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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bone_anatomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bone_anatomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Bone anatomy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bone_anatomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Distal_phalanx" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distal_phalanx"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Distal phalanx</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distal_phalanx-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Function" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Function"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Function</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Function-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_phalanges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_phalanges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History of phalanges</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History_of_phalanges-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History of phalanges subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History_of_phalanges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Other animals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Primates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cetaceans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cetaceans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Cetaceans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cetaceans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_mammals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_mammals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Other mammals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_mammals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Additional_images" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additional_images"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Additional images</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Additional_images-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Phalanx bone</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 48 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-48" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">48 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%89_(%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AD)" title="سلامى (تشريح) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سلامى (تشريح)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8C%D0%B0" title="Килщил ракьа – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Килщил ракьа" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Fl_barmaqlar%C4%B1_s%C3%BCm%C3%BCkl%C9%99ri" title="Əl barmaqları sümükləri – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Əl barmaqları sümükləri" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82)" title="Фаланга (кост) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Фаланга (кост)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Clanak_prsta" title="Članak prsta – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Članak prsta" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oe%C3%B1s" title="Oeñs – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Oeñs" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falange_(os)" title="Falange (os) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Falange (os)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0_(%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8)" title="Фаланга (анатоми) – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Фаланга (анатоми)" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phalanx_(Anatomie)" title="Phalanx (Anatomie) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Phalanx (Anatomie)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Сур полда – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Сур полда" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falange_(hueso)" title="Falange (hueso) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Falange (hueso)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falango_(osto)" title="Falango (osto) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Falango (osto)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falange_(hezurra)" title="Falange (hezurra) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Falange (hezurra)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B4%D8%AA" title="استخوان بند انگشت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="استخوان بند انگشت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phalange_(os)" title="Phalange (os) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Phalange (os)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falanxe_(%C3%B3sos)" title="Falanxe (ósos) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Falanxe (ósos)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%86%90%EB%B0%9C%EA%B0%80%EB%9D%BD%EB%BC%88" title="손발가락뼈 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="손발가락뼈" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A3" title="Ֆալանգ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆալանգ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BF" title="अंगुल्यास्थि – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अंगुल्यास्थि" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C5%A1tani_%C4%8Dlanci" title="Koštani članci – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Koštani članci" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulang_falang" title="Tulang falang – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tulang falang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%90%83%E1%93%84%E1%92%90%E1%99%B3%E1%90%8A%E1%96%85" title="ᐃᓄᒐᙳᐊᖅ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᐃᓄᒐᙳᐊᖅ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falange_(anatomia)" title="Falange (anatomia) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Falange (anatomia)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D" title="גלילים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גלילים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D3%80%D1%80%D1%83" title="Канил ттаркӀру – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Канил ттаркӀру" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phalanx_(anatomia)" title="Phalanx (anatomia) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Phalanx (anatomia)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pir%C5%A1takauliai" title="Pirštakauliai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pirštakauliai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujjperc" title="Ujjperc – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ujjperc" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Коски на прстите – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Коски на прстите" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falanks" title="Falanks – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Falanks" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vingerkootje" title="Vingerkootje – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vingerkootje" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8C%87%E9%AA%A8" title="指骨 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="指骨" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falangalar_(bo%CA%BBg%CA%BBim)" title="Falangalar (boʻgʻim) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Falangalar (boʻgʻim)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C5%9Bci_palc%C3%B3w" title="Kości palców – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kości palców" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falange" title="Falange – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Falange" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falang%C4%83_(os)" title="Falangă (os) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Falangă (os)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0_(%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Фаланга (анатомия) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фаланга (анатомия)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phalanges" title="Phalanges – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Phalanges" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cl%C3%A1nky_prstov" title="Články prstov – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Články