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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Zaloguj się</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Strony dla anonimowych edytorów <a href="/wiki/Pomoc:Pierwsze_kroki" aria-label="Dowiedz się więcej na temat edytowania"><span>dowiedz się więcej</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Specjalna:M%C3%B3j_wk%C5%82ad" title="Lista edycji wykonanych z tego adresu IP [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Edycje</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Moja_dyskusja" title="Dyskusja użytkownika dla tego adresu IP [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Dyskusja</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Witryna"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Skrętność (fizyka cząstek elementarnych)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Przejdź do artykułu w innym języku. Treść dostępna w 22 językach" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 języki</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_(%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA)" title="حلزونية (فيزياء الجسيمات) – arabski" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حلزونية (فيزياء الجسيمات)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicitat_(f%C3%ADsica_de_part%C3%ADcules)" title="Helicitat (física de partícules) – kataloński" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Helicitat (física de partícules)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="kataloński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helizit%C3%A4t" title="Helizität – niemiecki" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Helizität" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="niemiecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicity_(particle_physics)" title="Helicity (particle physics) – angielski" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Helicity (particle physics)" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="angielski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicidad_(f%C3%ADsica_de_part%C3%ADculas)" title="Helicidad (física de partículas) – hiszpański" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Helicidad (física de partículas)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="hiszpański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%BE%DB%8C%DA%86%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="مارپیچگی – perski" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مارپیچگی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9licit%C3%A9_(physique_des_particules)" title="Hélicité (physique des particules) – francuski" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hélicité (physique des particules)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francuski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%82%98%EC%84%A0%EB%8F%84" title="나선도 – koreański" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="나선도" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B5%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Պարույրություն – ormiański" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պարույրություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="ormiański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elicit%C3%A0" title="Elicità – włoski" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Elicità" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="włoski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%98%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B7%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC_(%E7%B4%A0%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90)" title="ヘリシティー (素粒子) – japoński" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヘリシティー (素粒子)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helisitet" title="Helisitet – norweski (nynorsk)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Helisitet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norweski (nynorsk)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicitate" title="Helicitate – rumuński" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Helicitate" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumuński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B" title="Спиральность частицы – rosyjski" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Спиральность частицы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rosyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vija%C4%8Dnost" title="Vijačnost – słoweński" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vijačnost" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="słoweński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Хелицитет – serbski" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хелицитет" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helisiteetti_(hiukkasfysiikka)" title="Helisiteetti (hiukkasfysiikka) – fiński" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Helisiteetti (hiukkasfysiikka)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="fiński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicitet" title="Helicitet – szwedzki" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Helicitet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="szwedzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%81%D3%99%D0%BA%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BA_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B5" title="Кисәкчек спиральлеге – tatarski" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Кисәкчек спиральлеге" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarmall%C4%B1k_(par%C3%A7ac%C4%B1k_fizi%C4%9Fi)" title="Sarmallık (parçacık fiziği) – turecki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sarmallık (parçacık fiziği)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Спіральність частинки – ukraiński" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Спіральність частинки" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukraiński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%9E%BA%E6%97%8B%E5%BA%A6" title="螺旋度 – chiński" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="螺旋度" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chiński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q568855#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edytuj linki pomiędzy wersjami językowymi" class="wbc-editpage">Edytuj linki</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Przestrzenie nazw"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Skr%C4%99tno%C5%9B%C4%87_(fizyka_cz%C4%85stek_elementarnych)" title="Zobacz stronę treści [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artykuł</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Dyskusja:Skr%C4%99tno%C5%9B%C4%87_(fizyka_cz%C4%85stek_elementarnych)" rel="discussion" title="Dyskusja o zawartości tej strony [t]" 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href="/wiki/Spin_(fizyka)" title="Spin (fizyka)">spinu</a> (wewnętrznego <a href="/wiki/Moment_p%C4%99du" title="Moment pędu">momentu pędu</a>) na kierunek <a href="/wiki/Ruch_(fizyka)" title="Ruch (fizyka)">ruchu</a> cząstki: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle h={\vec {J}}\cdot {\hat {p}},\qquad {\hat {p}}={\vec {p}}/|{\vec {p}}|.