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Teaching History with Integrity | American Historical Association

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fl-node-content"> <h6 class="fl-heading"> <span class="fl-heading-text">Confronting Controversies about America's Past</span> </h6> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-heading fl-node-603eed06638e0 title" data-node="603eed06638e0"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <h1 class="fl-heading"> <span class="fl-heading-text">Teaching History with Integrity</span> </h1> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-rich-text fl-node-odine9gy84wa subtitle" data-node="odine9gy84wa"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-rich-text"> <p>The AHA leads or participates in several initiatives to provide resources and support for history educators facing intensifying controversies about the teaching of the American past.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-mx9hdsflgriu" data-node="mx9hdsflgriu"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-a7ipzv01wyxl fl-col-bg-color fl-col-has-cols print-remove" data-node="a7ipzv01wyxl"> <div 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AddToAny BEGIN --> <div class="a2a_kit"> <a class="a2a_button_facebook"><i class="fa-brands fa-facebook"></i></a> <a class="a2a_button_linkedin"><i class="fa-brands fa-linkedin-in"></i></a> <a class="a2a_button_x"><i class="fa-brands fa-twitter"></i></a> <a class="a2a_dd" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share"><i class="fa-solid fa-share-nodes"></i></a> </div> <script async src="https://static.addtoany.com/menu/page.js"></script> <!-- AddToAny END --></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="fl-main-content" class="fl-page-content" itemprop="mainContentOfPage" role="main"> <div class="fl-content-full container"> <div class="row"> <div class="fl-content col-md-12"> <article class="fl-post post-2122 page type-page status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry" id="fl-post-2122" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork"> <div class="fl-post-content clearfix" itemprop="text"> <div class="fl-builder-content fl-builder-content-2122 fl-builder-content-primary fl-builder-global-templates-locked" data-post-id="2122"><div class="fl-row fl-row-full-width fl-row-bg-none fl-node-xuitezh6k5pn fl-row-default-height fl-row-align-center" data-node="xuitezh6k5pn"> <div class="fl-row-content-wrap"> <div class="fl-row-content fl-row-fixed-width fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-p1ewxkbc9a0u fl-col-group-equal-height fl-col-group-align-center" data-node="p1ewxkbc9a0u"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-ehbzx2tpv9oa fl-col-bg-color fl-col-has-cols river-featured river-content-image" data-node="ehbzx2tpv9oa"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-a9dvyg5tc64w fl-col-group-nested fl-col-group-equal-height fl-col-group-align-center fl-col-group-custom-width fl-col-group-responsive-reversed" data-node="a9dvyg5tc64w"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-de9m75p42wgj fl-col-bg-color fl-col-small fl-col-small-full-width fl-col-small-custom-width river-content-col" data-node="de9m75p42wgj"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-heading fl-node-synamcexgp7z" data-node="synamcexgp7z"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <h4 class="fl-heading"> <span class="fl-heading-text">Supporting Educators</span> </h4> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-rich-text fl-node-9eb7frimy6pz" data-node="9eb7frimy6pz"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-rich-text"> <p>The AHA, our members, and other historians find ourselves on the front lines of a conflict over America’s past, confronting opponents who are actively promoting ignorance in service of misleading notions of unity. Historians have a crucial role to play as participants in public deliberations about how to engage students in truthful and rigorous inquiry in history classrooms.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-col fl-node-lzsh4xpb6o97 fl-col-bg-photo fl-col-small fl-col-small-full-width fl-col-small-custom-width river-image-col" data-node="lzsh4xpb6o97"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-row fl-row-full-width fl-row-bg-none fl-node-yl6s2atwdj3f fl-row-default-height fl-row-align-center" data-node="yl6s2atwdj3f"> <div class="fl-row-content-wrap"> <div class="fl-row-content fl-row-fixed-width fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-59r3bnysplix" data-node="59r3bnysplix"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-i3cnqvf7b6pl fl-col-bg-color fl-col-has-cols section-intro" data-node="i3cnqvf7b6pl"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-u6gaj3el2ih4 fl-col-group-nested fl-col-group-equal-height fl-col-group-align-bottom fl-col-group-custom-width" data-node="u6gaj3el2ih4"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-6y5rs8jltofw fl-col-bg-color fl-col-small-custom-width content-col" data-node="6y5rs8jltofw"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-heading fl-node-zlg94od6kt2j" data-node="zlg94od6kt2j"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <h3 class="fl-heading"> <span class="fl-heading-text">AHA Initiatives</span> </h3> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-qndtbakcp2iv" data-node="qndtbakcp2iv"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-nh1kt3qzdo7f fl-col-bg-color fl-col-has-cols grid-cards grid-cards-images three-cards" data-node="nh1kt3qzdo7f"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-jvpod0ehlc75 fl-col-group-nested fl-col-group-equal-height fl-col-group-align-top" data-node="jvpod0ehlc75"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-l5zwjkcb0s8g fl-col-bg-color fl-col-small fl-col-small-full-width card" data-node="l5zwjkcb0s8g"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-photo fl-node-ogzm7rauwypx" data-node="ogzm7rauwypx"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-photo fl-photo-align-center" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject"> <div class="fl-photo-content fl-photo-img-jpg"> <img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" class="fl-photo-img wp-image-11249 size-full" src="https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/tuyen-vo-7o7DqXJArf4-unsplash-scaled.jpg" alt="Wooden chairs and desks in classroom with bookshelves in background" itemprop="image" height="2400" width="1603" title="tuyen-vo-7o7DqXJArf4-unsplash" srcset="https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/tuyen-vo-7o7DqXJArf4-unsplash-scaled.jpg 