">Ṭāʾ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%BA%92%C4%81%CA%BE" title="Ẓāʾ">Ẓāʾ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayin#Arabic_ʿAyn" title="Ayin">ʿAyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghayn" title="Ghayn">Ġayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pe_(Semitic_letter)" title="Pe (Semitic letter)">Fāʾ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qoph#Arabic_qāf" title="Qoph">Qāf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaph#Arabic_kāf" title="Kaph">Kāf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamedh#Arabic_lām" title="Lamedh">Lām</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mem#Arabic_mīm" title="Mem">Mīm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nun_(letter)#Arabic_nūn" title="Nun (letter)">Nūn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_(letter)#Arabic_hāʾ" title="He (letter)">Hāʾ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waw_(letter)#Arabic_wāw" title="Waw (letter)">Wāw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yodh#Arabic_yāʾ" title="Yodh">Yāʾ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Arabic" title="Varieties of Arabic">Varieties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-Islamic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Arabic_language" title="Proto-Arabic language">Proto-Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_Arabic" title="Nabataean Arabic">Nabataean Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Arabic" title="Old Arabic">Old Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Hijazi_Arabic" title="Old Hijazi Arabic">Old Hijazi Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-classical_Arabic" title="Pre-classical Arabic">Pre-classical Arabic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Arabic" title="Classical Arabic">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Modern Standard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern spoken</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_Arabic" title="Maghrebi Arabic">Maghrebi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pre-Hilalian_Arabic_dialects" title="Pre-Hilalian Arabic dialects">Pre-Hilalian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andalusi_Arabic" title="Andalusi Arabic">Andalusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siculo-Arabic" title="Siculo-Arabic">Sicilian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_language" title="Maltese language">Maltese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maltralian" title="Maltralian">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cottonera_dialect" title="Cottonera dialect">Cottenera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gozitan_dialects" title="Gozitan dialects">Gozitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qormi_dialect" title="Qormi dialect">Qormi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBejtun_dialect" title="Żejtun dialect">Żejtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurrieq_dialect" title="Zurrieq dialect">Żurrieqi</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Hilalian_Urban_Arabic_dialects" title="Pre-Hilalian Urban Arabic dialects">Urban</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Arabic#Tunis" title="Tunisian Arabic">Tunis</a> (North-Eastern Tunisian)</li></ul></li> <li>Village <ul><li>Eastern <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Arabic#Sahil" title="Tunisian Arabic">Sahili</a> (Sahel)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Arabic#Sfax" title="Tunisian Arabic">Sfaxian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jijel_Arabic" title="Jijel Arabic">Jijel</a> (Lesser Kabylia)</li></ul></li> <li>Western <ul><li>Traras-Msirda</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebli_Arabic" title="Jebli Arabic">Jebli</a> (Mountain)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Judeo-Maghrebi <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Moroccan_Arabic" title="Judeo-Moroccan Arabic">Judeo-Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tripolitanian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tripolitanian Arabic">Judeo-Tripolitanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tunisian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tunisian Arabic">Judeo-Tunisian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hilalian_dialects" title="Hilalian dialects">Hilalian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Central Hilal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Arabic" title="Algerian Arabic">Algerian koiné</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Algerian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Algerian Arabic">Judeo-Algerian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Saharan_Arabic" title="Algerian Saharan Arabic">Algerian Saharan</a></li> <li>Eastern Algerian</li></ul></li> <li>Eastern Hilal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Arabic" title="Tunisian Arabic">Tunisian koiné</a></li></ul></li> <li>Maqil <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fessi_dialect" title="Fessi dialect">Fessi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassaniya_Arabic" title="Hassaniya Arabic">Hassaniya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nemadi_dialect" title="Nemadi dialect">Nemadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Arabic" title="Moroccan Arabic">Moroccan koiné</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Morocco_Arabic" title="Eastern Morocco Arabic">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Morocco_Arabic" title="Western Morocco Arabic">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Algerian_Arabic" title="Western Algerian Arabic">Western Algerian</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sulaym <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Arabic" title="Libyan Arabic">Libyan koiné</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Egyptian_Bedawi_Arabic" title="Western Egyptian Bedawi Arabic">Western Egyptian Bedawi</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nile Valley</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%CA%BDidi_Arabic" title="Saʽidi Arabic">Saʽidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Arabic" title="Sudanese Arabic">Sudanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Arabic" title="Levantine Arabic">Levantine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Levantine_Arabic" title="North Levantine Arabic">North</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cilician_Arabic" title="Cilician Arabic">Cilician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Arabic" title="Lebanese Arabic">Lebanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Arabic" title="Syrian Arabic">Syrian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Arabic" title="Aleppo Arabic">Aleppine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_Arabic" title="Damascus Arabic">Damascene</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Levantine_Arabic" title="South Levantine Arabic">South</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_Arabic" title="Jordanian Arabic">Jordanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Arabic" title="Palestinian Arabic">Palestinian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_Arabic" title="Mesopotamian Arabic">Mesopotamian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gilit_Mesopotamian_Arabic" title="Gilit Mesopotamian Arabic">Gilit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baghdadi_Arabic" title="Baghdadi Arabic">Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khuzestani_Arabic" title="Khuzestani