prstov" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8E%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%BE%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%95" title="ئێسکەکانی پەنجە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئێسکەکانی پەنجە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Clanak_prsta" title="Članak prsta – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" 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phalanges</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Digital bone in the hands and feet of most vertebrates</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Phalanx_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Phalanx (disambiguation)">Phalanx (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Phalange" redirects here. For the Spanish or general political movement, see <a href="/wiki/Falangism" title="Falangism">Falangism</a>. For the Lebanese political movement, see <a href="/wiki/Phalangism" class="mw-redirect" title="Phalangism">Phalangism</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Technical plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-technical" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>may be too technical for most readers to understand</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phalanx_bone&action=edit">help improve it</a> to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Make_technical_articles_understandable" title="Wikipedia:Make technical articles understandable">make it understandable to non-experts</a>, without removing the technical details.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2014</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:whitesmoke">Phalanx bone</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Scheme_human_hand_bones-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Scheme_human_hand_bones-en.svg/250px-Scheme_human_hand_bones-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Scheme_human_hand_bones-en.svg/375px-Scheme_human_hand_bones-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Scheme_human_hand_bones-en.svg/500px-Scheme_human_hand_bones-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="406" data-file-height="391" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Bones of the hand</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ospied-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Ospied-en.svg/250px-Ospied-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Ospied-en.svg/375px-Ospied-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Ospied-en.svg/500px-Ospied-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="379" data-file-height="395" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Bones of the foot</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em">Articulations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Metacarpophalangeal_joint" title="Metacarpophalangeal joint">Metacarpophalangeal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metatarsophalangeal_joint" class="mw-redirect" title="Metatarsophalangeal joint">metatarsophalangeal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interphalangeal_articulations_of_hand" class="mw-redirect" title="Interphalangeal articulations of hand">interphalangeal</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>phalanx<br />pl. phalanges</i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_bone" title="Anatomical terms of bone">Anatomical terms of bone</a><div style="text-align: right;"><small class="noprint">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1057892" class="extiw" title="d:Q1057892">edit on Wikidata</a>]</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>phalanges</b> <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/dʒ/: 'j' in 'jam'">dʒ</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span></span>/</a></span></span> (<abbr title="singular form">sg.</abbr>: <b>phalanx</b> <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="/ŋ/: 'ng' in 'sing'">ŋ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span>) are <a href="/wiki/Digit_(anatomy)" title="Digit (anatomy)">digital</a> <a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">bones</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Hand" title="Hand">hands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Foot" title="Foot">feet</a> of most <a href="/wiki/Vertebrates" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebrates">vertebrates</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Primate" title="Primate">primates</a>, the thumbs and big toes have two phalanges while the other <a href="/wiki/Digit_(anatomy)" title="Digit (anatomy)">digits</a> have three phalanges. The phalanges are classed as <a href="/wiki/Long_bones" class="mw-redirect" title="Long bones">long bones</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phalanx_bone&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hand-bones.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Hand-bones.jpg/220px-Hand-bones.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Hand-bones.jpg/330px-Hand-bones.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Hand-bones.jpg/440px-Hand-bones.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1324" data-file-height="1107" /></a><figcaption>The phalanges in a human hand</figcaption></figure> <div class="thumb tright" style=""><div class="thumbinner" style="width:-moz-fit-content; width:fit-content;"><div class="center noresize" style="width:auto;"> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phalanges_of_left_foot_-_animation01.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Phalanges_of_left_foot_-_animation01.gif/300px-Phalanges_of_left_foot_-_animation01.gif" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Phalanges_of_left_foot_-_animation01.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phalanges_of_left_foot_-_animation02.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Phalanges_of_left_foot_-_animation02.gif/300px-Phalanges_of_left_foot_-_animation02.gif" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Phalanges_of_left_foot_-_animation02.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> </ul> <p>Toe bones or phalanges of the foot. Note the big toe has no middle phalanx. <br />People vary; sometimes the smallest toe also has none (not shown).<sup id="cite_ref-eval&manage_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eval&manage-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:red; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Distal_phalanges" class="mw-redirect" title="Distal phalanges">Distal phalanges</a> of the foot</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:yellow; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Middle_phalanges" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle phalanges">Middle phalanges</a> of the foot</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:lime; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Proximal_phalanges" class="mw-redirect" title="Proximal phalanges">Proximal phalanges</a> of the foot</div></div></div></div> <p>The phalanges are the bones that make up the fingers of the hand and the toes of the foot. There are 56 phalanges in the human body, with fourteen on each hand and foot. Three phalanges are present on each finger and toe, with the exception of the <a href="/wiki/Thumb" title="Thumb">thumb</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hallux" class="mw-redirect" title="Hallux">big toe</a>, which possess only two. The middle and far phalanges of the <span class="citation-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">fourth and</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> fifth toes are often fused together (symphalangism).<sup id="cite_ref-eval&manage_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eval&manage-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The phalanges of the <a href="/wiki/Hand" title="Hand">hand</a> are commonly known as the finger bones. The phalanges of the foot differ from the hand in that they are often shorter and more compressed, especially in the proximal phalanges, those closest to the torso.