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href="#Marshall_Berman"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Marshall Berman</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marshall_Berman-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manuel_Castells" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manuel_Castells"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Manuel Castells</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manuel_Castells-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Daniele_Archibugi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Daniele_Archibugi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Daniele Archibugi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Daniele_Archibugi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Others" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Others"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Others</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Others-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternative_name" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternative_name"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Alternative name</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternative_name-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impediments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impediments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Impediments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impediments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span 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Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AF%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A5%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A" title="تدمير إبداعي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تدمير إبداعي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarad%C4%B1c%C4%B1_m%C9%99hv" title="Yaradıcı məhv – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yaradıcı məhv" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destrucci%C3%B3_creativa" title="Destrucció creativa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Destrucció creativa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreativn%C3%AD_destrukce" title="Kreativní destrukce – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kreativní destrukce" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_destruction" title="Creative destruction – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Creative destruction" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sch%C3%B6pferische_Zerst%C3%B6rung" title="Schöpferische Zerstörung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schöpferische Zerstörung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destrucci%C3%B3n_creativa" title="Destrucción creativa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Destrucción creativa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A8_%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82" title="تخریب خلاق – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تخریب خلاق" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destruction_cr%C3%A9atrice" title="Destruction créatrice – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Destruction créatrice" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B0%BD%EC%A1%B0%EC%A0%81_%ED%8C%8C%EA%B4%B4" title="창조적 파괴 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="창조적 파괴" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destruksi_kreatif" title="Destruksi kreatif – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Destruksi kreatif" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distruzione_creativa" title="Distruzione creativa – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Distruzione creativa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%A1_%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%AA%D7%99" title="הרס יצירתי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הרס יצירתי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Творечко уништување – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Творечко уништување" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creatieve_destructie" title="Creatieve destructie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Creatieve destructie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%89%B5%E9%80%A0%E7%9A%84%E7%A0%B4%E5%A3%8A" title="創造的破壊 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="創造的破壊" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destruccion_creatritz" title="Destruccion creatritz – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Destruccion creatritz" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tw%C3%B3rcza_destrukcja" title="Twórcza destrukcja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Twórcza destrukcja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destrui%C3%A7%C3%A3o_criativa" title="Destruição criativa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Destruição criativa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distrugere_creativ%C4%83" title="Distrugere creativă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Distrugere creativă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%80%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Созидательное разрушение – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Созидательное разрушение" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_destruction" title="Creative destruction – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Creative destruction" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luova_tuho" title="Luova tuho – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Luova tuho" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreativ_f%C3%B6rst%C3%B6relse" title="Kreativ förstörelse – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kreativ förstörelse" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarat%C4%B1c%C4%B1_Y%C4%B1k%C4%B1m" title="Yaratıcı Yıkım – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yaratıcı Yıkım" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B5_%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Творче руйнування – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Творче руйнування" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%9B%E9%80%A0%E6%80%A7%E7%A0%B4%E5%9D%8F" title="创造性破坏 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="创造性破坏" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1570382#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> 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style="background:lavender;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Friedrich Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Ludwig von Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Lippmann" title="Walter Lippmann">Walter Lippmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Rougier" title="Louis Rougier">Louis Rougier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_M._Buchanan" title="James M. Buchanan">James M. Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augusto_Pinochet" title="Augusto Pinochet">Augusto Pinochet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasuhiro_Nakasone" title="Yasuhiro Nakasone">Yasuhiro Nakasone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Douglas" title="Roger Douglas">Roger Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Greenspan" title="Alan Greenspan">Alan Greenspan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hernando_de_Soto_(economist)" title="Hernando de Soto (economist)">Hernando de Soto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Fujimori" title="Alberto Fujimori">Alberto Fujimori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-globalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-globalization">Anti-globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alter-globalization" title="Alter-globalization">Alter-globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_capitalism" title="Authoritarian capitalism">Authoritarian capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blatcherism" title="Blatcherism">Blatcherism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_capitalism" title="Criticism of capitalism">Criticism of capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_intellectual_property" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticism of intellectual property">Criticism of intellectual property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_fundamentalism" title="Market fundamentalism">Market fundamentalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Capitalismlogo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Capitalismlogo.svg/16px-Capitalismlogo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Capitalismlogo.svg/24px-Capitalismlogo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Capitalismlogo.svg/32px-Capitalismlogo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="959" data-file-height="912" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Capitalism" title="Portal:Capitalism">Capitalism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" 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a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Neoliberalism_sidebar" title="Template:Neoliberalism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Neoliberalism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Neoliberalism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a 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class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austerity" title="Austerity">Austerity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business" title="Business">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_cycle" title="Business cycle">Business cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Businessperson" title="Businessperson">Businessperson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_(economics)" title="Capital (economics)">Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_accumulation" title="Capital accumulation">Capital accumulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_market" title="Capital market">Capital markets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Company" title="Company">Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporation" title="Corporation">Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competition_(economics)" title="Competition (economics)">Competitive markets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_interventionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic interventionism">Economic interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_surplus" title="Economic surplus">Economic surplus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entrepreneurship" title="Entrepreneurship">Entrepreneurship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictitious_capital" title="Fictitious capital">Fictitious capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_market" title="Financial market">Financial market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_price_system" title="Free price system">Free price system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">Free market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goods_and_services" title="Goods and services">Goods and services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investor" title="Investor">Investor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_hand" title="Invisible hand">Invisible hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visible_hand_(economics)" title="Visible hand (economics)">Visible hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalization" title="Liberalization">Liberalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marginalism" title="Marginalism">Marginalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Money" title="Money">Money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">Privatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Profit_(economics)" title="Profit (economics)">Profit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rent_seeking" class="mw-redirect" title="Rent seeking">Rent seeking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply_and_demand" title="Supply and demand">Supply and demand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surplus_value" title="Surplus value">Surplus value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_(economics)" title="Value (economics)">Value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_labour" title="Wage labour">Wage labour</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Economic systems</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon capitalism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_capitalism" title="Authoritarian capitalism">Authoritarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_capitalism" title="Corporate capitalism">Corporate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirigisme" title="Dirigisme">Dirigist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_market#General_principles" title="Free market">Free-market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_capitalism" title="Humanistic capitalism">Humanistic</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Laissez-faire capitalism">Laissez-faire</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal capitalism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian capitalism">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Market capitalism">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercantilism" title="Mercantilism">Mercantilist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed capitalism">Mixed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_monopoly_capitalism" title="State monopoly capitalism">Monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="National capitalism">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">Neoliberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Nordic capitalism">Nordic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism" title="Anarcho-capitalism">Private</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raw_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Raw capitalism">Raw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulated_market" title="Regulated market">Regulated market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulatory_capitalism" title="Regulatory capitalism">Regulatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhine_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhine capitalism">Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_market_economy" title="Social market economy">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-sponsored_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="State-sponsored capitalism">State-sponsored</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_capitalism" title="Welfare capitalism">Welfare</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Economic theories</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_School_(economics)" title="American School (economics)">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian School">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartalism" title="Chartalism">Chartalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Monetary_Theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Monetary Theory">MMT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_of_economics" title="Chicago school of economics">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_economics" title="Classical economics">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_economics" title="Institutional economics">Institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Keynesian_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Keynesian economics">Neo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Keynesian_economics" title="New Keynesian economics">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Keynesian_economics" title="Post-Keynesian economics">Post-</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_monetarism" title="Market monetarism">Market monetarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxian_economics" title="Marxian economics">Marxist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetarism" title="Monetarism">Monetarist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_economics" title="Neoclassical economics">Neoclassical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_institutional_economics" title="New institutional economics">New institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Origins</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism_and_Islam" title="Capitalism and Islam">Capitalism and Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial Revolution">Commercial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercantilism" title="Mercantilism">Mercantilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_accumulation_of_capital" title="Primitive accumulation of capital">Primitive accumulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physiocracy" title="Physiocracy">Physiocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_commodity_production" title="Simple commodity production">Simple commodity production</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Development</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_capitalism" title="Advanced capitalism">Advanced</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_capitalism" title="Consumer capitalism">Consumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_capitalism" title="Community capitalism">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_capitalism" title="Corporate capitalism">Corporate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crony_capitalism" title="Crony capitalism">Crony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finance_capitalism" title="Finance capitalism">Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Global capitalism">Global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_capitalism" title="Authoritarian capitalism">Illiberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_capitalism" title="Late capitalism">Late</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_mode_of_production_(Marxist_theory)" title="Capitalist mode of production (Marxist theory)">Marxist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merchant_capitalism" title="Merchant capitalism">Merchant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_capitalism" title="Progressive capitalism">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rentier_capitalism" title="Rentier capitalism">Rentier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_monopoly_capitalism" title="State monopoly capitalism">State monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocapitalism" title="Technocapitalism">Technological</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo">Ricardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Robert_Malthus" title="Thomas Robert Malthus">Malthus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Say" title="Jean-Baptiste Say">Say</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">Keynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Marshall" title="Alfred Marshall">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Walras" title="Léon Walras">Walras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">von Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schumpeter" title="Joseph Schumpeter">Schumpeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorstein_Veblen" title="Thorstein Veblen">Veblen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Weaver" title="Richard M. Weaver">Weaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Coase" title="Ronald Coase">Coase</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_propaganda" title="Capitalist propaganda">Capitalist propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_realism" title="Capitalist realism">Capitalist realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_state" title="Capitalist state">Capitalist state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumerism" title="Consumerism">Consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_theory" title="Crisis theory">Crisis theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_capitalism" title="Criticism of capitalism">Criticism of capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cronyism" title="Cronyism">Cronyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_capitalism" title="Culture of capitalism">Culture of capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evergreening" title="Evergreening">Evergreening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_labour" title="Exploitation of labour">Exploitation of labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">Globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_capitalism" title="History of capitalism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_capitalist_theory" title="History of capitalist theory">History of theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">Market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodizations_of_capitalism" title="Periodizations of capitalism">Periodizations of capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perspectives_on_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Perspectives on capitalism">Perspectives on capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-capitalism" title="Post-capitalism">Post-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speculation" title="Speculation">Speculation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venture_philanthropy" title="Venture philanthropy">Venture philanthropy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism" title="Anarcho-capitalism">Anarcho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_capitalism" title="Authoritarian capitalism">Authoritarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_capitalism" title="Democratic capitalism">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirigisme" title="Dirigisme">Dirigisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-capitalism" title="Eco-capitalism">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_capitalism" title="Humanistic capitalism">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclusive_capitalism" title="Inclusive capitalism">Inclusive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal capitalism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian capitalism">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Capitalism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">Neoliberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism" title="Objectivism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordoliberalism" title="Ordoliberalism">Ordoliberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatism" title="Privatism">Privatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">Right-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Capitalismlogo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Capitalismlogo.svg/16px-Capitalismlogo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Capitalismlogo.svg/24px-Capitalismlogo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Capitalismlogo.svg/32px-Capitalismlogo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="959" data-file-height="912" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Capitalism" title="Portal:Capitalism">Capitalism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/16px-Emblem-money.