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href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ap%C3%B3fisis_coracoides" title="Apófisis coracoides – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Apófisis coracoides" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korakoide_apofisi" title="Korakoide apofisi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Korakoide apofisi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="زائده غرابی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زائده غرابی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Processus_coraco%C3%AFde" title="Processus coracoïde – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Processus coracoïde" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proceso_coracoide_escapular" title="Proceso coracoide escapular – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Proceso coracoide escapular" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B6%80%EB%A6%AC%EB%8F%8C%EA%B8%B0" title="부리돌기 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="부리돌기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="अंसतुंड प्रवर्ध – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अंसतुंड प्रवर्ध" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Processo_coracoideo" title="Processo coracoideo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Processo coracoideo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Processus_coracoideus" title="Processus coracoideus – Hungarian" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Small hook-like structure on the lateral edge of the superior anterior portion of the scapula</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Coronoid_process_of_the_ulna" title="Coronoid process of the ulna">Coronoid process of the ulna</a> or <a href="/wiki/Coronoid_process_of_the_mandible" title="Coronoid process of the mandible">Coronoid process of the mandible</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:whitesmoke">Coracoid process</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Coracoid_process_of_left_scapula02.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Coracoid_process_of_left_scapula02.png/250px-Coracoid_process_of_left_scapula02.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Coracoid_process_of_left_scapula02.png/375px-Coracoid_process_of_left_scapula02.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Coracoid_process_of_left_scapula02.png/500px-Coracoid_process_of_left_scapula02.png 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="4500" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Left <a href="/wiki/Scapula" title="Scapula">scapula</a>. Anterior view. Coracoid process shown in red.</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Coracoid_process_of_scapula01.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Coracoid_process_of_scapula01.png/250px-Coracoid_process_of_scapula01.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Coracoid_process_of_scapula01.png/375px-Coracoid_process_of_scapula01.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Coracoid_process_of_scapula01.png/500px-Coracoid_process_of_scapula01.png 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="4500" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Anterior view. Coracoid process shown in red.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Details</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>processus coracoideus</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D000070597">D000070597</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA98</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/02.4.01.023%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm">A02.4.01.023</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA2</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ta2viewer.openanatomy.org/?id=1159">1159</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Foundational_Model_of_Anatomy" title="Foundational Model of Anatomy">FMA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FMA/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fsig%2Font%2Ffma%2Ffma13455">13455</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_bone" title="Anatomical terms of bone">Anatomical terms of bone</a><div style="text-align: right;"><small class="noprint">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905716" class="extiw" title="d:Q905716">edit on Wikidata</a>]</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>coracoid <a href="/wiki/Process_(anatomy)" title="Process (anatomy)">process</a></b> (from <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> κόραξ, raven<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is a small hook-like structure on the lateral edge of the superior anterior portion of the <a href="/wiki/Scapula" title="Scapula">scapula</a> (hence: coracoid, or "like a raven's beak"). Pointing laterally forward, it, together with the <a href="/wiki/Acromion" title="Acromion">acromion</a>, serves to stabilize the <a href="/wiki/Glenohumeral_joint" class="mw-redirect" title="Glenohumeral joint">shoulder joint</a>. It is <a href="/wiki/Palpation" title="Palpation">palpable</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Deltopectoral_groove" title="Deltopectoral groove">deltopectoral groove</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Deltoid_muscle" title="Deltoid muscle">deltoid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pectoralis_major_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Pectoralis major muscle">pectoralis major muscles</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coracoid_process&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1119_Muscles_that_Move_the_Humerus_c.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/1119_Muscles_that_Move_the_Humerus_c.png/300px-1119_Muscles_that_Move_the_Humerus_c.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/1119_Muscles_that_Move_the_Humerus_c.png/450px-1119_Muscles_that_Move_the_Humerus_c.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/1119_Muscles_that_Move_the_Humerus_c.png/600px-1119_Muscles_that_Move_the_Humerus_c.png 2x" data-file-width="1260" data-file-height="918" /></a><figcaption>The coracoid process acts as an attachment and origin for a large number of muscles (attached muscles not labeled here).