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>h</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>J</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>⋅</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>p</mi> <mo stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> <mspace width="2em" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>p</mi> <mo stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>p</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>p</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle h={\vec {J}}\cdot {\hat {p}},\qquad {\hat {p}}={\vec {p}}/|{\vec {p}}|.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2d36b83354071caa693b8dfaac3e2096f7b441ab" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:25.155ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle h={\vec {J}}\cdot {\hat {p}},\qquad {\hat {p}}={\vec {p}}/|{\vec {p}}|.}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Zgodnie z zasadami <a href="/wiki/Mechanika_kwantowa" title="Mechanika kwantowa">mechaniki kwantowej</a> rzut wektora momentu pędu na dowolną oś jest skwantowany i może przyjmować tylko wartości z pewnego <a href="/wiki/Zbi%C3%B3r_dyskretny" title="Zbiór dyskretny">dyskretnego zbioru</a>. Skrętność dla cząstek masywnych jest wielkością zależną od układu odniesienia. </p><p>Pojęcie skrętności stosowane jest przede wszystkim do <a href="/wiki/Fermiony" title="Fermiony">fermionów</a>, czyli cząstek o wartości <a href="/wiki/Spin_(fizyka)" title="Spin (fizyka)">spinu</a> równej 1/2, takich jak np. <a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">elektron</a>. Skrętność może być dodatnia <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (+\hbar /2)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mo>+</mo> <mi class="MJX-variant">ℏ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (+\hbar /2)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3c5d40a2f34d5936026bd9e51a1c5e24994c84e5" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.249ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (+\hbar /2)}"></span> – cząstka jest wtedy nazywana „lewoskrętną” lub ujemna <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (-\hbar /2)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mi class="MJX-variant">ℏ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (-\hbar /2)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5d1e4505b7b6033721a7aa141821037a0e7ba372" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.249ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (-\hbar /2)}"></span> – cząstka jest wtedy „prawoskrętna”. Skrętność cząstki odgrywa rolę w <a href="/wiki/Oddzia%C5%82ywanie_s%C5%82abe" title="Oddziaływanie słabe">oddziaływaniach słabych</a>, uczestniczą w nich tylko lewoskrętne fermiony i prawoskrętne <a href="/wiki/Antymateria" title="Antymateria">antyfermiony</a>. </p><p>Dla bezmasowych cząstek o spinie 1/2, skrętność jest równoważna operatorowi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chiralno%C5%9B%C4%87_(fizyka)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chiralność (fizyka) (strona nie istnieje)">chiralności</a> pomnożonemu przez <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \hbar /2.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi class="MJX-variant">ℏ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>2.</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \hbar /2.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6fdcf73bf5ac90f68f247d5853845b363a62718b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.278ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \hbar /2.}"></span> Dla bardzo lekkich cząstek równość ta jest dobrym przybliżeniem. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r74016753">.mw-parser-output #normdaten>div+div{margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output #normdaten>div>div{background:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0);padding:.2em .5em}.mw-parser-output #normdaten ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output #normdaten ul li:first-child{padding-left:.5em;border-left:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1)}</style> <div id="normdaten" class="catlinks"><div class="normdaten-typ-fehlt"><div><a href="/wiki/Encyklopedia_internetowa" title="Encyklopedia internetowa">Encyklopedie internetowe</a> (<span class="description"><a href="/wiki/Wielko%C5%9B%C4%87_fizyczna" title="Wielkość fizyczna">wielkość fizyczna</a></span>):</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wielka_Encyklopedia_Rosyjska" title="Wielka Encyklopedia Rosyjska">БРЭ</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://old.bigenc.ru/text/4247646">4247646</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Store_norske_leksikon" title="Store norske leksikon">SNL</a>: <span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=4342&url_prefix=https://snl.no/&id=helisitet">helisitet</a></span></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P1296" class="extiw" title="d:Property:P1296">Catalana</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.enciclopedia.cat/ec-gec-0113648.xml">0113648</a></span></li></ul> </div></div></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Źródło: „<a dir="ltr" href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Skrętność_(fizyka_cząstek_elementarnych)&oldid=67691928">https://pl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Skrętność_(fizyka_cząstek_elementarnych)&oldid=67691928</a>”</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Kategorie" title="Specjalna:Kategorie">Kategorie</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Fizyka_cz%C4%85stek_elementarnych" title="Kategoria:Fizyka cząstek elementarnych">Fizyka cząstek elementarnych</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Wielko%C5%9Bci_dynamiczne" title="Kategoria:Wielkości dynamiczne">Wielkości dynamiczne</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Tę stronę ostatnio edytowano 27 lip 2022, 20:33.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Tekst udostępniany na licencji <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.pl">Creative Commons: uznanie autorstwa, na tych samych warunkach</a>, z możliwością obowiązywania dodatkowych ograniczeń. 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