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/24px-Emblem-money.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/32px-Emblem-money.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Business" title="Portal:Business">Business portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Capitalism_sidebar" title="Template:Capitalism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Capitalism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Capitalism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Capitalism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Capitalism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Marxism" title="Category:Marxism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%;"><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Marx_Engels_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels"><img alt="Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Marx_Engels_icon.svg/75px-Marx_Engels_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Marx_Engels_icon.svg/113px-Marx_Engels_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Marx_Engels_icon.svg/150px-Marx_Engels_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="333" data-file-height="333" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #b20000;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Marxist_bibliography" title="Marxist bibliography">Theoretical works</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="font-style:italic;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Philosophic_Manuscripts_of_1844" title="Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844">Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Condition_of_the_Working_Class_in_England" title="The Condition of the Working Class in England">The Condition of the Working Class in England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_German_Ideology" title="The German Ideology">The German Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Communist_Manifesto" title="The Communist Manifesto">The Communist Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Eighteenth_Brumaire_of_Louis_Bonaparte" title="The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte">The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grundrisse" title="Grundrisse">Grundrisse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Das_Kapital" title="Das Kapital">Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_the_Gotha_Programme" title="Critique of the Gotha Programme">Critique of the Gotha Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialectics_of_Nature" title="Dialectics of Nature">Dialectics of Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Origin_of_the_Family,_Private_Property_and_the_State" title="The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State">The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/What_Is_to_Be_Done%3F" title="What Is to Be Done?">What Is to Be Done?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Accumulation_of_Capital" title="The Accumulation of Capital">The Accumulation of Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_Notebooks" title="Philosophical Notebooks">Philosophical Notebooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_and_Communism" title="Terrorism and Communism">Terrorism and Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_State_and_Revolution" title="The State and Revolution">The State and Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essays_on_Marx%27s_Theory_of_Value" title="Essays on Marx's Theory of Value">Essays on Marx's Theory of Value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_and_Class_Consciousness" title="History and Class Consciousness">History and Class Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_Notebooks" title="Prison Notebooks">Prison Notebooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Black_Jacobins" title="The Black Jacobins">The Black Jacobins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Practice" title="On Practice">On Practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theses_on_the_Philosophy_of_History" title="Theses on the Philosophy of History">Theses on the Philosophy of History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialectic_of_Enlightenment" title="Dialectic of Enlightenment">Dialectic of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Critique_of_Soviet_Economics" title="A Critique of Soviet Economics">A Critique of Soviet Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Long_Revolution" title="The Long Revolution">The Long Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_Warfare_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerrilla Warfare (book)">Guerrilla Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Wretched_of_the_Earth" title="The Wretched of the Earth">The Wretched of the Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reading_Capital" title="Reading Capital">Reading Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Society_of_the_Spectacle" title="The Society of the Spectacle">The Society of the Spectacle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedagogy_of_the_Oppressed" title="Pedagogy of the Oppressed">Pedagogy of the Oppressed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology_and_Ideological_State_Apparatuses" title="Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses">Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ways_of_Seeing" title="Ways of Seeing">Ways of Seeing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/How_Europe_Underdeveloped_Africa" title="How Europe Underdeveloped Africa">How Europe Underdeveloped Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Justice_and_the_City" title="Social Justice and the City">Social Justice and the City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women,_Race_and_Class" title="Women, Race and Class">Women, Race and Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism_and_the_Oppression_of_Women" title="Marxism and the Oppression of Women">Marxism and the Oppression of Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imagined_Communities" title="Imagined Communities">Imagined Communities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegemony_and_Socialist_Strategy" title="Hegemony and Socialist Strategy">Hegemony and Socialist Strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sublime_Object_of_Ideology" title="The Sublime Object of Ideology">The Sublime Object of Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time,_Labor_and_Social_Domination" title="Time, Labor and Social Domination">Time, Labor and Social Domination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Age_of_Extremes" title="The Age of Extremes">The Age of Extremes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Origin_of_Capitalism" title="The Origin of Capitalism">The Origin of Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_(Hardt_and_Negri_book)" title="Empire (Hardt and Negri book)">Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Victorian_Holocausts" title="Late Victorian Holocausts">Late Victorian Holocausts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Change_the_World_Without_Taking_Power" title="Change the World Without Taking Power">Change the World Without Taking Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliban_and_the_Witch" title="Caliban and the Witch">Caliban and the Witch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Introduction_to_the_Three_Volumes_of_Karl_Marx%27s_Capital" title="An Introduction to the Three Volumes of Karl Marx's Capital">An Introduction to the Three Volumes of Karl Marx's Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_Realism" title="Capitalist Realism">Capitalist Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_in_the_Anthropocene" title="Capital in the Anthropocene">Capital in the Anthropocene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Towards_Socialism_or_Capitalism%3F" title="Towards Socialism or Capitalism?">Towards Socialism or Capitalism?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Revolution_Betrayed" title="The Revolution Betrayed">The Revolution Betrayed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_and_Revolution" title="Literature and Revolution">Literature and Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Struggle_Against_Fascism_in_Germany" title="The Struggle Against Fascism in Germany">The Struggle Against Fascism in Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Their_Morals_and_Ours:_The_class_foundations_of_moral_practice" title="Their Morals and Ours: The class foundations of moral practice">Their Morals and Ours: The class foundations of moral practice</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #b20000;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Marxist_philosophy" title="Marxist philosophy">Philosophy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marx%27s_theory_of_alienation" title="Marx's theory of alienation">Alienation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialectical_materialism" title="Dialectical materialism">Dialectical materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology#Marxist_interpretation" title="Ideology">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_philosophy_of_nature" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist philosophy of nature">Philosophy of nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Philosophy in the Soviet Union">Philosophy in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reification_(Marxism)" title="Reification (Marxism)">Reification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_ethics" title="Marxist ethics">Marxist ethics</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #b20000;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_(Marxism)" title="Capital (Marxism)">Capital</a> (<a href="/wiki/Capital_accumulation" title="Capital accumulation">accumulation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_theory" title="Crisis theory">Crisis theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodity_(Marxism)" title="Commodity (Marxism)">Commodity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_labour_and_concrete_labour" title="Abstract labour and concrete labour">Concrete and abstract labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factors_of_production#Marxism" title="Factors of production">Factors of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tendency_of_the_rate_of_profit_to_fall" title="Tendency of the rate of profit to fall">Falling profit-rate tendency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Means_of_production" title="Means of production">Means of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mode_of_production" title="Mode of production">Mode of production</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_mode_of_production_(Marxist_theory)" title="Capitalist mode of production (Marxist theory)">Capitalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_mode_of_production" title="Socialist mode of production">Socialist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Productive_forces" title="Productive forces">Productive forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_socialism" title="Scientific socialism">Scientific socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surplus_product" title="Surplus product">Surplus product</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socially_necessary_labour_time" title="Socially necessary labour time">Socially necessary labour time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value-form" title="Value-form">Value-form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_labour" title="Wage labour">Wage labour</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #b20000;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Marxist_sociology" title="Marxist sociology">Sociology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Base_and_superstructure" title="Base and superstructure">Base and superstructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie#Marxist_theory" title="Bourgeoisie">Bourgeoisie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxian_class_theory" title="Marxian class theory">Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_consciousness" title="Class consciousness">Class consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classless_society" title="Classless society">Classless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodity_fetishism" title="Commodity fetishism">Commodity fetishism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_society" title="Communist society">Communist society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_hegemony" title="Cultural hegemony">Cultural hegemony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_Marxism" title="Democracy in Marxism">Democracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat" title="Dictatorship of the proletariat">Dictatorship of the proletariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_democracy" title="Soviet democracy">Soviet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_democracy" title="Radical democracy">Radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_centralism" title="Democratic centralism">Democratic centralism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_labour#Marxist_theory" title="Exploitation of labour">Exploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_consciousness" title="False consciousness">False consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marx%27s_theory_of_human_nature" title="Marx's theory of human nature">Human nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immiseration_thesis" title="Immiseration thesis">Immiseration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_imperialism#Marx" class="mw-redirect" title="Theory of imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumpenproletariat" title="Lumpenproletariat">Lumpenproletariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabolic_rift" title="Metabolic rift">Metabolic rift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">Proletariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relations_of_production" title="Relations of production">Relations of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marx%27s_theory_of_the_state" title="Marx's theory of the state">State theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">Working class</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #b20000;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Historical_materialism" title="Historical materialism">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_determinism" title="Historical determinism">Historical determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_accumulation_of_capital" title="Primitive accumulation of capital">Primitive accumulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_revolution" title="Proletarian revolution">Proletarian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_revolution" title="World revolution">World revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_historical_trajectory" title="Theory of historical trajectory">Theory of historical trajectory</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #b20000;;color: var(--color-base)">Aspects</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_aesthetics" title="Marxist aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_archaeology" title="Marxist archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_criminology" title="Marxist criminology">Criminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_cultural_analysis" title="Marxist cultural analysis">Cultural analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_studies" title="Cultural studies">Cultural Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_ethics" title="Marxist ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_film_theory" title="Marxist film theory">Film theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_geography" title="Marxist geography">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_historiography" title="Marxist historiography">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_literary_criticism" title="Marxist literary criticism">Literary criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism_and_religion" title="Marxism and religion">Marxism and religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_sociology" title="Marxist sociology">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_philosophy" title="Marxist philosophy">Philosophy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #b20000;;color: var(--color-base)">Common variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.2em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;"> <a href="/wiki/Structural_Marxism" title="Structural Marxism">Structural</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomism" title="Autonomism">Autonomist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guevarism" title="Guevarism">Guevarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titoism" title="Titoism">Titoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Gramscianism" title="Neo-Gramscianism">Neo-Gramscianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_school" title="Regulation school">Regulation school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism%E2%80%93Third_Worldism" title="Maoism–Third Worldism">Third-worldist</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.2em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;"> <a href="/wiki/History_and_Class_Consciousness#Summary" title="History and Class Consciousness">Hegelian</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_School" title="Budapest School">Budapest School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_humanism" title="Marxist humanism">Humanist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neue_Marx-Lekt%C3%BCre" title="Neue Marx-Lektüre">Neue Marx-Lektüre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Marxism" title="Open Marxism">Open</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_Marxism" title="Political Marxism">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praxis_School" title="Praxis School">Praxis School</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.2em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;"> Both</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_radical_tradition" title="Black radical tradition">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Marxism" title="Classical Marxism">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communization" title="Communization">Communization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_feminism" title="Marxist feminism">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Marxism" title="Neo-Marxism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Marxism" title="Post-Marxism">Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Marxism" title="Western Marxism">Western</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #b20000;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Marxist_schools_of_thought" title="Marxist schools of thought">Other variants</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_Marxism" title="Analytical Marxism">Analytical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austromarxism" title="Austromarxism">Austromarxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrist_Marxism" title="Centrist