</figcaption></figure> <p>The coracoid process is a thick curved process attached by a broad base to the upper part of the <a href="/wiki/Neck_of_the_scapula" class="mw-redirect" title="Neck of the scapula">neck of the scapula</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it runs at first upward and medially; then, becoming smaller, it changes its direction, and projects forward and laterally. </p><p>The component parts of the process are the base; angle; shaft; and apex of the coracoid process, respectively. The coracoglenoid notch is an indentation localized between the coracoid process and the glenoid. As the coracoid process projects laterally, it defines the subcoracoid space beneath. <sup id="cite_ref-Al-Redouan_and_Kacklik_2022_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Al-Redouan_and_Kacklik_2022-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>ascending portion</i>, flattened from the frontal aspect backward, presents in front a smooth concave surface, across which the <a href="/wiki/Subscapularis" class="mw-redirect" title="Subscapularis">subscapularis</a> passes. </p><p>The <i>horizontal portion</i> appears flattened when viewed from above looking downward; its upper surface is convex and irregular, and gives attachment to the <a href="/wiki/Pectoralis_minor" title="Pectoralis minor">pectoralis minor</a>; its under surface is smooth; its medial and lateral borders are rough; the former gives attachment to the <a href="/wiki/Pectoralis_minor_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Pectoralis minor muscle">pectoralis minor</a> and the latter to the <a href="/wiki/Coracoacromial_ligament" title="Coracoacromial ligament">coracoacromial ligament</a>; the apex is embraced by the Conjoint tendon of origin of the <a href="/wiki/Coracobrachialis" class="mw-redirect" title="Coracobrachialis">coracobrachialis</a> and short head of the <a href="/wiki/Biceps_brachii" class="mw-redirect" title="Biceps brachii">biceps brachii</a> and gives attachment to the <a href="/wiki/Coracoclavicular_fascia" class="mw-redirect" title="Coracoclavicular fascia">coracoclavicular fascia</a>. </p><p>On the medial part of the root of the coracoid process is a rough impression for the attachment of the <a href="/wiki/Conoid_ligament" title="Conoid ligament">conoid ligament</a>; and running from it obliquely forward and laterally, on to the upper surface of the horizontal portion, is an elevated ridge for the attachment of the <a href="/wiki/Trapezoid_ligament" title="Trapezoid ligament">trapezoid ligament</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The coracoid process is a snare molded bone design projecting anterolaterally from the unrivaled(?) part of the scapular neck. Surgeons refer to this part of the body as the “lighthouse of the shoulder”<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as it is close to the area where structures of veins and nerves (neurovascular) are bound together. The distances between the coracoid base and the neurovascular structures is like a 90 degree chair. The suprascapular ligament is right next to the coracoid process. The muscles that are attached are: <a href="/wiki/Pectoralis_minor" title="Pectoralis minor">Pectoralis Minor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coracobrachialis_muscle" title="Coracobrachialis muscle">Coracobrachialis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Biceps" title="Biceps">Biceps Brachii</a>. </p><p>In addition, this structure attaches all the tendons and ligaments together.  There are two purposes for this structure: it is the primary hold by which the clavicle is joined to the scapula and alongside the acromion and coraco-acromial tendon, it shapes the curve over the glenoid. By having the coracoid process, this allows the scapula to not be attached to the skeletons by the bone so that it can only support the limbs. Although there are minor instances where the coracoid process can be damaged by itself, there can still be damage to the structure with an acute subscapularis tear. Usually a disruption in the coracoid process can indicate a shoulder injury such as dislocation and instability. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attachments">Attachments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coracoid_process&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Attachments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is the site of attachment for several structures: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Muscles">Muscles</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coracoid_process&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Muscles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Pectoralis_minor_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Pectoralis minor muscle">pectoralis minor muscle</a> (insertion) – to 3rd, 4th, 5th and on some rare occasions, 6th <a href="/wiki/Ribs" class="mw-redirect" title="Ribs">rib</a>.</li> <li>The short head of <a href="/wiki/Biceps_brachii_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Biceps brachii muscle">biceps brachii muscle</a> (origin) – to <a href="/wiki/Radial_tuberosity" title="Radial tuberosity">radial tuberosity</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Coracobrachialis_muscle" title="Coracobrachialis muscle">coracobrachialis muscle</a> (origin) – to medial <a href="/wiki/Humerus" title="Humerus">humerus</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ligaments">Ligaments</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coracoid_process&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ligaments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Coracoclavicular_ligament" title="Coracoclavicular ligament">coracoclavicular ligament</a> – to the <a href="/wiki/Clavicle" title="Clavicle">clavicle</a>. (The ligament is formed by the <a href="/wiki/Conoid_ligament" title="Conoid ligament">conoid ligament</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trapezoid_ligament" title="Trapezoid ligament">trapezoid ligament</a>.)