Arabic">Khuzestani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawi_Arabic" title="Shawi Arabic">Shawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Mesopotamian_Arabic" title="South Mesopotamian Arabic">South</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Mesopotamian_Arabic" title="North Mesopotamian Arabic">North</a> (Qeltu)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_Arabic" title="Anatolian Arabic">Anatolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_Arabic" title="Cypriot Arabic">Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Iraqi_Arabic" title="Judeo-Iraqi Arabic">Judeo-Iraqi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Jewish_Arabic" title="Baghdad Jewish Arabic">Baghdadi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Arabic" title="Peninsular Arabic">Peninsular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahrani_Arabic" title="Bahrani Arabic">Bahrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bareqi_Arabic" title="Bareqi Arabic">Bareqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Arabian_Arabic" title="Northwest Arabian Arabic">Bedawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhofari_Arabic" title="Dhofari Arabic">Dhofari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Arabic" title="Gulf Arabic">Gulf</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahraini_Gulf_Arabic" title="Bahraini Gulf Arabic">Bahraini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirati_Arabic" title="Emirati Arabic">Emirati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_Arabic" title="Kuwaiti Arabic">Kuwaiti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hejazi_Arabic" title="Hejazi Arabic">Hejazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najdi_Arabic" title="Najdi Arabic">Najdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omani_Arabic" title="Omani Arabic">Omani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shihhi_Arabic" title="Shihhi Arabic">Shihhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Arabic" title="Yemeni Arabic">Yemeni</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hadhrami_Arabic" title="Hadhrami Arabic">Hadhrami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San%CA%BDani_Arabic" title="Sanʽani Arabic">Sanʽani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%CA%BDizzi-Adeni_Arabic" title="Taʽizzi-Adeni Arabic">Taʽizzi-Adeni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tihamiyya_Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Tihamiyya Arabic">Tihami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Yemeni_Arabic" title="Judeo-Yemeni Arabic">Judeo-Yemeni</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_Arabic" title="Central Asian Arabic">Central Asian</a> <ul><li>Bakhtiari</li> <li>Bukhara</li> <li>Kashkadarya</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorasani_Arabic" title="Khorasani Arabic">Khorasani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirvani_Arabic" title="Shirvani Arabic">Shirvani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadian_Arabic" title="Chadian Arabic">Chadian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerian Arabic">Nigerian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sociolinguistics" title="Sociolinguistics">Sociological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bedouin_Arabic" title="Bedouin Arabic">Bedouin Arabic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic" title="Judeo-Arabic">Judeo-Arabic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Algerian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Algerian Arabic">Judeo-Algerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Egyptian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Egyptian Arabic">Judeo-Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Iraqi_Arabic" title="Judeo-Iraqi Arabic">Judeo-Iraqi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Jewish_Arabic" title="Baghdad Jewish Arabic">Baghdadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Moroccan_Arabic" title="Judeo-Moroccan Arabic">Judeo-Moroccan</a> <ul><li>Kjal</li> <li>Wqal</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tripolitanian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tripolitanian Arabic">Judeo-Tripolitanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tunisian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tunisian Arabic">Judeo-Tunisian</a> <ul><li>Tunisene</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Yemeni_Arabic" title="Judeo-Yemeni Arabic">Judeo-Yemeni</a> <ul><li>Adeni</li> <li>Beda</li> <li>Habban</li> <li>Sanʽani</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arabic-based_creole_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic-based creole languages">Creoles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pidgin_Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pidgin Arabic">pidgins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bimbashi_Arabic" title="Bimbashi Arabic">Bimbashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Pidgin_Arabic" title="Gulf Pidgin Arabic">Gulf Pidgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_Bengali_Pidgin_Arabic" title="Jordanian Bengali Pidgin Arabic">Jordanian Bengali Pidgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juba_Arabic" title="Juba Arabic">Juba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maridi_Arabic" title="Maridi Arabic">Maridi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubi_language" title="Nubi language">Nubi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pidgin_madam" class="mw-redirect" title="Pidgin madam">Pidgin madam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turku_Arabic" title="Turku Arabic">Turku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bongor_Arabic" title="Bongor Arabic">Bongor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_literature" title="Arabic literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_name" title="Arabic name">Names</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Linguistics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_phonology" title="Arabic phonology">Phonology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sun_and_moon_letters" title="Sun and moon letters">Sun and moon letters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajwid" title="Tajwid">Tajwid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Im%C4%81la" title="Imāla">Imāla</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BEI%CA%BFrab" title="ʾIʿrab">ʾIʿrāb (case)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_grammar" title="Arabic grammar">Grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semitic_root" title="Semitic root">Triliteral root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mater_lectionis" title="Mater lectionis">Mater lectionis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">IPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranic_Arabic_Corpus" title="Quranic Arabic Corpus">Quranic Arabic Corpus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Calligraphy</a> · <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Script</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ajami_script" title="Ajami script">Ajami script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwani" title="Diwani">Diwani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hijazi_script" title="Hijazi script">Hijazi script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawi_script" title="Jawi script">Jawi script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeli_Thuluth" title="Jeli Thuluth">Jeli Thuluth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kairouani_calligraphy" title="Kairouani