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aria-controls="toc-Geology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Boundaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boundaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Boundaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boundaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stratigraphy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stratigraphy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Stratigraphy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stratigraphy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Palaeogeography_and_tectonics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Palaeogeography_and_tectonics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Palaeogeography and tectonics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Palaeogeography_and_tectonics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Climate-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Climate subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_Eocene" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Eocene"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Early Eocene</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Eocene-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Equable_climate_problem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Equable_climate_problem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Equable climate problem</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Equable_climate_problem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Large_lakes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Large_lakes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1.1</span> <span>Large lakes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Large_lakes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ocean_heat_transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ocean_heat_transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1.2</span> <span>Ocean heat transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ocean_heat_transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orbital_parameters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orbital_parameters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1.3</span> <span>Orbital parameters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orbital_parameters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polar_stratospheric_clouds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polar_stratospheric_clouds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1.4</span> <span>Polar stratospheric clouds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polar_stratospheric_clouds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Eocene" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Eocene"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Middle Eocene</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Eocene-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_Eocene" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_Eocene"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Late Eocene</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_Eocene-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Flora</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Fauna</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Fauna-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Fauna subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vertebrates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vertebrates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Vertebrates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vertebrates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mammals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mammals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Mammals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mammals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Birds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2</span> <span>Birds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fishes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fishes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.3</span> <span>Fishes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fishes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reptiles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reptiles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.4</span> <span>Reptiles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reptiles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Molluscs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Molluscs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Molluscs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Molluscs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arthropods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arthropods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Arthropods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arthropods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_phyla" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_phyla"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Other phyla</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_phyla-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Microbes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Microbes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Microbes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Microbes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Eocene</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 76 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-76" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">76 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eoseen" title="Eoseen – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Eoseen" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Eocene" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الفترة الفجرية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الفترة الفجرية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eoceno" title="Eoceno – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Eoceno" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eocenu" title="Eocenu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Eocenu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8" title="ইওসিন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইওসিন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BA-sin-s%C3%A8" title="Sú-sin-sè – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sú-sin-sè" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Эацэн – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Эацэн" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Еоцен – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Еоцен" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eocen" title="Eocen – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Eocen" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eosen" title="Eosen – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Eosen" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eoc%C3%A8" title="Eocè – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Eocè" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eoc%C3%A9n" title="Eocén – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Eocén" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eoc%C3%A6n" title="Eocæn – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Eocæn" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eoz%C3%A4n" title="Eozän – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Eozän" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eotseen" title="Eotseen – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Eotseen" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%97%CF%8E%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%BF" title="Ηώκαινο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ηώκαινο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eoceno" title="Eoceno – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Eoceno" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eoceno" title="Eoceno – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Eoceno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eozeno" title="Eozeno – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Eozeno" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%86" title="ائوسن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ائوسن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89oc%C3%A8ne" title="Éocène – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Éocène" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Sealad_Eoic%C3%A9ineach" title="An Sealad Eoicéineach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Sealad Eoicéineach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eoceno" title="Eoceno – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Eoceno" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%EC%98%A4%EC%84%B8" title="에오세 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="에오세" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%B8%D6%81%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Էոցեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էոցեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97" title="आदिनूतन युग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="आदिनूतन युग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eocen" title="Eocen – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Eocen" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eosen" title="Eosen – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Eosen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%C3%B3sent%C3%ADmabili%C3%B0" title="Eósentímabilið – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Eósentímabilið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Eocene" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%9F" title="אאוקן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אאוקן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%87%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಇಯೊಸೀನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಇಯೊಸೀನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AA%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ეოცენი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ეოცენი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B5%D2%A3%D1%96" title="Эоцен кезеңі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Эоцен кезеңі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Эоцен – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Эоцен" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eocaenum" title="Eocaenum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Eocaenum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eoc%C4%93ns" title="Eocēns – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Eocēns" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eozen" title="Eozen – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Eozen" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eocenas" title="Eocenas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Eocenas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eosene" title="Eosene – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Eosene" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eoc%C3%A9n" title="Eocén – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Eocén" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Еоцен – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Еоцен" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%86" title="ائوسن – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ائوسن" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eosen" title="Eosen – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Eosen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eoceen" title="Eoceen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Eoceen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A7%8B%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96" title="始新世 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="始新世" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eocen" title="Eocen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Eocen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eocen" title="Eocen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Eocen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eoc%C3%A8n" title="Eocèn – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Eocèn" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eotsen" title="Eotsen – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Eotsen" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eocen" title="Eocen – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Eocen" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eoz%C3%A4n" title="Eozän – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Eozän" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eocen" title="Eocen – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Eocen" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eoceno" title="Eoceno – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Eoceno" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eocen" title="Eocen – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Eocen" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Эоцен – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эоцен" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eoz%C3%A4n" title="Eozän – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Eozän" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eoceni" title="Eoceni – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Eoceni" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Eocene" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eoc%C3%A9n" title="Eocén – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Eocén" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eocen" title="Eocen – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Eocen" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Еоцен – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Еоцен" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eocen" title="Eocen – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Eocen" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eoseeni" title="Eoseeni – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Eoseeni" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eocen" title="Eocen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Eocen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eoseno" title="Eoseno – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Eoseno" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="இயோசீன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இயோசீன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99" title="สมัยอีโอซีน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สมัยอีโอซีน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eosen" title="Eosen – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Eosen" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Еоцен – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Еоцен" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BA%BF_Eocen" title="Thế Eocen – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thế Eocen" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eocen" title="Eocen – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Eocen" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A7%8B%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96" title="始新世 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="始新世" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A7%8B%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96" title="始新世 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="始新世" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A7%8B%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96" title="始新世 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="始新世" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q76274#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Second epoch of the Paleogene Period</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:23em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="padding:0.25em 0.33em 0.33em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:1.25em;background:rgb(253,180,108);">Eocene</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">56.0 – 33.9 <a href="/wiki/Year#SI_prefix_multipliers" title="Year">Ma</a></span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:17.583076923077px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.22px; width:14.807692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:70.027692307692px; width:7.9470769230769px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:77.974769230769px; width:20.564923076923px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.539692307692px; width:20.294153846154px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.732307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:171.56615384615px; width:26.095384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.540307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20184615385px; width:6.9249230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:201.04615384615px; width:7.48px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:201.04615384615px; width:7.48px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:202.04615384615px; width:5.48px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mollweide_Paleographic_Map_of_Earth,_45_Ma_(Lutetian_Age).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Mollweide_Paleographic_Map_of_Earth%2C_45_Ma_%28Lutetian_Age%29.png/250px-Mollweide_Paleographic_Map_of_Earth%2C_45_Ma_%28Lutetian_Age%29.