Marxism">Centrist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_communism" title="Council communism">Council communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurocommunism" title="Eurocommunism">Eurocommunism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrumental_Marxism" title="Instrumental Marxism">Instrumental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism%E2%80%93Maoism" title="Marxism–Leninism–Maoism">Marxism–Leninism–Maoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkrumaism" title="Nkrumaism">Nkrumaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Marxism" title="Orthodox Marxism">Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionism_(Marxism)" title="Revisionism (Marxism)">Revisionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situationist" class="mw-redirect" title="Situationist">Situationist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">Socialism with Chinese characteristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wertkritik" class="mw-redirect" title="Wertkritik">Wertkritik</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #b20000;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_contributors_to_Marxist_theory" title="List of contributors to Marxist theory">People</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Lafargue" title="Paul Lafargue">Lafargue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaak_Illich_Rubin" title="Isaak Illich Rubin">Rubin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Kautsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgi_Plekhanov" title="Georgi Plekhanov">Plekhanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Connolly" title="James Connolly">Connolly</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Liebknecht" title="Karl Liebknecht">Liebknecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Kollontai" title="Alexandra Kollontai">Kollontai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bogdanov" title="Alexander Bogdanov">Bogdanov</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Stalin</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Trotsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_Grossman" title="Henryk Grossman">Grossman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigory_Zinoviev" title="Grigory Zinoviev">Zinoviev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Bloch" title="Ernst Bloch">Bloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">Lukács</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Korsch" title="Karl Korsch">Korsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bukharin" title="Nikolai Bukharin">Bukharin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh" title="Ho Chi Minh">Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Serge" title="Victor Serge">Serge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirsaid_Sultan-Galiev" title="Mirsaid Sultan-Galiev">Galiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evgeny_Pashukanis" title="Evgeny Pashukanis">Pashukanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amadeo_Bordiga" title="Amadeo Bordiga">Bordiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyoti_Basu" title="Jyoti Basu">Basu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Carlos_Mari%C3%A1tegui" title="José Carlos Mariátegui">Mariátegui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Horkheimer" title="Max Horkheimer">Horkheimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._Palme_Dutt" title="R. Palme Dutt">Dutt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht">Brecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Kalecki" title="Michał Kalecki">Kalecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cox" title="Oliver Cox">Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Lefebvre" title="Henri Lefebvre">Lefebvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._L._R._James" title="C. L. R. James">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Padmore" title="George Padmore">Padmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Deutscher" title="Isaac Deutscher">Deutscher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha">Hoxha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">Beauvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Sombart" title="Werner Sombart">Sombart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah" title="Kwame Nkrumah">Nkrumah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Sweezy" title="Paul Sweezy">Sweezy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arghiri_Emmanuel" title="Arghiri Emmanuel">Emmanuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hill_(historian)" title="Christopher Hill (historian)">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bettelheim" title="Charles Bettelheim">Bettelheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hal_Draper" title="Hal Draper">Draper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudia_Jones" title="Claudia Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Hobsbawm" title="Eric Hobsbawm">Hobsbawm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Althusser" title="Louis Althusser">Althusser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Hinton" title="William H. Hinton">Hinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Williams" title="Raymond Williams">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulo_Freire" title="Paulo Freire">Freire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Mandel" title="Ernest Mandel">Mandel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambalavaner_Sivanandan" title="Ambalavaner Sivanandan">Sivanandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Miliband" title="Ralph Miliband">Miliband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Am%C3%ADlcar_Cabral" title="Amílcar Cabral">Cabral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._P._Thompson" title="E. P. Thompson">Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frantz_Fanon" title="Frantz Fanon">Fanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karel_Kos%C3%ADk" title="Karel Kosík">Kosik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Berger" title="John Berger">Berger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara">Guevara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Liebman" title="Marcel Liebman">Liebman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_Heller" class="mw-redirect" title="Agnes Heller">Heller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Guattari" title="Félix Guattari">Guattari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_M%C3%A9sz%C3%A1ros_(philosopher)" title="István Mészáros (philosopher)">Mészáros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_O%27Connor_(academic)" title="James O'Connor (academic)">O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Wallerstein" title="Immanuel Wallerstein">Wallerstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Mies" title="Maria Mies">Mies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Tronti" title="Mario Tronti">Tronti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Debord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samir_Amin" title="Samir Amin">Amin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Hall_(cultural_theorist)" title="Stuart Hall (cultural theorist)">Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Nairn" title="Tom Nairn">Nairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Parenti" title="Michael Parenti">Parenti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fredric_Jameson" title="Fredric Jameson">Jameson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abimael_Guzm%C3%A1n" title="Abimael Guzmán">Gonzalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrique_Dussel" title="Enrique Dussel">Dussel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Harvey" title="David Harvey">Harvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Laclau" title="Ernesto Laclau">Laclau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Bahro" title="Rudolf Bahro">Bahro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicos_Poulantzas" title="Nicos Poulantzas">Poulantzas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gianni_Vattimo" title="Gianni Vattimo">Vattimo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marta_Harnecker" title="Marta Harnecker">Harnecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elmar_Altvater" title="Elmar Altvater">Altvater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perry_Anderson" title="Perry Anderson">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_L%C3%B6wy" title="Michael Löwy">Löwy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lise_Vogel" title="Lise Vogel">Vogel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jose_Maria_Sison" title="Jose Maria Sison">Sison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antony_Easthope" title="Antony Easthope">Easthope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ranci%C3%A8re" title="Jacques Rancière">Rancière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Berman" title="Marshall Berman">Berman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Przeworski" title="Adam Przeworski">Przeworski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._A._Cohen" title="G. A. Cohen">Cohen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ran_Therborn" title="Göran Therborn">Therborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domenico_Losurdo" title="Domenico Losurdo">Losurdo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokely_Carmichael" title="Stokely Carmichael">Ture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moishe_Postone" title="Moishe Postone">Postone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Rodney" title="Walter Rodney">Rodney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himani_Bannerji" title="Himani Bannerji">Bannerji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gayatri_Chakravorty_Spivak" title="Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak">Spivak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huey_P._Newton" title="Huey P. Newton">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settlers:_The_Mythology_of_the_White_Proletariat" title="Settlers: The Mythology of the White Proletariat">Sakai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Meiksins_Wood" title="Ellen Meiksins Wood">Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvia_Federici" title="Silvia Federici">Federici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_D._Wolff" title="Richard D. Wolff">Wolff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Balibar" title="Étienne Balibar">Balibar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Eagleton" title="Terry Eagleton">Eagleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Kurz" title="Robert Kurz">Kurz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Hartsock" title="Nancy Hartsock">Hartsock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheila_Rowbotham" title="Sheila Rowbotham">Rowbotham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chantal_Mouffe" title="Chantal Mouffe">Mouffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Geras" title="Norman Geras">Geras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Brenner" title="Robert Brenner">Brenner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Davis" title="Angela Davis">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doreen_Massey_(geographer)" title="Doreen Massey (geographer)">Massey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Cleaver" title="Harry Cleaver">Cleaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Bishop" title="Maurice Bishop">Bishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donna_Haraway" title="Donna Haraway">Haraway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Panitch" title="Leo Panitch">Panitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Clarke_(sociologist)" title="Simon Clarke (sociologist)">Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Jessop" title="Bob Jessop">Jessop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Davis_(scholar)" title="Mike Davis (scholar)">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Olin_Wright" title="Erik Olin Wright">Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Fraser" title="Nancy Fraser">Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Burawoy" title="Michael Burawoy">Burawoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Holloway_(sociologist)" title="John Holloway (sociologist)">Holloway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillian_Rose" title="Gillian Rose">Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Screpanti" title="Ernesto Screpanti">Screpanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A1sp%C3%A1r_Mikl%C3%B3s_Tam%C3%A1s" title="Gáspár Miklós Tamás">Tamás</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Hampton" title="Fred Hampton">Hampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Cano" title="Alfonso Cano">Cano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Žižek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco_Berardi" title="Franco Berardi">Berardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sankara" title="Thomas Sankara">Sankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosemary_Hennessy" title="Rosemary Hennessy">Hennessy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McDonnell" title="John McDonnell">McDonnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costas_Douzinas" title="Costas Douzinas">Douzinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Roediger" title="David Roediger">Roediger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bellamy_Foster" title="John Bellamy Foster">Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornel_West" title="Cornel West">West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuradha_Ghandy" title="Anuradha Ghandy">Ghandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subcomandante_Marcos" title="Subcomandante Marcos">Marcos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Heinrich" title="Michael Heinrich">Heinrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijay_Prashad" title="Vijay Prashad">Prashad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Kelley" title="Robin Kelley">Kelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jodi_Dean" title="Jodi Dean">Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Lordon" title="Frédéric Lordon">Lordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Garc%C3%ADa_Linera" title="Álvaro García Linera">Linera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Fisher" title="Mark Fisher">Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Minqi" title="Li Minqi">Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glen_Coulthard" title="Glen Coulthard">Coulthard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Malm" title="Andreas Malm">Malm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Seymour_(21st-century_writer)" title="Richard Seymour (21st-century writer)">Seymour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Toscano" title="Alberto Toscano">Toscano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tithi_Bhattacharya" title="Tithi Bhattacharya">Bhattacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Moufawad-Paul" title="J. Moufawad-Paul">Moufawad-Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Srnicek" title="Nick Srnicek">Srnicek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sre%C4%87ko_Horvat" title="Srećko Horvat">Horvat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agon_Hamza" title="Agon Hamza">Hamza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohei_Saito" title="Kohei Saito">Saito</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #b20000;;color: var(--color-base)">Journals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="font-style:italic;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antipode_(journal)" title="Antipode (journal)">Antipode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_%26_Class" title="Capital & Class">Capital & Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism_Nature_Socialism" title="Capitalism Nature Socialism">Capitalism Nature Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constellations_(journal)" title="Constellations (journal)">Constellations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique:_Journal_of_Socialist_Theory" title="Critique: Journal of Socialist Theory">Critique: Journal of Socialist Theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Materialism_(journal)" title="Historical Materialism (journal)">Historical Materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediations_(journal)" title="Mediations (journal)">Mediations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monthly_Review" title="Monthly Review">Monthly Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Left_Review" title="New Left Review">New Left Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_%26_Class" title="Race & Class">Race & Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rethinking_Marxism" title="Rethinking Marxism">Rethinking Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_%26_Society" title="Science & Society">Science & Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Register" title="Socialist Register">Socialist Register</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td 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style="line-height:1.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Marxism" title="Outline of Marxism">Outline</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/16px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/24px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/32px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Communism" title="Portal:Communism">Communism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/10px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/15px-Socrates.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/21px-Socrates.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_flag_II.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/16px-Red_flag_II.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/24px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/32px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="411" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Socialism" title="Portal:Socialism">Socialism portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Marxism_sidebar" title="Template:Marxism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Marxism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Marxism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Marxism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Marxism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Creative destruction</b> (German: <i>schöpferische Zerstörung</i>) is a concept in <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a> that describes a process in which new innovations replace and make obsolete older innovations.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The concept is usually identified with the <a href="/wiki/Austrians" title="Austrians">Austrian</a> economist <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schumpeter" title="Joseph Schumpeter">Joseph Schumpeter</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-reinert_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reinert-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who derived it from the work of <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> and popularized it as a theory of <a href="/wiki/Innovation_economics" title="Innovation economics">economic innovation</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Business_cycle" title="Business cycle">business cycle</a>. It is also sometimes known as <b>Schumpeter's gale</b>. In <a href="/wiki/Marxian_economic_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxian economic theory">Marxian economic theory</a>, the concept refers more broadly to the linked processes of the accumulation and annihilation of <a href="/wiki/Wealth" title="Wealth">wealth</a> under capitalism.<sup id="cite_ref-isbn0-14-044757-1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn0-14-044757-1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-isbn0-14-044575-7_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn0-14-044575-7-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Marx1863_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marx1863-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The German <a href="/wiki/Sociologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Sociologist">sociologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Werner_Sombart" title="Werner Sombart">Werner Sombart</a> has been credited<sup id="cite_ref-reinert_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reinert-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the first use of these terms in his work <i>Krieg und Kapitalismus</i> (<i>War and Capitalism</i>, 1913).<sup id="cite_ref-Krieg_Kapitalismus_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krieg_Kapitalismus-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the earlier work of Marx, however, the idea of creative destruction or annihilation (German: <i>Vernichtung</i>) implies not only that capitalism destroys and reconfigures previous economic orders, but also that it must continuously devalue existing wealth (whether through war, dereliction, or regular and periodic economic crises) in order to clear the ground for the creation of new wealth.