calligraphy">Kairouani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kufic" title="Kufic">Kufic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_script" title="Maghrebi script">Maghrebi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashq" title="Mashq">Mashq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhaqqaq" title="Muhaqqaq">Muhaqqaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naskh_(script)" title="Naskh (script)">Naskh (script)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nastaliq" title="Nastaliq">Nastaliq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasm" title="Rasm">Rasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruq%CA%BFah_script" title="Ruqʿah script">Ruqʿah script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahmukhi" title="Shahmukhi">Shahmukhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sini_(script)" title="Sini (script)">Sini (script)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliq_script" title="Taliq script">Taliq script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawqi" title="Tawqi">Tawqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thuluth" title="Thuluth">Thuluth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_keyboard" title="Arabic keyboard">Arabic keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script_in_Unicode" title="Arabic script in Unicode">Arabic script in Unicode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-6" title="ISO/IEC 8859-6">ISO/IEC 8859-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows-1256" title="Windows-1256">Windows-1256</a></li> <li>MS-DOS codepages <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_708" title="Code page 708">708</a></li> <li>709</li> <li>710</li> <li>711</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_720" title="Code page 720">720</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_864" title="Code page 864">864</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacArabic_encoding" title="MacArabic encoding">MacArabic encoding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Islam and Arabic language</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Italics indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></li> <li>Languages between parentheses are <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the language on their left.</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Arabic_language" title="Category:Arabic language">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Semitic_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Semitic_languages" title="Template:Semitic languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Semitic_languages" title="Template talk:Semitic languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Semitic_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Semitic languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Semitic_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Semitic_languages" title="East Semitic languages">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Semitic_languages" title="West Semitic languages">West</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Semitic_languages" title="Central Semitic languages">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Semitic_languages" title="South Semitic languages">South</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Semitic_languages" title="East Semitic languages">East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canaano-Akkadian_language" title="Canaano-Akkadian language">Canaano-Akkadian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilmun#People,_language_and_religion" title="Dilmun">Dilmunite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eblaite_language" title="Eblaite language">Eblaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kishite_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kishite language">Kishite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Semitic_languages" title="Central Semitic languages">Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Arabic_language" title="Proto-Arabic language">Proto-Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Arabic" title="Old Arabic">Old Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_North_Arabian" title="Ancient North Arabian">Ancient North Arabian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dadanitic" title="Dadanitic">Dadanitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_North_Arabian#Dumaitic" title="Ancient North Arabian">Dumaitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasaitic" title="Hasaitic">Hasaitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hismaic" title="Hismaic">Hismaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safaitic#Language" title="Safaitic">Safaitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taymanitic" title="Taymanitic">Taymanitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thamudic" title="Thamudic">Thamudic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_Arabic" title="Nabataean Arabic">Nabataean Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-classical_Arabic" title="Pre-classical Arabic">Pre-classical Arabic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Arabic" title="Classical Arabic">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Modern Standard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Arabic" title="Varieties of Arabic">Dialect groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Egyptian Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Arabic" title="Levantine Arabic">Levantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_Arabic" title="Maghrebi Arabic">Maghrebi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siculo-Arabic" title="Siculo-Arabic">Siculo-Arabic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_language" title="Maltese language">Maltese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_Arabic" title="Mesopotamian Arabic">Mesopotamian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Arabic" title="Peninsular Arabic">Peninsular</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Semitic_languages" title="Northwest Semitic languages">Northwest</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Aramaic" title="Old Aramaic">Old Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Aramaic" title="Imperial Aramaic">Imperial Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Aramaic" title="Biblical Aramaic">Biblical Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic#Middle_Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Middle Aramaic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dialect groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armazic_language" title="Armazic language">Armazic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Aramaic_languages" title="Eastern Aramaic languages">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hatran_Aramaic" title="Hatran Aramaic">Ashurian and Hatran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Babylonian_Aramaic" title="Jewish Babylonian Aramaic">Jewish Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaic_language" title="Mandaic language">Mandaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Aramaic_languages" title="Judeo-Aramaic languages">Judeo-Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Aramaic_languages" title="Western Aramaic languages">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Aramaic" title="Lebanese Aramaic">Lebanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_Aramaic" title="Nabataean Aramaic">Nabataean</a></li> <li>Palestinian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Palestinian_Aramaic" title="Christian