<sup id="cite_ref-White2011_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-White2011-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A phalanx is named according to whether it is <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location#Proximal" title="Anatomical terms of location">proximal</a>, middle, or <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location#distal" title="Anatomical terms of location">distal</a> and its associated finger or toe. The proximal phalanges are those that are closest to the hand or foot. In the hand, the prominent, knobby ends of the phalanges are known as <a href="/wiki/Knuckle" title="Knuckle">knuckles</a>. The proximal phalanges join with the <a href="/wiki/Metacarpal" class="mw-redirect" title="Metacarpal">metacarpals</a> of the hand or <a href="/wiki/Metatarsal" class="mw-redirect" title="Metatarsal">metatarsals</a> of the foot at the <a href="/wiki/Metacarpophalangeal_joint" title="Metacarpophalangeal joint">metacarpophalangeal joint</a> or <a href="/wiki/Metatarsophalangeal_joint" class="mw-redirect" title="Metatarsophalangeal joint">metatarsophalangeal joint</a>. The intermediate phalanx is not only intermediate in location, but usually also in size. The thumb and large toe do not possess a middle phalanx. The distal phalanges are the bones at the tips of the fingers or toes. The proximal, intermediate, and distal phalanges articulate with one another through <a href="/wiki/Interphalangeal_joints_of_hand" class="mw-redirect" title="Interphalangeal joints of hand">interphalangeal joints of hand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Interphalangeal_joints_of_the_foot" title="Interphalangeal joints of the foot">interphalangeal joints of the foot</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GRAYS2005_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRAYS2005-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 708–711">: 708–711 </span></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 708–711">: 708–711 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bone_anatomy">Bone anatomy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phalanx_bone&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Bone anatomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Each phalanx consists of a central part, called the <i>body</i>, and two extremities.<sup id="cite_ref-Rollins2022_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rollins2022-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The <i>body</i> is flat on either side, concave on the palmar surface, and convex on the dorsal surface.<sup id="cite_ref-Singh2014_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singh2014-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its sides are marked with rough areas giving attachment to fibrous sheaths of flexor tendons. It tapers from above downwards.<sup id="cite_ref-Gray's2008_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gray's2008-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i>proximal extremities</i> of the bones of the first row present oval, concave articular surfaces, broader from side to side than from front to back. The proximal extremity of each of the bones of the second and third rows presents a double concavity separated by a median ridge.<sup id="cite_ref-Gray's2008_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gray's2008-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i>distal extremities</i> are smaller than the proximal, and each ends in two <a href="/wiki/Condyle_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Condyle (anatomy)">condyles</a> (knuckles) separated by a shallow groove; the articular surface extends farther on the palmar than on the dorsal surface, a condition best marked in the bones of the first row.<sup id="cite_ref-Gray's2008_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gray's2008-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>In the foot, the proximal phalanges have a body that is compressed from side to side, convex above, and concave below. The base is concave, and the head presents a trochlear surface for articulation with the second phalanx.<sup id="cite_ref-Palastanga2013_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palastanga2013-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The middle are remarkably small and short, but rather broader than the proximal. The distal phalanges, as compared with the distal phalanges of the finger, are smaller and are flattened from above downward; each presents a broad base for articulation with the corresponding bone of the second row, and an expanded distal extremity for the support of the nail and end of the toe.<sup id="cite_ref-Iannotti2013_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iannotti2013-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Distal_phalanx">Distal phalanx</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phalanx_bone&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Distal phalanx"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the hand, the distal phalanges are flat on their palmar surface, small, and with a roughened, elevated surface of horseshoe form on the palmar surface, supporting the finger pulp.<sup id="cite_ref-GRAYS1918_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRAYS1918-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 6b. 3. The Phalanges of the Hand">: 6b. 3. The Phalanges of the Hand </span></sup> The flat, wide expansions found at the tips of the distal phalanges are called apical tufts. They support the fingertip pads and nails.<sup id="cite_ref-CARTA_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CARTA-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The phalanx of the thumb has a pronounced insertion for the <a href="/wiki/Flexor_pollicis_longus_muscle" title="Flexor pollicis longus muscle">flexor pollicis longus</a> (asymmetric towards the radial side), an ungual fossa, and a pair of unequal ungual spines (the ulnar being more prominent). This asymmetry is necessary to ensure that the thumb pulp is always facing the pulps of the other digits, an osteological configuration which provides the maximum contact surface with held objects.<sup id="cite_ref-PLOS-2010_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PLOS-2010-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the foot, the distal phalanges are flat on their dorsal surface. It is largest proximally and tapers to the distal end. The proximal part of the phalanx presents a broad base for articulation with the middle phalanx, and an expanded distal extremity for the support of the nail and end of the toe.<sup id="cite_ref-GRAYS1918_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRAYS1918-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 6b. 3. The Phalanges of the Foot">: 6b. 3. The Phalanges of the Foot </span></sup> The phalanx ends in a crescent-shaped rough cap of bone <a href="/wiki/Epiphysis" title="Epiphysis">epiphysis</a> — the apical tuft (or ungual tuberosity/process) which covers a larger portion of the phalanx on the volar side than on the dorsal side. Two lateral ungual spines project proximally from the apical tuft. Near the base of the shaft are two lateral tubercles. Between these a V-shaped ridge extending proximally serves for the insertion of the <a href="/wiki/Flexor_pollicis_longus_muscle" title="Flexor pollicis longus muscle">flexor pollicis longus</a>. Another ridge at the base serves for the insertion of the extensor <a href="/wiki/Aponeurosis" title="Aponeurosis">aponeurosis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Shrewsbury-Johnson-1975_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shrewsbury-Johnson-1975-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The flexor insertion is sided by two <a href="/wiki/Fossa_(anatomy)" title="Fossa (anatomy)">fossae</a> — the ungual fossa distally and the proximopalmar fossa proximally. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development">Development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phalanx_bone&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The number of phalanges in animals is often expressed as a "phalangeal formula" that indicates the numbers of phalanges in digits, beginning from the innermost medial or proximal. For example, humans have a 2-3-3-3-3 formula for the <a href="/wiki/Hand" title="Hand">hand</a>, meaning that the thumb has two phalanges, whilst the other fingers each have three. </p><p>In the distal phalanges of the hand the centres for the bodies appear at the distal extremities of the phalanges, instead of at the middle of the bodies, as in the other phalanges. Moreover, of all the bones of the hand, the distal phalanges are the first to ossify.