<sup id="cite_ref-isbn0-14-044757-1_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn0-14-044757-1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-isbn0-14-044575-7_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn0-14-044575-7-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Marx1863_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marx1863-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Capitalism,_Socialism_and_Democracy" title="Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy">Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy</a></i> (1942), Joseph Schumpeter developed the concept out of a careful reading of Marx's thought, arguing that the creative-destructive forces unleashed by capitalism would eventually lead to its demise as a system.<sup id="cite_ref-Schumpeter1942_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schumpeter1942-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this, the term subsequently gained popularity within mainstream economics as a description of processes such as <a href="/wiki/Layoff" title="Layoff">downsizing</a> to increase the efficiency and dynamism of a company. The Marxian usage has, however, been retained and further developed in the work of <a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">social scientists</a> such as <a href="/wiki/David_Harvey_(geographer)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Harvey (geographer)">David Harvey</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-isbn1-84467-095-3_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn1-84467-095-3-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Berman" title="Marshall Berman">Marshall Berman</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-isbn0-86091-785-1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn0-86091-785-1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Castells" title="Manuel Castells">Manuel Castells</a><sup id="cite_ref-isbn0-631-22140-9_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn0-631-22140-9-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Daniele_Archibugi" title="Daniele Archibugi">Daniele Archibugi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In modern economics, creative destruction is one of the central concepts in the <a href="/wiki/Endogenous_growth_theory" title="Endogenous growth theory">endogenous growth theory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AghionHowitt_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AghionHowitt-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Why_Nations_Fail" title="Why Nations Fail">Why Nations Fail</a>, a popular book on long-term economic development, <a href="/wiki/Daron_Acemoglu" title="Daron Acemoglu">Daron Acemoglu</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_A._Robinson" title="James A. Robinson">James A. Robinson</a> argue the major reason countries stagnate and go into decline is the willingness of the ruling elites to block creative destruction, a beneficial process that promotes innovation.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Creative_destruction&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Marx's_thought"><span id="In_Marx.27s_thought"></span>In Marx's thought</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Creative_destruction&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: In Marx's thought"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although the modern term "creative destruction" is not used explicitly by Marx, it is largely derived from his analyses, particularly in the work of <a href="/wiki/Werner_Sombart" title="Werner Sombart">Werner Sombart</a> (whom Engels described as the only German professor who understood Marx's <i>Capital</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and of Joseph Schumpeter, who discussed at length the origin of the idea in Marx's work (see below). </p><p>In <i><a href="/wiki/The_Communist_Manifesto" title="The Communist Manifesto">The Communist Manifesto</a></i> of 1848, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a> described the crisis tendencies of capitalism in terms of "the enforced destruction of a mass of productive forces": </p> <blockquote><p>Modern bourgeois society, with its relations of production, of exchange and of property, a society that has conjured up such gigantic means of production and of exchange, is like the sorcerer who is no longer able to control the powers of the nether world whom he has called up by his spells. ... It is enough to mention the commercial crises that by their periodical return put the existence of the whole of bourgeois society on trial, each time more threateningly. In these crises, <i>a great part not only of existing production, but also of previously created productive forces, are periodically destroyed</i>. In these crises, there breaks out an epidemic that, in all earlier epochs, would have seemed an absurdity – the epidemic of over-production. Society suddenly finds itself put back into a state of momentary barbarism; it appears as if a famine, a universal war of devastation, had cut off the supply of every means of subsistence; industry and commerce seem to be destroyed; and why? Because there is too much civilisation, too much means of subsistence, too much industry, too much commerce. The productive forces at the disposal of society no longer tend to further the development of the conditions of bourgeois property; on the contrary, they have become too powerful for these conditions. ... And how does the bourgeoisie get over these crises? On the one hand by <i>enforced destruction of a mass of productive forces</i>; on the other, by the conquest of new markets, and by the more thorough exploitation of the old ones. That is to say, by paving the way for more extensive and more destructive crises, and by diminishing the means whereby crises are prevented.<sup id="cite_ref-isbn0-14-044757-1_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn0-14-044757-1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>A few years later, in the <i>Grundrisse</i>, Marx was writing of "the violent destruction of capital not by relations external to it, but rather as a condition of its self-preservation".<sup id="cite_ref-isbn0-14-044575-7_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn0-14-044575-7-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other words, he establishes a necessary link between the generative or creative forces of production in capitalism and the destruction of capital value as one of the key ways in which capitalism attempts to overcome its internal contradictions: </p> <blockquote><p>These contradictions lead to explosions, cataclysms, crises, in which ... momentaneous suspension of labour and annihilation of a great portion of capital ... violently lead it back to the point where it is enabled [to go on] fully employing its productive powers without committing suicide.<sup id="cite_ref-isbn0-14-044575-7_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn0-14-044575-7-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Elliott1978-79_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elliott1978-79-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In the <i>Theories of Surplus Value</i> ("Volume IV" of <i><a href="/wiki/Das_Kapital" title="Das Kapital">Das Kapital</a></i>, 1863), Marx refines this theory to distinguish between scenarios where the destruction of (commodity) values affects either use values or exchange values or both together.<sup id="cite_ref-isbn1-84467-095-3_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn1-84467-095-3-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The destruction of exchange value combined with the preservation of use value presents clear opportunities for new capital investment and hence for the repetition of the production-devaluation cycle: </p> <blockquote><p>the destruction of capital through crises means the depreciation of values which prevents them from later renewing their reproduction process as capital on the same scale. This is the ruinous effect of the fall in the prices of commodities. It does not cause the destruction of any use-values. What one loses, the other gains. Values used as capital are prevented from acting again as capital in the hands of the same person. The old capitalists go bankrupt. ... A large part of the nominal capital of the society, i.e., of the exchange-value of the existing capital, is once for all destroyed, although this very destruction, since it does not affect the use-value, may very much expedite the new reproduction. This is also the period during which moneyed interest enriches itself at the cost of industrial interest.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Social geographer <a href="/wiki/David_Harvey_(geographer)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Harvey (geographer)">David Harvey</a> sums up the differences between Marx's usage of these concepts and Schumpeter's: "Both Karl Marx and Joseph Schumpeter wrote at length on the 'creative-destructive' tendencies inherent in capitalism. While Marx clearly admired capitalism's creativity he ... strongly emphasised its self-destructiveness. The Schumpeterians have all along gloried in capitalism's endless creativity while treating the destructiveness as mostly a matter of the normal costs of doing business".<sup id="cite_ref-isbn1-84668-308-4_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn1-84668-308-4-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_early_usage">Other early usage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Creative_destruction&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Other early usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shiva_as_the_Lord_of_Dance_LACMA_edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Shiva_as_the_Lord_of_Dance_LACMA_edit.jpg/220px-Shiva_as_the_Lord_of_Dance_LACMA_edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Shiva_as_the_Lord_of_Dance_LACMA_edit.jpg/330px-Shiva_as_the_Lord_of_Dance_LACMA_edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Shiva_as_the_Lord_of_Dance_LACMA_edit.jpg/440px-Shiva_as_the_Lord_of_Dance_LACMA_edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2876" data-file-height="3694" /></a><figcaption>In <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, the god <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> is simultaneously destroyer and creator, portrayed as <i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Nataraja" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiva Nataraja">Shiva Nataraja</a></i> (Lord of the Dance), which is proposed as the source of the Western notion of "creative destruction".<sup id="cite_ref-reinert_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reinert-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In the <i><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_Species" class="mw-redirect" title="Origin of Species">Origin of Species</a></i>, which was published in 1859, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> wrote that the "extinction of old forms is the almost inevitable consequence of the production of new forms." One notable exception to this rule is how the extinction of the dinosaurs facilitated the <a href="/wiki/Adaptive_radiation" title="Adaptive radiation">adaptive radiation</a> of mammals. In this case creation was the consequence, rather than the cause, of destruction. </p><p>In philosophical terms, the concept of "creative destruction" is close to <a href="/wiki/Hegel" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegel">Hegel</a>'s concept of <a href="/wiki/Aufheben" title="Aufheben">sublation</a>. In German economic discourse it was taken up from Marx's writings by <a href="/wiki/Werner_Sombart" title="Werner Sombart">Werner Sombart</a>, particularly in his 1913 text <i>Krieg und Kapitalismus</i>:<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>Again, however, <i>from destruction a new spirit of creation arises;</i> the scarcity of wood and the needs of everyday life... forced the discovery or invention of substitutes for wood, forced the use of coal for heating, forced the invention of coke for the production of iron.</p></blockquote> <p>Hugo Reinert has argued that Sombart's formulation of the concept was influenced by <a href="/wiki/Eastern_mysticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern mysticism">Eastern mysticism</a>, specifically the image of the <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> god <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>, who is presented in the paradoxical aspect of simultaneous destroyer and creator.<sup id="cite_ref-reinert_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reinert-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conceivably this influence passed from <a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Johann Gottfried Herder</a>, who brought Hindu thought to German philosophy in his <i>Philosophy of Human History</i> (Ideen zur Philosophie der Geschichte der Menschheit) (Herder 1790–92), specifically volume III, pp. 41–64.<sup id="cite_ref-reinert_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reinert-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> via <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Arthur Schopenhauer</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Oriental_studies" title="Oriental studies">Orientalist</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Maier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friedrich Maier (page does not exist)">Friedrich Maier</a> through <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a>´s writings. Nietzsche represented the creative destruction of modernity through the mythical figure of <a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a>, a figure whom he saw as at one and the same time "destructively creative" and "creatively destructive".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the following passage from <i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Genealogy_of_Morality" title="On the Genealogy of Morality">On the Genealogy of Morality</a></i> (1887), Nietzsche argues for a universal principle of a cycle of creation and destruction, such that every creative act has its destructive consequence: </p> <blockquote><p>But have you ever asked yourselves sufficiently how much the erection of every ideal on earth has cost? How much reality has had to be misunderstood and slandered, how many lies have had to be sanctified, how many consciences disturbed, how much "God" sacrificed every time? If a temple is to be erected a temple must be destroyed: that is the law – let anyone who can show me a case in which it is not fulfilled! – <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Genealogy_of_Morality" title="On the Genealogy of Morality">On the Genealogy of Morality</a></i></p></blockquote> <p>Other nineteenth-century formulations of this idea include Russian <a href="/wiki/Anarchist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist">anarchist</a> <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Mikhail Bakunin</a>, who wrote in 1842, "The passion for destruction is a creative passion, too!"<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Note, however, that this earlier formulation might more accurately be termed "destructive creation",<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (July 2014)">original research?</span></a></i>]</sup> and differs sharply from Marx's and Schumpeter's formulations in its focus on the active destruction of the existing social and political order by human agents (as opposed to systemic forces or contradictions in the case of both Marx and Schumpeter). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Association_with_Joseph_Schumpeter"><span class="anchor" id="Joseph_Schumpeter"></span><span class="anchor" id="Schumpeter"></span>Association with Joseph Schumpeter</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Creative_destruction&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Association with Joseph Schumpeter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The expression "creative destruction" was popularized by and is most associated with Joseph Schumpeter, particularly in his book <i><a href="/wiki/Capitalism,_Socialism_and_Democracy" title="Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy">Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy</a></i>, first published in 1942. Already in his 1939 book <i>Business Cycles</i>, he attempted to refine the innovative ideas of <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Kondratieff" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikolai Kondratieff">Nikolai Kondratieff</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Kondratiev_wave" title="Kondratiev wave">long-wave</a> cycle which Schumpeter believed was driven by technological innovation.<sup id="cite_ref-Crumbling_Walls_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crumbling_Walls-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three years later, in <i>Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy</i>, Schumpeter introduced the term "creative destruction", which he explicitly derived from Marxist thought (analysed extensively in Part I of the book) and used it to describe the disruptive process of transformation that accompanies such innovation: </p> <blockquote><p>Capitalism ... is by nature a form or method of economic change and not only never is but never can be stationary. ... The fundamental impulse that sets and keeps the capitalist engine in motion comes from the new consumers' goods, the new methods of production or transportation, the new markets, the new forms of industrial organization that capitalist enterprise creates.</p><p>... The opening up of new markets, foreign or domestic, and the organizational development from the craft shop and factory to such concerns as U.S. Steel illustrate the process of industrial mutation that incessantly revolutionizes the economic structure <i>from within</i>, incessantly destroying the old one, incessantly creating a new one. This process of Creative Destruction is the essential fact about capitalism. It is what capitalism consists in and what every capitalist concern has got to live in.</p><p>[... Capitalism requires] the perennial gale of Creative Destruction.<sup id="cite_ref-Schumpeter1942_2_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schumpeter1942_2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In Schumpeter's vision of capitalism, innovative entry by <a href="/wiki/Entrepreneurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Entrepreneurs">entrepreneurs</a> was the <a href="/wiki/Disruptive_innovation" title="Disruptive innovation">disruptive force</a> that sustained <a href="/wiki/Economic_growth" title="Economic growth">economic growth</a>, even as it destroyed the value of established companies and laborers that enjoyed some degree of <a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">monopoly</a> power derived from previous technological, organizational, regulatory, and economic paradigms.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Schumpeter was pessimistic about the sustainability of this process, seeing it as leading eventually to the undermining of capitalism's own institutional frameworks: </p> <blockquote><p>In breaking down the pre-capitalist framework of society, capitalism thus broke not only barriers that impeded its progress but also flying buttresses that prevented its collapse. That process, impressive in its relentless necessity, was not merely a matter of removing institutional deadwood, but of removing partners of the capitalist stratum, symbiosis with whom was an essential element of the capitalist schema. [... T]he capitalist process in much the same way in which it destroyed the institutional framework of feudal society also undermines its own.<sup id="cite_ref-Schumpeter1942_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schumpeter1942-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Examples">Examples</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Creative_destruction&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Polaroid_OneStep_Express.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Polaroid_OneStep_Express.jpg/220px-Polaroid_OneStep_Express.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Polaroid_OneStep_Express.jpg/330px-Polaroid_OneStep_Express.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Polaroid_OneStep_Express.jpg/440px-Polaroid_OneStep_Express.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Polaroid <a href="/wiki/Instant_camera" title="Instant camera">instant cameras</a> have disappeared almost completely with the spread of <a href="/wiki/Digital_photography" title="Digital photography">digital photography</a>. They were only to return once again in 2017 with new cameras and films, as the demand for the instant photo was underestimated.