Palestinian Aramaic">Christian Palestinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galilean_dialect" title="Galilean dialect">Galilean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Palestinian_Aramaic" title="Jewish Palestinian Aramaic">Jewish Palestinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Samaritan Aramaic language">Samaritan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyrene_Aramaic" title="Palmyrene Aramaic">Palmyrene</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neo-Aramaic_languages" title="Neo-Aramaic languages">Neo- Aramaic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Neo-Aramaic" title="Central Neo-Aramaic">Central</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mla%E1%B8%A5s%C3%B4_language" title="Mlaḥsô language">Mlaḥsô</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turoyo_language" title="Turoyo language">Turoyo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Mandaic" title="Neo-Mandaic">Neo-Mandaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Neo-Aramaic" title="Northeastern Neo-Aramaic">Northeastern</a> <ul><li>Christian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Barwar" title="Christian Neo-Aramaic dialect of Barwar">Barwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Bohtan" title="Neo-Aramaic dialect of Bohtan">Bohtan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Hertevin" title="Neo-Aramaic dialect of Hertevin">Hértevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koy_Sanjaq_Christian_Neo-Aramaic" title="Koy Sanjaq Christian Neo-Aramaic">Koy Sanjaq Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Qaraqosh" title="Neo-Aramaic dialect of Qaraqosh">Qaraqosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Senaya" title="Christian Neo-Aramaic dialect of Senaya">Senaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suret_language" title="Suret language">Suret</a> <ul><li>Assyrian</li> <li>Chaldean</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Urmia" title="Christian Neo-Aramaic dialect of Urmia">Urmia Christian</a></li></ul></li> <li>Jewish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Barzani" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Barzani">Barzani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Betanure" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Betanure">Betanure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-Zab_Jewish_Neo-Aramaic" title="Inter-Zab Jewish Neo-Aramaic">Inter-Zab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Koy_Sanjaq" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Koy Sanjaq">Koy Sanjaq Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanandaj_Jewish_Neo-Aramaic" title="Sanandaj Jewish Neo-Aramaic">Sanandaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Zab_Jewish_Neo-Aramaic" title="Trans-Zab Jewish Neo-Aramaic">Trans-Zab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Urmia" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Urmia">Urmia Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Zakho" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Zakho">Zakho</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Neo-Aramaic" title="Western Neo-Aramaic">Western</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_languages" title="Canaanite languages">Canaanite</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammonite_language" title="Ammonite language">Ammonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edomite_language" title="Edomite language">Edomite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israelian_Hebrew" title="Israelian Hebrew">northern dialect</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishnaic_Hebrew" title="Mishnaic Hebrew">Mishnaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Hebrew" title="Medieval Hebrew">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moabite_language" title="Moabite language">Moabite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_language" title="Phoenician language">Phoenician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punic_language" title="Punic language">Punic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amorite_language" title="Amorite language">Amorite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ugaritic" title="Ugaritic">Ugaritic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_Alla_inscription" title="Deir Alla inscription">Deir Alla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himyaritic_language" title="Himyaritic language">Himyaritic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samalian_language" title="Samalian language">Samalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutean_language" title="Sutean language">Sutean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Semitic_languages" title="South Semitic languages">South</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern (<a href="/wiki/Modern_South_Arabian_languages" title="Modern South Arabian languages">Mod- ern Arabian</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ba%E1%B9%AD%E1%B8%A5ari_language" title="Baṭḥari language">Baṭḥari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%A4arsusi_language" title="Ḥarsusi language">Ḥarsusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoby%C3%B3t_language" title="Hobyót language">Hobyot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehri_language" title="Mehri language">Mehri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shehri_language" title="Shehri language">Shehri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soqotri_language" title="Soqotri language">Soqotri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ethio-Semitic_languages" title="Ethio-Semitic languages">Ethio-Semitic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez" title="Geʽez">Geʽez</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dahalik_language" title="Dahalik language">Dahalik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigre_language" title="Tigre language">Tigre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigrinya_language" title="Tigrinya language">Tigrinya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trans- versal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amharic" title="Amharic">Amharic</a>–<a href="/wiki/Argobba_language" title="Argobba language">Argobba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harari_language" title="Harari language">Harari</a>–<a href="/wiki/Gurage_people" title="Gurage people">East Gurage</a> <ul><li>East Gurage <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silt%CA%BCe_language" title="Siltʼe language">Siltʼe</a> <ul><li>Inneqor</li> <li>Ulbare</li> <li>Wolane</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zay_language" title="Zay language">Zay</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Outer</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>N-group <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gafat_language" title="Gafat language">Gafat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soddo_language" title="Soddo language">Soddo</a></li></ul></li> <li>Tt-group <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mesmes_language" title="Mesmes language">Mesmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muher_language" title="Muher language">Muher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurage_people" title="Gurage people">West Gurage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inor_language" title="Inor language">Inor</a> <ul><li>Endegen</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesqan_language" title="Mesqan