<sup id="cite_ref-GRAYS1918_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRAYS1918-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 6b. 3. The Phalanges of the Hand">: 6b. 3. The Phalanges of the Hand </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function">Function</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phalanx_bone&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phalanx_bone&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2014</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Distal-phalanges-thumb-index_Journal.pone.0011727.g001.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Distal-phalanges-thumb-index_Journal.pone.0011727.g001.png/220px-Distal-phalanges-thumb-index_Journal.pone.0011727.g001.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Distal-phalanges-thumb-index_Journal.pone.0011727.g001.png/330px-Distal-phalanges-thumb-index_Journal.pone.0011727.g001.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Distal-phalanges-thumb-index_Journal.pone.0011727.g001.png/440px-Distal-phalanges-thumb-index_Journal.pone.0011727.g001.png 2x" data-file-width="2868" data-file-height="2543" /></a><figcaption>Thumb and index finger of right hand during pad-to-pad precision grasping in ulnar view.<sup id="cite_ref-PLOS-2010_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PLOS-2010-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The distal phalanges of <a href="/wiki/Ungulate" title="Ungulate">ungulates</a> carry and shape <a href="/wiki/Nail_(anatomy)" title="Nail (anatomy)">nails</a> and <a href="/wiki/Claw" title="Claw">claws</a> and these in primates are referred to as the <i><a href="/wiki/Ungual" title="Ungual">ungual</a> phalanges</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_phalanges">History of phalanges</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phalanx_bone&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: History of phalanges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phalanx_bone&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term phalanx or phalanges refers to an <a href="/wiki/Phalanx_formation" class="mw-redirect" title="Phalanx formation">ancient Greek army formation</a> in which soldiers stand side by side, several rows deep, like an arrangement of fingers or toes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_animals">Other animals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phalanx_bone&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Other animals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most land <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a> including humans have a 2-3-3-3-3 formula in both the <a href="/wiki/Hand" title="Hand">hands</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Paw" title="Paw">paws</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Foot" title="Foot">feet</a>. Primitive <a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">reptiles</a> usually had the formula 2-3-4-4-5, and this pattern, with some modification, remained in many later reptiles and in the <a href="/wiki/Mammal-like_reptile" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammal-like reptile">mammal-like reptiles</a>. The phalangeal formula in the <a href="/wiki/Flipper_(anatomy)" title="Flipper (anatomy)">flippers</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cetaceans" class="mw-redirect" title="Cetaceans">cetaceans</a> (marine mammals) varies widely due to hyperphalangy (the increase in number of <a href="/wiki/Phalanx_bones" class="mw-redirect" title="Phalanx bones">phalanx bones</a> in the digits). In <a href="/wiki/Humpback_whales" class="mw-redirect" title="Humpback whales">humpback whales</a>, for example, the phalangeal formula is 0/2/7/7/3; in <a href="/wiki/Pilot_whales" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilot whales">pilot whales</a> the formula is 1/10/7/2/1.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In vertebrates, proximal phalanges have a similar placement in the corresponding limbs, be they <a href="/wiki/Paw" title="Paw">paw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wing" title="Wing">wing</a> or <a href="/wiki/Fin" title="Fin">fin</a>. In many species, they are the longest and thickest phalanx ("finger" bone). The middle phalanx also has a corresponding place in their limbs, whether they be <a href="/wiki/Paw" title="Paw">paw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wing" title="Wing">wing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hoof" title="Hoof">hoof</a> or <a href="/wiki/Fin" title="Fin">fin</a>. </p><p>The distal phalanges are cone-shaped in most mammals, including most primates, but relatively wide and flat in humans. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Primates">Primates</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phalanx_bone&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Primates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Distal-phalanges-comparison-Journal.pone.0011727.g002.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Distal-phalanges-comparison-Journal.pone.0011727.g002.png/220px-Distal-phalanges-comparison-Journal.pone.0011727.g002.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Distal-phalanges-comparison-Journal.pone.0011727.g002.png/330px-Distal-phalanges-comparison-Journal.pone.0011727.g002.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Distal-phalanges-comparison-Journal.pone.0011727.g002.png/440px-Distal-phalanges-comparison-Journal.pone.0011727.g002.png 2x" data-file-width="956" data-file-height="923" /></a><figcaption>Morphological comparisons of pollical distal phalanges in African apes, extant humans and selected hominins. Although with several morphological differences, all the features related to refined manipulation in modern humans are already present in the late Miocene <a href="/wiki/Orrorin" title="Orrorin">Orrorin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PLOS-2010_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PLOS-2010-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The morphology of the distal phalanges of human thumbs closely reflects an adaptation for a refined precision grip with pad-to-pad contact. This has traditionally been associated with the advent of stone tool-making. However, the intrinsic hand proportions of <a href="/wiki/Australopithecus" title="Australopithecus">australopiths</a> and the resemblance between human hands and the short hands of <a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene</a> apes, suggest that human hand proportions are largely <a href="/wiki/Plesiomorphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Plesiomorphic">plesiomorphic</a> (as found in ancestral species) — in contrast to the derived elongated hand pattern and poorly developed thumb musculature of other extant <a href="/wiki/Hominoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Hominoid">hominoids</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PLOS-2010_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PLOS-2010-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Neanderthal" title="Neanderthal">Neanderthals</a>, the apical tufts were expanded and more robust than in modern and early upper Paleolithic humans. A proposal that Neanderthal distal phalanges was an adaptation to colder climate (than in Africa) is not supported by a recent comparison showing that in <a href="/wiki/Hominin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hominin">hominins</a>, cold-adapted populations possessed smaller apical tufts than do warm-adapted populations. <sup id="cite_ref-Mittra_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mittra-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In non-human, living primates the apical tufts vary in size, but they are never larger than in humans. Enlarged apical tufts, to the extent they actually reflect expanded digital pulps, may have played a significant role in enhancing friction between the hand and held objects during Neolithic toolmaking.<sup id="cite_ref-CARTA_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CARTA-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among non-human primates <a href="/wiki/Phylogenesis" title="Phylogenesis">phylogenesis</a> and style of locomotion appear to play a role in apical tuft size. Suspensory primates and <a href="/wiki/New_World_monkey" title="New World monkey">New World monkeys</a> have the smallest apical tufts, while terrestrial quadrupeds and <a href="/wiki/Strepsirrhini" title="Strepsirrhini">Strepsirrhines</a> have the largest.