1603w, https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/tuyen-vo-7o7DqXJArf4-unsplash-401x600.jpg 401w, https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/tuyen-vo-7o7DqXJArf4-unsplash-801x1200.jpg 801w, https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/tuyen-vo-7o7DqXJArf4-unsplash-768x1150.jpg 768w, https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/tuyen-vo-7o7DqXJArf4-unsplash-1026x1536.jpg 1026w, https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/tuyen-vo-7o7DqXJArf4-unsplash-1368x2048.jpg 1368w" sizes="(max-width: 1603px) 100vw, 1603px" /> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-heading fl-node-dys637k9pnfc" data-node="dys637k9pnfc"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <h5 class="fl-heading"> <span class="fl-heading-text">Mapping the Landscape of Secondary US Education</span> </h5> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-rich-text fl-node-q1ugnpi0jtm6" data-node="q1ugnpi0jtm6"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-rich-text"> <p>Americans care about how their history is taught, but they don't always agree. Mapping the Landscape of Secondary US History Education is the AHA’s multi-stage effort to provide a research-based grounding for ongoing civic deliberations about the teaching of US history in American classrooms.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-button fl-node-du41qlswpc85 simple-button" data-node="du41qlswpc85"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-button-wrap fl-button-width-auto fl-button-left"> <a href="https://www.historians.org/teaching-learning/k-12-education/mapping-the-landscape-of-secondary-us-history-education/" target="_self" class="fl-button"> <span class="fl-button-text">Learn More</span> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-col fl-node-ufzip0rko3lq fl-col-bg-color fl-col-small fl-col-small-full-width card" data-node="ufzip0rko3lq"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-photo fl-node-9wbu2to1h6y0" data-node="9wbu2to1h6y0"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-photo fl-photo-align-center" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject"> <div class="fl-photo-content fl-photo-img-jpg"> <img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="fl-photo-img wp-image-45662 size-full" src="https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/TexasStateCapitol-2010-01.jpg" alt="TexasStateCapitol-2010-01" itemprop="image" height="1600" width="2400" title="TexasStateCapitol-2010-01" srcset="https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/TexasStateCapitol-2010-01.jpg 2400w, https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/TexasStateCapitol-2010-01-600x400.jpg 600w, https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/TexasStateCapitol-2010-01-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/TexasStateCapitol-2010-01-768x512.jpg 768w, https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/TexasStateCapitol-2010-01-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/TexasStateCapitol-2010-01-2048x1366.jpg 2048w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 2400px) 100vw, 2400px" /> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-heading fl-node-hrwkx4p8jqmd" data-node="hrwkx4p8jqmd"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <h5 class="fl-heading"> <span class="fl-heading-text">AHA State History Standards Support</span> </h5> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-rich-text fl-node-qwl50euahv8o" data-node="qwl50euahv8o"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-rich-text"> <p>As part of its mission to promote historical thinking in public life and professional integrity in history education, the American Historical Association monitors and offers guidance on state-level academic frameworks.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-button fl-node-8it41wxyglds simple-button" data-node="8it41wxyglds"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-button-wrap fl-button-width-auto fl-button-left"> <a href="https://www.historians.org/teaching-learning/k-12-education/aha-state-history-standards-support/" target="_self" class="fl-button"> <span class="fl-button-text">Learn More</span> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-col fl-node-3eg5zrslyfpj fl-col-bg-color fl-col-small fl-col-small-full-width card" data-node="3eg5zrslyfpj"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-photo fl-node-l0b2sm9n6o7z" data-node="l0b2sm9n6o7z"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-photo fl-photo-align-center" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject"> <div class="fl-photo-content fl-photo-img-jpg"> <img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="fl-photo-img wp-image-22296 size-full" src="https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/kelly-sikkema-_oP5ErcnVXE-unsplash.jpg" alt="Pens of various colors arranged in a partial circle. Kelly Sikkema/Unsplash." itemprop="image" height="1216" width="1920" title="Stock_2024_Pens" srcset="https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/kelly-sikkema-_oP5ErcnVXE-unsplash.jpg 1920w, https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/kelly-sikkema-_oP5ErcnVXE-unsplash-600x380.jpg 600w, https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/kelly-sikkema-_oP5ErcnVXE-unsplash-1200x760.jpg 1200w, https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/kelly-sikkema-_oP5ErcnVXE-unsplash-768x486.jpg 768w, https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/kelly-sikkema-_oP5ErcnVXE-unsplash-1536x973.jpg 1536w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px" /> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-heading fl-node-2rs1h798qlcn" data-node="2rs1h798qlcn"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <h5 class="fl-heading"> <span class="fl-heading-text">Legislative Advocacy Letters: Behind the Scenes at the AHA</span> </h5> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-rich-text fl-node-kgcd9js5ri4z" data-node="kgcd9js5ri4z"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-rich-text"> <p>What is the process of putting together a letter responding to state legislatures?