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Mollweide_Paleographic_Map_of_Earth%2C_45_Ma_%28Lutetian_Age%29.png/375px-Mollweide_Paleographic_Map_of_Earth%2C_45_Ma_%28Lutetian_Age%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Mollweide_Paleographic_Map_of_Earth%2C_45_Ma_%28Lutetian_Age%29.png/500px-Mollweide_Paleographic_Map_of_Earth%2C_45_Ma_%28Lutetian_Age%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3610" data-file-height="1810" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A map of Earth 45 million years ago during the Eocene Epoch, Lutetian Age</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ededed;">Chronology</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="font-size:14px"><table id="Container" role="presentation" class="toccolours searchaux" style="text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;border-style:none;margin:auto;overflow:hidden;min-width:24.880em"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td id="Scale" style="padding:0;margin:0.7em 0 0.7em 0;width:4.2em;position:relative;float:left;font-size:100%;height:480px;border-right:1px solid #242020"><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:480.00px;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−70 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:456.00px;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:432.00px;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−65 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:408.00px;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:384.00px;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−60 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:360.00px;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:336.00px;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−55 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:312.00px;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:288.00px;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−50 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:264.00px;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:240.00px;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−45 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:216.00px;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:192.00px;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−40 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:168.00px;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:144.00px;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−35 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:120.00px;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:96.00px;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−30 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:72.00px;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:48.00px;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−25 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:24.00px;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:0.00px;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−20 —</span></div></td><td id="Timeline" class="toccolours notheme" style="padding:0px;margin:0.7em 0 0.7em 0;position:relative;font-size:100%;width:9em;height:480px;float:left;border:none;background-color:#000000"><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(103,197,202);border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:442.560px;height:37.440px;left:0.000em;width:0.990em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0.2em;left:0em;pointer-events:none"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-18.720px;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"><b><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1231500821">@supports(writing-mode:vertical-lr){.mw-parser-output .ts-vertical-text{letter-spacing:-0.12em;line-height:1em;text-orientation:upright;writing-mode:vertical-lr;width:1em}}</style><span class="ts-vertical-text" style=""><a href="/wiki/Mesozoic" title="Mesozoic">MZ</a></span></b></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(242,249,29);border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:0.000px;height:441.600px;left:0.000em;width:0.990em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em;pointer-events:none"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-220.800px;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"><b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1231500821" /><span class="ts-vertical-text" style=""><a href="/wiki/Cenozoic" title="Cenozoic">Cenozoic</a></span></b></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(127,198,78);border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:442.560px;height:37.440px;left:1.080em;width:0.990em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em;pointer-events:none"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-18.720px;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"><b><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></b></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(253,154,82);border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:30.048px;height:411.552px;left:1.080em;width:0.990em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em;pointer-events:none"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-205.776px;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"><b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1231500821" /><span class="ts-vertical-text" style=""><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Paleogene</a></span></b></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(255,230,25);border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:0.000px;height:29.088px;left:1.080em;width:0.990em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em;pointer-events:none"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-14.544px;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"><b><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></b></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(166,216,74);border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:442.560px;height:37.440px;left:2.160em;width:6.750em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em;pointer-events:none"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-18.720px;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"><a href="/wiki/Late_Cretaceous" title="Late Cretaceous">Late K</a></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(253,167,95);border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:346.560px;height:95.040px;left:2.160em;width:0.990em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0.4em;left:0em;pointer-events:none"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:90%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-47.520px;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1231500821" /><span class="ts-vertical-text" style=""><a href="/wiki/Paleocene" title="Paleocene">Paleocene</a></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(253,180,108);border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:134.400px;height:211.200px;left:2.160em;width:0.990em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em;pointer-events:none"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:90%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-105.600px;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1231500821" /><span class="ts-vertical-text" style=""><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eocene</a></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(254,192,122);border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:30.048px;height:103.392px;left:2.160em;width:0.990em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0.4em;left:0em;pointer-events:none"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:90%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-51.696px;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1231500821" /><span class="ts-vertical-text" style=""><a href="/wiki/Oligocene" title="Oligocene">Oligocene</a></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(255,255,0);border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:0.000px;height:29.088px;left:2.160em;width:6.840em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em;pointer-events:none"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-14.544px;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"><a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene</a></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:0.000px;height:480.000px;left:0.000em;width:8.910em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em;pointer-events:none"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:90%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-240.000px;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(253,180,98);border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:400.320px;height:41.280px;left:3.240em;width:5.670em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em;pointer-events:none"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:90%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-20.640px;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"><a href="/wiki/Danian" title="Danian">Danian</a></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(254,191,101);border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:377.280px;height:22.080px;left:3.240em;width:5.670em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em;pointer-events:none"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:90%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-11.040px;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"><a href="/wiki/Selandian" title="Selandian">Selandian</a></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(253,191,111);border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:346.560px;height:29.760px;left:3.240em;width:5.670em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em;pointer-events:none"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:90%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-14.880px;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"><a href="/wiki/Thanetian" title="Thanetian">Thanetian</a></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(252,167,115);border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:267.840px;height:77.760px;left:3.240em;width:5.670em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em;pointer-events:none"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:90%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-38.880px;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"><a href="/wiki/Ypresian" title="Ypresian">Ypresian</a></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(253,180,130);border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:205.440px;height:61.440px;left:3.240em;width:5.670em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em;pointer-events:none"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:90%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-30.720px;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"><a href="/wiki/Lutetian" title="Lutetian">Lutetian</a></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(253,192,145);border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:173.760px;height:30.720px;left:3.240em;width:5.670em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em;pointer-events:none"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:90%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-15.360px;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"><a href="/wiki/Bartonian" title="Bartonian">Bartonian</a></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(253,205,161);border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:134.400px;height:38.400px;left:3.240em;width:5.670em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em;pointer-events:none"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:90%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-19.200px;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"><a href="/wiki/Priabonian" title="Priabonian">Priabonian</a></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(254,217,154);border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:78.720px;height:54.720px;left:3.240em;width:5.670em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em;pointer-events:none"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:90%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-27.360px;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"><a href="/wiki/Rupelian" title="Rupelian">Rupelian</a></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(254,230,170);border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:30.048px;height:47.712px;left:3.240em;width:5.670em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em;pointer-events:none"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:90%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-23.856px;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"><a href="/wiki/Chattian" title="Chattian">Chattian</a></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:0.000px;height:480.000px;left:0.000em;width:8.910em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em;pointer-events:none"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-240.000px;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"></div></div></div></td><td id="Annotations" style="padding:0;margin:0.7em 0 0.7em 0;float:left;position:relative;width:9.980em;height:480px;pointer-events:none"><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:345.600px;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0;pointer-events:initial"><a href="/wiki/Paleocene%E2%80%93Eocene_Thermal_Maximum" title="Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum">PETM</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:133.440px;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0;pointer-events:initial"><span style="line-height:10px; display:block;">First Antarctic <a href="/wiki/Ice-sheet" class="mw-redirect" title="Ice-sheet">permanent ice-sheets</a><sup id="cite_ref-Zachos2k5_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zachos2k5-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:439.680px;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0;pointer-events:initial"><span style="line-height:10px;display:block;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous%E2%80%93Paleogene_extinction_event" title="Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event">K-Pg mass<br />extinction</a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td id="Caption" colspan="3" style="padding:0;margin:0 0.2em 0.7em 0.2em"><div id="Caption" class="toccolours" style="margin:0 auto;float:left;border-style:none;clear:both;text-align:center;width:22.000em"><b>Subdivision of the Paleogene according to the <a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Stratigraphy" title="International Commission on Stratigraphy">ICS</a>, as of 2023.</b><sup id="cite_ref-ICS_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICS-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Vertical axis scale: <a href="/wiki/Megaannum" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaannum">Millions of years ago</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ededed;">Etymology</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Name formality</th><td class="infobox-data">Formal</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ededed;">Usage information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Celestial body</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Geological history of Earth">Earth</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Regional usage</th><td class="infobox-data">Global (<a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Stratigraphy" title="International Commission on Stratigraphy">ICS</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Time scale(s) used</th><td class="infobox-data">ICS Time Scale</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ededed;">Definition</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Chronological unit</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Epoch_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epoch (geology)">Epoch</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Stratigraphic unit</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Series_(stratigraphy)" title="Series (stratigraphy)">Series</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Time span formality</th><td class="infobox-data">Formal</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Lower boundary definition</th><td class="infobox-data">Strong negative anomaly in <a href="/wiki/Delta_13C" class="mw-redirect" title="Delta 13C">δ<sup>13</sup>C</a> values at the <a href="/wiki/Paleocene%E2%80%93Eocene_Thermal_Maximum" title="Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum">PETM</a><sup id="cite_ref-Aubry_2007_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aubry_2007-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Lower boundary GSSP</th><td class="infobox-data">Dababiya section, <a href="/wiki/Luxor" title="Luxor">Luxor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a><sup id="cite_ref-Aubry_2007_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aubry_2007-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Eocene&params=25.5000_N_32.5311_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">25°30′00″N</span> <span class="longitude">32°31′52″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">25.5000°N 32.5311°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">25.5000; 32.5311</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Lower GSSP ratified</th><td class="infobox-data">2003<sup id="cite_ref-Aubry_2007_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aubry_2007-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Upper boundary definition</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Last_appearance_datum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Last appearance datum (page does not exist)">LAD</a> of <a href="/wiki/Foraminifera" title="Foraminifera">Planktonic Foraminifers</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Hantkenina" title="Hantkenina">Hantkenina</a></i> and <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cribrohantkenina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cribrohantkenina (page does not exist)">Cribrohantkenina</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Upper boundary GSSP</th><td class="infobox-data">Massignano quarry section, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Massignano_(Ancona)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Massignano (Ancona) (page does not exist)">Massignano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancona" title="Ancona">Ancona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a><br /><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818" /><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Eocene&params=43.5328_N_13.6011_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">43°31′58″N</span> <span class="longitude">13°36′04″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">43.5328°N 13.6011°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">43.5328; 13.6011</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Upper GSSP ratified</th><td class="infobox-data">1992<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Eocene</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span></span>-/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">EE</span>-ə-seen, <span style="font-size:90%">EE</span>-oh-</i></a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is a geological <a href="/wiki/Epoch_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epoch (geology)">epoch</a> that lasted from about 56 to 33.9 million years ago (Ma). It is the second epoch of the <a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Paleogene</a> <a href="/wiki/Period_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Period (geology)">Period</a> in the modern <a href="/wiki/Cenozoic" title="Cenozoic">Cenozoic</a> <a href="/wiki/Era_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Era (geology)">Era</a>. The name <i>Eocene</i> comes from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> <span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BC%A8%CF%8E%CF%82#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:Ἠώς">Ἠώς</a></span> (<i>Ēṓs</i>, "<a href="/wiki/Eos" title="Eos">Dawn</a>") and <span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%8C%CF%82#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:καινός">καινός</a></span> (<i>kainós</i>, "new") and refers to the "dawn" of modern ('new') <a href="/wiki/Fauna" title="Fauna">fauna</a> that appeared during the epoch.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OnlineEtDict_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OnlineEtDict-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Eocene spans the time from the end of the <a href="/wiki/Paleocene" title="Paleocene">Paleocene</a> Epoch to the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Oligocene" title="Oligocene">Oligocene</a> Epoch. The start of the Eocene is marked by a brief period in which the concentration of the <a href="/wiki/Carbon_isotope" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon isotope">carbon isotope</a> <a href="/wiki/Carbon-13" title="Carbon-13"><sup>13</sup>C</a> in the atmosphere was exceptionally low in comparison with the more common isotope <a href="/wiki/Carbon-12" title="Carbon-12"><sup>12</sup>C</a>. The average temperature of Earth at the beginning of the Eocene was about 27 degrees Celsius.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The end is set at a major <a href="/wiki/Extinction_event" title="Extinction event">extinction event</a> called the <i>Grande Coupure</i> (the "Great Break" in continuity) or the <a href="/wiki/Eocene%E2%80%93Oligocene_extinction_event" title="Eocene–Oligocene extinction event">Eocene–Oligocene extinction event</a>, which may be related to the impact of one or more large <a href="/wiki/Bolide" title="Bolide">bolides</a> in <a href="/wiki/Popigai_impact_structure" title="Popigai impact structure">Siberia</a> and in what is now <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay_impact_crater" title="Chesapeake Bay impact crater">Chesapeake Bay</a>. As with other <a href="/wiki/Geologic_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Geologic period">geologic periods</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Stratum" title="Stratum">strata</a> that define the start and end of the epoch are well identified,<sup id="cite_ref-:3_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though their exact dates are slightly uncertain. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eocene&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term "Eocene" is derived from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ἠώς</span></span> (<i>Ēṓs</i>) meaning "Dawn", and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">καινός</span></span> <i>kainos</i> meaning "new" or "recent", as the epoch saw the dawn of recent, or modern, life. </p><p>Scottish geologist <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lyell" title="Charles Lyell">Charles Lyell</a> (ignoring the Quaternary) divided the Tertiary Epoch into the Eocene, <a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene</a>, and New Pliocene (<a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a>) <a href="/wiki/Geological_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Geological period">Periods</a> in 1833.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British geologist <a href="/wiki/John_Phillips_(geologist)" title="John Phillips (geologist)">John Phillips</a> proposed the <a href="/wiki/Cenozoic" title="Cenozoic">Cenozoic</a> in 1840 in place of the Tertiary,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Austrian paleontologist <a href="/wiki/Moritz_H%C3%B6rnes" class="mw-redirect" title="Moritz Hörnes">Moritz Hörnes</a> introduced the <a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Paleogene</a> for the Eocene and <a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">Neogene</a> for the Miocene and Pliocene in 1853.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After decades of inconsistent usage, the newly formed <a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Stratigraphy" title="International Commission on Stratigraphy">International Commission on Stratigraphy</a> (ICS), in 1969, standardized stratigraphy based on the prevailing opinions in Europe: the Cenozoic Era subdivided into the Tertiary and Quaternary sub-eras, and the Tertiary subdivided into the Paleogene and Neogene periods.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1978, the Paleogene was officially defined as the Paleocene, Eocene, and Oligocene epochs; and the Neogene as the Miocene and Pliocene epochs.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1989, Tertiary and Quaternary were removed from the time scale due to the arbitrary nature of their boundary, but Quaternary was reinstated in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geology">Geology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eocene&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Boundaries">Boundaries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eocene&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Boundaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Eocene is a dynamic epoch that represents global climatic transitions between two climatic extremes, transitioning from the hot house to the cold house. The beginning of the Eocene is marked by the <a href="/wiki/Paleocene%E2%80%93Eocene_Thermal_Maximum" title="Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum">Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum</a>, a short period of intense warming and <a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">ocean acidification</a> brought about by the release of carbon en masse into the atmosphere and ocean systems,<sup id="cite_ref-turner2017_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-turner2017-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which led to a mass extinction of 30–50% of benthic <a href="/wiki/Foraminifera" title="Foraminifera">foraminifera</a> (single-celled species which are used as <a href="/wiki/Bioindicator" title="Bioindicator">bioindicators</a> of the health of a marine ecosystem)—one of the largest in the Cenozoic.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kennet_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kennet-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This event happened around 55.8 Ma, and was one of the most significant periods of global change during the Cenozoic.<sup id="cite_ref-turner2017_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-turner2017-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The middle Eocene was characterized by the shift towards a cooler climate at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Early_Eocene_Climatic_Optimum" title="Early Eocene Climatic Optimum">Early Eocene Climatic Optimum</a>, around 47.8 Ma, which was briefly interrupted by another warming event, the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Eocene_Climatic_Optimum" title="Middle Eocene Climatic Optimum">Middle Eocene Climatic Optimum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lasting for about 400,000 years, the MECO was responsible for a globally uniform 4° to 6°C warming of both the surface and deep oceans, as inferred from foraminiferal stable oxygen isotope records. The resumption of a long-term gradual cooling trend resulted in a glacial maximum at the late Eocene/early Oligocene boundary. </p><p>The end of the Eocene was also marked by the <a href="/wiki/Eocene%E2%80%93Oligocene_extinction_event" title="Eocene–Oligocene extinction event">Eocene–Oligocene extinction event</a>, also known as the <i>Grande Coupure</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stratigraphy">Stratigraphy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eocene&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Stratigraphy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Eocene is conventionally divided into early (56–47.8 Ma), middle (47.8–38 Ma), and late (38–33.9 Ma) subdivisions.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The corresponding <a href="/wiki/Rock_(geology)" title="Rock (geology)">rocks</a> are referred to as lower, middle, and upper Eocene. The <a href="/wiki/Ypresian" title="Ypresian">Ypresian</a> Stage constitutes the lower, the <a href="/wiki/Priabonian" title="Priabonian">Priabonian</a> Stage the upper; and the <a href="/wiki/Lutetian" title="Lutetian">Lutetian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bartonian" title="Bartonian">Bartonian</a> stages are united as the middle Eocene.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Western North American floras of the Eocene were divided into four floral "stages" by <a href="/wiki/Jack_A._Wolfe" title="Jack A. Wolfe">Jack Wolfe</a> (<a href="/wiki/1968_in_paleontology" title="1968 in paleontology">1968</a>) based on work with the <a href="/wiki/Puget_Group" title="Puget Group">Puget Group</a> fossils of <a href="/wiki/King_County,_Washington" title="King County, Washington">King County, Washington</a>. The four stages, <b>Franklinian</b>, <b>Fultonian</b>, <b>Ravenian</b>, and <b>Kummerian</b> covered the Early Eocene through early Oligocene, and three of the four were given informal early/late substages. Wolfe tentatively deemed the Franklinian as Early Eocene, the Fultonian as Middle Eocene, the Ravenian as Late, and the Kummerian as Early Oligocene.<sup id="cite_ref-Wolfe1968_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolfe1968-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The beginning of the Kummerian was refined by <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Retallack" title="Gregory Retallack">Gregory Retallack</a> <i>et al</i> (2004) as 40 Mya, with a refined end at the Eocene-Oligocene boundary where the younger <b>Angoonian</b> floral stage starts.<sup id="cite_ref-Retallack2004_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Retallack2004-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Palaeogeography_and_tectonics">Palaeogeography and tectonics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eocene&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Palaeogeography and tectonics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ypresian_Earth_50_mya.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Ypresian_Earth_50_mya.jpg/220px-Ypresian_Earth_50_mya.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Ypresian_Earth_50_mya.jpg/330px-Ypresian_Earth_50_mya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Ypresian_Earth_50_mya.jpg/440px-Ypresian_Earth_50_mya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="370" /></a><figcaption>A map of Earth in the early Eocene (50 Ma)</figcaption></figure> <p>During the Eocene, the <a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">continents</a> continued to <a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">drift</a> toward their present positions. At the beginning of the period, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a> remained connected, and warm equatorial currents may have mixed with colder Antarctic waters, distributing the heat around the planet and keeping global temperatures high. When Australia split from the southern continent around 45 Ma, the warm equatorial currents were routed away from Antarctica. An isolated cold water channel developed between the two continents.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, modeling results call into question the thermal isolation model for late Eocene cooling,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and decreasing carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere may have been more important. Once the Antarctic region began to cool down, the ocean surrounding Antarctica began to freeze, sending cold water and <a href="/wiki/Icefloe" class="mw-redirect" title="Icefloe">icefloes</a> north and reinforcing the cooling.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The northern <a href="/wiki/Supercontinent" title="Supercontinent">supercontinent</a> of <a href="/wiki/Laurasia" title="Laurasia">Laurasia</a> began to fragment, as <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> drifted apart.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In western North America, the <a href="/wiki/Laramide_Orogeny" class="mw-redirect" title="Laramide Orogeny">Laramide Orogeny</a> came to an end in the Eocene, and compression was replaced with crustal extension that ultimately gave rise to the <a href="/wiki/Basin_and_Range_Province" title="Basin and Range Province">Basin and Range Province</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Kishenehn Basin, around 1.5 km in elevation during the Lutetian, was uplifted to an altitude of 2.5 km by the Priabonian.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Huge lakes formed in the high flat basins among uplifts,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> resulting in the deposition of the <a href="/wiki/Green_River_Formation" title="Green River Formation">Green River Formation</a> <a href="/wiki/Lagerst%C3%A4tte" title="Lagerstätte">lagerstätte</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At about 35 Ma, an asteroid impact on the eastern coast of North America formed the <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay_impact_crater" title="Chesapeake Bay impact crater">Chesapeake Bay impact crater</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Tethys_Sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Tethys Sea">Tethys Ocean</a> finally closed with the collision of Africa and Eurasia,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the uplift of the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a> isolated its final remnant, the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a>, and created another shallow sea with island <a href="/wiki/Archipelago" title="Archipelago">archipelagos</a> to the north.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETorsvikCocks2017242–245_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETorsvikCocks2017242–245-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Planktonic foraminifera in the northwestern Peri-Tethys are very similar to those of the Tethys in the middle Lutetian but become completely disparate in the Bartonian, indicating biogeographic separation.<sup id="cite_ref-VladimirNaumovichBenyamovskiy_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VladimirNaumovichBenyamovskiy-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though the North <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic</a> was opening,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETorsvikCocks2017251_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETorsvikCocks2017251-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a land connection appears to have remained between North America and Europe since the faunas of the two regions are very similar.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a> was separated in three different landmasses 50 Ma; Western Europe, <a href="/wiki/Balkanatolia" title="Balkanatolia">Balkanatolia</a> and Asia. About 40 Ma, Balkanatolia and Asia were connected, while Europe was connected 34 Ma.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Fushun Basin contained large, suboxic lakes known as the paleo-Jijuntun Lakes.<sup id="cite_ref-FushunBasinJijuntunLakes_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FushunBasinJijuntunLakes-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Indian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Plate">India</a> collided with <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fold_(geology)" title="Fold (geology)">folding</a> to initiate formation of the <a href="/wiki/Himalaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Himalaya">Himalayas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The incipient subcontinent collided with the Kohistan–Ladakh Arc around 50.2 Ma and with Karakoram around 40.4 Ma, with the final collision between Asia and India occurring ~40 Ma.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate">Climate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eocene&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Eocene Epoch contained a wide variety of climate conditions that includes the warmest climate in the <a href="/wiki/Cenozoic_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Cenozoic Era">Cenozoic Era</a>, and arguably the warmest time interval since the Permian-Triassic mass extinction and Early Triassic, and ends in an icehouse climate.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The evolution of the Eocene climate began with warming after the end of the <a href="/wiki/Paleocene%E2%80%93Eocene_Thermal_Maximum" title="Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum">Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum</a> (PETM) at 56 Ma to a maximum during the <a href="/wiki/Early_Eocene_Climatic_Optimum" title="Early Eocene Climatic Optimum">Eocene Optimum</a> at around 49 Ma. During this period of time, little to no ice was present on Earth with a smaller difference in temperature from the equator to <a href="/wiki/Polar_regions_of_Earth" title="Polar regions of Earth">the poles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of this the maximum sea level was 150 meters higher than current levels.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the maximum was a descent into an icehouse climate from the Eocene Optimum to the Eocene–Oligocene transition at 34 Ma. During this decrease, ice began to reappear at the poles, and the Eocene–Oligocene transition is the period of time when the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_ice_sheet" title="Antarctic ice sheet">Antarctic ice sheet</a> began to rapidly expand.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Eocene">Early Eocene</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eocene&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Early Eocene"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Greenhouse gases, in particular <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a>, played a significant role during the Eocene in controlling the surface temperature. The end of the PETM was met with very large <a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration" title="Carbon sequestration">sequestration of carbon</a> dioxide into the forms of <a href="/wiki/Methane_clathrate" title="Methane clathrate">methane clathrate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Crude_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Crude oil">crude oil</a> at the bottom of the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a>, that reduced the atmospheric carbon dioxide.<sup id="cite_ref-Bowen3_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bowen3-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This event was similar in magnitude to the massive release of greenhouse gasses at the beginning of the PETM, and it is hypothesized that the sequestration was mainly due to organic carbon burial and <a href="/wiki/Weathering" title="Weathering">weathering</a> of silicates. For the early Eocene there is much discussion on how much carbon dioxide was in the atmosphere. This is due to numerous proxies representing different atmospheric carbon dioxide content. For example, diverse geochemical and paleontological proxies indicate that at the maximum of global warmth the atmospheric carbon dioxide values were at 700–900 <a href="/wiki/Parts-per_notation" title="Parts-per notation">ppm</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Pearson4_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pearson4-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while model simulations suggest a concentration of 1,680 ppm fits best with deep sea, sea surface, and near-surface air temperatures of the time.<sup id="cite_ref-DeepSea1680PPM_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeepSea1680PPM-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other proxies such as pedogenic (soil building) carbonate and marine boron isotopes indicate large changes of carbon dioxide of over 2,000 ppm over periods of time of less than 1 million years.<sup id="cite_ref-Royer5_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Royer5-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This large influx of carbon dioxide could be attributed to volcanic out-gassing due to <a href="/wiki/Opening_of_the_North_Atlantic_Ocean" title="Opening of the North Atlantic Ocean">North Atlantic rifting</a> or oxidation of methane stored in large reservoirs deposited from the PETM event in the sea floor or wetland environments.<sup id="cite_ref-Pearson4_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pearson4-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For contrast, today the <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth" title="Atmosphere of Earth">carbon dioxide levels</a> are at 400 ppm or 0.04%. </p><p>During the early Eocene, methane was another greenhouse gas that had a drastic effect on the climate. Methane has 30 times more of a warming effect than carbon dioxide on a 100-year scale (i.e., methane has a <a href="/wiki/Global_warming_potential" title="Global warming potential">global warming potential</a> of 29.8±11).<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the methane released to the atmosphere during this period of time would have been from wetlands, swamps, and forests.<sup id="cite_ref-Sloan6_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sloan6-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_methane" title="Atmospheric methane">atmospheric methane</a> <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth" title="Atmosphere of Earth">concentration today</a> is 0.000179% or 1.79 <a href="/wiki/Parts-per_notation" title="Parts-per notation">ppmv</a>. As a result of the warmer climate and the sea level rise associated with the early Eocene, more wetlands, more forests, and more coal deposits would have been available for methane release. If we compare the early Eocene production of methane to current levels of atmospheric methane, the early Eocene would have produced triple the amount of methane. The warm temperatures during the early Eocene could have increased methane production rates, and methane that is released into the atmosphere would in turn warm the troposphere, cool the stratosphere, and produce water vapor and carbon dioxide through oxidation. Biogenic production of methane produces carbon dioxide and water vapor along with the methane, as well as yielding infrared radiation. The breakdown of methane in an atmosphere containing oxygen produces carbon monoxide, water vapor and infrared radiation. The carbon monoxide is not stable, so it eventually becomes carbon dioxide and in doing so releases yet more infrared radiation. Water vapor traps more infrared than does carbon dioxide. At about the beginning of the Eocene Epoch (55.8–33.9 Ma) the <a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_oxygen" title="Geological history of oxygen">amount of oxygen</a> in the Earth's atmosphere more or less doubled.