<sup id="cite_ref-Mittra_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mittra-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A study of the fingertip morphology of four small-bodied New World monkey species, indicated a correlation between increasing small-branch foraging and reduced flexor and extensor tubercles in distal phalanges and broadened distal parts of distal phalanges, coupled with expanded apical pads and developed epidermal ridges. This suggests that widened distal phalanges were developed in arboreal primates, rather than in quadrupedal terrestrial primates.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cetaceans">Cetaceans</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phalanx_bone&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Cetaceans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Whales exhibit hyperphalangy. Hyperphalangy is an increase in the number of phalanges beyond the <a href="/wiki/Plesiomorphy_and_symplesiomorphy" title="Plesiomorphy and symplesiomorphy">plesiomorphic</a> mammal condition of three phalanges-per-digit.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hyperphalangy was present among extinct <a href="/wiki/Marine_reptile" title="Marine reptile">marine reptiles</a> -- <a href="/wiki/Ichthyosaur" class="mw-redirect" title="Ichthyosaur">ichthyosaurs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plesiosauria" class="mw-redirect" title="Plesiosauria">plesiosaurs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mosasaur" title="Mosasaur">mosasaurs</a> -- but not other marine mammals, leaving whales as the only <a href="/wiki/Marine_mammal" title="Marine mammal">marine mammals</a> to develop this characteristic.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The evolutionary process continued over time, and a very derived form of hyperphalangy, with six or more phalanges per digit, evolved convergently in <a href="/wiki/Rorqual" title="Rorqual">rorqual whales</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_dolphin" title="Oceanic dolphin">oceanic dolphins</a>, and was likely associated with another wave of signaling within the interdigital tissues.<sup id="cite_ref-:52_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:52-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_mammals">Other mammals</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phalanx_bone&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Other mammals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="thumb tright" style=""><div class="thumbinner" style="width:-moz-fit-content; width:fit-content;"><div class="thumbimage noresize" style="width:auto;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 318.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 316.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Handskelett_MK1888.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Comparison of the phalanges of an orangutan, dog, pig, cow, tapir and horse"><img alt="Comparison of the phalanges of an orangutan, dog, pig, cow, tapir and horse" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Handskelett_MK1888.png/475px-Handskelett_MK1888.png" decoding="async" width="317" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Handskelett_MK1888.png 1.5x" data-file-width="698" data-file-height="331" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Comparison of the phalanges of an orangutan, dog, pig, cow, tapir and horse</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 80px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 78px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Masai_Giraffe_right-rear_foot.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Distal phalanges of a Masai giraffe"><img alt="Distal phalanges of a Masai giraffe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Masai_Giraffe_right-rear_foot.jpg/117px-Masai_Giraffe_right-rear_foot.jpg" decoding="async" width="78" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Masai_Giraffe_right-rear_foot.jpg/176px-Masai_Giraffe_right-rear_foot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Masai_Giraffe_right-rear_foot.jpg/235px-Masai_Giraffe_right-rear_foot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="627" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Distal phalanges of a <a href="/wiki/Masai_giraffe" title="Masai giraffe">Masai giraffe</a></div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248256098"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 227.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MC_Drei-Finger-Faultier.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Three-fingered sloth"><img alt="Three-fingered sloth" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/MC_Drei-Finger-Faultier.jpg/338px-MC_Drei-Finger-Faultier.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/MC_Drei-Finger-Faultier.jpg/507px-MC_Drei-Finger-Faultier.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/MC_Drei-Finger-Faultier.jpg/675px-MC_Drei-Finger-Faultier.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1334" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Three-fingered sloth</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Scelidotherium_right_hand.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Terminal phalanx of a Scelidotherium ground sloth"><img alt="Terminal phalanx of a Scelidotherium ground sloth" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Scelidotherium_right_hand.JPG/300px-Scelidotherium_right_hand.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Scelidotherium_right_hand.JPG/451px-Scelidotherium_right_hand.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Scelidotherium_right_hand.JPG/600px-Scelidotherium_right_hand.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Terminal phalanx of a <i><a href="/wiki/Scelidotherium" title="Scelidotherium">Scelidotherium</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Ground_sloth" title="Ground sloth">ground sloth</a></div> </li> </ul></div></div></div></div></div></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Ungulate" title="Ungulate">ungulates</a> (hoofed mammals) the forelimb is optimized for speed and endurance by a combination of length of stride and rapid step; the proximal forelimb segments are short with large muscles, while the distal segments are elongated with less musculature. In two of the major groups of ungulates, <a href="/wiki/Odd-toed_ungulate" class="mw-redirect" title="Odd-toed ungulate">odd-toed</a> and <a href="/wiki/Even-toed_ungulate" class="mw-redirect" title="Even-toed ungulate">even-toed</a> ungulates, what remain of the "hands" — the <a href="/wiki/Metacarpus" class="mw-redirect" title="Metacarpus">metacarpal</a> and phalangeal bones — are elongated to the extent that they serve little use beyond locomotion. The <a href="/wiki/Giraffe" title="Giraffe">giraffe</a>, the largest even-toed ungulate, has large terminal phalanges and fused metacarpal bones able to absorb the stress from running.<sup id="cite_ref-Gough-Palmer_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gough-Palmer-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Sloth" title="Sloth">sloth</a> spends its life hanging upside-down from branches, and has highly specialized third and fourth digits for the purpose. They have short and squat proximal phalanges with much longer terminal phalanges. They have <a href="/wiki/Vestigial" class="mw-redirect" title="Vestigial">vestigial</a> second and fifth metacarpals, and their palm extends to the distal <a href="/wiki/Interphalangeal_articulations_of_hand" class="mw-redirect" title="Interphalangeal articulations of hand">interphalangeal joints</a>. The arboreal specialization of these terminal phalanges makes it impossible for the sloth to walk on the ground where the animal has to drag its body with its claws.<sup id="cite_ref-Gough-Palmer_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gough-Palmer-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Additional_images">Additional images</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phalanx_bone&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Additional images"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Q11.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Phalanges."><img alt="Phalanges." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Q11.jpg/120px-Q11.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Q11.jpg/180px-Q11.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Q11.jpg/240px-Q11.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Phalanges.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carpus2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Phalanges."><img alt="Phalanges." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Carpus2.jpg/120px-Carpus2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Carpus2.jpg/180px-Carpus2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Carpus2.jpg/240px-Carpus2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Phalanges.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Unilateral_extra_phalangeal_crease.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Unilateral extra phalangeal crease"><img alt="Unilateral extra phalangeal crease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Unilateral_extra_phalangeal_crease.jpg/120px-Unilateral_extra_phalangeal_crease.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Unilateral_extra_phalangeal_crease.jpg/180px-Unilateral_extra_phalangeal_crease.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Unilateral_extra_phalangeal_crease.jpg/240px-Unilateral_extra_phalangeal_crease.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1015" data-file-height="723" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Unilateral extra phalangeal crease</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:814_Radiograph_of_Hand.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Joints of the hand in an X-ray image"><img alt="Joints of the hand in an X-ray image" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/814_Radiograph_of_Hand.jpg/120px-814_Radiograph_of_Hand.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/814_Radiograph_of_Hand.jpg/180px-814_Radiograph_of_Hand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/814_Radiograph_of_Hand.jpg/240px-814_Radiograph_of_Hand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="968" data-file-height="639" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Joints of the hand in an X-ray image</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Finger_phalanges_movement.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Movement of the three finger phalanges; Distal, middle and proximal"><img alt="Movement of the three finger phalanges; Distal, middle and proximal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Finger_phalanges_movement.png/120px-Finger_phalanges_movement.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Finger_phalanges_movement.png/180px-Finger_phalanges_movement.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Finger_phalanges_movement.png/240px-Finger_phalanges_movement.png 2x" data-file-width="1121" data-file-height="384" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Movement of the three finger phalanges; Distal, middle and proximal </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phalanx_bone&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article uses <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terminology" title="Anatomical terminology">anatomical terminology</a>.</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hand" title="Hand">Hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foot" title="Foot">Foot</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phalanx_bone&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-eval&manage-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eval&manage_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eval&manage_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHatchHacking2003" class="citation journal cs1">Hatch, RL; Hacking, S (15 December 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aafp.org/afp/2003/1215/p2413.html">"Evaluation and management of toe fractures"</a>. <i>American Family Physician</i>. <b>68</b> (12): 2413–8. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14705761">14705761</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Family+Physician&rft.atitle=Evaluation+and+management+of+toe+fractures.&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=2413-8&rft.date=2003-12-15&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14705761&rft.aulast=Hatch&rft.aufirst=RL&rft.au=Hacking%2C+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aafp.org%2Fafp%2F2003%2F1215%2Fp2413.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhalanx+bone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoultonPrasadLambSirikonda2012" class="citation journal cs1">Moulton, Lawrence Stephen; Prasad, Seema; Lamb, Robert G.; Sirikonda, Siva P. (December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23093121/">"How many joints does the 5th toe have? A review of 606 patients of 655 foot radiographs"</a>. <i>Foot and Ankle Surgery</i>. <b>18</b> (4): 263–265. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.fas.2012.04.003">10.1016/j.fas.2012.04.003</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1460-9584">1460-9584</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23093121">23093121</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foot+and+Ankle+Surgery&rft.atitle=How+many+joints+does+the+5th+toe+have%3F+A+review+of+606+patients+of+655+foot+radiographs&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=263-265&rft.date=2012-12&rft.issn=1460-9584&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23093121&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.fas.2012.04.003&rft.aulast=Moulton&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+Stephen&rft.au=Prasad%2C+Seema&rft.au=Lamb%2C+Robert+G.&rft.au=Sirikonda%2C+Siva+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F23093121%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhalanx+bone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-White2011-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-White2011_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhiteBlackFolkens2011" class="citation book cs1">White, Tim; Black, Michael; Folkens, Pieter (2011). "13 - Foot: Tarsals, Metatarsals, and Phalanges". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elsevier.com/books/human-osteology/white/978-0-08-092085-6"><i>Human Osteology</i></a> (3 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Academic_Press" title="Academic Press">Academic Press</a>. p. 292. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-080-92085-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-080-92085-6"><bdi>978-0-080-92085-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=13+-+Foot%3A+Tarsals%2C+Metatarsals%2C+and+Phalanges&rft.btitle=Human+Osteology&rft.pages=292&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-080-92085-6&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft.au=Black%2C+Michael&rft.au=Folkens%2C+Pieter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elsevier.com%2Fbooks%2Fhuman-osteology%2Fwhite%2F978-0-08-092085-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhalanx+bone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GRAYS2005-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GRAYS2005_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrakeVoglTibbitts2005" class="citation book cs1">Drake, Richard L.; Vogl, Wayne; Tibbitts, Adam W. 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Arcturus Publishing. pp. 192–193. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-841-93958-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-841-93958-2"><bdi>978-1-841-93958-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gray%27s+Anatomy&rft.pages=192-193&rft.pub=Arcturus+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-841-93958-2&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abebooks.com%2FGrays-Anatomy-Carter-Henry-Arcturus-Publishing%2F31017006929%2Fbd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhalanx+bone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Palastanga2013-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Palastanga2013_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalastangaFieldSoames2013" class="citation book cs1">Palastanga, Nigel; Field, Derek; Soames, Roger (2013). <i>Anatomy and Human Movement: Structure and Function</i>. <a href="/wiki/Butterworth-Heinemann" title="Butterworth-Heinemann">Butterworth-Heinemann</a>. p. 336. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-483-19274-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-483-19274-1"><bdi>978-1-483-19274-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anatomy+and+Human+Movement%3A+Structure+and+Function&rft.pages=336&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-483-19274-1&rft.aulast=Palastanga&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rft.au=Field%2C+Derek&rft.au=Soames%2C+Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhalanx+bone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Iannotti2013-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Iannotti2013_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIannottiParker2013" class="citation book cs1">Iannotti, Joseph; Parker, Richard (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elsevier.com/books/the-netter-collection-of-medical-illustrations-musculoskeletal-system-volume-6-part-ii---spine-and-lower-limb/978-1-4160-6382-7"><i>The Netter Collection of Medical Illustrations: Musculoskeletal System, Volume 6, Part II - Spine and Lower Limb</i></a> (2 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Elsevier_Health_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Elsevier Health Sciences">Elsevier Health Sciences</a>. p. 206. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-416-06382-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-416-06382-7"><bdi>978-1-416-06382-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Netter+Collection+of+Medical+Illustrations%3A+Musculoskeletal+System%2C+Volume+6%2C+Part+II+-+Spine+and+Lower+Limb&rft.pages=206&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Elsevier+Health+Sciences&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-416-06382-7&rft.aulast=Iannotti&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft.au=Parker%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elsevier.com%2Fbooks%2Fthe-netter-collection-of-medical-illustrations-musculoskeletal-system-volume-6-part-ii---spine-and-lower-limb%2F978-1-4160-6382-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhalanx+bone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GRAYS1918-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GRAYS1918_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GRAYS1918_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GRAYS1918_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGray1918" class="citation book cs1">Gray, Henry (1918). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/anatomyofhumanbo1985gray"><i>Anatomy of the Human Body</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8121-0644-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8121-0644-X"><bdi>0-8121-0644-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anatomy+of+the+Human+Body&rft.date=1918&rft.isbn=0-8121-0644-X&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fanatomyofhumanbo1985gray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhalanx+bone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CARTA-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CARTA_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CARTA_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://carta.anthropogeny.org/moca/topics/apical-phalangeal-tufts">"Apical Phalangeal Tufts"</a>. Center for Academic Research & Training in Anthropogeny<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 28,</span> 2017</span>. <q>The tufts support the fleshy volar pad (also known as the distal pulp) on the palmar (volar) surface of the finger, as well as the nail on the dorsal surface.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Apical+Phalangeal+Tufts&rft.pub=Center+for+Academic+Research+%26+Training+in+Anthropogeny&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcarta.anthropogeny.org%2Fmoca%2Ftopics%2Fapical-phalangeal-tufts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhalanx+bone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PLOS-2010-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PLOS-2010_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PLOS-2010_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PLOS-2010_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PLOS-2010_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlmécijaMoyà-SolàAlbaStrait2010" class="citation journal cs1">Almécija, Sergio; Moyà-Solà, Salvador; Alba, David M.; Strait, David S. (22 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2908684">"Early Origin for Human-Like Precision Grasping: A Comparative Study of Pollical Distal Phalanges in Fossil Hominins"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>5</b> (7): e11727. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010PLoSO...511727A">2010PLoSO...511727A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0011727">10.1371/journal.pone.0011727</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2908684">2908684</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20661444">20661444</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Early+Origin+for+Human-Like+Precision+Grasping%3A+A+Comparative+Study+of+Pollical+Distal+Phalanges+in+Fossil+Hominins&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=e11727&rft.date=2010-07-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2908684%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20661444&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0011727&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010PLoSO...511727A&rft.aulast=Alm%C3%A9cija&rft.aufirst=Sergio&rft.au=Moy%C3%A0-Sol%C3%A0%2C+Salvador&rft.au=Alba%2C+David+M.&rft.au=Strait%2C+David+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2908684&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhalanx+bone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shrewsbury-Johnson-1975-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shrewsbury-Johnson-1975_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShrewsburyJohnson1975">Shrewsbury & Johnson 1975</a>, p. 784<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFShrewsburyJohnson1975 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cooper et al, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320639177_Review_and_experimental_evaluation_of_the_embryonic_development_and_evolutionary_history_of_flipper_development_and_hyperphalangy_in_dolphins_Cetacea_Mammalia">"Review and experimental evaluation of the embryonic development and evolutionary history of flipper development and hyperphalangy in dolphins (Cetacea: Mammalia)"</a>, <i>ResearchGate</i>, doi: 10.1002/dvg.23076. October 2017</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mittra-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mittra_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mittra_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMittraSmithLemelinJungers2007" class="citation journal cs1">Mittra, ES; Smith, HF; Lemelin, P; Jungers, WL (Dec 2007). 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Sears, Karen; Armfield, Brooke; Kala, Bhavneet; Hubler, Merla; Thewissen, J G M (2017-10-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320639177">"Review and experimental evaluation of the embryonic development and evolutionary history of flipper development and hyperphalangy in dolphins (Cetacea: Mammalia)"</a>. <i>Genesis</i>. <b>56</b> (1): e23076. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fdvg.23076">10.1002/dvg.23076</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29068152">29068152</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genesis&rft.atitle=Review+and+experimental+evaluation+of+the+embryonic+development+and+evolutionary+history+of+flipper+development+and+hyperphalangy+in+dolphins+%28Cetacea%3A+Mammalia%29&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=e23076&rft.date=2017-10-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fdvg.23076&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29068152&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rft.au=Sears%2C+Karen&rft.au=Armfield%2C+Brooke&rft.au=Kala%2C+Bhavneet&rft.au=Hubler%2C+Merla&rft.au=Thewissen%2C+J+G+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F320639177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhalanx+bone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFedakHall2004" class="citation journal cs1">Fedak, Tim J; 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Maclachlan, Jody; Routh, Andrew (March 2008). "Paws for Thought: Comparative Radiologic Anatomy of the Mammalian Forelimb". <i>RadioGraphics</i>. <b>28</b> (2): 501–510. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1148%2Frg.282075061">10.1148/rg.282075061</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18349453">18349453</a>.