</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-button fl-node-pq542l0n7mut simple-button" data-node="pq542l0n7mut"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-button-wrap fl-button-width-auto fl-button-left"> <a href="https://www.historians.org/perspectives-article/legislative-advocacy-letters-behind-the-scenes-at-the-aha-january-2024/" target="_self" class="fl-button"> <span class="fl-button-text">Learn More</span> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-row fl-row-full-width fl-row-bg-none fl-node-vcduhm10lf59 fl-row-default-height fl-row-align-center" data-node="vcduhm10lf59"> <div class="fl-row-content-wrap"> <div class="fl-row-content fl-row-fixed-width fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-ipmkad0crl5b fl-col-group-equal-height fl-col-group-align-center" data-node="ipmkad0crl5b"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-z51qtwy4h03p fl-col-bg-color fl-col-has-cols river-featured river-image-content invert" data-node="z51qtwy4h03p"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-0q35hr4yzgj6 fl-col-group-nested fl-col-group-equal-height fl-col-group-align-center fl-col-group-custom-width" data-node="0q35hr4yzgj6"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-0pghdb1fjo52 fl-col-bg-photo fl-col-small fl-col-small-full-width fl-col-small-custom-width river-image-col" data-node="0pghdb1fjo52"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"></div> </div> <div class="fl-col fl-node-3rh27yxz19u0 fl-col-bg-color fl-col-small-custom-width river-content-col" data-node="3rh27yxz19u0"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-heading fl-node-af5jp178ynse" data-node="af5jp178ynse"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <h4 class="fl-heading"> <span class="fl-heading-text"><i>American Lesson Plan: Teaching US History in Secondary Schools</i></span> </h4> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-rich-text fl-node-td32s8qrobie" data-node="td32s8qrobie"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-rich-text"> <p>The AHA’s 2024 report shares findings from the most comprehensive study of secondary US history education undertaken in the 21st century. AHA researchers appraised standards and legislation in all 50 states, conducted a survey of over 3,000 middle and high school US history educators, interviewed over 200 teachers and administrators, and reviewed thousands of pages of instructional materials from small towns to sprawling suburbs to big cities. The report provides empirical evidence and rigorous analysis to inform current debates over how history is taught in our schools.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-button fl-node-e61rck8wob3y" data-node="e61rck8wob3y"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-button-wrap fl-button-width-auto fl-button-left"> <a href="https://www.historians.org/teaching-learning/k-12-education/american-lesson-plan/" target="_self" class="fl-button"> <span class="fl-button-text">Read Now</span> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-row fl-row-full-width fl-row-bg-none fl-node-f7pgxmsz614r fl-row-default-height fl-row-align-center bg-light" data-node="f7pgxmsz614r"> <div class="fl-row-content-wrap"> <div class="fl-row-content fl-row-fixed-width fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-0q3xygdu4jor" data-node="0q3xygdu4jor"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-gck6aq0vdhr8 fl-col-bg-color fl-col-has-cols section-intro" data-node="gck6aq0vdhr8"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-qs1a6rpjtdwn fl-col-group-nested fl-col-group-equal-height fl-col-group-align-bottom fl-col-group-custom-width" data-node="qs1a6rpjtdwn"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-mvjlrwp0yuco fl-col-bg-color fl-col-small-custom-width content-col" data-node="mvjlrwp0yuco"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-heading fl-node-tnldwerk14g0" data-node="tnldwerk14g0"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <h3 class="fl-heading"> <span class="fl-heading-text">Freedom to Learn</span> </h3> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-l3r7jtfipw1g fl-col-group-equal-height fl-col-group-align-center" data-node="l3r7jtfipw1g"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-bkqv804zhj7i fl-col-bg-color fl-col-has-cols river-featured river-content-image" data-node="bkqv804zhj7i"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-aw9hp2nu5vl4 fl-col-group-nested fl-col-group-equal-height fl-col-group-align-center fl-col-group-custom-width fl-col-group-responsive-reversed" data-node="aw9hp2nu5vl4"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-28klisryuxf0 fl-col-bg-color fl-col-small-custom-width river-content-col" data-node="28klisryuxf0"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-heading fl-node-urq9oh1d7w35" data-node="urq9oh1d7w35"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <h4 class="fl-heading"> <span class="fl-heading-text">Advocating for History</span> </h4> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-rich-text fl-node-oveswufixpk8" data-node="oveswufixpk8"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-rich-text"> <p>The AHA’s Freedom to Learn initiative educates historians and others on how to advocate publicly for honest history education, responds directly to the bills themselves, and creates resources to help teachers directly affected by these bills think about how to maintain the integrity of their history courses.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-button fl-node-4kyeam9c8g01 ghost-button" data-node="4kyeam9c8g01"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-button-wrap fl-button-width-auto fl-button-left"> <a href="https://www.historians.org/why-history-matters/teaching-history-with-integrity/freedom-to-learn/" target="_self" class="fl-button"> <span class="fl-button-text">Learn More</span> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-col fl-node-wu2a9gs70mq1 fl-col-bg-photo fl-col-small fl-col-small-full-width fl-col-small-custom-width river-image-col" data-node="wu2a9gs70mq1"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-2fezlk3x9rsp" data-node="2fezlk3x9rsp"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-ityh9d4bje62 fl-col-bg-color" data-node="ityh9d4bje62"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-rich-text fl-node-2ydwprc57aq1" data-node="2ydwprc57aq1"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-rich-text"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-post-grid fl-node-z5j8i1d2hgqc feed-grid" data-node="z5j8i1d2hgqc"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-post-grid" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/Blog"> <div class="fl-post-column"> <div class="fl-post-grid-post fl-post-grid-image-above-title fl-post-columns-post fl-post-align-default post-90504 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry month-february post-type-action-alerts post-type-aha-announcements post-type-history-education year-875 year-2025" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/BlogPosting"> <meta itemscope itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" itemtype="https://schema.org/WebPage" itemid="https://www.historians.org/news/action-alert-opposing-ohio-senate-bill-1/" content="Action Alert Opposing Ohio Senate Bill 1" /><meta itemprop="datePublished" content="2025-02-10" /><meta itemprop="dateModified" content="2025-02-16" /><div itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Organization"><meta itemprop="name" content="AHA"><div itemprop="logo" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject"><meta itemprop="url" content="https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/AHA-logo-blue.svg"></div></div><div itemscope itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><meta itemprop="url" content="https://www.historians.org/news/author/rwest-wp/" /><meta itemprop="name" content="Becky West" /></div><div itemscope itemprop="image" itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject"><meta itemprop="url" content="https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/kelly-sikkema-_oP5ErcnVXE-unsplash.jpg" /><meta itemprop="width" content="1920" /><meta itemprop="height" content="1216" /></div><div itemprop="interactionStatistic" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/InteractionCounter"><meta itemprop="interactionType" content="https://schema.org/CommentAction" /><meta itemprop="userInteractionCount" content="0" /></div><div class="facetwp-template" data-name="dynamic_feed_general"> <div class="dynamic-card feed-card clickable-col"> <div class="card-post-image"> <img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1920" height="1216" src="https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/kelly-sikkema-_oP5ErcnVXE-unsplash.jpg" class="attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail wp-post-image" alt="Pens of various colors arranged in a partial circle. Kelly Sikkema/Unsplash." srcset="https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/kelly-sikkema-_oP5ErcnVXE-unsplash.jpg 1920w, https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/kelly-sikkema-_oP5ErcnVXE-unsplash-600x380.jpg 600w, https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/kelly-sikkema-_oP5ErcnVXE-unsplash-1200x760.jpg 1200w, https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/kelly-sikkema-_oP5ErcnVXE-unsplash-768x486.jpg 768w, https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/kelly-sikkema-_oP5ErcnVXE-unsplash-1536x973.jpg 1536w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px" /> </div> <div class="card-content"> <p class="card-date">February 10, 2025</p> <h5 class="card-title"><a href="https://www.historians.org/news/action-alert-opposing-ohio-senate-bill-1/" title="Action Alert Opposing Ohio Senate Bill 1">Action Alert Opposing Ohio Senate Bill 1</a></h5> </div> </div></div></div> </div> <div class="fl-post-column"> <div class="fl-post-grid-post fl-post-grid-image-above-title fl-post-columns-post fl-post-align-default post-90381 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry month-february post-type-aha-in-news post-type-history-education year-875 year-2025" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/BlogPosting"> <meta itemscope itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" itemtype="https://schema.org/WebPage" itemid="https://www.historians.org/news/aha-executive-director-co-authors-new-republic-article-on-radical-indoctrination-executive-order/" content="AHA Executive Director Co-Authors New Republic Article on “Radical Indoctrination” Executive Order" /><meta itemprop="datePublished" content="2025-02-06" /><meta itemprop="dateModified" content="2025-02-06" /><div itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Organization"><meta itemprop="name" content="AHA"><div itemprop="logo" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject"><meta itemprop="url" content="https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/AHA-logo-blue.svg"></div></div><div itemscope itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><meta itemprop="url" content="https://www.historians.org/news/author/rwest-wp/" /><meta itemprop="name" content="Becky West" /></div><div itemscope itemprop="image" itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject"><meta itemprop="url" content="https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/joshua-hoehne-6M9jjeZjscE-unsplash.jpg" /><meta itemprop="width" content="1920" /><meta itemprop="height" content="1296" /></div><div itemprop="interactionStatistic" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/InteractionCounter"><meta itemprop="interactionType" content="https://schema.org/CommentAction" /><meta itemprop="userInteractionCount" content="0" /></div><div class="facetwp-template" data-name="dynamic_feed_general"> <div class="dynamic-card feed-card clickable-col"> <div class="card-post-image"> <img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1920" height="1296" src="https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/joshua-hoehne-6M9jjeZjscE-unsplash.jpg" class="attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail wp-post-image" alt="" srcset="https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/joshua-hoehne-6M9jjeZjscE-unsplash.jpg 1920w, https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/joshua-hoehne-6M9jjeZjscE-unsplash-600x405.jpg 600w, https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/joshua-hoehne-6M9jjeZjscE-unsplash-1200x810.jpg 1200w, https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/joshua-hoehne-6M9jjeZjscE-unsplash-768x518.jpg 768w, https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/joshua-hoehne-6M9jjeZjscE-unsplash-1536x1037.jpg 1536w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px" /> </div> <div class="card-content"> <p class="card-date">February 6, 2025</p> <h5 class="card-title"><a href="https://www.historians.org/news/aha-executive-director-co-authors-new-republic-article-on-radical-indoctrination-executive-order/" title="AHA Executive Director Co-Authors <em>New Republic</em> Article on “Radical Indoctrination” Executive Order">AHA Executive Director Co-Authors <em>New Republic</em> Article on “Radical Indoctrination” Executive Order</a></h5> </div> </div></div></div> </div> <div class="fl-post-column"> <div class="fl-post-grid-post fl-post-grid-image-above-title fl-post-columns-post fl-post-align-default post-90355 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry month-february post-type-aha-in-news post-type-history-education year-875 year-2025" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/BlogPosting"> <meta itemscope itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" itemtype="https://schema.org/WebPage" itemid="https://www.historians.org/news/aha-executive-director-quoted-in-new-york-times-article-on-executive-order-targeting-k-12-classroom-indoctrination/" content="AHA Executive Director Quoted in New York Times Article on Executive Order Targeting K–12 Classroom “Indoctrination”" /><meta itemprop="datePublished" content="2025-02-06" /><meta itemprop="dateModified" content="2025-02-06" /><div itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Organization"><meta itemprop="name" content="AHA"><div itemprop="logo" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject"><meta itemprop="url" content="https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/AHA-logo-blue.svg"></div></div><div itemscope itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><meta itemprop="url" content="https://www.historians.org/news/author/rwest-wp/" /><meta itemprop="name" content="Becky West" /></div><div itemscope itemprop="image" itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject"><meta itemprop="url" content="https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/joshua-hoehne-6M9jjeZjscE-unsplash.jpg" /><meta itemprop="width" content="1920" /><meta itemprop="height" content="1296" /></div><div itemprop="interactionStatistic" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/InteractionCounter"><meta itemprop="interactionType" content="https://schema.org/CommentAction" /><meta itemprop="userInteractionCount" content="0" /></div><div class="facetwp-template" data-name="dynamic_feed_general"> <div class="dynamic-card feed-card clickable-col"> <div class="card-post-image"> <img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1920" height="1296" src="https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/joshua-hoehne-6M9jjeZjscE-unsplash.jpg" class="attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail wp-post-image" alt="" srcset="https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/joshua-hoehne-6M9jjeZjscE-unsplash.jpg 1920w, https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/joshua-hoehne-6M9jjeZjscE-unsplash-600x405.jpg 600w, https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/joshua-hoehne-6M9jjeZjscE-unsplash-1200x810.jpg 1200w, https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/joshua-hoehne-6M9jjeZjscE-unsplash-768x518.jpg 768w, https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/joshua-hoehne-6M9jjeZjscE-unsplash-1536x1037.jpg 1536w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px" /> </div> <div class="card-content"> <p class="card-date">February 6, 2025</p> <h5 class="card-title"><a href="https://www.historians.org/news/aha-executive-director-quoted-in-new-york-times-article-on-executive-order-targeting-k-12-classroom-indoctrination/" title="AHA Executive Director Quoted in <em>New York Times</em> Article on Executive Order Targeting K–12 Classroom “Indoctrination”">AHA Executive Director Quoted in <em>New York Times</em> Article on Executive Order Targeting K–12 Classroom “Indoctrination”</a></h5> </div> </div></div></div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-clear"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-row fl-row-full-width fl-row-bg-none fl-node-ft1o72gn5pba fl-row-default-height fl-row-align-center" data-node="ft1o72gn5pba"> <div class="fl-row-content-wrap"> <div class="fl-row-content fl-row-fixed-width fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-bn6j1vqu7gi2" data-node="bn6j1vqu7gi2"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-yf8j0w5s2arb fl-col-bg-color fl-col-has-cols section-intro" data-node="yf8j0w5s2arb"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-47jcvs953yf0 fl-col-group-nested fl-col-group-equal-height fl-col-group-align-bottom fl-col-group-custom-width" data-node="47jcvs953yf0"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-s861ajwfbome fl-col-bg-color fl-col-small-custom-width content-col" data-node="s861ajwfbome"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-heading fl-node-cgsibwexnh61" data-node="cgsibwexnh61"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <h3 class="fl-heading"> <span class="fl-heading-text">Historians Speak Out</span> </h3> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-0dfwqmgrels3" data-node="0dfwqmgrels3"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-2df5jm9uoraw fl-col-bg-color fl-col-has-cols grid-cards grid-cards-images two-cards" data-node="2df5jm9uoraw"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-hxgzyau0jo2i fl-col-group-nested fl-col-group-equal-height fl-col-group-align-top" data-node="hxgzyau0jo2i"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-vagy4tzdoex7 fl-col-bg-color fl-col-small fl-col-small-full-width card" data-node="vagy4tzdoex7"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-photo fl-node-s0379dweyujr" data-node="s0379dweyujr"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-photo fl-photo-align-center" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject"> <div class="fl-photo-content fl-photo-img-jpg"> <img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="fl-photo-img wp-image-53645 size-full" src="https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/maxresdefault.jpg" alt="maxresdefault" itemprop="image" height="720" width="1280" title="maxresdefault" srcset="https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/maxresdefault.jpg 1280w, https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/maxresdefault-600x338.jpg 600w, https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/maxresdefault-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/maxresdefault-768x432.jpg 768w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px" /> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-heading fl-node-g1iemz7lyah5" data-node="g1iemz7lyah5"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <h5 class="fl-heading"> <span class="fl-heading-text">Teaching with Integrity: Historians Speak</span> </h5> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-rich-text fl-node-nc9728sg1jlz" data-node="nc9728sg1jlz"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-rich-text"> <p>These videos feature historians describing how exploring America's past honestly in the classroom benefits the nation's students, and how the freedom to learn also strengthens our shared democracy.