language">Mesqan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebat_Bet_Gurage_language" title="Sebat Bet Gurage language">Sebat Bet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaha_language" title="Chaha language">Chaha</a></li> <li>Ezha</li> <li>Gumer</li> <li>Gura</li> <li>Gyeto</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Old_South_Arabian" title="Old South Arabian">Old Arabian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faifi_language" title="Faifi language">Faifi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadramautic_language" title="Hadramautic language">Hadramautic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minaean_language" title="Minaean language">Minaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatabanian_language" title="Qatabanian language">Qatabanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rijal_Alma_(speech_variety)" title="Rijal Alma (speech variety)">Rijal Alma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razihi_language" title="Razihi language">Razihi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabaic" title="Sabaic">Sabaic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Italics indicate <a href="/wiki/Extinct_language" title="Extinct language">extinct</a> or historical languages.</li> <li>Languages between parentheses are <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the language on their left.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_the_Mashriq" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_in_Mashriq" title="Template:Languages in Mashriq"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_in_Mashriq" title="Template talk:Languages in Mashriq"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_in_Mashriq" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages in Mashriq"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_the_Mashriq" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Languages of the <a href="/wiki/Mashriq" title="Mashriq">Mashriq</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Standard</a> <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish languages">Kurdish</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extinct languages and varieties of Arabic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punic_language" title="Punic language">Punic language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Roman language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Hilalian_Arabic_dialects" title="Pre-Hilalian Arabic dialects">Pre-Hilalian Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Arabic" title="Classical Arabic">Classical Arabic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Jewish varieties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Iraqi_Arabic" title="Judeo-Iraqi Arabic">Judeo-Iraqi Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Yemeni_Arabic" title="Judeo-Yemeni Arabic">Judeo-Yemeni Arabic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Existing varieties of Arabic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mashriqi_Arabic" title="Mashriqi Arabic">Mashriqi Arabic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Arabic">Saudi Arabic</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Egyptian Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Arabic" title="Syrian Arabic">Syrian Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Arabic">Iraqi Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Arabic" title="Lebanese Arabic">Lebanese Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_Arabic" title="Jordanian Arabic">Jordanian Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Arabic" title="Palestinian Arabic">Palestinian Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_Arabic" title="Kuwaiti Arabic">Kuwaiti Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Arabic" title="Yemeni Arabic">Yemeni Arabic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Egypt_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Egypt_topics" title="Template:Egypt topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Egypt_topics" title="Template talk:Egypt topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Egypt_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Egypt topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Egypt_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt" title="History of Egypt">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Egypt" title="List of years in Egypt">Chronology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Egypt" title="Prehistoric Egypt">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Egypt" title="History of ancient Egypt">Ancient</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Egypt_topics" title="Template:Ancient Egypt topics">topics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-seventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt">27th Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty-first_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt">31st Dynasty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Actium" title="Battle of Actium">Battle of Actium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighthouse_of_Alexandria" title="Lighthouse of Alexandria">Lighthouse of Alexandria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Egypt" title="Diocese of Egypt">Diocese of Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Alexandria" title="Library of Alexandria">Library of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt#Christian_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Christian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Egypt" title="Sasanian Egypt">Sassanid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Egypt in the Middle Ages">Muslim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim conquest of Egypt">Rashidun Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fustat" title="Fustat">Fustat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_Egypt" title="Islamization of Egypt">Islamization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulunids" title="Tulunids">Tulunid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikhshidid_dynasty" title="Ikhshidid dynasty">Ikhshidid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid Caliphate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crusader_invasions_of_Egypt" title="Crusader invasions of Egypt">Crusader invasions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate" title="Mamluk Sultanate">Mamluk Sultanate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluk</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Egypt" title="Ottoman Egypt">Ottoman Egypt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali%27s_seizure_of_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Ali's seizure of power">Khedivate and Kingdom of Egypt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_the_Muhammad_Ali_dynasty" title="History of Egypt under the Muhammad Ali dynasty">Muhammad Ali dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahda" title="Nahda">Nahda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khedivate_of_Egypt" title="Khedivate of Egypt">Khedivate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian%E2%80%93Ethiopian_War" title="Egyptian–Ethiopian War">Egyptian–Ethiopian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urabi_revolt" title="Urabi revolt">Urabi revolt</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_modern_Egypt" title="History of modern Egypt">Modern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_campaign_in_Egypt_and_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="French campaign in Egypt and