</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Coracoacromial_ligament" title="Coracoacromial ligament">coracoacromial ligament</a> – to the <a href="/wiki/Acromion" title="Acromion">acromion</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Coracohumeral_ligament" title="Coracohumeral ligament">coracohumeral ligament</a> – to the <a href="/wiki/Humerus" title="Humerus">humerus</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Superior_transverse_scapular_ligament" title="Superior transverse scapular ligament">superior transverse scapular ligament</a> – from the base of the <a href="/wiki/Coracoid" title="Coracoid">coracoid</a> to the medial portion of the <a href="/wiki/Suprascapular_notch" title="Suprascapular notch">suprascapular notch</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clinical_significance">Clinical significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coracoid_process&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Clinical significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The coracoid process is palpable just below the lateral end of the clavicle (collar bone). It is otherwise known as the "Surgeon's Lighthouse" because it serves as a landmark to avoid neurovascular damage.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Major neurovascular structures enter the upper limb medial to the coracoid process, so that surgical approaches to the shoulder region should always take place laterally to the coracoid process. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_animals">Other animals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coracoid_process&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Other animals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Monotreme" title="Monotreme">monotremes</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Coracoid" title="Coracoid">coracoid</a> is a separate bone. <a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">Reptiles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">birds</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Frog" title="Frog">frogs</a> (but not <a href="/wiki/Salamander" title="Salamander">salamanders</a>) also possess a bone by this name, but is not <a href="/wiki/Homology_(biology)" title="Homology (biology)">homologous</a> with the coracoid process of mammals.<sup id="cite_ref-VB_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VB-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Analyses of the size and shape of the coracoid process in <i><a href="/wiki/Australopithecus_africanus" title="Australopithecus africanus">Australopithecus africanus</a></i> (STS 7) have shown that, in this species, it displayed a prominent dorsolateral tubercle placed more laterally than in <a href="/wiki/Anatomically_modern_humans" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatomically modern humans">modern humans</a>. This may reflect, according to one interpretation, a scapula positioned high on a funnel-shaped thorax with an obliquely-positioned clavicle, as in extant non-human <a href="/wiki/Great_ape" class="mw-redirect" title="Great ape">great apes</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Anthropologists examine the coracoid process when studying shoulder morphology to determine whether the upper limbs provided support for bipedalism in the early hominin ages.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>  The shoulder is an area of primate life structures that previous examinations have demonstrated to emphatically mirror the varying useful requests forced by contrasts in locomotor modes. Since the morphology of early hominin upper appendage components comprises a blend of derived traits, it is noted that these primitive features are of continuous usage throughout the evolution of hominins. When <i>Australopithecus africanus</i> (known as Sts 7 within the realms of Anthropology) was being examined, it was observed that the scapular orientation was higher as compared to modern day humans (<i><a href="/wiki/Homo_sapiens" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo sapiens">Homo sapiens</a></i>). However, Homo Sapiens do not have distinct features in terms of shape or size when it comes to the coracoid process.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within the research of Elizabeth Vrbua, a paleoanthropologist who made a study called “A New Study of the Scapula of Australopithecus africanus from Sterkfontein”, it was seen that <i>A. africanus</i> had a higher scapular position which could infer that this position is likely to be seen in earlier hominins as well.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the authors of “The human acromion viewed from an evolutionary perspective”, there were different shapes of surface of the coracoid process within the various hominins.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Gorilla" title="Gorilla">gorillas</a> had a wide shape, <a href="/wiki/Chimpanzee" title="Chimpanzee">chimpanzees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orangutan" title="Orangutan">orangutans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">humans</a> had an intermediate shape, and the <a href="/wiki/Gibbon" title="Gibbon">gibbon</a> had a small shape. This can further be analyzed as the different <a href="/wiki/Hominid" class="mw-redirect" title="Hominid">hominids</a> have variability in their shape of the coracoid process.  The latest contributions to the evolutionary coracoid process were from Doctor M. Hussan in 2016 where he added further insight on the significance of the subacromial impingement and coracoacromial arch’s importance with the aid of pathology. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Additional_images">Additional images</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coracoid_process&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Additional images"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coracoid_process_of_left_scapula_-_animation01.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Left scapula. Coracoid process shown in red."><img alt="Left scapula. Coracoid process shown in red." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Coracoid_process_of_left_scapula_-_animation01.gif/120px-Coracoid_process_of_left_scapula_-_animation01.gif" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Coracoid_process_of_left_scapula_-_animation01.gif/180px-Coracoid_process_of_left_scapula_-_animation01.