<sup id="cite_ref-anthro.palomar.edu_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anthro.palomar.edu-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the warming in the early Eocene between 55 and 52 Ma, there were a series of short-term changes of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_isotope" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon isotope">carbon isotope</a> composition in the ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-Galeotti22_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Galeotti22-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These isotope changes occurred due to the release of carbon from the ocean into the atmosphere that led to a temperature increase of 4–8 °C (7.2–14.4 °F) at the surface of the ocean. Recent analysis of and research into these hyperthermals in the early Eocene has led to hypotheses that the hyperthermals are based on orbital parameters, in particular eccentricity and obliquity. The hyperthermals in the early Eocene, notably the <a href="/wiki/Palaeocene%E2%80%93Eocene_Thermal_Maximum" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaeocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum">Palaeocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum</a> (PETM), the <a href="/wiki/Eocene_Thermal_Maximum_2" title="Eocene Thermal Maximum 2">Eocene Thermal Maximum 2</a> (ETM2), and the Eocene Thermal Maximum 3 (ETM3), were analyzed and found that orbital control may have had a role in triggering the ETM2 and ETM3.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An enhancement of the biological pump proved effective at sequestering excess carbon during the recovery phases of these hyperthermals.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These hyperthermals led to increased perturbations in planktonic and benthic <a href="/wiki/Foraminifera" title="Foraminifera">foraminifera</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a higher rate of fluvial sedimentation as a consequence of the warmer temperatures.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike the PETM, the lesser hyperthermals of the Early Eocene had negligible consequences for terrestrial mammals.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These Early Eocene hyperthermals produced a sustained period of extremely hot climate known as the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum (EECO).<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the early and middle EECO, the superabundance of the <a href="/wiki/Euryhaline" title="Euryhaline">euryhaline</a> <a href="/wiki/Dinocyst" title="Dinocyst">dinocyst</a> <i>Homotryblium</i> in New Zealand indicates elevated ocean salinity in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Equable_climate_problem">Equable climate problem</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eocene&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Equable climate problem"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the unique features of the Eocene's climate as mentioned before was the equable and homogeneous climate that existed in the early parts of the Eocene. A multitude of <a href="/wiki/Proxy_(climate)" title="Proxy (climate)">proxies</a> support the presence of a warmer equable climate being present during this period of time. A few of these proxies include the presence of fossils native to warm climates, such as <a href="/wiki/Crocodile" title="Crocodile">crocodiles</a>, located in the higher latitudes,<sup id="cite_ref-Sloan12_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sloan12-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Huber13_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huber13-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the presence in the high latitudes of frost-intolerant flora such as <a href="/wiki/Palm_trees" class="mw-redirect" title="Palm trees">palm trees</a> which cannot survive during sustained freezes,<sup id="cite_ref-Huber13_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huber13-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Huber14_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huber14-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and fossils of <a href="/wiki/Snakes" class="mw-redirect" title="Snakes">snakes</a> found in the tropics that would require much higher average temperatures to sustain them.<sup id="cite_ref-Huber13_74-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huber13-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/TEX86" title="TEX86">TEX<sub>86</sub></a> BAYSPAR measurements indicate extremely high <a href="/wiki/Sea_surface_temperature" title="Sea surface temperature">sea surface temperatures</a> of 40 °C (104 °F) to 45 °C (113 °F) at low latitudes,<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although <a href="/wiki/Clumped_isotopes" title="Clumped isotopes">clumped isotope</a> analyses point to a maximum low latitude sea surface temperature of 36.3 °C (97.3 °F) ± 1.9 °C (35.4 °F) during the EECO.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Relative to present-day values, bottom water temperatures are 10 °C (18 °F) higher according to isotope proxies.<sup id="cite_ref-Huber14_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huber14-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With these bottom water temperatures, temperatures in areas where deep water forms near the poles are unable to be much cooler than the bottom water temperatures.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>An issue arises, however, when trying to model the Eocene and reproduce the results that are found with the <a href="/wiki/Proxy_(climate)" title="Proxy (climate)">proxy data</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sloan15_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sloan15-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Using all different ranges of greenhouse gasses that occurred during the early Eocene, models were unable to produce the warming that was found at the poles and the reduced seasonality that occurs with winters at the poles being substantially warmer. The models, while accurately predicting the tropics, tend to produce significantly cooler temperatures of up to 20 °C (36 °F) colder than the actual determined temperature at the poles.<sup id="cite_ref-Huber14_75-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huber14-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This error has been classified as the "equable climate problem". To solve this problem, the solution would involve finding a process to warm the poles without warming the tropics. Some hypotheses and tests which attempt to find the process are listed below.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Large_lakes">Large lakes</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eocene&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Large lakes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Due to the nature of water as opposed to land, less temperature variability would be present if a large body of water is also present. In an attempt to try to mitigate the cooling polar temperatures, large lakes were proposed to mitigate seasonal climate changes.<sup id="cite_ref-Sloan16_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sloan16-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To replicate this case, a lake was inserted into North America and a climate model was run using varying carbon dioxide levels. The model runs concluded that while the lake did reduce the seasonality of the region greater than just an increase in carbon dioxide, the addition of a large lake was unable to reduce the seasonality to the levels shown by the floral and faunal data.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Ocean_heat_transport">Ocean heat transport</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eocene&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Ocean heat transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The transport of heat from the tropics to the poles, much like how ocean heat transport functions in modern times, was considered a possibility for the increased temperature and reduced seasonality for the poles.<sup id="cite_ref-Huber17_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huber17-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the increased sea surface temperatures and the increased temperature of the deep ocean water during the early Eocene, one common hypothesis was that due to these increases there would be a greater transport of heat from the tropics to the poles. Simulating these differences, the models produced lower heat transport due to the lower temperature gradients and were unsuccessful in producing an equable climate from only ocean heat transport.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Orbital_parameters">Orbital parameters</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eocene&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Orbital parameters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While typically seen as a control on ice growth and seasonality, the orbital parameters were theorized as a possible control on continental temperatures and seasonality. Simulating the Eocene by using an ice free planet, <a href="/wiki/Orbital_eccentricity" title="Orbital eccentricity">eccentricity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Obliquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Obliquity">obliquity</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Precession" title="Precession">precession</a> were modified in different model runs to determine all the possible different scenarios that could occur and their effects on temperature. One particular case led to warmer winters and cooler summer by up to 30% in the North American continent, and it reduced the seasonal variation of temperature by up to 75%. While orbital parameters did not produce the warming at the poles, the parameters did show a great effect on seasonality and needed to be considered.<sup id="cite_ref-Sloan18_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sloan18-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Polar_stratospheric_clouds">Polar stratospheric clouds</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eocene&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Polar stratospheric clouds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another method considered for producing the warm polar temperatures were <a href="/wiki/Polar_stratospheric_cloud" title="Polar stratospheric cloud">polar stratospheric clouds</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sloan19_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sloan19-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Polar stratospheric clouds are clouds that occur in the lower stratosphere at very low temperatures. Polar stratospheric clouds have a great impact on radiative forcing. Due to their minimal albedo properties and their optical thickness, polar stratospheric clouds act similar to a greenhouse gas and trap outgoing longwave radiation. Different types of polar stratospheric clouds occur in the atmosphere: polar stratospheric clouds that are created due to interactions with nitric or <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a> and water (Type I) or polar stratospheric clouds that are created with only water ice (Type II).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Methane is an important factor in the creation of the primary Type II polar stratospheric clouds that were created in the early Eocene.<sup id="cite_ref-Sloan6_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sloan6-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since water vapor is the only supporting substance used in Type II polar stratospheric clouds, the presence of water vapor in the lower stratosphere is necessary where in most situations the presence of water vapor in the lower stratosphere is rare. When methane is oxidized, a significant amount of water vapor is released. Another requirement for polar stratospheric clouds is cold temperatures to ensure condensation and cloud production. Polar stratospheric cloud production, since it requires the cold temperatures, is usually limited to nighttime and winter conditions. With this combination of wetter and colder conditions in the lower stratosphere, polar stratospheric clouds could have formed over wide areas in Polar Regions.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>To test the polar stratospheric clouds effects on the Eocene climate, models were run comparing the effects of polar stratospheric clouds at the poles to an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide.<sup id="cite_ref-Sloan19_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sloan19-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The polar stratospheric clouds had a warming effect on the poles, increasing temperatures by up to 20 °C in the winter months. A multitude of feedbacks also occurred in the models due to the polar stratospheric clouds' presence. Any ice growth was slowed immensely and would lead to any present ice melting. Only the poles were affected with the change in temperature and the tropics were unaffected, which with an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide would also cause the tropics to increase in temperature. Due to the warming of the troposphere from the increased <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_effect" title="Greenhouse effect">greenhouse effect</a> of the polar stratospheric clouds, the stratosphere would cool and would potentially increase the amount of polar stratospheric clouds. </p><p>While the polar stratospheric clouds could explain the reduction of the equator to pole temperature gradient and the increased temperatures at the poles during the early Eocene, there are a few drawbacks to maintaining polar stratospheric clouds for an extended period of time. Separate model runs were used to determine the sustainability of the polar stratospheric clouds.<sup id="cite_ref-Kirk21_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kirk21-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was determined that in order to maintain the lower stratospheric water vapor, methane would need to be continually released and sustained. In addition, the amounts of ice and condensation nuclei would need to be high in order for the polar stratospheric cloud to sustain itself and eventually expand.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Eocene">Middle Eocene</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eocene&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Middle Eocene"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Eocene is not only known for containing the warmest period during the Cenozoic; it also marked the decline into an icehouse climate and the rapid expansion of the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_ice_sheet" title="Antarctic ice sheet">Antarctic ice sheet</a>. The transition from a warming climate into a cooling climate began at around 49 Ma. Isotopes of carbon and oxygen indicate a shift to a global cooling climate.<sup id="cite_ref-Speelman7_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Speelman7-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cause of the cooling has been attributed to a significant decrease of >2,000 ppm in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations.<sup id="cite_ref-Pearson4_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pearson4-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One proposed cause of the reduction in carbon dioxide during the warming to cooling transition was the <a href="/wiki/Azolla_event" title="Azolla event">azolla event</a>. With the equable climate during the early Eocene, warm temperatures in the arctic allowed for the growth of <a href="/wiki/Azolla" title="Azolla">azolla</a>, which is a floating aquatic fern, on the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a>. The significantly high amounts of carbon dioxide also acted to facilitate <a href="/wiki/Azolla" title="Azolla">azolla</a> blooms across the Arctic Ocean. Compared to current carbon dioxide levels, these azolla grew rapidly in the enhanced carbon dioxide levels found in the early Eocene.<sup id="cite_ref-Speelman7_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Speelman7-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The isolation of the Arctic Ocean, evidenced by euxinia that occurred at this time,<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> led to stagnant waters and as the azolla sank to the sea floor, they became part of the sediments on the seabed and effectively sequestered the carbon by locking it out of the atmosphere for good. The ability for the azolla to sequester carbon is exceptional, and the enhanced burial of azolla could have had a significant effect on the world atmospheric carbon content and may have been the event to begin the transition into an ice house climate.<sup id="cite_ref-Speelman7_84-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Speelman7-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The azolla event could have led to a draw down of atmospheric carbon dioxide of up to 470 ppm. Assuming the carbon dioxide concentrations were at 900 ppmv prior to the <a href="/wiki/Azolla_Event" class="mw-redirect" title="Azolla Event">Azolla Event</a> they would have dropped to 430 ppmv, or 30 ppmv more than they are today, after the Azolla Event.<sup id="cite_ref-Speelman7_84-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Speelman7-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This cooling trend at the end of the EECO has also been proposed to have been caused by increased siliceous plankton productivity and marine carbon burial, which also helped draw carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-Pearson4_55-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pearson4-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cooling after this event, part of a trend known as the Middle-Late Eocene Cooling (MLEC),<sup id="cite_ref-ChristopherRobertScotese_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChristopherRobertScotese-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> continued due to continual decrease in atmospheric carbon dioxide from organic productivity and <a href="/wiki/Weathering" title="Weathering">weathering</a> from <a href="/wiki/Mountain_building" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountain building">mountain building</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bohaty8_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bohaty8-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many regions of the world became more arid and cold over the course of the stage, such as the Fushun Basin.<sup id="cite_ref-FushunBasinJijuntunLakes_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FushunBasinJijuntunLakes-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In East Asia, lake level changes were in sync with global sea level changes over the course of the MLEC.<sup id="cite_ref-LakeLevelEoceneEastAsia_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LakeLevelEoceneEastAsia-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Global cooling continued until there was a major reversal from cooling to warming in the Bartonian. This warming event, signifying a sudden and temporary reversal of the cooling conditions, is known as the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Eocene_Climatic_Optimum" title="Middle Eocene Climatic Optimum">Middle Eocene Climatic Optimum</a> (MECO).<sup id="cite_ref-ItalyMECO_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ItalyMECO-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At around 41.5 Ma, stable isotopic analysis of samples from <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Southern Ocean</a> drilling sites indicated a warming event for 600,000 years.<sup id="cite_ref-Bohaty8_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bohaty8-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A similar shift in carbon isotopes is known from the Northern Hemisphere in the Scaglia Limestones of Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-ItalyMECO_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ItalyMECO-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Oxygen_isotope" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxygen isotope">Oxygen isotope</a> analysis showed a large negative change in the proportion of heavier oxygen isotopes to lighter oxygen isotopes, which indicates an increase in global temperatures.