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-button fl-node-hx8p09oel1b2 simple-button align-column-bottom" data-node="hx8p09oel1b2"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-button-wrap fl-button-width-auto fl-button-left"> <a href="https://www.historians.org/why-history-matters/teaching-history-with-integrity/teaching-with-integrity-historians-speak/" target="_self" class="fl-button"> <span class="fl-button-text">Watch the Videos</span> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-col fl-node-itvoch4m27pu fl-col-bg-color fl-col-small fl-col-small-full-width card" data-node="itvoch4m27pu"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-photo fl-node-ugrh2o4xlfs1" data-node="ugrh2o4xlfs1"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-photo fl-photo-align-center" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject"> <div class="fl-photo-content fl-photo-img-jpg"> <img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="fl-photo-img wp-image-46610 size-full" src="https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/DSC_3700.jpg" alt="Awards Ceremony" itemprop="image" height="800" width="1200" title="AHA Annual Meeting - 2022 - New Orleans - Thursday - January 6, 2022" srcset="https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/DSC_3700.jpg 1200w, https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/DSC_3700-600x400.jpg 600w, https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/DSC_3700-768x512.jpg 768w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px" /> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-heading fl-node-q6woc7vly8a2" data-node="q6woc7vly8a2"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <h5 class="fl-heading"> <span class="fl-heading-text">AHA Media Appearances & Publications</span> </h5> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-rich-text fl-node-d0v8e5qs14um" data-node="d0v8e5qs14um"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-rich-text"> <p>AHA staff and Council members have written articles and made public appearances highlighting the challenges teachers and educators face from legislation restricting the teaching of “divisive concepts" and issues related to teaching history with integrity.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-button fl-node-ceyw9uh41zp6 simple-button align-column-bottom" data-node="ceyw9uh41zp6"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-button-wrap fl-button-width-auto fl-button-left"> <a href="https://www.historians.org/why-history-matters/teaching-history-with-integrity/aha-media-appearances-publications/" target="_self" class="fl-button"> <span class="fl-button-text">Read more</span> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-sq527nt096vj" data-node="sq527nt096vj"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-w7yzq35u4c2v fl-col-bg-color fl-col-has-cols grid-cards grid-cards-images two-cards" data-node="w7yzq35u4c2v"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-piok739zu6gb fl-col-group-nested fl-col-group-equal-height fl-col-group-align-top" data-node="piok739zu6gb"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-tzuj61ghmirs fl-col-bg-color fl-col-small fl-col-small-full-width card" data-node="tzuj61ghmirs"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-photo fl-node-0d6flabnos32" data-node="0d6flabnos32"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-photo fl-photo-align-center" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject"> <div class="fl-photo-content fl-photo-img-jpg"> <img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="fl-photo-img wp-image-53424 size-full" src="https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/AHA-2016-Atlanta-Georgia-January-8-2016-Undergraduate-Teaching-Workshop-Assignments-001.jpg" alt="AHA 2016 - Atlanta Georgia - January 8, 2016 - Undergraduate Teaching Workshop- Assignments #001" itemprop="image" height="798" width="1200" title="AHA 2016 - Atlanta Georgia - January 8, 2016 - Undergraduate Teaching Workshop- Assignments #001" srcset="https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/AHA-2016-Atlanta-Georgia-January-8-2016-Undergraduate-Teaching-Workshop-Assignments-001.jpg 1200w, https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/AHA-2016-Atlanta-Georgia-January-8-2016-Undergraduate-Teaching-Workshop-Assignments-001-600x399.jpg 600w, https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/AHA-2016-Atlanta-Georgia-January-8-2016-Undergraduate-Teaching-Workshop-Assignments-001-768x511.jpg 768w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px" /> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-heading fl-node-od74zcbvmr2y" data-node="od74zcbvmr2y"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <h5 class="fl-heading"> <span class="fl-heading-text">AHA Testimony Before Legislatures and Boards of Education</span> </h5> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-rich-text fl-node-q3728kj1h9wi" data-node="q3728kj1h9wi"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-rich-text"> <p>AHA staff and Council members have written articles and made public appearances highlighting the challenges teachers and educators face from legislation restricting the teaching of “divisive concepts" and issues related to teaching history with integrity.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-button fl-node-kbwt6engy8hx simple-button" data-node="kbwt6engy8hx"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-button-wrap fl-button-width-auto fl-button-left"> <a href="https://www.historians.org/why-history-matters/teaching-history-with-integrity/aha-testimony-before-legislatures-and-boards-of-education/" target="_self" class="fl-button"> <span class="fl-button-text">Watch</span> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-col fl-node-8wm5sv4j7qeg fl-col-bg-color fl-col-small fl-col-small-full-width card" data-node="8wm5sv4j7qeg"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-photo fl-node-eamrsoy284b6" data-node="eamrsoy284b6"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-photo fl-photo-align-center" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject"> <div class="fl-photo-content fl-photo-img-jpg"> <img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="fl-photo-img wp-image-77060 size-full" src="https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/firmbee-com-SpVHcbuKi6E-unsplash.jpg" alt="firmbee-com-SpVHcbuKi6E-unsplash" itemprop="image" height="1275" width="1920" title="firmbee-com-SpVHcbuKi6E-unsplash" srcset="https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/firmbee-com-SpVHcbuKi6E-unsplash.jpg 1920w, https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/firmbee-com-SpVHcbuKi6E-unsplash-600x398.jpg 600w, https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/firmbee-com-SpVHcbuKi6E-unsplash-1200x797.jpg 1200w, https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/firmbee-com-SpVHcbuKi6E-unsplash-768x510.jpg 768w, https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/firmbee-com-SpVHcbuKi6E-unsplash-1536x1020.jpg 1536w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px" /> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-heading fl-node-h5kzb9ngeqx8" data-node="h5kzb9ngeqx8"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <h5 class="fl-heading"> <span class="fl-heading-text">Recent Action Alerts</span> </h5> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-rich-text fl-node-mnw4t2z7bfsg" data-node="mnw4t2z7bfsg"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-rich-text"> <p>The AHA will share action alerts with our members in states where legislation that may affect historians is under consideration.