</figcaption></figure><p> Schumpeter (1949) in one of his examples used "the railroadization of the <a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Middle West</a> as it was initiated by the <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Central_Railroad" title="Illinois Central Railroad">Illinois Central</a>." He wrote, "The Illinois Central not only meant very good business whilst it was built and whilst new cities were built around it and land was cultivated, but it spelled the death sentence for the [old] agriculture of the <a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">West</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Companies that once revolutionized and dominated new industries – for example, <a href="/wiki/Xerox" title="Xerox">Xerox</a> in copiers<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Polaroid_Corporation" title="Polaroid Corporation">Polaroid</a> in instant photography – have seen their <a href="/wiki/Profit_(accounting)" title="Profit (accounting)">profits</a> fall and their dominance vanish as rivals launched improved designs or cut manufacturing costs. In technology, the <a href="/wiki/Cassette_tape" title="Cassette tape">cassette tape</a> replaced the <a href="/wiki/8-track_tape" class="mw-redirect" title="8-track tape">8-track</a>, only to be replaced in turn by the <a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">compact disc</a>, which was undercut by downloads to <a href="/wiki/MP3" title="MP3">MP3</a> players, which is now being usurped by web-based <a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">streaming services</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Companies that made money out of technology which eventually becomes obsolete do not necessarily adapt well to the business environment created by the new technologies. </p><p>One such example is how online <a href="/wiki/Ad-supported" class="mw-redirect" title="Ad-supported">ad-supported</a> news sites such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Huffington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="The Huffington Post">The Huffington Post</a></i> are leading to creative destruction of the traditional newspaper. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Science_Monitor" title="The Christian Science Monitor">The Christian Science Monitor</a></i> announced in January 2009<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that it would no longer continue to publish a daily paper edition, but would be available online daily and provide a weekly print edition. The <i><a href="/wiki/Seattle_Post-Intelligencer" title="Seattle Post-Intelligencer">Seattle Post-Intelligencer</a></i> became online-only in March 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-pifrontpage_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pifrontpage-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At a national level in USA, employment in the newspaper business fell from 455,700 in 1990 to 225,100 in 2013. Over that same period, employment in internet publishing and broadcasting grew from 29,400 to 121,200.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditional French alumni networks, which typically charge their students to network online or through paper directories, are in danger of creative destruction from free social networking sites such as <a href="/wiki/LinkedIn" title="LinkedIn">LinkedIn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Viadeo" title="Viadeo">Viadeo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In fact, successful <a href="/wiki/Innovation" title="Innovation">innovation</a> is normally a source of temporary <a href="/wiki/Market_power" title="Market power">market power</a>, eroding the profits and position of old firms, yet ultimately succumbing to the pressure of new inventions commercialised by competing entrants. Creative destruction is a powerful <a href="/wiki/Economic" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic">economic</a> concept because it can explain many of the dynamics or <a href="/wiki/Activation_energy" title="Activation energy">kinetics</a> of industrial change: the transition from a <a href="/wiki/Competitive" class="mw-redirect" title="Competitive">competitive</a> to a monopolistic market, and back again.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been the inspiration of <a href="/wiki/Endogenous_growth_theory" title="Endogenous growth theory">endogenous growth theory</a> and also of <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_economics" title="Evolutionary economics">evolutionary economics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/David_Ames_Wells" title="David Ames Wells">David Ames Wells</a> (1890), who was a leading authority on the effects of technology on the economy in the late 19th century, gave many examples of creative destruction (without using the term) brought about by improvements in <a href="/wiki/Steam_engine" title="Steam engine">steam engine</a> efficiency, shipping, the international <a href="/wiki/Telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Telegraph">telegraph</a> network, and agricultural mechanization.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_developments">Later developments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Creative_destruction&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Later developments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ludwig_Lachmann">Ludwig Lachmann</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Creative_destruction&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ludwig Lachmann"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>These economic facts have certain social consequences. As the critics of the market economy nowadays prefer to take their stand on "social" grounds, it may be not inappropriate here to elucidate the true social results of the market process. We have already spoken of it as a leveling process. More aptly, we may now describe these results as an instance of what <a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a> called "<a href="/wiki/Circulation_of_elite" class="mw-redirect" title="Circulation of elite">the circulation of elites</a>." Wealth is unlikely to stay for long in the same hands. It passes from hand to hand as unforeseen change confers value, now on this, now on that specific resource, engendering capital gains and losses. The owners of wealth, we might say with Schumpeter, are like the guests at a hotel or the passengers in a train: They are always there but are never for long the same people.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Lachmann" title="Ludwig Lachmann">Ludwig Lachmann</a>, The Market Economy and the Distribution of Wealth<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="David_Harvey">David Harvey</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Creative_destruction&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: David Harvey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Geographer and historian <a href="/wiki/David_Harvey_(geographer)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Harvey (geographer)">David Harvey</a> in a series of works from the 1970s onwards (<i>Social Justice and the City</i>, 1973;<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>The Limits to Capital</i>, 1982;<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>The Urbanization of Capital</i>, 1985;<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Spaces of Hope</i>, 2000;<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Spaces of Capital</i>, 2001;<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Spaces of Neoliberalization</i>, 2005;<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>The Enigma of Capital and the Crises of Capitalism</i>, 2010<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), elaborated Marx's thought on the systemic contradictions of capitalism, particularly in relation to the production of the urban environment (and to the production of space more broadly). He developed the notion that capitalism finds a "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spatial_fix&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spatial fix (page does not exist)">spatial fix</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for its periodic crises of overaccumulation through investment in fixed assets of infrastructure, buildings, etc.: "The built environment that constitutes a vast field of collective means of production and consumption absorbs huge amounts of capital in both its construction and its maintenance. Urbanization is one way to absorb the capital surplus".<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the creation of the built environment can act as a form of crisis displacement, it can also constitute a limit in its own right, as it tends to freeze productive forces into a fixed spatial form. As capital cannot abide a limit to profitability, ever more frantic forms of "<a href="/wiki/Time-space_compression" class="mw-redirect" title="Time-space compression">time-space compression</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (increased speed of turnover, innovation of ever faster transport and communications' infrastructure, "flexible accumulation"<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) ensue, often impelling technological innovation. Such innovation, however, is a double-edged sword: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The effect of continuous innovation ... is to devalue, if not destroy, past investments and labour skills. <i>Creative destruction</i> is embedded within the circulation of capital itself. Innovation exacerbates instability, insecurity, and in the end, becomes the prime force pushing capitalism into periodic paroxysms of crisis. ... The struggle to maintain profitability sends capitalists racing off to explore all kinds of other possibilities. New product lines are opened up, and that means the creation of new wants and needs. Capitalists are forced to redouble their efforts to create new needs in others .... The result is to exacerbate insecurity and instability, as masses of capital and workers shift from one line of production to another, leaving whole sectors devastated .... The drive to relocate to more advantageous places (the geographical movement of both capital and labour) periodically revolutionizes the international and territorial division of labour, adding a vital geographical dimension to the insecurity. The resultant transformation in the experience of space and place is matched by revolutions in the time dimension, as capitalists strive to reduce the turnover time of their capital to "the twinkling of an eye".<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Globalization can be viewed as some ultimate form of time-space compression, allowing capital investment to move almost instantaneously from one corner of the globe to another, devaluing fixed assets and laying off labour in one urban conglomeration while opening up new centres of manufacture in more profitable sites for production operations. Hence, in this continual process of creative destruction, capitalism does not resolve its contradictions and crises, but merely "moves them around geographically".<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marshall_Berman">Marshall Berman</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Creative_destruction&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Marshall Berman"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In his 1987 book <i>All That is Solid Melts into Air: The Experience of Modernity</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-isbn0-86091-785-1_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn0-86091-785-1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> particularly in the chapter entitled "Innovative Self-Destruction" (pp. 98–104), <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Berman" title="Marshall Berman">Marshall Berman</a> provides a reading of Marxist "creative destruction" to explain key processes at work within modernity. The title of the book is taken from a well-known passage from <i>The Communist Manifesto</i>. Berman elaborates this into something of a <i><a href="/wiki/Zeitgeist" title="Zeitgeist">Zeitgeist</a></i> which has profound social and cultural consequences: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The truth of the matter, as Marx sees, is that everything that bourgeois society builds is built to be torn down. "All that is solid"—from the clothes on our backs to the looms and mills that weave them, to the men and women who work the machines, to the houses and neighborhoods the workers live in, to the firms and corporations that exploit the workers, to the towns and cities and whole regions and even nations that embrace them all—all these are made to be broken tomorrow, smashed or shredded or pulverized or dissolved, so they can be recycled or replaced next week, and the whole process can go on again and again, hopefully forever, in ever more profitable forms. The pathos of all bourgeois monuments is that their material strength and solidity actually count for nothing and carry no weight at all, that they are blown away like frail reeds by the very forces of capitalist development that they celebrate. Even the most beautiful and impressive bourgeois buildings and public works are disposable, capitalized for fast depreciation and planned to be obsolete, closer in their social functions to tents and encampments than to "Egyptian pyramids, Roman aqueducts, Gothic cathedrals".<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Here Berman emphasizes Marx's perception of the fragility and evanescence of capitalism's immense creative forces, and makes this apparent contradiction into one of the key explanatory figures of modernity. </p><p>In 2021, Berman's younger son applied the elder's conception of creative destruction to the field of art history, writing in Hunter College's graduate art history journal. The essay reconsiders the modern media of photography, photomontage, and collage through the lens of "creative destruction". In doing so, the younger Berman attempts to show that in certain works of art of the above-mentioned media, referents (such as nature, real people, other works of art, newspaper clippings, etc.) can be given new and unique significance even while necessarily being obscured by the very nature of their presentation.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manuel_Castells">Manuel Castells</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Creative_destruction&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Manuel Castells"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The sociologist <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Castells" title="Manuel Castells">Manuel Castells</a>, in his trilogy on <i><a href="/wiki/The_Information_Age:_Economy,_Society_and_Culture" title="The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture">The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture</a></i> (the first volume of which, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Information_Age:_Economy,_Society_and_Culture#The_Rise_of_the_Network_Society" title="The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture">The Rise of the Network Society</a></i>, appeared in 1996),<sup id="cite_ref-isbn0-631-22140-9_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn0-631-22140-9-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> reinterpreted the processes by which capitalism invests in certain regions of the globe, while divesting from others, using the new paradigm of "informational networks". In the era of globalization, capitalism is characterized by near-instantaneous flow, creating a new spatial dimension, "the <a href="/wiki/Space_of_flows" title="Space of flows">space of flows</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While technological innovation has enabled this unprecedented fluidity, this very process makes redundant whole areas and populations who are bypassed by informational networks. Indeed, the new spatial form of the <a href="/wiki/Megacity" title="Megacity">mega-city</a> or megalopolis, is defined by Castells as having the contradictory quality of being "globally connected and locally disconnected, physically and socially".<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Castells explicitly links these arguments to the notion of creative destruction: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The "spirit of informationalism" is the culture of "creative destruction" accelerated to the speed of the optoelectronic circuits that process its signals. Schumpeter meets <a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a> in the cyberspace of the network enterprise.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Daniele_Archibugi">Daniele Archibugi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Creative_destruction&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Daniele Archibugi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Developing the Schumpeterian legacy, the school of the <a href="/wiki/Science_Policy_Research_Unit" title="Science Policy Research Unit">Science Policy Research Unit</a> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Sussex" title="University of Sussex">University of Sussex</a> further detailed the importance of creative destruction. In particular, new technologies are often incompatible with the existing productive regimes and will bankrupt companies and even industries that change too slowly. <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Freeman" title="Christopher Freeman">Chris Freeman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carlota_Perez" title="Carlota Perez">Carlota Perez</a> developed these insights.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recently, <a href="/wiki/Daniele_Archibugi" title="Daniele Archibugi">Daniele Archibugi</a> and Andrea Filippetti associated the 2008 economic crisis with the slow-down of opportunities offered by information and communication technologies (ICTs).<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archibugi used the 1982 film <i><a href="/wiki/Blade_Runner" title="Blade Runner">Blade Runner</a></i> as a metaphor to argue that of the innovations shown, all those associated with ICTs have become part of everyday life. However, none in the field of Biotech have been fully commercialized. A new economic recovery will occur when some key technological opportunities are identified and sustained.<sup id="cite_ref-Archibugi2017_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Archibugi2017-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Technological opportunities do not enter into economic and social life without deliberate efforts and choices. We should be able to envisage new forms of organization associated with emerging technology. ICTs have already changed our lifestyle even more than our economic life: they have generated jobs and profits, but above all they have transformed the way we use our time and interact with the world. Biotech could bring about even more radical social transformations at the core of our life. Why have these not yet been delivered? What can be done to unleash their potential? There are a few basic questions that need to be addressed.<sup id="cite_ref-Archibugi2017_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Archibugi2017-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Others">Others</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Creative_destruction&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Others"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1992, the idea of creative destruction was put into formal mathematical terms by <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Aghion" title="Philippe Aghion">Philippe Aghion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Howitt_(economist)" title="Peter Howitt (economist)">Peter Howitt</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> giving an alternative model of <a href="/wiki/Endogenous_growth_theory" title="Endogenous growth theory">endogenous growth</a> compared to <a href="/wiki/Paul_Romer" title="Paul Romer">Paul Romer</a>'s expanding varieties model. </p><p>In 1995, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Business_School" title="Harvard Business School">Harvard Business School</a> authors <a href="/wiki/Richard_L._Nolan" title="Richard L. Nolan">Richard L. Nolan</a> and David C. Croson released a book advocating downsizing to free up slack resources, which could then be reinvested to create <a href="/wiki/Competitive_advantage" title="Competitive advantage">competitive advantage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More recently, the idea of "creative destruction" was utilized by Max Page in his 1999 book, <i>The Creative Destruction of Manhattan, 1900–1940.</i> The book traces <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a>'s constant reinvention, often at the expense of preserving a concrete past. Describing this process as "creative destruction," Page describes the complex historical circumstances, economics, social conditions and personalities that have produced crucial changes in Manhattan's cityscape.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to Max Page, others have used the term "creative destruction" to describe the process of urban renewal and modernization. T.C. Chang and Shirlena Huang referenced "creative destruction" in their paper <i>Recreating place, replacing memory: Creative Destruction at the <a href="/wiki/Singapore_River" title="Singapore River">Singapore River</a>.</i> The authors explored the efforts to redevelop a waterfront area that reflected a vibrant new culture while paying sufficient homage to the history of the region.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rosemary Wakeman chronicled the evolution of an area in central Paris, France known as <a href="/wiki/Les_Halles" title="Les Halles">Les Halles</a>. Les Halles housed a vibrant marketplace starting in the twelfth century. Ultimately, in 1971, the markets were relocated and the pavilions torn down. In their place, now stand a hub for trains, subways and buses. Les Halles is also the site of the largest shopping mall in France and the controversial Centre Georges Pompidou.