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The warming is considered to be primarily due to carbon dioxide increases, because carbon isotope signatures rule out major methane release during this short-term warming.<sup id="cite_ref-Bohaty8_87-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bohaty8-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A sharp increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide was observed with a maximum of 4,000 ppm: the highest amount of atmospheric carbon dioxide detected during the Eocene.<sup id="cite_ref-Pearson9_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pearson9-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other studies suggest a more modest rise in carbon dioxide levels.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide has also been hypothesised to have been driven by increased <a href="/wiki/Seafloor_spreading" title="Seafloor spreading">seafloor spreading</a> rates and metamorphic decarbonation reactions between Australia and Antarctica and increased amounts of <a href="/wiki/Volcanism" title="Volcanism">volcanism</a> in the region. One possible cause of atmospheric carbon dioxide increase could have been a sudden increase due to metamorphic release due to continental drift and collision of India with Asia and the resulting formation of the <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a>; however, data on the exact timing of metamorphic release of atmospheric carbon dioxide is not well resolved in the data.<sup id="cite_ref-Bohaty8_87-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bohaty8-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recent studies have mentioned, however, that the removal of the ocean between Asia and India could have released significant amounts of carbon dioxide.<sup id="cite_ref-Pearson9_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pearson9-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another hypothesis still implicates a diminished negative feedback of silicate weathering as a result of continental rocks having become less weatherable during the warm Early and Middle Eocene, allowing volcanically released carbon dioxide to persist in the atmosphere for longer.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet another explanation hypothesises that MECO warming was caused by the simultaneous occurrence of minima in both the 400 kyr and 2.4 Myr eccentricity cycles.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the MECO, sea surface temperatures in the Tethys Ocean jumped to 32–36 °C,<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Tethyan seawater became more dysoxic.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A decline in carbonate accumulation at ocean depths of greater than three kilometres took place synchronously with the peak of the MECO, signifying <a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">ocean acidification</a> took place in the deep ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On top of that, MECO warming caused an increase in the respiration rates of <a href="/wiki/Pelagic_zone" title="Pelagic zone">pelagic</a> <a href="/wiki/Heterotroph" title="Heterotroph">heterotrophs</a>, leading to a decreased proportion of <a href="/wiki/Primary_production" title="Primary production">primary productivity</a> making its way down to the seafloor and causing a corresponding decline in populations of benthic foraminifera.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An abrupt decrease in lakewater salinity in western North America occurred during this warming interval.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This warming is short lived, as benthic oxygen isotope records indicate a return to cooling at ~40 Ma.<sup id="cite_ref-Pagani10_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pagani10-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_Eocene">Late Eocene</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eocene&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Late Eocene"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the end of the MECO, the MLEC resumed.<sup id="cite_ref-ChristopherRobertScotese_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChristopherRobertScotese-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cooling and the carbon dioxide drawdown continued through the late Eocene and into the Eocene–Oligocene transition around 34 Ma.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The post-MECO cooling brought with it a major aridification trend in Asia,<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> enhanced by retreating seas.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A monsoonal climate remained predominant in East Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cooling during the initial stages of the opening of the Drake Passage ~38.5 Ma was not global, as evidenced by an absence of cooling in the North Atlantic.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the cooling period, benthic oxygen isotopes show the possibility of ice creation and ice increase during this later cooling.<sup id="cite_ref-Pearson4_55-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pearson4-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The end of the Eocene and beginning of the Oligocene is marked with the massive expansion of area of the Antarctic ice sheet that was a major step into the icehouse climate.<sup id="cite_ref-Lear11_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lear11-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Multiple proxies, such as oxygen isotopes and <a href="/wiki/Alkenone" title="Alkenone">alkenones</a>, indicate that at the Eocene–Oligocene transition, the atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration had decreased to around 750–800 ppm, approximately twice that of <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth" title="Atmosphere of Earth">present levels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pagani10_101-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pagani10-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lear11_107-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lear11-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with the decrease of atmospheric carbon dioxide reducing the global temperature, orbital factors in ice creation can be seen with 100,000-year and 400,000-year fluctuations in benthic oxygen isotope records.<sup id="cite_ref-Diester23_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diester23-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another major contribution to the expansion of the ice sheet was the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Circumpolar_Current" title="Antarctic Circumpolar Current">Antarctic Circumpolar Current</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Barker24_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barker24-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The creation of the Antarctic circumpolar current would isolate the cold water around the Antarctic, which would reduce heat transport to the Antarctic<sup id="cite_ref-Huber25_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huber25-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> along with creating <a href="/wiki/Ocean_gyre" title="Ocean gyre">ocean gyres</a> that result in the <a href="/wiki/Upwelling" title="Upwelling">upwelling</a> of colder bottom waters.<sup id="cite_ref-Barker24_109-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barker24-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The issue with this hypothesis of the consideration of this being a factor for the Eocene-Oligocene transition is the timing of the creation of the circulation is uncertain.<sup id="cite_ref-Barker26_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barker26-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For <a href="/wiki/Drake_Passage" title="Drake Passage">Drake Passage</a>, sediments indicate the opening occurred ~41 Ma while tectonics indicate that this occurred ~32 Ma.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Solar activity did not change significantly during the greenhouse-icehouse transition across the Eocene-Oligocene boundary.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Flora">Flora</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eocene&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Flora"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Clarno-Nut-Beds-Mural-Large.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Clarno-Nut-Beds-Mural-Large.jpg/550px-Clarno-Nut-Beds-Mural-Large.jpg" decoding="async" width="550" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Clarno-Nut-Beds-Mural-Large.jpg/825px-Clarno-Nut-Beds-Mural-Large.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Clarno-Nut-Beds-Mural-Large.jpg/1100px-Clarno-Nut-Beds-Mural-Large.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7200" data-file-height="2228" /></a><figcaption>Eocene vegetation of the Clarno Nut Beds in <a href="/wiki/John_Day_Fossil_Beds_National_Monument" title="John Day Fossil Beds National Monument">John Day Fossil Beds National Monument</a> was humid subtropical forest vegetation of high diversity dominated by <a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">angiosperms</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>During the early-middle Eocene, forests covered most of the Earth including the poles. Tropical forests extended across much of modern Africa, South America, Central America, India, South-east Asia and China.  Paratropical forests grew over North America, Europe and Russia, with broad-leafed evergreen and broad-leafed deciduous forests at higher latitudes.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Polar forests were quite extensive. <a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">Fossils</a> and even preserved remains of trees such as <a href="/wiki/Cupressaceae" title="Cupressaceae">swamp cypress</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metasequoia" title="Metasequoia">dawn redwood</a> from the Eocene have been found on <a href="/wiki/Ellesmere_Island" title="Ellesmere Island">Ellesmere Island</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a>. Even at that time, Ellesmere Island was only a few degrees in latitude further south than it is today. Fossils of <a href="/wiki/Subtropical" class="mw-redirect" title="Subtropical">subtropical</a> and even tropical trees and plants from the Eocene also have been found in Greenland and <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tropical_rainforest" title="Tropical rainforest">Tropical rainforests</a> grew as far north as northern <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> and <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Palm_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Palm tree">Palm trees</a> were growing as far north as Alaska and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">northern Europe</a> during the early Eocene, although they became less abundant as the climate cooled.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dawn redwoods were far more extensive as well.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest definitive <i><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus" title="Eucalyptus">Eucalyptus</a></i> fossils were dated from 51.9 Ma, and were found in the Laguna del Hunco deposit in <a href="/wiki/Chubut_province" class="mw-redirect" title="Chubut province">Chubut province</a> in <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cooling began mid-period, and by the end of the Eocene continental interiors had begun to dry, with forests thinning considerably in some areas. The newly evolved <a href="/wiki/Grasses" class="mw-redirect" title="Grasses">grasses</a> began to expand during the climatic cooling and drying following the extreme warmth of the EECO, with subhumid <a href="/wiki/Savanna" title="Savanna">savannas</a> being known from South America since the Middle Eocene.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The cooling also brought <a href="/wiki/Season" title="Season">seasonal</a> changes. <a href="/wiki/Deciduous" title="Deciduous">Deciduous</a> trees, better able to cope with large temperature changes, began to overtake <a href="/wiki/Evergreen" title="Evergreen">evergreen</a> tropical species.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriggs1995118_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriggs1995118-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of the period, deciduous forests covered large parts of the northern continents, including North America, <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a> and the Arctic, and rainforests held on only in equatorial <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a> began the Eocene fringed with a warm temperate to sub-tropical <a href="/wiki/Rainforest" title="Rainforest">rainforest</a>. Pollen found in <a href="/wiki/Prydz_Bay" title="Prydz Bay">Prydz Bay</a> from the Eocene suggest <a href="/wiki/Taiga" title="Taiga">taiga</a> forest existed there.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It became much colder as the period progressed; the heat-loving tropical <a href="/wiki/Flora_(plants)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flora (plants)">flora</a> was wiped out, and by the beginning of the Oligocene, the continent hosted deciduous forests and vast stretches of <a href="/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra">tundra</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuphar_carlquistii_seeds_01b.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nuphar seeds, Nymphaeaceae, Ypresian"><img alt="Nuphar seeds, Nymphaeaceae, Ypresian" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Nuphar_carlquistii_seeds_01b.jpg/250px-Nuphar_carlquistii_seeds_01b.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Nuphar_carlquistii_seeds_01b.jpg/330px-Nuphar_carlquistii_seeds_01b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="669" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Nuphar" title="Nuphar">Nuphar</a></i> seeds, <a href="/wiki/Nymphaeaceae" title="Nymphaeaceae">Nymphaeaceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ypresian" title="Ypresian">Ypresian</a> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iodes_sp._seed,_Icacinaceae,_London_Clay_pyrite_fossil,_by_Omar_Hoftun.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Iodes tree seed, Icacinaceae, London Clay"><img alt="Iodes tree seed, Icacinaceae, London Clay" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Iodes_sp._seed%2C_Icacinaceae%2C_London_Clay_pyrite_fossil%2C_by_Omar_Hoftun.png/116px-Iodes_sp._seed%2C_Icacinaceae%2C_London_Clay_pyrite_fossil%2C_by_Omar_Hoftun.png" decoding="async" width="116" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Iodes_sp._seed%2C_Icacinaceae%2C_London_Clay_pyrite_fossil%2C_by_Omar_Hoftun.png/174px-Iodes_sp._seed%2C_Icacinaceae%2C_London_Clay_pyrite_fossil%2C_by_Omar_Hoftun.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Iodes_sp._seed%2C_Icacinaceae%2C_London_Clay_pyrite_fossil%2C_by_Omar_Hoftun.png/232px-Iodes_sp._seed%2C_Icacinaceae%2C_London_Clay_pyrite_fossil%2C_by_Omar_Hoftun.png 2x" data-file-width="616" data-file-height="848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Iodes" title="Iodes">Iodes</a></i> tree seed, <a href="/wiki/Icacinaceae" title="Icacinaceae">Icacinaceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/London_Clay" title="London Clay">London Clay</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mastixia_sp._seed,_Nyssaceae,_London_Clay_pyrite_fossil,_by_Omar_Hoftun.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mastixia tree seed, Nyssaceae, London Clay"><img alt="Mastixia tree seed, Nyssaceae, London Clay" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Mastixia_sp._seed%2C_Nyssaceae%2C_London_Clay_pyrite_fossil%2C_by_Omar_Hoftun.jpg/117px-Mastixia_sp._seed%2C_Nyssaceae%2C_London_Clay_pyrite_fossil%2C_by_Omar_Hoftun.jpg" decoding="async" width="117" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Mastixia_sp._seed%2C_Nyssaceae%2C_London_Clay_pyrite_fossil%2C_by_Omar_Hoftun.jpg/175px-Mastixia_sp._seed%2C_Nyssaceae%2C_London_Clay_pyrite_fossil%2C_by_Omar_Hoftun.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Mastixia_sp._seed%2C_Nyssaceae%2C_London_Clay_pyrite_fossil%2C_by_Omar_Hoftun.jpg/234px-Mastixia_sp._seed%2C_Nyssaceae%2C_London_Clay_pyrite_fossil%2C_by_Omar_Hoftun.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2132" data-file-height="2916" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Mastixia" title="Mastixia">Mastixia</a></i> tree seed, <a href="/wiki/Nyssaceae" title="Nyssaceae">Nyssaceae</a>, London Clay</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ocotea_sp._fruit,_Lauraceae,_London_Clay_pyrite_fossil,_by_Omar_Hoftun.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Ocotea tree seed, Lauraceae, London clay"><img alt="Ocotea tree seed, Lauraceae, London clay" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ocotea_sp._fruit%2C_Lauraceae%2C_London_Clay_pyrite_fossil%2C_by_Omar_Hoftun.png/120px-Ocotea_sp._fruit%2C_Lauraceae%2C_London_Clay_pyrite_fossil%2C_by_Omar_Hoftun.png" decoding="async" width="91" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ocotea_sp._fruit%2C_Lauraceae%2C_London_Clay_pyrite_fossil%2C_by_Omar_Hoftun.png/250px-Ocotea_sp._fruit%2C_Lauraceae%2C_London_Clay_pyrite_fossil%2C_by_Omar_Hoftun.png 1.5x" data-file-width="732" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Ocotea" title="Ocotea">Ocotea</a></i> tree seed, <a href="/wiki/Lauraceae" title="Lauraceae">Lauraceae</a>, London clay</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Macginitiea_wyomingensis_Houston_Museum_of_Natural_Science_-_DSC01946.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Macginitiea leaf, Platanaceae, Clarno Formation, Oregon"><img alt="Macginitiea leaf, Platanaceae, Clarno Formation, Oregon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Macginitiea_wyomingensis_Houston_Museum_of_Natural_Science_-_DSC01946.jpg/250px-Macginitiea_wyomingensis_Houston_Museum_of_Natural_Science_-_DSC01946.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3079" data-file-height="3956" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Macginitiea" title="Macginitiea">Macginitiea</a></i> leaf, <a href="/wiki/Platanaceae" title="Platanaceae">Platanaceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clarno_Formation" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarno Formation">Clarno Formation</a>, Oregon</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eocene_fossil_flower,_Clare_Family_Florissant_Fossil_Quarry,_Florissant,_Colorado,_USA_-_20100807.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flower, Florissant Formation, Colorado"><img alt="Flower, Florissant Formation, Colorado" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Eocene_fossil_flower%2C_Clare_Family_Florissant_Fossil_Quarry%2C_Florissant%2C_Colorado%2C_USA_-_20100807.jpg/250px-Eocene_fossil_flower%2C_Clare_Family_Florissant_Fossil_Quarry%2C_Florissant%2C_Colorado%2C_USA_-_20100807.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Eocene_fossil_flower%2C_Clare_Family_Florissant_Fossil_Quarry%2C_Florissant%2C_Colorado%2C_USA_-_20100807.jpg/330px-Eocene_fossil_flower%2C_Clare_Family_Florissant_Fossil_Quarry%2C_Florissant%2C_Colorado%2C_USA_-_20100807.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1780" data-file-height="1900" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Flower, <a href="/wiki/Florissant_Formation" title="Florissant Formation">Florissant Formation</a>, Colorado</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fauna">Fauna</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eocene&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Fauna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the Eocene, plants and marine faunas became quite modern. Many modern <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">bird</a> orders first appeared in the Eocene. The Eocene oceans were warm and teeming with <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a> and other sea life. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vertebrates">Vertebrates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eocene&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Vertebrates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mammals">Mammals</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eocene&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Mammals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The oldest known <a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">fossils</a> of most of the modern mammal orders appear within a <a href="/wiki/Uintan" title="Uintan">brief period during the early Eocene</a>. At the beginning of the Eocene, several new mammal groups arrived in North America. These modern mammals, like <a href="/wiki/Artiodactyl" title="Artiodactyl">artiodactyls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perissodactyls" class="mw-redirect" title="Perissodactyls">perissodactyls</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Primate" title="Primate">primates</a>, had features like long, thin <a href="/wiki/Leg" title="Leg">legs</a>, feet, and <a href="/wiki/Hand" title="Hand">hands</a> capable of grasping, as well as differentiated <a href="/wiki/Teeth" class="mw-redirect" title="Teeth">teeth</a> adapted for chewing. <a href="/wiki/Insular_dwarfism" title="Insular dwarfism">Dwarf</a> forms reigned. All the members of the new mammal orders were small, under 10 kg; based on comparisons of tooth size, Eocene mammals were only 60% of the size of the primitive Palaeocene mammals that preceded them. They were also smaller than the mammals that followed them. It is assumed that the hot Eocene temperatures favored smaller animals that were better able to manage the heat.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rodents were widespread. East Asian rodent faunas declined in diversity when they shifted from ctenodactyloid-dominant to cricetid–dipodid-dominant after the MECO.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both groups of modern <a href="/wiki/Ungulate" title="Ungulate">ungulates</a> (hoofed animals) became prevalent because of a major radiation between Europe and North America, along with carnivorous ungulates like <i><a href="/wiki/Mesonyx" title="Mesonyx">Mesonyx</a></i>. Early forms of many other modern mammalian orders appeared, including <a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">horses</a> (most notably the <i><a href="/wiki/Eohippus" title="Eohippus">Eohippus</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Bat" title="Bat">bats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proboscidea" title="Proboscidea">proboscidians</a> (elephants), primates, and <a href="/wiki/Rodent" title="Rodent">rodents</a>. Older primitive forms of mammals declined in variety and importance. Important Eocene land fauna fossil remains have been found in western North America, Europe, <a href="/wiki/Patagonia" title="Patagonia">Patagonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">southeast Asia</a>. Marine fauna are best known from <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Southeast_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeast United States">southeast United States</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>After the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum, members of the <a href="/wiki/Equoidea" title="Equoidea">Equoidea</a> arose in North America and Europe, giving rise to some of the earliest <a href="/wiki/Equid" class="mw-redirect" title="Equid">equids</a> such as <i><a href="/wiki/Sifrhippus" title="Sifrhippus">Sifrhippus</a></i> and basal European equoids such as the <a href="/wiki/Palaeothere" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaeothere">palaeothere</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Hyracotherium" title="Hyracotherium">Hyracotherium</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the later equoids were especially species-rich; <i><a href="/wiki/Palaeotherium" title="Palaeotherium">Palaeotherium</a></i>, ranging from small to very large in size, is known from as many as 16 species.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Established large-sized mammals of the Eocene include the <i><a href="/wiki/Uintatherium" title="Uintatherium">Uintatherium</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Arsinoitherium" title="Arsinoitherium">Arsinoitherium</a></i>, and <a href="/wiki/Brontotheres" class="mw-redirect" title="Brontotheres">brontotheres</a>, in which the former two, unlike the latter, did not belong to ungulates but groups that became extinct shortly after their establishments. </p><p>Large terrestrial mammalian predators had already existed since the Paleocene, but new forms now arose like <i><a href="/wiki/Hyaenodon" title="Hyaenodon">Hyaenodon</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Daphoenus" title="Daphoenus">Daphoenus</a></i> (the earliest lineage of a once-successful predatory family known as <a href="/wiki/Bear_dogs" class="mw-redirect" title="Bear dogs">bear dogs</a>). <a href="/wiki/Entelodonts" class="mw-redirect" title="Entelodonts">Entelodonts</a> meanwhile established themselves as some of the largest omnivores. The first <a href="/wiki/Nimravids" class="mw-redirect" title="Nimravids">nimravids</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Dinictis" title="Dinictis">Dinictis</a>, established themselves as amongst the first <a href="/wiki/Feliforms" class="mw-redirect" title="Feliforms">feliforms</a> to appear. Their groups became highly successful and continued to live past the Eocene. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Basilosaurus" title="Basilosaurus">Basilosaurus</a></i> is a well-known Eocene <a href="/wiki/Whale" title="Whale">whale</a>, but whales as a group had become very diverse during the Eocene, which is when the major transitions from being terrestrial to fully aquatic in <a href="/wiki/Cetacea" title="Cetacea">cetaceans</a> occurred. The first <a href="/wiki/Sirenia" title="Sirenia">sirenians</a> were evolving at this time, and would eventually evolve into the extant <a href="/wiki/Manatee" title="Manatee">manatees</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dugong" title="Dugong">dugongs</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dinoceras_mirabile_Marsh_MNHN.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cast of skull of Uintatherium anceps, a dinoceratan"><img alt="Cast of skull of Uintatherium anceps, a dinoceratan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Dinoceras_mirabile_Marsh_MNHN.jpg/160px-Dinoceras_mirabile_Marsh_MNHN.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Dinoceras_mirabile_Marsh_MNHN.jpg/240px-Dinoceras_mirabile_Marsh_MNHN.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Dinoceras_mirabile_Marsh_MNHN.jpg/320px-Dinoceras_mirabile_Marsh_MNHN.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3772" data-file-height="3040" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cast of skull of <i><a href="/wiki/Uintatherium_anceps" class="mw-redirect" title="Uintatherium anceps">Uintatherium anceps</a></i>, a dinoceratan</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Andrewsarchus09DB.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Reconstruction of Andrewsarchus, an artiodactyl"><img alt="Reconstruction of Andrewsarchus, an artiodactyl" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Andrewsarchus09DB.jpg/160px-Andrewsarchus09DB.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Andrewsarchus09DB.jpg/240px-Andrewsarchus09DB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Andrewsarchus09DB.jpg/320px-Andrewsarchus09DB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2362" data-file-height="2205" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Reconstruction of <i><a href="/wiki/Andrewsarchus" title="Andrewsarchus">Andrewsarchus</a></i>, an artiodactyl</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Basilosaurus_isis_fossil,_Nantes_History_Museum_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Basilosaurus, a whale"><img alt="Basilosaurus, a whale" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Basilosaurus_isis_fossil%2C_Nantes_History_Museum_03.jpg/160px-Basilosaurus_isis_fossil%2C_Nantes_History_Museum_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Basilosaurus_isis_fossil%2C_Nantes_History_Museum_03.jpg/240px-Basilosaurus_isis_fossil%2C_Nantes_History_Museum_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Basilosaurus_isis_fossil%2C_Nantes_History_Museum_03.jpg/320px-Basilosaurus_isis_fossil%2C_Nantes_History_Museum_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Basilosaurus" title="Basilosaurus">Basilosaurus</a></i>, a whale</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pakicetus_Canada.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pakicetus, an amphibious cetacean"><img alt="Pakicetus, an amphibious cetacean" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Pakicetus_Canada.jpg/160px-Pakicetus_Canada.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Pakicetus_Canada.jpg/240px-Pakicetus_Canada.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Pakicetus_Canada.jpg/320px-Pakicetus_Canada.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Pakicetus" title="Pakicetus">Pakicetus</a></i>, an amphibious cetacean</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Moeritherium_lyonsi_(fossil_mammal)_(Eocene)_(32167459460).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Moeritherium, a basal proboscidean"><img alt="Moeritherium, a basal proboscidean" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Moeritherium_lyonsi_%28fossil_mammal%29_%28Eocene%29_%2832167459460%29.jpg/250px-Moeritherium_lyonsi_%28fossil_mammal%29_%28Eocene%29_%2832167459460%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Moeritherium_lyonsi_%28fossil_mammal%29_%28Eocene%29_%2832167459460%29.jpg/330px-Moeritherium_lyonsi_%28fossil_mammal%29_%28Eocene%29_%2832167459460%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2230" data-file-height="1804" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Moeritherium" title="Moeritherium">Moeritherium</a></i>, a basal proboscidean</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brontotherium_skull_IMG_4441.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Megacerops, a brontotheriid"><img alt="Megacerops, a brontotheriid" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Brontotherium_skull_IMG_4441.jpg/160px-Brontotherium_skull_IMG_4441.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Brontotherium_skull_IMG_4441.jpg/240px-Brontotherium_skull_IMG_4441.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Brontotherium_skull_IMG_4441.jpg/320px-Brontotherium_skull_IMG_4441.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4153" data-file-height="3669" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Megacerops" title="Megacerops">Megacerops</a></i>, a brontotheriid</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hyracodon_nebraskensis.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hyracodon, a perissodactyl"><img alt="Hyracodon, a perissodactyl" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Hyracodon_nebraskensis.jpg/160px-Hyracodon_nebraskensis.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Hyracodon_nebraskensis.jpg/240px-Hyracodon_nebraskensis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Hyracodon_nebraskensis.jpg/320px-Hyracodon_nebraskensis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4048" data-file-height="3036" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Hyracodon" title="Hyracodon">Hyracodon</a></i>, a perissodactyl</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leptictidium_auderiense_skeleton.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Leptictidium, a small mammal, likely bipedal"><img alt="Leptictidium, a small mammal, likely bipedal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Leptictidium_auderiense_skeleton.JPG/160px-Leptictidium_auderiense_skeleton.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Leptictidium_auderiense_skeleton.JPG/240px-Leptictidium_auderiense_skeleton.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Leptictidium_auderiense_skeleton.JPG/320px-Leptictidium_auderiense_skeleton.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Leptictidium" title="Leptictidium">Leptictidium</a></i>, a small mammal, likely bipedal</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Peratherium_skull.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Peratherium, a herpetotheriid"><img alt="Peratherium, a herpetotheriid" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Peratherium_skull.jpg/160px-Peratherium_skull.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Peratherium_skull.jpg/240px-Peratherium_skull.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Peratherium_skull.jpg/320px-Peratherium_skull.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="473" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Peratherium" title="Peratherium">Peratherium</a></i>, a herpetotheriid</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hesperocyon_skull_Smithsonian.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hesperocyon, a canid"><img alt="Hesperocyon, a canid" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Hesperocyon_skull_Smithsonian.jpg/160px-Hesperocyon_skull_Smithsonian.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Hesperocyon_skull_Smithsonian.jpg/240px-Hesperocyon_skull_Smithsonian.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Hesperocyon_skull_Smithsonian.jpg/320px-Hesperocyon_skull_Smithsonian.jpg 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="463" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Hesperocyon" title="Hesperocyon">Hesperocyon</a></i>, a canid</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Birds">Birds</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eocene&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Birds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Eocene birds include some enigmatic groups with resemblances to modern forms, some of which continued from the Paleocene. Bird taxa of the Eocene include carnivorous <a href="/wiki/Psittaciform" class="mw-redirect" title="Psittaciform">psittaciforms</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Messelasturidae" title="Messelasturidae">Messelasturidae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Halcyornithidae" title="Halcyornithidae">Halcyornithidae</a>, large flightless forms such as <i><a href="/wiki/Gastornis" title="Gastornis">Gastornis</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Eleutherornis" title="Eleutherornis">Eleutherornis</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> long legged falcon <i><a href="/wiki/Masillaraptor" title="Masillaraptor">Masillaraptor</a></i>, ancient <a href="/wiki/Galliformes" title="Galliformes">galliforms</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Gallinuloides" title="Gallinuloides">Gallinuloides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rail_(bird)" title="Rail (bird)">putative rail relatives</a> of the family <a href="/wiki/Songzia" title="Songzia">Songziidae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pelagornithidae" title="Pelagornithidae">various pseudotooth birds</a> such as <i><a href="/wiki/Gigantornis" title="Gigantornis">Gigantornis</a></i>, the <a href="/wiki/Ibis" title="Ibis">ibis</a> relative <i><a href="/wiki/Rhynchaeites" title="Rhynchaeites">Rhynchaeites</a></i>, primitive swifts of the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Aegialornis" title="Aegialornis">Aegialornis</a></i>, and primitive penguins such as <i><a href="/wiki/Archaeospheniscus" title="Archaeospheniscus">Archaeospheniscus</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Inkayacu" title="Inkayacu">Inkayacu</a></i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Many Eocene birds in <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a> evolved tuberculate vertebrae as an adaptation against predation, with flightless birds facing low predation pressure during this time as a result.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Primobucco_mcgrewi_USNM_PAL_336284_img1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Primobucco, an early relative of the roller"><img alt="Primobucco, an early relative of the roller" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Primobucco_mcgrewi_USNM_PAL_336284_img1.jpg/141px-Primobucco_mcgrewi_USNM_PAL_336284_img1.jpg" decoding="async" width="141" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Primobucco_mcgrewi_USNM_PAL_336284_img1.jpg/211px-Primobucco_mcgrewi_USNM_PAL_336284_img1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Primobucco_mcgrewi_USNM_PAL_336284_img1.jpg/281px-Primobucco_mcgrewi_USNM_PAL_336284_img1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1975" data-file-height="2246" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Primobucco" title="Primobucco">Primobucco</a></i>, an early relative of the <a href="/wiki/Coraciidae" title="Coraciidae">roller</a> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pseudocrypturus_Smithsonian_fossil.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pseudocrypturus, Early Eocene, Wyoming"><img alt="Pseudocrypturus, Early Eocene, Wyoming" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Pseudocrypturus_Smithsonian_fossil.jpg/160px-Pseudocrypturus_Smithsonian_fossil.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Pseudocrypturus_Smithsonian_fossil.jpg/240px-Pseudocrypturus_Smithsonian_fossil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Pseudocrypturus_Smithsonian_fossil.jpg/320px-Pseudocrypturus_Smithsonian_fossil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="708" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Pseudocrypturus" title="Pseudocrypturus">Pseudocrypturus</a></i>, Early Eocene, Wyoming </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Diatrymaskeleton.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Gastornis, a flightless bird"><img alt="Gastornis, a flightless bird" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Diatrymaskeleton.JPG/160px-Diatrymaskeleton.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Diatrymaskeleton.JPG/240px-Diatrymaskeleton.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Diatrymaskeleton.JPG/320px-Diatrymaskeleton.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1991" data-file-height="1692" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Gastornis" title="Gastornis">Gastornis</a></i>, a flightless bird</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fishes">Fishes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eocene&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Fishes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fishes, both <a href="/wiki/Chondrichthyes" title="Chondrichthyes">Chondrichthyes</a> such as sharks and rays, and <a href="/wiki/Osteichthyes" title="Osteichthyes">Osteichthyes</a> (bony fishes), are abundant in the <a href="/wiki/London_Clay" title="London Clay">London Clay</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carcharocles_sokolowi_teeth.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Teeth of Otodus sokolovi, an otodontid shark"><img alt="Teeth of Otodus sokolovi, an otodontid shark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Carcharocles_sokolowi_teeth.png/250px-Carcharocles_sokolowi_teeth.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Carcharocles_sokolowi_teeth.png/330px-Carcharocles_sokolowi_teeth.png 2x" data-file-width="1060" data-file-height="821" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Teeth of <i><a href="/wiki/Otodus_sokolovi" title="Otodus sokolovi">Otodus sokolovi</a></i>, an otodontid shark</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Xiphodolamia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Teeth of Xiphodolamia. a mackerel shark, London Clay"><img alt="Teeth of Xiphodolamia. a mackerel shark, London Clay" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Xiphodolamia.jpg/160px-Xiphodolamia.