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-button fl-node-w9tdzuhsko05 simple-button" data-node="w9tdzuhsko05"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-button-wrap fl-button-width-auto fl-button-left"> <a href="https://www.historians.org/why-history-matters/aha-advocacy/action-alerts/" target="_self" class="fl-button"> <span class="fl-button-text">Recent Action Alerts</span> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-row fl-row-full-width fl-row-bg-none fl-node-erdy21sucanl fl-row-default-height fl-row-align-center" data-node="erdy21sucanl"> <div class="fl-row-content-wrap"> <div class="fl-row-content fl-row-fixed-width fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-5g7uj6fyrpib" data-node="5g7uj6fyrpib"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-4ybrax39vums fl-col-bg-color" data-node="4ybrax39vums"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-cta fl-node-rzwy6ejfc3hb" data-node="rzwy6ejfc3hb"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-cta-wrap fl-cta-stacked fl-cta-center"> <div class="fl-cta-text"> <h4 class="fl-cta-title">Support the AHA's Advocacy Efforts</h4> <div class="fl-cta-text-content"><p>The AHA is unique among history organizations with the breadth and depth of our advocacy efforts. Our advocacy work is more critical now than ever before, and we need your help. If you believe in the importance of honest history education, please <a href="https://www.historians.org/about-aha-and-membership/membership" target="_blank" rel="noopener">join the AHA as a member</a> or <a href="https://www.historians.org/membership/donate/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">donate to the AHA's Advocacy Fund</a> to support our advocacy work.</p> </div> </div> <div class="fl-cta-button"> <div class="fl-button-wrap fl-button-width-auto"> <a href="https://www.historians.org/about-aha-and-membership/membership" target="_self" class="fl-button"> <span class="fl-button-text">Join the AHA</span> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-row fl-row-full-width fl-row-bg-none fl-node-hqm31da48if5 fl-row-default-height fl-row-align-center" data-node="hqm31da48if5"> <div class="fl-row-content-wrap"> <div class="fl-row-content fl-row-fixed-width fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-m3q4besoctxv" data-node="m3q4besoctxv"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-gyd5qr4o102m fl-col-bg-color fl-col-has-cols section-intro" data-node="gyd5qr4o102m"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-aqwg1trfe9hv fl-col-group-nested fl-col-group-equal-height fl-col-group-align-bottom fl-col-group-custom-width" data-node="aqwg1trfe9hv"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-b12w8cmojrql fl-col-bg-color fl-col-small-custom-width content-col" data-node="b12w8cmojrql"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-heading fl-node-8xqrbiuyn2cd" data-node="8xqrbiuyn2cd"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <h3 class="fl-heading"> <span class="fl-heading-text">AHA News</span> </h3> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-sume1f680ajd" data-node="sume1f680ajd"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-vb0pm8logn7y fl-col-bg-color fl-col-has-cols grid-cards grid-cards-images two-cards" data-node="vb0pm8logn7y"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-8tdrv6gulm04 fl-col-group-nested fl-col-group-equal-height fl-col-group-align-top" data-node="8tdrv6gulm04"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-juckyp1fzivt fl-col-bg-color fl-col-small fl-col-small-full-width card" data-node="juckyp1fzivt"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-photo fl-node-xvt2qnmwsgyh" data-node="xvt2qnmwsgyh"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-photo fl-photo-align-center" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject"> <div class="fl-photo-content fl-photo-img-jpg"> <img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="fl-photo-img wp-image-10498 size-full" src="https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/michele-orallo-TSB44hNCRf4-unsplash-scaled.jpg" alt="Tulips with US Capitol dome in the background" itemprop="image" height="2400" width="1487" title="michele-orallo-TSB44hNCRf4-unsplash" srcset="https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/michele-orallo-TSB44hNCRf4-unsplash-scaled.jpg 1487w, https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/michele-orallo-TSB44hNCRf4-unsplash-372x600.jpg 372w, https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/michele-orallo-TSB44hNCRf4-unsplash-743x1200.jpg 743w, https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/michele-orallo-TSB44hNCRf4-unsplash-768x1240.jpg 768w, https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/michele-orallo-TSB44hNCRf4-unsplash-951x1536.jpg 951w, https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/michele-orallo-TSB44hNCRf4-unsplash-1268x2048.jpg 1268w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1487px) 100vw, 1487px" /> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-heading fl-node-ighdecwap90s" data-node="ighdecwap90s"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <h5 class="fl-heading"> <span class="fl-heading-text">AHA Advocacy</span> </h5> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-rich-text fl-node-71brwkzmyjv5" data-node="71brwkzmyjv5"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-rich-text"> <p>In a wide range of situations, whether involving the rights and careers of individual historians, historical practice in diverse venues, or the role of history in public culture, the AHA has the responsibility to take public stands.