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Coracoid_process_of_left_scapula_-_animation01.gif/240px-Coracoid_process_of_left_scapula_-_animation01.gif 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Left <a href="/wiki/Scapula" title="Scapula">scapula</a>. Coracoid process shown in red.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coracoid_process_of_scapula_-_animation01.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Animation. Coracoid process shown in red."><img alt="Animation. Coracoid process shown in red." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coracoid_process_of_scapula_-_animation01.gif/120px-Coracoid_process_of_scapula_-_animation01.gif" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coracoid_process_of_scapula_-_animation01.gif/180px-Coracoid_process_of_scapula_-_animation01.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coracoid_process_of_scapula_-_animation01.gif/240px-Coracoid_process_of_scapula_-_animation01.gif 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Animation. Coracoid process shown in red.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coracoid_process_of_left_scapula01.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Left scapula. Lateral view. Coracoid process shown in red."><img alt="Left scapula. Lateral view. Coracoid process shown in red." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Coracoid_process_of_left_scapula01.png/120px-Coracoid_process_of_left_scapula01.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Coracoid_process_of_left_scapula01.png/180px-Coracoid_process_of_left_scapula01.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Coracoid_process_of_left_scapula01.png/240px-Coracoid_process_of_left_scapula01.png 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="4500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Left scapula. Lateral view. Coracoid process shown in red.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coracoid_process&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Liddell, Scott, Jones Ancient Greek Lexicon (LSJ)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output 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.id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation journal 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id="cite_note-:4-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:4_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVoisin2014" class="citation journal cs1">Voisin, J-L (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.otsr.2014.09.011">"The human acromion viewed from an evolutionary perspective"</a>. <i>Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Surgery & Research</i>. <b>100</b> (8 Suppl): S355-60. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.otsr.2014.09.011">10.1016/j.otsr.2014.09.011</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25454328">25454328</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Orthopaedics+%26+Traumatology%2C+Surgery+%26+Research&rft.atitle=The+human+acromion+viewed+from+an+evolutionary+perspective&rft.volume=100&rft.issue=8+Suppl&rft.pages=S355-60&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.otsr.2014.09.011&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25454328&rft.aulast=Voisin&rft.aufirst=J-L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.otsr.2014.09.011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoracoid+process" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coracoid_process&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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href="https://sites.google.com/a/umich.edu/bluelink/curricula/first-year-medical-curriculum/sequence-8-musculoskeletal/session-14-bones-joints-and-movement/bluelink">Coracoid Process</a> - BlueLink Anatomy, University of Michigan Medical School</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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id="Bones_of_the_arm" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">Bones</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Arm" title="Arm">arm</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shoulder_girdle" title="Shoulder girdle">Shoulder girdle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clavicle" title="Clavicle">clavicle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conoid_tubercle" class="mw-redirect" title="Conoid tubercle">conoid tubercle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trapezoid_line" title="Trapezoid line">trapezoid line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costal_tuberosity_of_clavicle" title="Costal tuberosity of clavicle">costal tuberosity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subclavian_groove" title="Subclavian groove">subclavian groove</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scapula" title="Scapula">Scapula</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>fossae</i> (<a href="/wiki/Subscapular_fossa" class="mw-redirect" title="Subscapular fossa">subscapular</a>, <a href="/wiki/Supraspinatous_fossa" class="mw-redirect" title="Supraspinatous fossa">supraspinatous</a>, <a href="/wiki/Infraspinatous_fossa" class="mw-redirect" title="Infraspinatous fossa">infraspinatous</a>)</li> <li><i>notches</i> (<a href="/wiki/Suprascapular_notch" title="Suprascapular notch">suprascapular</a>, <a href="/wiki/Great_scapular_notch" title="Great scapular notch">great scapular</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenoid_fossa" title="Glenoid fossa">glenoid fossa</a></li> <li><i>tubercles</i> (<a href="/wiki/Infraglenoid_tubercle" title="Infraglenoid tubercle">infraglenoid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Supraglenoid_tubercle" title="Supraglenoid tubercle">supraglenoid</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spine_of_scapula" title="Spine of scapula">spine of scapula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acromion" title="Acromion">acromion</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">coracoid process</a></li> <li><i>angles</i> (<a href="/wiki/Superior_angle_of_scapula" class="mw-redirect" title="Superior angle of scapula">superior</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inferior_angle_of_the_scapula" class="mw-redirect" title="Inferior angle of the scapula">inferior</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lateral_angle_of_the_scapula" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateral angle of the scapula">lateral</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Humerus" title="Humerus">Humerus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Upper_extremity_of_humerus" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper extremity of humerus">upper extremity</a>:</i> <i>necks</i> (<a href="/wiki/Anatomical_neck_of_humerus" title="Anatomical neck of humerus">anatomical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surgical_neck_of_the_humerus" title="Surgical neck of the humerus">surgical</a>)</li> <li><i>tubercles</i> (<a href="/wiki/Greater_tubercle" title="Greater tubercle">greater</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lesser_tubercle" title="Lesser tubercle">lesser</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicipital_groove" title="Bicipital groove">bicipital groove</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Body_of_humerus" class="mw-redirect" title="Body of humerus">body</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Radial_sulcus" class="mw-redirect" title="Radial sulcus">radial sulcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deltoid_tuberosity" title="Deltoid tuberosity">deltoid tuberosity</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lower_extremity_of_humerus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower extremity of humerus">lower extremity</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Capitulum_of_the_humerus" title="Capitulum of the humerus">capitulum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trochlea_of_humerus" title="Trochlea of humerus">trochlea</a></li> <li><i>epicondyles</i> (<a href="/wiki/Lateral_epicondyle_of_the_humerus" title="Lateral epicondyle of the humerus">lateral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medial_epicondyle_of_the_humerus" title="Medial epicondyle of the humerus">medial</a>)</li> <li><i>supracondylar ridges</i> (<a href="/wiki/Lateral_supracondylar_ridge" title="Lateral supracondylar ridge">lateral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medial_supracondylar_ridge" title="Medial supracondylar ridge">medial</a>)</li> <li><i>fossae</i> (<a href="/wiki/Radial_fossa" title="Radial fossa">radial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coronoid_fossa_of_the_humerus" title="Coronoid fossa of the humerus">coronoid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olecranon_fossa" title="Olecranon fossa">olecranon</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Forearm" title="Forearm">Forearm</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Radius_(bone)" title="Radius (bone)">Radius</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>near elbow (<a href="/wiki/Head_of_radius" title="Head of radius">head</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radial_tuberosity" title="Radial tuberosity">tuberosity</a>)</li> <li>near wrist (<a href="/wiki/Ulnar_notch_of_the_radius" title="Ulnar notch of the radius">ulnar notch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radial_styloid_process" title="Radial styloid process">styloid process</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lister%27s_tubercle" title="Lister's tubercle">Lister's tubercle</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ulna" title="Ulna">Ulna</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>near elbow (<a href="/wiki/Tuberosity_of_the_ulna" title="Tuberosity of the ulna">tuberosity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olecranon" title="Olecranon">olecranon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coronoid_process_of_the_ulna" title="Coronoid process of the ulna">coronoid process</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radial_notch" title="Radial notch">radial notch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trochlear_notch" title="Trochlear notch">trochlear notch</a>)</li> <li>near wrist (<a href="/wiki/Ulnar_styloid_process" title="Ulnar styloid process">styloid process</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hand" title="Hand">Hand</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Carpal_bones" title="Carpal bones">Carpal bones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scaphoid_bone" title="Scaphoid bone">scaphoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunate_bone" title="Lunate bone">lunate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triquetral_bone" title="Triquetral bone">triquetral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisiform_bone" title="Pisiform bone">pisiform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trapezium_(bone)" title="Trapezium (bone)">trapezium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trapezoid_bone" title="Trapezoid bone">trapezoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitate_bone" title="Capitate bone">capitate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamate_bone" title="Hamate bone">hamate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamulus_of_hamate_bone" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamulus of hamate bone">hamulus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metacarpal_bones" title="Metacarpal bones">Metacarpal bones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_metacarpal_bone" title="First metacarpal bone">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_metacarpal_bone" title="Second metacarpal bone">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_metacarpal_bone" title="Third metacarpal bone">3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_metacarpal_bone" title="Fourth metacarpal bone">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_metacarpal_bone" title="Fifth metacarpal bone">5th</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phalanx_bone" title="Phalanx bone">Phalanges</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proximal_phalanges" class="mw-redirect" title="Proximal phalanges">proximal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_phalanges" class="mw-redirect" title="Intermediate phalanges">intermediate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distal_phalanges" class="mw-redirect" title="Distal phalanges">distal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a 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