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term "creative destruction" has been applied to the arts. Alan Ackerman and Martin Puncher (2006) edited a collection of essays under the title <i>Against Theater: Creative destruction on the modernist stage.</i> They detail the changes and the causal motivations experienced in <a href="/wiki/Theater" class="mw-redirect" title="Theater">theater</a> as a result of the modernization of both the production of performances and the underlying economics. They speak of how theater has reinvented itself in the face of <a href="/wiki/Anti-theatricality" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-theatricality">anti-theatricality</a>, straining the boundaries of the traditional to include more physical productions, which might be considered avant-garde staging techniques.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Additionally within art, Tyler Cowen's book <i>Creative Destruction</i> describes how art styles change as artists are simply exposed to outside ideas and styles, even if they do not intend to incorporate those influences into their art.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditional styles may give way to new styles, and thus creative destruction allows for more diversified art, especially when cultures share their art with each other. </p><p>In his 1999 book, <i>Still the New World, American Literature in a Culture of Creative Destruction</i>, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Fisher_(author)" title="Philip Fisher (author)">Philip Fisher</a> analyzes the themes of creative destruction at play in literary works of the twentieth century, including the works of such authors as <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Ralph Waldo Emerson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walt_Whitman" title="Walt Whitman">Walt Whitman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herman_Melville" title="Herman Melville">Herman Melville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Mark Twain</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Henry_James" title="Henry James">Henry James</a>, among others. Fisher argues that creative destruction exists within literary forms just as it does within the changing of technology.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Neoconservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoconservative">Neoconservative</a> author <a href="/wiki/Michael_Ledeen" title="Michael Ledeen">Michael Ledeen</a> argued in his 2002 book <i>The War Against the Terror Masters</i> that America is a revolutionary nation, undoing traditional societies: "Creative destruction is our middle name, both within our own society and abroad. We tear down the old order every day, from business to science, literature, art, architecture, and cinema to politics and the law." His characterization of creative destruction as a model for social development has met with fierce opposition from <a href="/wiki/Paleoconservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleoconservative">paleoconservatives</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Creative destruction has also been linked to sustainable development. The connection was explicitly mentioned for the first time by Stuart L. Hart and Mark B. Milstein in their 1999 article <i>Global Sustainability and the Creative Destruction of Industries</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which he argues new profit opportunities lie in a round of creative destruction driven by global sustainability. (They would strengthen this argument later in their 2003 article <i>Creating Sustainable Value</i><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, in 2005, with <i>Innovation, Creative Destruction and Sustainability</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) Andrea L. Larson agreed with this vision a year later in <i>Sustainable Innovation Through an Entrepreneurship Lens</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> stating entrepreneurs should be open to the opportunities for disruptive improvement based on sustainability. In 2005, James Hartshorn (et al.) emphasized the opportunities for sustainable, disruptive improvement in the construction industry in his article <i>Creative Destruction: Building Toward Sustainability</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some economists argue that the destructive component of creative destruction has become more powerful than it was in the past. They claim that the creative component does not add as much to growth as in earlier generations, and innovation has become more rent-seeking than value-creating.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alternative_name">Alternative name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Creative_destruction&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Alternative name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following text appears to be the source of the phrase "Schumpeter's Gale" to refer to creative destruction: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The opening up of new markets and the organizational development from the craft shop and factory to such concerns as US Steel illustrate the process of industrial mutation that incessantly revolutionizes the economic structure from within, incessantly destroying the old one, incessantly creating a new one ... [The process] must be seen in its role in the perennial gale of creative destruction; it cannot be understood on the hypothesis that there is a perennial lull.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Joseph Schumpeter, <i>Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy</i>, 1942</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impediments">Impediments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Creative_destruction&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Impediments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Politicians often impose impediments to the forces of creative destruction by regulating entry and exit rules<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that make it difficult for churning to take place. In a series of papers <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Shleifer" title="Andrei Shleifer">Andrei Shleifer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Simeon_Djankov" class="mw-redirect" title="Simeon Djankov">Simeon Djankov</a> illustrate<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the effects of such regulation on slowing down competition and innovation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Creative_destruction&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The film <i><a href="/wiki/Other_People%27s_Money" title="Other People's Money">Other People's Money</a></i> (1991) provides contrasting views of creative destruction, presented in two speeches regarding the takeover of a publicly traded wire and cable company in a small New England town. One speech is by a <a href="/wiki/Corporate_raider" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporate raider">corporate raider</a>, and the other is given by the company CEO, who is principally interested in protecting his employees and the town. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Creative_destruction&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accelerationism" title="Accelerationism">Accelerationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creativity_techniques" title="Creativity techniques">Creativity techniques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destructionism" title="Destructionism">Destructionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_event" title="Extinction event">Extinction event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Innovation_Index" title="International Innovation Index">International Innovation Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parable_of_the_broken_window" title="Parable of the broken window">Parable of the broken window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_lifecycle" title="Product lifecycle">Product lifecycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudowork" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudowork">Pseudowork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schumpeterian_rent" title="Schumpeterian rent">Schumpeterian rent</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Creative_destruction&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cmu.edu/epp/irle/irle-blog-pages/schumpeters-theory-of-creative-destruction.html">"Schumpeter's Theory of Creative Destruction - Engineering and Public Policy - College of Engineering - Carnegie Mellon University"</a>. <i>www.cmu.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-08-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cmu.edu&rft.atitle=Schumpeter%27s+Theory+of+Creative+Destruction+-+Engineering+and+Public+Policy+-+College+of+Engineering+-+Carnegie+Mellon+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cmu.edu%2Fepp%2Firle%2Firle-blog-pages%2Fschumpeters-theory-of-creative-destruction.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreative+destruction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUlgen2017" class="citation book cs1">Ulgen, Faruk (2017). "Creative Destruction". <i>Encyclopedia of Creativity, Invention, Innovation and Entrepreneurship</i>. pp. 1–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4614-6616-1_407-2">10.1007/978-1-4614-6616-1_407-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4614-6616-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4614-6616-1"><bdi>978-1-4614-6616-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:240686671">240686671</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Creative+Destruction&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Creativity%2C+Invention%2C+Innovation+and+Entrepreneurship&rft.pages=1-8&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A240686671%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4614-6616-1_407-2&rft.isbn=978-1-4614-6616-1&rft.aulast=Ulgen&rft.aufirst=Faruk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreative+destruction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoescheTorre2020" class="citation journal cs1">Loesche, Frank; Torre, Ilaria (2020). "Creative Destruction". <i>Encyclopedia of Creativity (Third Edition)</i>: 226–231. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-0-12-809324-5.23696-1">10.1016/B978-0-12-809324-5.23696-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780128156155" title="Special:BookSources/9780128156155"><bdi>9780128156155</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:242692186">242692186</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+of+Creativity+%28Third+Edition%29&rft.atitle=Creative+Destruction&rft.pages=226-231&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A242692186%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FB978-0-12-809324-5.23696-1&rft.isbn=9780128156155&rft.aulast=Loesche&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft.au=Torre%2C+Ilaria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreative+destruction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-reinert-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-reinert_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-reinert_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-reinert_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-reinert_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-reinert_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReinertReinert2006" class="citation book cs1">Reinert, Hugo; Reinert, Erik S. (2006). "Creative Destruction in Economics: Nietzsche, Sombart, Schumpeter". <i>Friedrich Nietzsche (1844–1900)</i>. The European Heritage in Economics and the Social Sciences. Vol. 3. pp. 55–85. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-0-387-32980-2_4">10.1007/978-0-387-32980-2_4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-32979-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-32979-6"><bdi>978-0-387-32979-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Creative+Destruction+in+Economics%3A+Nietzsche%2C+Sombart%2C+Schumpeter&rft.btitle=Friedrich+Nietzsche+%281844%E2%80%931900%29&rft.series=The+European+Heritage+in+Economics+and+the+Social+Sciences&rft.pages=55-85&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-0-387-32980-2_4&rft.isbn=978-0-387-32979-6&rft.aulast=Reinert&rft.aufirst=Hugo&rft.au=Reinert%2C+Erik+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreative+destruction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-isbn0-14-044757-1-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-isbn0-14-044757-1_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-isbn0-14-044757-1_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-isbn0-14-044757-1_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarx,_KarlEngels,_Friedrich2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx, Karl</a>; <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels, Friedrich</a> (2002) [1848]. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/communistmanifes00marx_5"><i>The Communist Manifesto</i></a></span>. Moore, Samuel (trans. 1888). Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/communistmanifes00marx_5/page/226">226</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-044757-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-044757-6"><bdi>978-0-14-044757-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Nicolaus, Martin (trans. 1973). Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin. p. 750. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-044575-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-044575-6"><bdi>978-0-14-044575-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-11-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grundrisse%3A+Foundations+of+the+Critique+of+Political+Economy+%28rough+draft%29&rft.place=Harmondsworth%2C+UK&rft.pages=750&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-14-044575-6&rft.au=Marx%2C+Karl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbDyemaqiZjUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreative+destruction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marx1863-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marx1863_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marx1863_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarx1969" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx, Karl</a> (1969) [1863]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sU23AAAAIAAJ"><i>Theories of Surplus-Value: "Volume IV" of Capital</i></a>. Vol. 2. London: Lawrence & Wishart. pp. 495–96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780853151944" title="Special:BookSources/9780853151944"><bdi>9780853151944</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-11-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theories+of+Surplus-Value%3A+%22Volume+IV%22+of+Capital&rft.place=London&rft.pages=495-96&rft.pub=Lawrence+%26+Wishart&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=9780853151944&rft.aulast=Marx&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsU23AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreative+destruction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Krieg_Kapitalismus-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Krieg_Kapitalismus_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Describing the way in which the destruction of forests in Europe laid the foundations for nineteenth-century capitalism, Sombart writes: "Wiederum aber steigt aus der Zerstörung neuer schöpferischer Geist empor" ("Again, however, from destruction a new spirit of creation arises").<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSombart,_Werner1913" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Werner_Sombart" title="Werner Sombart">Sombart, Werner</a> (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/kriegundkapitali00sombuoft/kriegundkapitali00sombuoft_djvu.txt"><i>Krieg und Kapitalismus</i></a> (in German). München. p. 207. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-405-06539-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-405-06539-2"><bdi>978-0-405-06539-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-11-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Krieg+und+Kapitalismus&rft.place=M%C3%BCnchen&rft.pages=207&rft.date=1913&rft.isbn=978-0-405-06539-2&rft.au=Sombart%2C+Werner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fkriegundkapitali00sombuoft%2Fkriegundkapitali00sombuoft_djvu.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreative+destruction" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schumpeter1942-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schumpeter1942_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schumpeter1942_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchumpeter1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schumpeter" title="Joseph Schumpeter">Schumpeter, Joseph A.</a> (1994) [1942]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6eM6YrMj46sC"><i>Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy</i></a>. 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London: Verso. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/limitstocapital00davi/page/200">200</a>–03. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84467-095-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84467-095-6"><bdi>978-1-84467-095-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Ringwood, Vic: Viking Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86091-785-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86091-785-4"><bdi>978-0-86091-785-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-11-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=All+that+is+Solid+Melts+into+Air%3A+The+Experience+of+Modernity&rft.place=Ringwood%2C+Vic&rft.pub=Viking+Penguin&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-86091-785-4&rft.au=Berman%2C+Marshall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dmox1ywiyhtgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreative+destruction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-isbn0-631-22140-9-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-isbn0-631-22140-9_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-isbn0-631-22140-9_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastells,_Manuel2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Castells" title="Manuel Castells">Castells, Manuel</a> (2000) [1996]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hngg4aFtJVcC"><i>The Rise of the Network Society</i></a> (2nd ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-22140-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-22140-1"><bdi>978-0-631-22140-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-11-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+the+Network+Society&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishers&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-631-22140-1&rft.au=Castells%2C+Manuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dhngg4aFtJVcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreative+destruction" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArchibugiFilippetti2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniele_Archibugi" title="Daniele Archibugi">Archibugi, Daniele</a>; Filippetti, Andrea (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.routledge.com/Innovation-and-Economic-Crisis-Lessons-and-Prospects-from-the-Economic/Archibugi-Filippetti/p/book/9780415602280"><i>Innovation and Economic Crisis. Lessons and Prospects from the Economic Downturn</i></a>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-74559-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-74559-8"><bdi>978-0-415-74559-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-06-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Innovation+and+Economic+Crisis.+Lessons+and+Prospects+from+the+Economic+Downturn&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-415-74559-8&rft.aulast=Archibugi&rft.aufirst=Daniele&rft.au=Filippetti%2C+Andrea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.routledge.com%2FInnovation-and-Economic-Crisis-Lessons-and-Prospects-from-the-Economic%2FArchibugi-Filippetti%2Fp%2Fbook%2F9780415602280&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreative+destruction" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AghionHowitt-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AghionHowitt_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAghionHowitt1998" class="citation book cs1">Aghion, Philippe; Howitt, Peter (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mitpress.mit.edu/9780262528467/endogenous-growth-theory/"><i>Endogenous growth theory</i></a>. Cambridge, MA.: MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262011662" title="Special:BookSources/9780262011662"><bdi>9780262011662</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Endogenous+growth+theory&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA.&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780262011662&rft.aulast=Aghion&rft.aufirst=Philippe&rft.au=Howitt%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmitpress.mit.edu%2F9780262528467%2Fendogenous-growth-theory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreative+destruction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAcemogluRobinson2012" class="citation book cs1">Acemoglu, Daron; Robinson, James A. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.univ.ox.ac.uk/book/why-nations-fail/"><i>Why nations fail: the origins of power, prosperity and poverty</i></a> (1st ed.). New York: Crown Publishers. p. 100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0307719218" title="Special:BookSources/978-0307719218"><bdi>978-0307719218</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+nations+fail%3A+the+origins+of+power%2C+prosperity+and+poverty&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=100&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Crown+Publishers&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0307719218&rft.aulast=Acemoglu&rft.aufirst=Daron&rft.au=Robinson%2C+James+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.univ.ox.ac.uk%2Fbook%2Fwhy-nations-fail%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreative+destruction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris1942" class="citation journal cs1">Harris, Abram L. (1942). "Sombart and German (National) Socialism". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Political_Economy" title="Journal of Political Economy">Journal of Political Economy</a></i>. <b>50</b> (6): 805–35 [p. 807]. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F255964">10.1086/255964</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1826617">1826617</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154171970">154171970</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Political+Economy&rft.atitle=Sombart+and+German+%28National%29+Socialism&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=805-35+p.+807&rft.date=1942&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154171970%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1826617%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F255964&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Abram+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreative+destruction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elliott1978-79-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Elliott1978-79_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For further discussion of the concept of creative discussion in the Grundrisse, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElliott1978" class="citation journal cs1">Elliott, J. E. (1978). "Marx's "Grundrisse": Vision of Capitalism's Creative Destruction". <i>Journal of Post Keynesian Economics</i>. <b>1</b> (2): 148–69. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01603477.1978.11489107">10.1080/01603477.1978.11489107</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4537475">4537475</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Post+Keynesian+Economics&rft.atitle=Marx%27s+%22Grundrisse%22%3A+Vision+of+Capitalism%27s+Creative+Destruction&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=148-69&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01603477.1978.11489107&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4537475%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Elliott&rft.aufirst=J.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreative+destruction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarx1969" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx, Karl</a> (1969) [1863]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sU23AAAAIAAJ"><i>Theories of Surplus-Value: "Volume IV" of Capital</i></a>. Vol. 2. Lawrence & Wishart. pp. 495–96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780853151944" title="Special:BookSources/9780853151944"><bdi>9780853151944</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theories+of+Surplus-Value%3A+%22Volume+IV%22+of+Capital&rft.pages=495-96&rft.pub=Lawrence+%26+Wishart&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=9780853151944&rft.aulast=Marx&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsU23AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreative+destruction" class="Z3988"></span> For further explanation of these quotations see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey,_David2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Harvey_(geographer)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Harvey (geographer)">Harvey, David</a> (2007) [1982]. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/limitstocapital00davi"><i>Limits to Capital</i></a></span>. Verso. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/limitstocapital00davi/page/200">200</a>–03. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84467-095-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84467-095-6"><bdi>978-1-84467-095-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Limits+to+Capital&rft.pages=200-03&rft.pub=Verso&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84467-095-6&rft.au=Harvey%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flimitstocapital00davi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreative+destruction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-isbn1-84668-308-4-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-isbn1-84668-308-4_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey,_David2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Harvey_(geographer)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Harvey (geographer)">Harvey, David</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ww1dPgAACAAJ"><i>The Enigma of Capital and the Crises of Capitalism</i></a>. London: Profile Books. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84668-308-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84668-308-4"><bdi>978-1-84668-308-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-11-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Enigma+of+Capital+and+the+Crises+of+Capitalism&rft.place=London&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Profile+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-84668-308-4&rft.au=Harvey%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dww1dPgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreative+destruction" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSombart1913" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Werner_Sombart" title="Werner Sombart">Sombart, W.</a> (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kriegundkapitali00sombuoft"><i>Krieg und Kapitalismus</i></a> [<i>War and Capitalism</i>]. Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kriegundkapitali00sombuoft/page/207">207</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780405065392" title="Special:BookSources/9780405065392"><bdi>9780405065392</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Krieg+und+Kapitalismus&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.pages=207&rft.pub=Duncker+%26+Humblot&rft.date=1913&rft.isbn=9780405065392&rft.aulast=Sombart&rft.aufirst=W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkriegundkapitali00sombuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreative+destruction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradburyMcFarlane1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Bradbury" title="Malcolm Bradbury">Bradbury, Malcolm</a>; <a href="/wiki/James_McFarlane" title="James McFarlane">McFarlane, James</a> (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YMWzAAAAIAAJ"><i>Modernism: A Guide to European Literature 1890–1930</i></a>. Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin. p. 446. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0140138320" title="Special:BookSources/978-0140138320"><bdi>978-0140138320</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modernism%3A+A+Guide+to+European+Literature+1890%E2%80%931930&rft.place=Harmondsworth%2C+UK&rft.pages=446&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0140138320&rft.aulast=Bradbury&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rft.au=McFarlane%2C+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYMWzAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreative+destruction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/bakunin/works/1842/reaction-germany.htm">The Reaction in Germany, From the Notebooks of a Frenchman</a>, October 1842</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crumbling_Walls-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Crumbling_Walls_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKraw2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_K._McKraw&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas K. McKraw (page does not exist)">McKraw, Thomas K.</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080226211528/http://hbswk.hbs.edu/pdf/20070207_Schumpeter.pdf"><i>Business History Review 80</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. London: Cambridge Journals Online. p. 239. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hbswk.hbs.edu/pdf/20070207_Schumpeter.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 26 February 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Business+History+Review+80&rft.place=London&rft.pages=239&rft.pub=Cambridge+Journals+Online&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=McKraw&rft.aufirst=Thomas+K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhbswk.hbs.edu%2Fpdf%2F20070207_Schumpeter.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreative+destruction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schumpeter1942_2-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schumpeter1942_2_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchumpeter1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schumpeter" title="Joseph Schumpeter">Schumpeter, Joseph A.</a> (1994) [1942]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6eM6YrMj46sC"><i>Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy</i></a>. London: Routledge. pp. 82–83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-10762-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-10762-4"><bdi>978-0-415-10762-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Capitalism%2C+Socialism+and+Democracy&rft.place=London&rft.pages=82-83&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-415-10762-4&rft.aulast=Schumpeter&rft.aufirst=Joseph+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6eM6YrMj46sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreative+destruction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSidakTeece2009" class="citation journal cs1">Sidak, J. Gregory; Teece, David J. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjoclec%2Fnhp024">"Dynamic Competition in Antitrust Law"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Competition_Law_%26_Economics" title="Journal of Competition Law & Economics">Journal of Competition Law & Economics</a></i>. <b>5</b> (4): 581–631 [p. 604]. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjoclec%2Fnhp024">10.1093/joclec/nhp024</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Competition+Law+%26+Economics&rft.atitle=Dynamic+Competition+in+Antitrust+Law&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=581-631+p.+604&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjoclec%2Fnhp024&rft.aulast=Sidak&rft.aufirst=J.+Gregory&rft.au=Teece%2C+David+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fjoclec%252Fnhp024&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreative+destruction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schumpeter, J. A. (1941): An economic interpretation of our time: The Lowell Lectures, in The Economics and Sociology of Capitalism, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, pp. 349. As quoted by "Schumpeter and Regional Innovation" by Esben S. Andersen. Chapter for Handbook of Regional Innovation and Growth. (ed. P. Cooke, Elgar Publ.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_FigueiredoKyle2006" class="citation journal cs1">de Figueiredo, John M.; Kyle, Margaret K. (March 2006). "Surviving the gales of creative destruction: the determinants of product turnover". <i>Strategic Management Journal</i>. <b>27</b> (3): 241–264. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fsmj.512">10.1002/smj.512</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20142331">20142331</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Strategic+Management+Journal&rft.atitle=Surviving+the+gales+of+creative+destruction%3A+the+determinants+of+product+turnover&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=241-264&rft.date=2006-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fsmj.512&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20142331%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=de+Figueiredo&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rft.au=Kyle%2C+Margaret+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreative+destruction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/may/12/warner-music-spotify-streaming-income-downloads">Warner Music reveals streaming income has overtaken downloads</a><i>The Guardian</i>, Tuesday 12 May 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://johngaynardcreativity.blogspot.com/2009/01/christian-science-monitor-is-to.html">Creative Destruction and Innovation in The News Industry</a> John Gaynard's blog, January 21, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pifrontpage-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pifrontpage_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichmanJames,_Andrea2009" class="citation news cs1">Richman, Dan; James, Andrea (2009-03-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seattlepi.com/business/403793_piclosure17.html">"Seattle P-I to publish last edition Tuesday"</a>. <i>Seattle Post-Intelligencer</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Seattle+Post-Intelligencer&rft.atitle=Seattle+P-I+to+publish+last+edition+Tuesday&rft.date=2009-03-16&rft.aulast=Richman&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft.au=James%2C+Andrea&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.seattlepi.com%2Fbusiness%2F403793_piclosure17.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreative+destruction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBureau_of_Labor_Statistics" class="citation web cs1">Bureau of Labor Statistics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bls.gov">"Series ID CES5051913001 and CES5051111001"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Series+ID+CES5051913001+and+CES5051111001&rft.au=Bureau+of+Labor+Statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bls.gov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreative+destruction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://johngaynardcreativity.blogspot.com/2009/01/could-linkedin-and-viadeo-creatively.html">Could LinkedIn and Viadeo Creatively Destroy the Traditional French Networks?</a> John Gaynard's blog, January 13, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSidakTeece2009" class="citation journal cs1">Sidak, J. G.; Teece, D. J. (1 December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjoclec%2Fnhp024">"Dynamic Competition in Antitrust Law"</a>. <i>Journal of Competition Law and Economics</i>. <b>5</b> (4): 581–631. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjoclec%2Fnhp024">10.1093/joclec/nhp024</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1479874">1479874</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Competition+Law+and+Economics&rft.atitle=Dynamic+Competition+in+Antitrust+Law&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=581-631&rft.date=2009-12-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D1479874%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjoclec%2Fnhp024&rft.aulast=Sidak&rft.aufirst=J.+G.&rft.au=Teece%2C+D.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fjoclec%252Fnhp024&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreative+destruction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelsonNelson2002" class="citation journal cs1">Nelson, Richard R.; Nelson, Katherine (February 2002). "Technology, institutions, and innovation systems". <i>Research Policy</i>. <b>31</b> (2): 265–272. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.500.5013">10.1.1.500.5013</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0048-7333%2801%2900140-8">10.1016/S0048-7333(01)00140-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Research+Policy&rft.atitle=Technology%2C+institutions%2C+and+innovation+systems&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=265-272&rft.date=2002-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.500.5013%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0048-7333%2801%2900140-8&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Richard+R.&rft.au=Nelson%2C+Katherine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreative+destruction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells1890" class="citation book cs1">Wells, David A. (1890). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/recenteconomicc01wellgoog"><i>Recent Economic Changes and Their Effect on Production and Distribution of Wealth and Well-Being of Society</i></a>. New York: D. Appleton and Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-543-72474-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-543-72474-8"><bdi>978-0-543-72474-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recent+Economic+Changes+and+Their+Effect+on+Production+and+Distribution+of+Wealth+and+Well-Being+of+Society&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=D.+Appleton+and+Co.&rft.date=1890&rft.isbn=978-0-543-72474-8&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frecenteconomicc01wellgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreative+destruction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/library/market-and-distribution-wealth">"The Market and the Distribution of Wealth"</a>. <i>Mises Institute</i>. 30 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mises+Institute&rft.atitle=The+Market+and+the+Distribution+of+Wealth&rft.date=2011-09-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmises.org%2Flibrary%2Fmarket-and-distribution-wealth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreative+destruction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Harvey_(geographer)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Harvey (geographer)">Harvey, David</a> (2009) [1973]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VCwLi2nVmooC"><i>Social Justice and the City</i></a>. University of Georgia Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-3403-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-3403-5"><bdi>978-0-8203-3403-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Justice+and+the+City&rft.pub=University+of+Georgia+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8203-3403-5&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVCwLi2nVmooC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreative+destruction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Harvey_(geographer)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Harvey (geographer)">Harvey, David</a> (2006) [1982]. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/limitstocapital00davi"><i>The Limits to Capital</i></a></span>. Verso. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84467-095-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84467-095-6"><bdi>978-1-84467-095-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Limits+to+Capital&rft.pub=Verso&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-84467-095-6&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flimitstocapital00davi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreative+destruction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Harvey_(geographer)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Harvey (geographer)">Harvey, David</a> (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5lvaAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Urbanization of Capital: Studies in the History and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization</i></a>. Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-3144-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-3144-7"><bdi>978-0-8018-3144-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Urbanization+of+Capital%3A+Studies+in+the+History+and+Theory+of+Capitalist+Urbanization&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-3144-7&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5lvaAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreative+destruction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Harvey_(geographer)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Harvey (geographer)">Harvey, David</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W00VHZg3u2MC"><i>Spaces of Hope</i></a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-22578-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-22578-7"><bdi>978-0-520-22578-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spaces+of+Hope&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-520-22578-7&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW00VHZg3u2MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreative+destruction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Harvey_(geographer)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Harvey (geographer)">Harvey, David</a> (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780415932417"><i>Spaces of Capital: Towards a Critical Geography</i></a></span>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-93241-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-93241-7"><bdi>978-0-415-93241-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spaces+of+Capital%3A+Towards+a+Critical+Geography&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-415-93241-7&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780415932417&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreative+destruction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Harvey_(geographer)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Harvey (geographer)">Harvey, David</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z7sS53uqTJoC"><i>Spaces of Neoliberalization: Towards a Theory of Uneven Geographical Development</i></a>. Franz Steiner Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-515-08746-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-515-08746-9"><bdi>978-3-515-08746-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spaces+of+Neoliberalization%3A+Towards+a+Theory+of+Uneven+Geographical+Development&rft.pub=Franz+Steiner+Verlag&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-3-515-08746-9&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ7sS53uqTJoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreative+destruction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey,_David2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Harvey_(geographer)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Harvey (geographer)">Harvey, David</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ww1dPgAACAAJ"><i>The Enigma of Capital and the Crises of Capitalism</i></a>. London: Profile Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84668-308-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84668-308-4"><bdi>978-1-84668-308-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-11-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Enigma+of+Capital+and+the+Crises+of+Capitalism&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Profile+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-84668-308-4&rft.au=Harvey%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dww1dPgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreative+destruction" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See in particular "The Spatial Fix: Hegel, Von Thünen and Marx", in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Harvey_(geographer)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Harvey (geographer)">Harvey, David</a> (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780415932417"><i>Spaces of Capital: Towards a Critical Geography</i></a></span>. Routledge. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780415932417/page/284">284</a>–311. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-93241-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-93241-7"><bdi>978-0-415-93241-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spaces+of+Capital%3A+Towards+a+Critical+Geography&rft.pages=284-311&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-415-93241-7&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780415932417&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreative+destruction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey,_David2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Harvey_(geographer)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Harvey (geographer)">Harvey, David</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ww1dPgAACAAJ"><i>The Enigma of Capital and the Crises of Capitalism</i></a>. London: Profile Books. p. 85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84668-308-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84668-308-4"><bdi>978-1-84668-308-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-11-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Enigma+of+Capital+and+the+Crises+of+Capitalism&rft.place=London&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=Profile+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-84668-308-4&rft.au=Harvey%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dww1dPgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreative+destruction" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Harvey_(geographer)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Harvey (geographer)">Harvey, David</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RAGeva8_ElMC"><i>The Condition of Postmodernity: an Enquiry into the Origins of Cultural Change</i></a>. Wiley. pp. 240–323. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-16294-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-16294-0"><bdi>978-0-631-16294-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Condition+of+Postmodernity%3A+an+Enquiry+into+the+Origins+of+Cultural+Change&rft.pages=240-323&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-631-16294-0&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRAGeva8_ElMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreative+destruction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Harvey_(geographer)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Harvey (geographer)">Harvey, David</a> (1995). <i>The Condition of Postmodernity</i>. Wiley. p. 147. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-16294-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-16294-0"><bdi>978-0-631-16294-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Condition+of+Postmodernity&rft.pages=147&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-631-16294-0&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreative+destruction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Harvey_(geographer)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Harvey (geographer)">Harvey, David</a> (1995). <i>The Condition of Postmodernity</i>. Wiley. pp. 105–06. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-16294-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-16294-0"><bdi>978-0-631-16294-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Condition+of+Postmodernity&rft.pages=105-06&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-631-16294-0&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreative+destruction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">David Harvey (28 June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://comment.rsablogs.org.uk/2010/06/28/rsa-animate-crisis-capitalism/"><i>Crises of Capitalism</i></a> (Webcast). Royal Society for the encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce, London: RSA Animates.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Crises+of+Capitalism&rft.place=Royal+Society+for+the+encouragement+of+Arts%2C+Manufactures+and+Commerce%2C+London&rft.pub=RSA+Animates&rft.date=2010-06-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcomment.rsablogs.org.uk%2F2010%2F06%2F28%2Frsa-animate-crisis-capitalism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreative+destruction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerman1987" class="citation book cs1">Berman, Marshall (1987). <i>All That is Solid Melts into Air</i>. p. 99.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=All+That+is+Solid+Melts+into+Air&rft.pages=99&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Berman&rft.aufirst=Marshall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreative+destruction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerman" class="citation journal cs1">Berman, Daniel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210518153649/https://www.assemblagejournal.org/issue-2-spring-2021/daniel-berman">"Looking the Negative in the Face: Creative Destruction and the Modern Spirit in Photography, Photomontage, and Collage"</a>. <i>Assemblage</i>. <b>2</b>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.assemblagejournal.org/issue-2-spring-2021/daniel-berman">the original</a> on 2021-05-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Assemblage&rft.atitle=Looking+the+Negative+in+the+Face%3A+Creative+Destruction+and+the+Modern+Spirit+in+Photography%2C+Photomontage%2C+and+Collage&rft.volume=2&rft.aulast=Berman&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.assemblagejournal.org%2Fissue-2-spring-2021%2Fdaniel-berman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreative+destruction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastells" class="citation book cs1">Castells, Manuel. <i>The Rise of the Network Society</i>. pp. 376–428.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+the+Network+Society&rft.pages=376-428&rft.aulast=Castells&rft.aufirst=Manuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreative+destruction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastells" class="citation book cs1">Castells, Manuel. <i>The Rise of the Network Society</i>. p. 404.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+the+Network+Society&rft.pages=404&rft.aulast=Castells&rft.aufirst=Manuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreative+destruction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastells" class="citation book cs1">Castells, Manuel. <i>The Rise of the Network Society</i>. p. 199.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+the+Network+Society&rft.pages=199&rft.aulast=Castells&rft.aufirst=Manuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreative+destruction" class="Z3988"></span> For further discussion, see also <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarding2006" class="citation journal cs1">Harding, Robert (March 2006). "Manuel Castells' Technocultural Epoch in "The Information Age"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Science Fiction Studies</i>. <b>33</b> (1): 18–29. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0091-7729">0091-7729</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4241406">4241406</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+Fiction+Studies&rft.atitle=Manuel+Castells%27+Technocultural+Epoch+in+%22The+Information+Age%22&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=18-29&rft.date=2006-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4241406%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0091-7729&rft.aulast=Harding&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreative+destruction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Freeman" title="Christopher Freeman">Chris Freeman</a> and Francisco Louça, <i>As Time Goes By: From the Industrial Revolutions to the Information Revolution</i> (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2001). <a href="/wiki/Carlota_Perez" title="Carlota Perez">Carlota Perez</a>, <i>Technological Revolutions and Financial Capital. The Dynamics of Bubbles and Golden Ages</i>, (Cheltenham Glos, Edward Elgar, 2003).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Daniele Archibugi and Andrea Filippetti, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.routledge.com/Innovation-and-Economic-Crisis-Lessons-and-Prospects-from-the-Economic/Archibugi-Filippetti/p/book/9780415602280"><i>Innovation and Economic Crisis Lessons and Prospects from the Economic Downturn</i></a>, (London, Routledge, 2013).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Archibugi2017-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Archibugi2017_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Archibugi2017_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArchibugi2017" class="citation journal cs1">Archibugi, Daniele (April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eprints.bbk.ac.uk/id/eprint/18837/6/18837.pdf">"Blade Runner economics: Will innovation lead the economic recovery?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Research Policy</i>. <b>46</b> (3): 535–543. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.respol.2016.01.021">10.1016/j.respol.2016.01.021</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Research+Policy&rft.atitle=Blade+Runner+economics%3A+Will+innovation+lead+the+economic+recovery%3F&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=535-543&rft.date=2017-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.respol.2016.01.021&rft.aulast=Archibugi&rft.aufirst=Daniele&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feprints.bbk.ac.uk%2Fid%2Feprint%2F18837%2F6%2F18837.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreative+destruction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAghionHowitt1992" class="citation journal cs1">Aghion, Philippe; Howitt, Peter (1992). 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href="https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/shleifer/files/debt_enforcement_jpe_final.pdf">"Debt Enforcement around the World"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Debt+Enforcement+around+the+World&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholar.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Fshleifer%2Ffiles%2Fdebt_enforcement_jpe_final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreative+destruction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/shleifer/files/reg_entry.pdf">"The Regulation of Entry"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span 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.side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Creative_destruction" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Creative destruction">Creative destruction</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>Akcigit, Ufuk (2023), "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.4159/9780674293052-004/html">Chapter 2: Creative Destruction and Economic Growth</a>." in <i>Creative Destruction and Economic Growth</i>, Harvard University Press, pp. 21–40.</li> <li>Aghion, Philippe and Peter Howitt. <i>A Model of growth through Creative Destruction</i>. <a href="/wiki/Econometrica" title="Econometrica">Econometrica</a> 60:2 (1992), pp. 323–351.</li> <li>Aghion, Philippe and Peter Howitt. <i>Endogenous Growth Theory</i>. MIT Press. 1997.</li> <li>Archibugi, Daniele and Andrea Filippetti. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.routledge.com/Innovation-and-Economic-Crisis-Lessons-and-Prospects-from-the-Economic/Archibugi-Filippetti/p/book/9780415602280"><i>Innovation and Economic Crisis: Lessons and Prospects from the Economic Downturn</i></a> (1st Hardback ed.). Routledge. 2011. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415602280" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415602280"><bdi>978-0415602280</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Innovation+and+Economic+Crisis%3A+Lessons+and+Prospects+from+the+Economic+Downturn&rft.edition=1st+Hardback&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0415602280&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.routledge.com%2FInnovation-and-Economic-Crisis-Lessons-and-Prospects-from-the-Economic%2FArchibugi-Filippetti%2Fp%2Fbook%2F9780415602280&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreative+destruction" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArchibugiFilippettiFrenz2013" class="citation journal cs1">Archibugi, Daniele; Filippetti, Andrea; Frenz, Marion (March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eprints.bbk.ac.uk/8469/1/8469.pdf">"Economic crisis and innovation: Is destruction prevailing over accumulation?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Research Policy</i>. <b>42</b> (2): 303–314. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.respol.2012.07.002">10.1016/j.respol.2012.07.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:56038790">56038790</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180719223940/http://eprints.bbk.ac.uk/8469/1/8469.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2018-07-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Research+Policy&rft.atitle=Economic+crisis+and+innovation%3A+Is+destruction+prevailing+over+accumulation%3F&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=303-314&rft.date=2013-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.respol.2012.07.002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A56038790%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Archibugi&rft.aufirst=Daniele&rft.au=Filippetti%2C+Andrea&rft.au=Frenz%2C+Marion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feprints.bbk.ac.uk%2F8469%2F1%2F8469.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreative+destruction" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoxAlm2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/W._Michael_Cox" title="W. Michael Cox">Cox, W. Michael</a>; Alm, Richard (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/CreativeDestruction.html">"Creative Destruction"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/David_R._Henderson" title="David R. Henderson">David R. Henderson</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Concise_Encyclopedia_of_Economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Concise Encyclopedia of Economics">Concise Encyclopedia of Economics</a></i> (2nd ed.). Indianapolis: <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Economics_and_Liberty" class="mw-redirect" title="Library of Economics and Liberty">Library of Economics and Liberty</a>. pp. 101–104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0865976658" title="Special:BookSources/978-0865976658"><bdi>978-0865976658</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/237794267">237794267</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Creative+Destruction&rft.btitle=Concise+Encyclopedia+of+Economics&rft.place=Indianapolis&rft.pages=101-104&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Library+of+Economics+and+Liberty&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F237794267&rft.isbn=978-0865976658&rft.aulast=Cox&rft.aufirst=W.+Michael&rft.au=Alm%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.econlib.org%2Flibrary%2FEnc%2FCreativeDestruction.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreative+destruction" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Foster, Richard and Sarah Kaplan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051125082639/http://www.mckinsey.com/ideas/books/creativedestruction/index.asp">"Creative Destruction: Why Companies that are Built to Last Underperform the Market – And how to Successfully Transform Them"</a>. Currency publisher. 2001.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Homer-Dixon" title="Thomas Homer-Dixon">Homer-Dixon, Thomas</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Upside_of_Down:_Catastrophe,_Creativity,_and_the_Renewal_of_Civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Upside of Down: Catastrophe, Creativity, and the Renewal of Civilization">Upside of Down: Catastrophe, Creativity, and the Renewal of Civilization</a></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theupsideofdown.com/">The Upside of Down</a>. Island Press. 2006.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Komlos" title="John Komlos">John Komlos</a>, “Disruptive Innovation: the dark side,” <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.milkenreview.org/articles/disruptive-innovation-the-dark-side">Milken Institute Review</a></i>, 17, 1: 28–35;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_I._Kutler" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanley I. Kutler">Kutler, Stanley I.</a> <i>Privilege and Creative Destruction: The Charles River Bridge Case</i>, The Norton Library, 1971.</li> <li>Metcalfe, J. Stanley. <i>Evolutionary Economics and Creative Destruction (Graz Schumpeter Lectures, 1)</i>. Routledge. 1998.</li> <li>Nolan, Richard L. and David C. Croson, <i>Creative Destruction: A Six-Stage Process for Transforming the Organization</i>. Harvard Business School Press. 1995.</li> <li>Osenton, Osenton G. <i>The Death of Demand: Finding Growth in a Saturated Global Economy</i> (New Jersey: Financial Times Prentice Hall, 2004)</li> <li>Page, Max. <i>The Creative Destruction of Manhattan, 1900–1940</i>. University of Chicago Press. 1999.</li> <li>Reinert, Hugo and <a href="/wiki/Erik_S._Reinert" title="Erik S. Reinert">Erik S. Reinert</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040412005010/http://www.othercanon.org/papers/more.asp?id=30">"Creative Destruction in Economics: Nietzsche, Sombart, Schumpeter."</a> In J.G. Backhaus and W. Drechsler, eds. <i>Friedrich Nietzsche: Economy, and Society.</i> Springer. 2006.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogersSparviero2011" class="citation journal cs1">Rogers, Jim; Sparviero, Sergio (14 November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://obs.obercom.pt/index.php/obs/article/view/514">"Same tune, different words: The creative destruction of the music industry"</a>. <i>Observatorio</i>. <b>5</b> (4). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15847%2FobsOBS542011514">10.15847/obsOBS542011514</a> (inactive 1 November 2024).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Observatorio&rft.atitle=Same+tune%2C+different+words%3A+The+creative+destruction+of+the+music+industry&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=4&rft.date=2011-11-14&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15847%2FobsOBS542011514&rft.aulast=Rogers&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft.au=Sparviero%2C+Sergio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fobs.obercom.pt%2Findex.php%2Fobs%2Farticle%2Fview%2F514&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreative+destruction" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schumpeter" title="Joseph Schumpeter">Schumpeter, Joseph A.</a> <i>Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy</i> (New York: Harper, 1975) [orig. pub. 1942]</li> <li>Utterback, James M. <i>Mastering the Dynamics of Innovation</i>. 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