Syria">French occupation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_Cairo" title="Revolt of Cairo">Revolt of Cairo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_the_British" title="History of Egypt under the British">British occupation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1919_Egyptian_revolution" title="1919 Egyptian revolution">1919 revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Egypt" title="Sultanate of Egypt">Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt_in_World_War_II" title="Egypt in World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Kingdom of Egypt">Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_republican_Egypt" title="History of republican Egypt">Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="History of Egypt under Gamal Abdel Nasser">Nasser era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1952_Egyptian_revolution" title="1952 Egyptian revolution">1952 Egyptian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_reform_in_Egypt" title="Land reform in Egypt">Land reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Republic" title="United Arab Republic">United Arab Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_Anwar_Sadat" title="History of Egypt under Anwar Sadat">Sadat era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian%E2%80%93Libyan_War" title="Egyptian–Libyan War">Egyptian–Libyan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Anwar_Sadat" title="Assassination of Anwar Sadat">Assassination of Anwar Sadat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_Hosni_Mubarak" title="History of Egypt under Hosni Mubarak">Mubarak era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Crisis_(2011%E2%80%932014)" title="Egyptian Crisis (2011–2014)">2010s Crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_Egyptian_revolution" title="2011 Egyptian revolution">2011 Egyptian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_2013_Rabaa_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="August 2013 Rabaa massacre">2013 Rabaa massacre</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Egypt" title="Anarchism in Egypt">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_capitals_of_Egypt" title="List of historical capitals of Egypt">Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_cigarette_industry" title="Egyptian cigarette industry">Cigarette industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Egyptian_Constitution" title="History of the Egyptian Constitution">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_history" title="Coptic history">Copts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Egypt" title="Genetic history of Egypt">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Egypt" title="Healthcare in Egypt">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt" title="History of the Jews in Egypt">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Egypt" title="History of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt">Muslim Brotherhood</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Egypt_(1928%E2%80%931938)" title="History of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt (1928–1938)">1928–1938</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Egypt_(1939%E2%80%931954)" title="History of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt (1939–1954)">1939–1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Egypt_(1954%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt (1954–present)">1954–present</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Egyptian_parliament" title="History of the Egyptian parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_history_of_Egypt" title="Population history of Egypt">Population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Egypt" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Egypt">Postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saladin_in_Egypt" title="Saladin in Egypt">Saladin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_timekeeping_devices_in_Egypt" title="History of timekeeping devices in Egypt">Timekeeping devices</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By city</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alexandria" title="History of Alexandria">Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Cairo" title="Timeline of Cairo">Cairo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Port_Said" title="Timeline of Port Said">Port Said</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Geography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Egypt" title="Geography of Egypt">Geography</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_biota_of_Egypt" title="Category:Lists of biota of Egypt">Biota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Egypt" title="Template:Borders of Egypt">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Egypt" title="List of cities and towns in Egypt">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Egypt" title="Climate of Egypt">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Deserts_of_Egypt" title="Category:Deserts of Egypt">Deserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Egypt" title="List of earthquakes in Egypt">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Egypt" title="Environmental issues in Egypt">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossils_of_Egypt" title="Fossils of Egypt">Fossils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Egypt" title="Geology of Egypt">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halfaya_Pass" title="Halfaya Pass">Halfaya Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Islands_of_Egypt" title="Category:Islands of Egypt">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Egypt" title="List of lakes of Egypt">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountains_of_Egypt" title="Category:Mountains of Egypt">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Sinai" title="Mount Sinai">Mount Sinai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nile_Delta" title="Nile Delta">Nile Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_coast_of_Egypt" title="Northern coast of Egypt">Northern coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Oases_of_Egypt" title="Category:Oases of Egypt">Oases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qattara_Depression" title="Qattara Depression">Qattara Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Sea_Riviera" title="Red Sea Riviera">Red Sea Riviera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Egypt" title="List of rivers of Egypt">Rivers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_and_villages_in_Egypt" title="List of towns and villages in Egypt">Towns and villages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wadis_of_Egypt" title="Category:Wadis of Egypt">Wadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Egypt" title="Wildlife of Egypt">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Egypt" title="Politics of Egypt">Politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Egypt" title="Subdivisions of Egypt">Administrative divisions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_Government_in_Egypt#List_of_Governorates_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Local Government in Egypt">Governorates</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Civil_Code" title="Egyptian Civil Code">Civil Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Egypt" title="Corruption in Egypt">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Egypt" title="Conscription in Egypt">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Egypt" title="Constitution