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Xiphodolamia.jpg/240px-Xiphodolamia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Xiphodolamia.jpg/320px-Xiphodolamia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="453" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Teeth of <i><a href="/wiki/Xiphodolamia" title="Xiphodolamia">Xiphodolamia</a></i>. a mackerel shark, <a href="/wiki/London_Clay" title="London Clay">London Clay</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Heliobatis_radians_with_two_Knightia_eocaena_(3bce1f6e-f693-43d1-aa0f-67ba7fc50895).tif" class="mw-file-description" title="Heliobatis and Knightia"><img alt="Heliobatis and Knightia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Heliobatis_radians_with_two_Knightia_eocaena_%283bce1f6e-f693-43d1-aa0f-67ba7fc50895%29.tif/lossy-page1-160px-Heliobatis_radians_with_two_Knightia_eocaena_%283bce1f6e-f693-43d1-aa0f-67ba7fc50895%29.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Heliobatis_radians_with_two_Knightia_eocaena_%283bce1f6e-f693-43d1-aa0f-67ba7fc50895%29.tif/lossy-page1-240px-Heliobatis_radians_with_two_Knightia_eocaena_%283bce1f6e-f693-43d1-aa0f-67ba7fc50895%29.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Heliobatis_radians_with_two_Knightia_eocaena_%283bce1f6e-f693-43d1-aa0f-67ba7fc50895%29.tif/lossy-page1-320px-Heliobatis_radians_with_two_Knightia_eocaena_%283bce1f6e-f693-43d1-aa0f-67ba7fc50895%29.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2866" data-file-height="1954" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Heliobatis" title="Heliobatis">Heliobatis</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Knightia" title="Knightia">Knightia</a></i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FOS655.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Eel, cf. Echelus branchialis, collected by Louis Agassiz"><img alt="Eel, cf. Echelus branchialis, collected by Louis Agassiz" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/FOS655.jpg/250px-FOS655.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/FOS655.jpg/330px-FOS655.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6289" data-file-height="2473" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Eel, cf. <i><a href="/wiki/Echelus" title="Echelus">Echelus</a> branchialis</i>, collected by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Agassiz" title="Louis Agassiz">Louis Agassiz</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FOS794.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vertebrae of a lamniform shark, London Clay, Isle of Sheppey"><img alt="Vertebrae of a lamniform shark, London Clay, Isle of Sheppey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/FOS794.jpg/160px-FOS794.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/FOS794.jpg/240px-FOS794.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/FOS794.jpg/320px-FOS794.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5704" data-file-height="4224" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Vertebrae of a <a href="/wiki/Lamniformes" title="Lamniformes">lamniform</a> shark, London Clay, <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Sheppey" title="Isle of Sheppey">Isle of Sheppey</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reptiles">Reptiles</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eocene&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Reptiles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Reptile fossils from this time, such as fossils of <a href="/wiki/Pythons" class="mw-redirect" title="Pythons">pythons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turtle" title="Turtle">turtles</a>, are abundant.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Turtle_with_crocodile_bite_marks,_Eocene,_Green_River_Formation,_Kemmerer,_Lincoln_County,_Wyoming,_USA_-_Houston_Museum_of_Natural_Science_-_DSC02006.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Hummelichelys with crocodile bite marks"><img alt="Hummelichelys with crocodile bite marks" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Turtle_with_crocodile_bite_marks%2C_Eocene%2C_Green_River_Formation%2C_Kemmerer%2C_Lincoln_County%2C_Wyoming%2C_USA_-_Houston_Museum_of_Natural_Science_-_DSC02006.JPG/250px-Turtle_with_crocodile_bite_marks%2C_Eocene%2C_Green_River_Formation%2C_Kemmerer%2C_Lincoln_County%2C_Wyoming%2C_USA_-_Houston_Museum_of_Natural_Science_-_DSC02006.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Turtle_with_crocodile_bite_marks%2C_Eocene%2C_Green_River_Formation%2C_Kemmerer%2C_Lincoln_County%2C_Wyoming%2C_USA_-_Houston_Museum_of_Natural_Science_-_DSC02006.JPG/330px-Turtle_with_crocodile_bite_marks%2C_Eocene%2C_Green_River_Formation%2C_Kemmerer%2C_Lincoln_County%2C_Wyoming%2C_USA_-_Houston_Museum_of_Natural_Science_-_DSC02006.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hummelichelys&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hummelichelys (page does not exist)">Hummelichelys</a></i> with crocodile bite marks</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Borealosuchus_wilsoni_(15529256785).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Borealosuchus, a crocodyliform"><img alt="Borealosuchus, a crocodyliform" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Borealosuchus_wilsoni_%2815529256785%29.jpg/160px-Borealosuchus_wilsoni_%2815529256785%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Borealosuchus_wilsoni_%2815529256785%29.jpg/240px-Borealosuchus_wilsoni_%2815529256785%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Borealosuchus_wilsoni_%2815529256785%29.jpg/320px-Borealosuchus_wilsoni_%2815529256785%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3704" data-file-height="1344" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Borealosuchus" title="Borealosuchus">Borealosuchus</a></i>, a crocodyliform</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Molluscs">Molluscs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eocene&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Molluscs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cerithium_giganteum,_snails,_Middle_Eocene,_Verona,_Italy_-_Houston_Museum_of_Natural_Science_-_DSC01968.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cerithium shells"><img alt="Cerithium shells" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Cerithium_giganteum%2C_snails%2C_Middle_Eocene%2C_Verona%2C_Italy_-_Houston_Museum_of_Natural_Science_-_DSC01968.jpg/250px-Cerithium_giganteum%2C_snails%2C_Middle_Eocene%2C_Verona%2C_Italy_-_Houston_Museum_of_Natural_Science_-_DSC01968.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Cerithium_giganteum%2C_snails%2C_Middle_Eocene%2C_Verona%2C_Italy_-_Houston_Museum_of_Natural_Science_-_DSC01968.jpg/330px-Cerithium_giganteum%2C_snails%2C_Middle_Eocene%2C_Verona%2C_Italy_-_Houston_Museum_of_Natural_Science_-_DSC01968.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4212" data-file-height="2452" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Cerithium" title="Cerithium">Cerithium</a></i> shells</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arthropods">Arthropods</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eocene&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Arthropods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several rich fossil insect faunas are known from the Eocene, notably the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_amber" title="Baltic amber">Baltic amber</a> found mainly along the south coast of the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> amber from the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Basin" title="Paris Basin">Paris Basin</a>, France, the <a href="/wiki/Fur_Formation" title="Fur Formation">Fur Formation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Bembridge_Marls" class="mw-redirect" title="Bembridge Marls">Bembridge Marls</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Wight" title="Isle of Wight">Isle of Wight</a>, England. Insects found in Eocene deposits mostly belong to genera that exist today, though their range has often shifted since the Eocene. For instance the <a href="/wiki/Bibionidae" title="Bibionidae">bibionid</a> genus <i><a href="/wiki/Plecia" title="Plecia">Plecia</a></i> is common in fossil faunas from presently temperate areas, but only lives in the tropics and subtropics today.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Platypleurin cicadas diversified during the Eocene.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ostracods flourished in the oceans.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Harpactocarinus_punctulatus,_crab,_Eocene,_Rialo_Formation,_Monte_Baldo_Quarry,_Verona,_Italy_-_Houston_Museum_of_Natural_Science_-_DSC01954.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Harpactocarcinus, a crab"><img alt="Harpactocarcinus, a crab" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Harpactocarinus_punctulatus%2C_crab%2C_Eocene%2C_Rialo_Formation%2C_Monte_Baldo_Quarry%2C_Verona%2C_Italy_-_Houston_Museum_of_Natural_Science_-_DSC01954.JPG/160px-Harpactocarinus_punctulatus%2C_crab%2C_Eocene%2C_Rialo_Formation%2C_Monte_Baldo_Quarry%2C_Verona%2C_Italy_-_Houston_Museum_of_Natural_Science_-_DSC01954.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Harpactocarinus_punctulatus%2C_crab%2C_Eocene%2C_Rialo_Formation%2C_Monte_Baldo_Quarry%2C_Verona%2C_Italy_-_Houston_Museum_of_Natural_Science_-_DSC01954.JPG/240px-Harpactocarinus_punctulatus%2C_crab%2C_Eocene%2C_Rialo_Formation%2C_Monte_Baldo_Quarry%2C_Verona%2C_Italy_-_Houston_Museum_of_Natural_Science_-_DSC01954.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Harpactocarinus_punctulatus%2C_crab%2C_Eocene%2C_Rialo_Formation%2C_Monte_Baldo_Quarry%2C_Verona%2C_Italy_-_Houston_Museum_of_Natural_Science_-_DSC01954.JPG/320px-Harpactocarinus_punctulatus%2C_crab%2C_Eocene%2C_Rialo_Formation%2C_Monte_Baldo_Quarry%2C_Verona%2C_Italy_-_Houston_Museum_of_Natural_Science_-_DSC01954.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Harpactocarcinus" title="Harpactocarcinus">Harpactocarcinus</a></i>, a crab</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Palaeoncoderes_eocenicus_L._PITON_et_N._THEOBALD_1937_Holotype.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Palaeoncoderes, a beetle"><img alt="Palaeoncoderes, a beetle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Palaeoncoderes_eocenicus_L._PITON_et_N._THEOBALD_1937_Holotype.jpg/250px-Palaeoncoderes_eocenicus_L._PITON_et_N._THEOBALD_1937_Holotype.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Palaeoncoderes_eocenicus_L._PITON_et_N._THEOBALD_1937_Holotype.jpg/330px-Palaeoncoderes_eocenicus_L._PITON_et_N._THEOBALD_1937_Holotype.jpg 2x" data-file-width="806" data-file-height="556" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palaeoncoderes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palaeoncoderes (page does not exist)">Palaeoncoderes</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Beetle" title="Beetle">beetle</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_phyla">Other phyla</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eocene&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Other phyla"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Echinolampas_ovalis_M_Eocene_Civrac-en-M%C3%A9doc_France.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Echinolampas, a sea urchin"><img alt="Echinolampas, a sea urchin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Echinolampas_ovalis_M_Eocene_Civrac-en-M%C3%A9doc_France.JPG/160px-Echinolampas_ovalis_M_Eocene_Civrac-en-M%C3%A9doc_France.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Echinolampas_ovalis_M_Eocene_Civrac-en-M%C3%A9doc_France.JPG/240px-Echinolampas_ovalis_M_Eocene_Civrac-en-M%C3%A9doc_France.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Echinolampas_ovalis_M_Eocene_Civrac-en-M%C3%A9doc_France.JPG/320px-Echinolampas_ovalis_M_Eocene_Civrac-en-M%C3%A9doc_France.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2408" data-file-height="2356" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Echinolampas" title="Echinolampas">Echinolampas</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Sea_urchin" title="Sea urchin">sea urchin</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Microbes">Microbes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eocene&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Microbes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Calcareous nannoplankton were a prominent feature of Eocene marine ecosystems.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eocene&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolca" title="Bolca">Bolca</a> in Italy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fossil_sites" title="List of fossil sites">List of fossil sites</a> <i>(with link directory)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Clay" title="London Clay">London Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messel_pit" class="mw-redirect" title="Messel pit">Messel pit</a> in Germany</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_El_Hitan" class="mw-redirect" title="Wadi El Hitan">Wadi El Hitan</a> in Egypt</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eocene&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In Lyell's time, epochs were divided into periods. In modern geology, periods are divided into epochs.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eocene&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Zachos2k5-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zachos2k5_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFZachos,_J._C.Kump,_L._R.2005" class="citation journal cs1">Zachos, J. C.; Kump, L. R. (2005). "Carbon cycle feedbacks and the initiation of Antarctic glaciation in the earliest Oligocene". <i>Global and Planetary Change</i>. <b>47</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">51–</span>66. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005GPC....47...51Z">2005GPC....47...51Z</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.gloplacha.2005.01.001">10.1016/j.gloplacha.2005.01.001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Global+and+Planetary+Change&rft.atitle=Carbon+cycle+feedbacks+and+the+initiation+of+Antarctic+glaciation+in+the+earliest+Oligocene&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E51-%3C%2Fspan%3E66&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.gloplacha.2005.01.001&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005GPC....47...51Z&rft.au=Zachos%2C+J.+C.&rft.au=Kump%2C+L.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEocene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ICS-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ICS_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stratigraphy.org/ICSchart/ChronostratChart2023-09.pdf">"International Chronostratigraphic Chart"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Stratigraphy" title="International Commission on Stratigraphy">International Commission on Stratigraphy</a></i>. September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 16,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Commission+on+Stratigraphy&rft.atitle=International+Chronostratigraphic+Chart&rft.date=2023-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstratigraphy.org%2FICSchart%2FChronostratChart2023-09.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEocene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aubry_2007-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Aubry_2007_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aubry_2007_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aubry_2007_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAubryOudaDupuisWilliam_A._Berggren2007" class="citation journal cs1">Aubry, Marie-Pierre; Ouda, Khaled; Dupuis, Christian; William A. Berggren; John A. Van Couvering; Working Group on the Paleocene/Eocene Boundary (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stratigraphy.org/GSSP/file11.pdf">"The Global Standard Stratotype-section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Eocene Series in the Dababiya section (Egypt)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Episodes</i>. <b>30</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">271–</span>286. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18814%2Fepiiugs%2F2007%2Fv30i4%2F003">10.18814/epiiugs/2007/v30i4/003</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Episodes&rft.atitle=The+Global+Standard+Stratotype-section+and+Point+%28GSSP%29+for+the+base+of+the+Eocene+Series+in+the+Dababiya+section+%28Egypt%29&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E271-%3C%2Fspan%3E286&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18814%2Fepiiugs%2F2007%2Fv30i4%2F003&rft.aulast=Aubry&rft.aufirst=Marie-Pierre&rft.au=Ouda%2C+Khaled&rft.au=Dupuis%2C+Christian&rft.au=William+A.+Berggren&rft.au=John+A.+Van+Couvering&rft.au=Working+Group+on+the+Paleocene%2FEocene+Boundary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stratigraphy.org%2FGSSP%2Ffile11.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEocene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSilvaJenkins1993" class="citation journal cs1">Silva, Isabella; Jenkins, D. (September 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stratigraphy.org/gssps/files/rupelian.pdf">"Decision on the Eocene-Oligocene boundary stratotype"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Episodes</i>. <b>16</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">379–</span>382. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18814%2Fepiiugs%2F1993%2Fv16i3%2F002">10.18814/epiiugs/1993/v16i3/002</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Episodes&rft.atitle=Decision+on+the+Eocene-Oligocene+boundary+stratotype&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E379-%3C%2Fspan%3E382&rft.date=1993-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18814%2Fepiiugs%2F1993%2Fv16i3%2F002&rft.aulast=Silva&rft.aufirst=Isabella&rft.au=Jenkins%2C+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstratigraphy.org%2Fgssps%2Ffiles%2Frupelian.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEocene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJones2003" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Jones_(phonetician)" title="Daniel Jones (phonetician)">Jones, Daniel</a> (2003) [1917], Peter Roach; James Hartmann; Jane Setter (eds.), <i>English Pronouncing Dictionary</i>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-12-539683-2" title="Special:BookSources/3-12-539683-2"><bdi>3-12-539683-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+Pronouncing+Dictionary&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=3-12-539683-2&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEocene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Eocene">"Eocene"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a></i>. Merriam-Webster.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Eocene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2FEocene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEocene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <ul><li>Letter from <a href="/wiki/William_Whewell" title="William Whewell">William Whewell</a> to <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lyell" title="Charles Lyell">Charles Lyell</a> dated 31 January 1831 in: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTodhunter1876" class="citation book cs1">Todhunter, Isaac, ed. (1876). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XaMKAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA111"><i>William Whewell, D. D., Master of Trinity College, Cambridge: An account of his writings with selections from his literary and scientific correspondence</i></a>. Vol. 2. London, England: Macmillan and Co. p. 111.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=William+Whewell%2C+D.+D.%2C+Master+of+Trinity+College%2C+Cambridge%3A+An+account+of+his+writings+with+selections+from+his+literary+and+scientific+correspondence&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pages=111&rft.pub=Macmillan+and+Co.&rft.date=1876&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXaMKAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEocene" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLyell1833" class="citation book cs1">Lyell, Charles (1833). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044103125555;view=1up;seq=105"><i>Principles of Geology, …</i></a>. Vol. 3. London, England: John Murray. p. 55.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+Geology%2C+%E2%80%A6&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1833&rft.aulast=Lyell&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dhvd.32044103125555%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEocene" class="Z3988"></span> From p. 55: "The period next antecedent we shall call Eocene, from ήως, aurora, and χαινος, recens, because the extremely small proportion of living species contained in these strata, indicates what may be considered the first commencement, or <i>dawn</i>, of the existing state of the animate creation."