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-button fl-node-g89ewvhp2ur7 simple-button align-column-bottom" data-node="g89ewvhp2ur7"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-button-wrap fl-button-width-auto fl-button-left"> <a href="https://www.historians.org/why-history-matters/aha-advocacy/" target="_self" class="fl-button"> <span class="fl-button-text">Recent Advocacy Actions</span> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-col fl-node-uy5192fbgkil fl-col-bg-color fl-col-small fl-col-small-full-width card" data-node="uy5192fbgkil"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-photo fl-node-c0dqmapigjxh" data-node="c0dqmapigjxh"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-photo fl-photo-align-center" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject"> <div class="fl-photo-content fl-photo-img-jpg"> <img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="fl-photo-img wp-image-6127 size-full" src="https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/shutterstock_1931610188-1.jpg" alt="Stock_2024_LaptopMike" itemprop="image" height="500" width="793" title="Stock_2024_LaptopMike" srcset="https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/shutterstock_1931610188-1.jpg 793w, https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/shutterstock_1931610188-1-600x378.jpg 600w, https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/shutterstock_1931610188-1-768x484.jpg 768w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 793px) 100vw, 793px" /> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-heading fl-node-ox6ywf47jn1r" data-node="ox6ywf47jn1r"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <h5 class="fl-heading"> <span class="fl-heading-text">Press Resources</span> </h5> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-rich-text fl-node-1ecwxl8ghs4z" data-node="1ecwxl8ghs4z"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-rich-text"> <p>The AHA is pleased to provide resources for journalists and media. If you are a member of the media and would like to submit a request for a referral or interview, please email <a href="mailto:press@historians.org">press@historians.org</a>.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-button fl-node-752hp3csm1jo simple-button align-column-bottom" data-node="752hp3csm1jo"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-button-wrap fl-button-width-auto fl-button-left"> <a href="https://www.historians.org/news-publications/for-the-press/" target="_self" class="fl-button"> <span class="fl-button-text">Learn More</span> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-5xytzf4m2nj6" data-node="5xytzf4m2nj6"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-tld9k2ai0rny fl-col-bg-color fl-col-has-cols grid-cards grid-cards-images two-cards" data-node="tld9k2ai0rny"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-67240skbtfuw fl-col-group-nested fl-col-group-equal-height fl-col-group-align-top" data-node="67240skbtfuw"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-ikrj3yf9o1w0 fl-col-bg-color fl-col-small fl-col-small-full-width card" data-node="ikrj3yf9o1w0"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-photo fl-node-k1rbweazl8i3" data-node="k1rbweazl8i3"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-photo fl-photo-align-center" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject"> <div class="fl-photo-content fl-photo-img-jpg"> <img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="fl-photo-img wp-image-17056 size-full" src="https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/kelli-tungay-2LJ4rqK2qfU-unsplash.jpg" alt="kelli-tungay-2LJ4rqK2qfU-unsplash" itemprop="image" height="1280" width="1920" title="kelli-tungay-2LJ4rqK2qfU-unsplash" srcset="https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/kelli-tungay-2LJ4rqK2qfU-unsplash.jpg 1920w, https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/kelli-tungay-2LJ4rqK2qfU-unsplash-600x400.jpg 600w, https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/kelli-tungay-2LJ4rqK2qfU-unsplash-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/kelli-tungay-2LJ4rqK2qfU-unsplash-768x512.jpg 768w, https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/kelli-tungay-2LJ4rqK2qfU-unsplash-1536x1024.jpg 1536w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px" /> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-heading fl-node-0nlokrgwh84u" data-node="0nlokrgwh84u"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <h5 class="fl-heading"> <span class="fl-heading-text">Joint Statement on Legislative Efforts to Restrict Education about Racism in American History</span> </h5> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-rich-text fl-node-ankycih7mw83" data-node="ankycih7mw83"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-rich-text"> <p>In June 2021, the American Association of University Professors, the American Historical Association, the Association of American Colleges &amp; Universities, and PEN America authored a joint statement stating their “firm opposition” to legislation that would restrict the discussion of “divisive concepts” in public education institutions.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-button fl-node-tagl08bxfis1 simple-button align-column-bottom" data-node="tagl08bxfis1"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-button-wrap fl-button-width-auto fl-button-left"> <a href="https://www.historians.org/news/joint-statement-on-legislative-efforts-to-restrict-education-about-racism-in-american-history/" target="_self" class="fl-button"> <span class="fl-button-text">Read the Statement</span> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-col fl-node-yb4j8vud3qz9 fl-col-bg-color fl-col-small fl-col-small-full-width card" data-node="yb4j8vud3qz9"> <div 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https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/AHA-2016-Atlanta-Georgia-January-9-2016-Poster-Session-2-017-768x511.jpg 768w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px" /> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-heading fl-node-so8vciludqb1" data-node="so8vciludqb1"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <h5 class="fl-heading"> <span class="fl-heading-text">History, the Past, and Public Culture: Results from a National Survey</span> </h5> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-rich-text fl-node-23lojxew46gk" data-node="23lojxew46gk"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-rich-text"> <p>With funding from the National Endowment for the Humanities, the AHA partnered with Fairleigh Dickinson University to develop and implement a national survey to assess public perceptions of, and engagement with, the discipline of history and the past.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-button 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