of Egypt">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Egypt" title="Elections in Egypt">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Egypt" title="Foreign relations of Egypt">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Egypt" title="List of diplomatic missions of Egypt">Missions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_extremism_in_20th-century_Egypt" title="Islamic extremism in 20th-century Egypt">Islamic extremism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Egypt" title="Judiciary of Egypt">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_National_Police" title="Egyptian National Police">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Egypt" title="List of massacres in Egypt">Massacres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Armed_Forces" title="Egyptian Armed Forces">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Council_of_the_Armed_Forces" title="Supreme Council of the Armed Forces">Supreme Council</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_nationality_law" title="Egyptian nationality law">Nationality law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Egypt" title="Parliament of Egypt">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_passport" title="Egyptian passport">Passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Egypt" title="List of political parties in Egypt">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Egypt" title="President of Egypt">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Egypt" title="List of presidents of Egypt">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Egypt" title="Prime Minister of Egypt">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Egypt" title="List of prime ministers of Egypt">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Administrative_Capital" title="New Administrative Capital">Proposed new capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_in_Egypt" title="Refugees of the Syrian civil war in Egypt">Refugees of the Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Egypt" title="Terrorism in Egypt">Terrorism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_and_tourism_in_Egypt" title="Terrorism and tourism in Egypt">Terrorism and tourism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Egypt" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Egypt">Twin towns and sister cities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Economy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Egypt" title="Economy of Egypt">Economy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Egypt#Land,_agriculture_and_crops" title="Economy of Egypt">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Egypt" title="List of banks in Egypt">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Egypt" title="National Bank of Egypt">National Bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Egypt" title="List of companies of Egypt">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_regions_of_Egypt" title="Economic regions of Egypt">Economic regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Exchange" title="Egyptian Exchange">Egyptian stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_pound" title="Egyptian pound">Egyptian pound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Egypt" title="Energy in Egypt">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entrepreneurship_policies_in_Egypt" title="Entrepreneurship policies in Egypt">Entrepreneurship policies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishing in Egypt">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Egypt_and_the_environment" title="Economy of Egypt and the environment">Impact on the environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lighthouses_in_Egypt" title="List of lighthouses in Egypt">Lighthouses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_industry_of_Egypt" title="Military industry of Egypt">Military industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_industry_of_Egypt" title="Mining industry of Egypt">Mining</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mines_in_Egypt" title="List of mines in Egypt">Mines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_program_of_Egypt" title="Nuclear program of Egypt">Nuclear program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Egypt" title="List of power stations in Egypt">Power stations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aswan_Dam" title="Aswan Dam">Aswan Dam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Egyptian_Armed_Forces" title="Economy of the Egyptian Armed Forces">Role of the Egyptian Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_and_structures_in_Egypt" title="List of tallest buildings and structures in Egypt">Tallest buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Egypt" title="Telecommunications in Egypt">Telecommunications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Egypt" title="Internet in Egypt">Internet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Egypt" title="Tourism in Egypt">Tourism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_tourism_in_Egypt" title="Cultural tourism in Egypt">Cultural tourism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Egypt" title="Transport in Egypt">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airlines_of_Egypt" title="List of airlines of Egypt">Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Egypt" title="List of airports in Egypt">Airports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_railway_stations_in_Egypt" title="List of railway stations in Egypt">Railway stations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Egypt" title="Water supply and sanitation in Egypt">Water supply and sanitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Water_resources_management_in_Egypt" title="Water resources management in Egypt">Water resources management</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Society" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Egypt" title="Category:Society of Egypt">Society</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Egypt" title="Abortion in Egypt">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_welfare_in_Egypt" title="Animal welfare in Egypt">Animal welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Egyptians_by_net_worth" title="List of Egyptians by net worth">Billionaires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Egypt" title="Cannabis in Egypt">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Egypt" title="Capital punishment in Egypt">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Census_in_Egypt" title="Census in Egypt">Censuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Egypt" title="Corruption in Egypt">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Egypt" title="Crime in Egypt">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Egypt" title="Human trafficking in Egypt">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_sexual_assault_in_Egypt" title="Mass sexual assault in Egypt">Mass sexual assault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_in_Egypt" title="Rape in Egypt">Rape</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Egypt" title="Demographics of Egypt">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_diaspora" title="Egyptian diaspora">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Egypt" title="Education in Egypt">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_grading_in_Egypt" title="Academic grading in Egypt">Academic grading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_schools_in_Egypt" title="List of law schools in Egypt">Law schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_schools_in_Egypt" title="List of medical schools in Egypt">Medical schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Egypt" title="List of schools in Egypt">Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Egypt" title="List of universities in Egypt">Universities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Egyptian_families" title="Category:Egyptian families">Families</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abaza_family" title="Abaza family">Abaza family</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Egypt" title="Feminism in Egypt">Feminism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_Egypt" title="Gender inequality in Egypt">Gender inequality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Egypt" title="Health in Egypt">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Egypt" title="Healthcare in Egypt">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_Egypt" title="List of hospitals in Egypt">Hospitals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_Egypt" title="Housing in Egypt">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Egypt" title="Human rights in Egypt">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Egypt#Freedom_of_religion_and_human_rights" title="Religion in Egypt">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Egypt">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Egypt" title="International rankings of Egypt">International rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Egypt" title="Languages of Egypt">Languages</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Egyptian Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%CA%BDidi_Arabic" title="Saʽidi Arabic">Saʽidi Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Sign_Language" title="Egyptian Sign Language">Sign Language</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Egypt" title="Liberalism in Egypt">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_literature" title="Egyptian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Egypt" title="Prostitution in Egypt">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Egypt" title="Religion in Egypt">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_Egypt" title="Baháʼí Faith in Egypt">Baháʼí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blasphemy_law_in_Egypt" title="Blasphemy law in Egypt">Blasphemy law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Egypt" title="Christianity in Egypt">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_dioceses_in_Egypt" title="List of Catholic dioceses in Egypt">Catholic dioceses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Coptic_Orthodox_churches_in_Egypt" title="List of Coptic Orthodox churches in Egypt">Coptic Churches</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Arab_states#Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Hinduism in Arab states">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_identification_card_controversy" title="Egyptian identification card controversy">Identification card controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Egypt" title="Irreligion in Egypt">Irreligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Egypt" title="Islam in Egypt">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya_in_Egypt" title="Ahmadiyya in Egypt">Ahmadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Egypt" title="List of mosques in Egypt">Mosques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niq%C4%81b_in_Egypt" title="Niqāb in Egypt">Niqāb</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt" title="History of the Jews in Egypt">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_synagogues_in_Egypt" title="List of synagogues in Egypt">Synagogues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_in_Egypt" title="Scientology in Egypt">Scientology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Egypt" title="Smoking in Egypt">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_units_of_measurement" title="Egyptian units of measurement">Units of measurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plates_of_Egypt" title="Vehicle registration plates of Egypt">Vehicle registration plates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Egypt" title="Waste management in Egypt">Waste management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Egypt" title="Women in Egypt">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Egypt" title="Culture of Egypt">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Egypt" title="Architecture of Egypt">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Art of ancient Egypt">Art (ancient)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_art_in_Egypt" title="Contemporary art in Egypt">Art (contemporary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_botanical_gardens_in_Egypt" title="List of botanical gardens in Egypt">Botanical gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Egyptian_castles,_forts,_fortifications_and_city_walls" title="List of Egyptian castles, forts, fortifications and city walls">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Egypt" title="Cinema of Egypt">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Egypt" title="Coat of arms of Egypt">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_cuisine" title="Egyptian cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beer_in_Egypt" title="Beer in Egypt">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_wine" title="Egyptian wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Egyptian_films" title="Lists of Egyptian films">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Egypt" title="Flag of Egypt">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Egyptian_flags" title="List of Egyptian flags">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_regions_of_Egypt" title="Flags of regions of Egypt">regions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Egypt" title="Football in Egypt">Football</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_football_clubs_in_Egypt" title="List of football clubs in Egypt">Football clubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_football_stadiums_in_Egypt" title="List of football stadiums in Egypt">Football stadiums</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptians" title="Egyptians">Egyptians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Egypt" title="Mass media in Egypt">Mass media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_magazines_in_Egypt" title="List of magazines in Egypt">Magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Egypt" title="List of newspapers in Egypt">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Egypt" title="List of radio stations in Egypt">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Egypt" title="Television in Egypt">TV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Egypt" title="List of museums in Egypt">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Egypt" title="Music of Egypt">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilady,_Bilady,_Bilady" title="Bilady, Bilady, Bilady">National anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt_at_the_Olympics" title="Egypt at the Olympics">Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Egypt" title="Public holidays in Egypt">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Egypt" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Egypt">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Egypt" title="Category:Egypt">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" 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