</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-OnlineEtDict-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OnlineEtDict_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Eocene&allowed_in_frame=0">"Eocene"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Eocene&rft.btitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3DEocene%26allowed_in_frame%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEocene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBurkeWilliamsChandlerHaywood2018" class="citation journal cs1">Burke, K. D.; Williams, J. W.; Chandler, M. A.; Haywood, A. M.; Lunt, D. J.; Otto-Bliesner, B. L. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6310841">"Pliocene and Eocene provide best analogs for near-future climates"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>115</b> (52): <span class="nowrap">13288–</span>13293. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PNAS..11513288B">2018PNAS..11513288B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1809600115">10.1073/pnas.1809600115</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6310841">6310841</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30530685">30530685</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Pliocene+and+Eocene+provide+best+analogs+for+near-future+climates&rft.volume=115&rft.issue=52&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E13288-%3C%2Fspan%3E13293&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6310841%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30530685&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1809600115&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018PNAS..11513288B&rft.aulast=Burke&rft.aufirst=K.+D.&rft.au=Williams%2C+J.+W.&rft.au=Chandler%2C+M.+A.&rft.au=Haywood%2C+A.+M.&rft.au=Lunt%2C+D.+J.&rft.au=Otto-Bliesner%2C+B.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6310841&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEocene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:3_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The extinction of the Hantkeninidae, a planktonic family of <a href="/wiki/Foraminifera" title="Foraminifera">foraminifera</a> became generally accepted as marking the Eocene-Oligocene boundary; in 1998 <a href="/wiki/Massignano" title="Massignano">Massignano</a> in <a href="/wiki/Umbria" title="Umbria">Umbria</a>, central Italy, was designated the <a href="/wiki/Global_Boundary_Stratotype_Section_and_Point" title="Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point">Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point</a> (GSSP).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLyell1833" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lyell" title="Charles Lyell">Lyell, C.</a> (1833). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.45031"><i>Principles of Geology</i></a>. 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Geological Society of London. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.45031/page/n382">378</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+Geology&rft.pages=378&rft.pub=Geological+Society+of+London&rft.date=1833&rft.aulast=Lyell&rft.aufirst=C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.45031&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEocene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPhillips1840" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Phillips_(geologist)" title="John Phillips (geologist)">Phillips, J.</a> (1840). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.hn4zr7;view=1up;seq=162">"Palæozoic series"</a>. <i>Penny Cyclopaedia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2024</span> – via Elsevier Science Direct.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Marine+Micropaleontology&rft.atitle=Implication+of+middle+Eocene+to+early+Miocene+ostracodes+from+the+N.+El+Faras-1X+Well%2C+Qattara+Depression%2C+Egypt%2C+for+paleobathymetry+and+paleobiogeographic+reconstruction&rft.volume=181&rft.pages=102244&rft.date=2023-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.marmicro.2023.102244&rft.aulast=Shahin&rft.aufirst=Abdalla&rft.au=El+Khawagah%2C+Samar&rft.au=Shahin%2C+Banan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0377839823000439&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEocene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFArias-VillegasBedoya_AgudeloVallejo-HincapiéAubry2023" class="citation journal cs1">Arias-Villegas, Viviana; Bedoya Agudelo, Erika L.; Vallejo-Hincapié, Felipe; Aubry, Marie-Pierre; Pardo-Trujillo, Andrés (August 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S089598112300281X">"Late Eocene to Early Miocene calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphy from the ANH-San Jacinto- 1 well: Stratigraphic implications for the Sinú-San Jacinto basin in the Caribbean region of Colombia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_South_American_Earth_Sciences" title="Journal of South American Earth Sciences">Journal of South American Earth Sciences</a></i>. <b>128</b>: 104470. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023JSAES.12804470A">2023JSAES.12804470A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jsames.2023.104470">10.1016/j.jsames.2023.104470</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2024</span> – via Elsevier Science Direct.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+South+American+Earth+Sciences&rft.atitle=Late+Eocene+to+Early+Miocene+calcareous+nannofossil+biostratigraphy+from+the+ANH-San+Jacinto-+1+well%3A+Stratigraphic+implications+for+the+Sin%C3%BA-San+Jacinto+basin+in+the+Caribbean+region+of+Colombia&rft.volume=128&rft.pages=104470&rft.date=2023-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jsames.2023.104470&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2023JSAES.12804470A&rft.aulast=Arias-Villegas&rft.aufirst=Viviana&rft.au=Bedoya+Agudelo%2C+Erika+L.&rft.au=Vallejo-Hincapi%C3%A9%2C+Felipe&rft.au=Aubry%2C+Marie-Pierre&rft.au=Pardo-Trujillo%2C+Andr%C3%A9s&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS089598112300281X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEocene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eocene&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Ogg, Jim; June, 2004, <i>Overview of Global Boundary Stratotype Sections and Points (GSSP's)</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060716071827/http://www.stratigraphy.org/gssp.htm">Global Stratotype Sections and Points</a> Accessed April 30, 2006.</li> <li>Stanley, Steven M. <i>Earth System History.</i> <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: W.H. Freeman and Company, 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7167-2882-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7167-2882-6">0-7167-2882-6</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eocene&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Eocene" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Eocene">Eocene</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/60px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/120px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikisource has original works on the topic: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Portal:Cenozoic#Paleogene" class="extiw" title="s:Portal:Cenozoic">Cenozoic#Paleogene</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scotese.com/">PaleoMap Project</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041010134818/http://www.palaeos.com/Cenozoic/Eocene/Eocene.htm">Paleos Eocene page</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/change/deeptime/eocene.html">PBS Deep Time: Eocene</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090530014058/http://www.dmap.co.uk/fossils/">Eocene and Oligocene Fossils</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051116075532/http://www.sas.upenn.edu/earth/arctic/">The UPenn Fossil Forest Project, focusing on the Eocene polar forests in Ellesmere Island, Canada</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090531203432/http://members.cox.net/pyrophyllite/Basilosaurus1.html">Basilosaurus Primitive Eocene Whales</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oceansofkansas.com/Harlan1834b.html">Basilosaurus - The plesiosaur that wasn't....</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090330213138/http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~rcb7/terpaleo.html">Detailed maps of Tertiary Western North America</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scotese.com/newpage9.htm">Map of Eocene Earth</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foraminifera.eu/querydb.php?age=Eocene&aktion=suche">Eocene Microfossils: 60+ images of Foraminifera</a></li> <li>Eocene Epoch. (2011). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/189322/Eocene-Epoch">Eocene Epoch | geochronology</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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selflink">Eocene Epoch</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;background-color: #ffffff; border-style:solid; border-width: 0 3px 3px 3px; border-color:rgb(253,154,82); text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Oligocene" title="Oligocene">Oligocene Epoch</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;background-color: #ffffff; border-style:solid; border-width: 3px 0 0 0; border-color:rgb(253,154,82); text-align:center;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danian" title="Danian">Danian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selandian" title="Selandian">Selandian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanetian" title="Thanetian">Thanetian</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;background-color: #ffffff; border-style:solid; border-width: 3px 0 0 0; border-color:rgb(253,154,82); text-align:center;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ypresian" title="Ypresian">Ypresian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutetian" title="Lutetian">Lutetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartonian" title="Bartonian">Bartonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priabonian" title="Priabonian">Priabonian</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;background-color: #ffffff; border-style:solid; border-width: 3px 0 0 0; border-color:rgb(253,154,82); text-align:center;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rupelian" title="Rupelian">Rupelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattian" title="Chattian">Chattian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Geological_history_of_Earth1258" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Template:Geological history of Earth"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Template talk:Geological history of Earth"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Geological history of Earth"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Geological_history_of_Earth1258" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Geological history of Earth">Geological history of Earth</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cenozoic" title="Cenozoic">Cenozoic Era<br /><span class="nobold">(present–66.0 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Quaternary" title="Quaternary">Quaternary <span class="nobold">(present–2.58 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene (present–11.7 ka)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene (11.7 ka–2.58 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">Neogene <span class="nobold">(2.58–23.0 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene (2.59–5.33 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene (5.33–23.0 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Paleogene <span class="nobold">(23.0–66.0 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oligocene" title="Oligocene">Oligocene (23.0–33.9 Ma)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eocene (33.9–56.0 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleocene" title="Paleocene">Paleocene (56.0–66.0 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mesozoic" title="Mesozoic">Mesozoic Era<br /><span class="nobold">(66.0–252 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous <span class="nobold">(66.0–145 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Cretaceous" title="Late Cretaceous">Late (66.0–100 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Cretaceous" title="Early Cretaceous">Early (100–145 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic <span class="nobold">(145–201 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Jurassic" title="Late Jurassic">Late (145–164 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Jurassic" title="Middle Jurassic">Middle (164–174 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Jurassic" title="Early Jurassic">Early (174–201 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">Triassic <span class="nobold">(201–252 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Triassic" title="Late Triassic">Late (201–237 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Triassic" title="Middle Triassic">Middle (237–247 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Triassic" title="Early Triassic">Early (247–252 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paleozoic" title="Paleozoic">Paleozoic Era<br /><span class="nobold">(252–539 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">Permian <span class="nobold">(252–299 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lopingian" title="Lopingian">Lopingian (252–260 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadalupian" title="Guadalupian">Guadalupian (260–272 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisuralian" title="Cisuralian">Cisuralian (272–299 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">Carboniferous <span class="nobold">(299–359 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvanian_(geology)" title="Pennsylvanian (geology)">Pennsylvanian (299–323 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippian_(geology)" title="Mississippian (geology)">Mississippian (323–359 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">Devonian <span class="nobold">(359–419 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Devonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Devonian">Late (359–383 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Devonian" title="Middle Devonian">Middle (383–393 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Devonian" title="Early Devonian">Early (393–419 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">Silurian <span class="nobold">(419–444 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pridoli_Epoch" title="Pridoli Epoch">Pridoli (419–423 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludlow_Epoch" title="Ludlow Epoch">Ludlow (423–427 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenlock_Epoch" title="Wenlock Epoch">Wenlock (427–433 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llandovery_Epoch" title="Llandovery Epoch">Llandovery (433–444 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">Ordovician <span class="nobold">(444–485 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Ordovician" title="Late Ordovician">Late (444–458 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ordovician" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Ordovician">Middle (458–470 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Ordovician" title="Early Ordovician">Early (470–485 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Cambrian <span class="nobold">(485–539 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Furongian" title="Furongian">Furongian (485–497 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miaolingian" title="Miaolingian">Miaolingian (497–509 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambrian_Series_2" title="Cambrian Series 2">Series 2 (509–521 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terreneuvian" title="Terreneuvian">Terreneuvian (521–539 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proterozoic" title="Proterozoic">Proterozoic Eon<br /><span class="nobold">(539 Ma–2.5 Ga)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Neoproterozoic" title="Neoproterozoic">Neoproterozoic <span class="nobold">(539 Ma–1 Ga)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ediacaran" title="Ediacaran">Ediacaran (539–635 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryogenian" title="Cryogenian">Cryogenian (635–720 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonian" title="Tonian">Tonian (720 Ma–1 Ga)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Mesoproterozoic" title="Mesoproterozoic">Mesoproterozoic <span class="nobold">(1–1.6 Ga)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stenian" title="Stenian">Stenian (1–1.2 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ectasian" title="Ectasian">Ectasian (1.2–1.4 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calymmian" title="Calymmian">Calymmian (1.4–1.6 Ga)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Paleoproterozoic" title="Paleoproterozoic">Paleoproterozoic <span class="nobold">(1.6–2.5 Ga)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statherian" title="Statherian">Statherian (1.6–1.8 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orosirian" title="Orosirian">Orosirian (1.8–2.05 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhyacian" title="Rhyacian">Rhyacian (2.05–2.3 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siderian" title="Siderian">Siderian (2.3–2.5 Ga)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archean" title="Archean">Archean Eon <span class="nobold">(2.5–4 Ga)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neoarchean" title="Neoarchean">Neoarchean (2.5–2.8 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoarchean" title="Mesoarchean">Mesoarchean (2.8–3.2 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoarchean" title="Paleoarchean">Paleoarchean (3.2–3.6 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eoarchean" title="Eoarchean">Eoarchean (3.6–4 Ga)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hadean" title="Hadean">Hadean Eon <span class="nobold">(4–4.6 Ga)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Year#SI_prefix_multipliers" title="Year">ka</a> = kiloannum (thousand years ago); <a href="/wiki/Year#SI_prefix_multipliers" title="Year">Ma</a> = megaannum (million years ago); <a href="/wiki/Year#SI_prefix_multipliers" title="Year">Ga</a> = gigaannum (billion years ago).<br /> <i>See also:</i> <a href="/wiki/Geologic_time_scale" title="Geologic time scale">Geologic time scale</a>  •  <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WikiProject_Geology.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/20px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/40px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="327" data-file-height="328" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geology" title="Portal:Geology">Geology portal</a>  •  <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/15px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/23px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/30px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:World" title="Portal:World">World portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76274#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1612" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76274#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1612" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76274#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4152488-3">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Paleopedology--Eocene"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh99011708">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Éocène"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11958271w">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Éocène"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11958271w">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="eocén"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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