</cite><span 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mandible">mandible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyoid_bone" title="Hyoid bone">hyoid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ear" title="Ear">Ear</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ossicles" title="Ossicles">ossicles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malleus" title="Malleus">malleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incus" title="Incus">incus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stapes" title="Stapes">stapes</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Thoracic_skeleton" class="mw-redirect" title="Thoracic skeleton">Thorax</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sternum" title="Sternum">sternum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rib_cage" title="Rib cage">rib cage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rib" title="Rib">rib</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vertebral_column" title="Vertebral column">Vertebral column</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spinal_vertebra" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinal vertebra">vertebrae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cervical_vertebrae" title="Cervical vertebrae">cervical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoracic_vertebrae" title="Thoracic vertebrae">thoracic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumbar_vertebrae" title="Lumbar vertebrae">lumbar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrum" title="Sacrum">sacrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coccyx" title="Coccyx">coccyx</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Appendicular_skeleton" title="Appendicular skeleton">Appendicular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pectoral_girdle" class="mw-redirect" title="Pectoral girdle">Shoulder</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clavicle" title="Clavicle">clavicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scapula" title="Scapula">scapula</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arm" title="Arm">Arm</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Humerus" title="Humerus">humerus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulna" title="Ulna">ulna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radius_(bone)" title="Radius (bone)">radius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hand" title="Hand">Hand</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carpal_bones" title="Carpal bones">carpals</a> (<a href="/wiki/Scaphoid_bone" title="Scaphoid bone">scaphoid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lunate_bone" title="Lunate bone">lunate bone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Triquetral_bone" title="Triquetral bone">triquetral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pisiform_bone" title="Pisiform bone">pisiform</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trapezium_(bone)" title="Trapezium (bone)">trapezium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trapezoid_bone" title="Trapezoid bone">trapezoid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capitate_bone" title="Capitate bone">capitate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamate_bone" title="Hamate bone">hamate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metacarpus" class="mw-redirect" title="Metacarpus">metacarpals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phalanges_of_the_hand" class="mw-redirect" title="Phalanges of the hand">phalanges</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proximal_phalanges" class="mw-redirect" title="Proximal phalanges">prox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intermediate_phalanges" class="mw-redirect" title="Intermediate phalanges">int</a>, <a href="/wiki/Distal_phalanges" class="mw-redirect" title="Distal phalanges">dist</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pelvis" title="Pelvis">Pelvis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ilium_(bone)" title="Ilium (bone)">ilium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ischium" title="Ischium">ischium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pubis_(bone)" title="Pubis (bone)">pubis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_leg" title="Human leg">Leg</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Femur" title="Femur">femur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patella" title="Patella">patella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibula" title="Fibula">fibula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibia" title="Tibia">tibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesamoid_bones" class="mw-redirect" title="Sesamoid bones">sesamoid bones</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foot" title="Foot">Foot</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tarsus_(skeleton)" title="Tarsus (skeleton)">tarsals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heelbone" class="mw-redirect" title="Heelbone">heelbone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anklebone" class="mw-redirect" title="Anklebone">anklebone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navicular_bone" title="Navicular bone">navicular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform_bones" title="Cuneiform bones">cuneiform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuboid_bone" title="Cuboid bone">cuboid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metatarsus" class="mw-redirect" title="Metatarsus">metatarsals</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">phalanges</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proximal_phalanges" class="mw-redirect" title="Proximal phalanges">proximal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_phalanges" class="mw-redirect" title="Intermediate phalanges">intermediate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distal_phalanges" class="mw-redirect" title="Distal phalanges">distal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accessory_bone" title="Accessory bone">accessory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accessory_navicular_bone" title="Accessory navicular bone">accessory navicular</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bones_of_the_arm" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bones_of_upper_limb" title="Template:Bones of upper limb"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bones_of_upper_limb" 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href="/wiki/Costal_tuberosity_of_clavicle" title="Costal tuberosity of clavicle">costal tuberosity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subclavian_groove" title="Subclavian groove">subclavian groove</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scapula" title="Scapula">Scapula</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>fossae</i> (<a href="/wiki/Subscapular_fossa" class="mw-redirect" title="Subscapular fossa">subscapular</a>, <a href="/wiki/Supraspinatous_fossa" class="mw-redirect" title="Supraspinatous fossa">supraspinatous</a>, <a href="/wiki/Infraspinatous_fossa" class="mw-redirect" title="Infraspinatous fossa">infraspinatous</a>)</li> <li><i>notches</i> (<a href="/wiki/Suprascapular_notch" title="Suprascapular notch">suprascapular</a>, <a href="/wiki/Great_scapular_notch" title="Great scapular notch">great scapular</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenoid_fossa" title="Glenoid fossa">glenoid fossa</a></li> <li><i>tubercles</i> (<a href="/wiki/Infraglenoid_tubercle" title="Infraglenoid tubercle">infraglenoid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Supraglenoid_tubercle" title="Supraglenoid tubercle">supraglenoid</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spine_of_scapula" title="Spine of scapula">spine of scapula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acromion" title="Acromion">acromion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coracoid_process" title="Coracoid process">coracoid process</a></li> <li><i>angles</i> (<a href="/wiki/Superior_angle_of_scapula" class="mw-redirect" title="Superior angle of scapula">superior</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inferior_angle_of_the_scapula" class="mw-redirect" title="Inferior angle of the scapula">inferior</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lateral_angle_of_the_scapula" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateral angle of the scapula">lateral</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Humerus" title="Humerus">Humerus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Upper_extremity_of_humerus" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper extremity of humerus">upper extremity</a>:</i> <i>necks</i> (<a href="/wiki/Anatomical_neck_of_humerus" title="Anatomical neck of humerus">anatomical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surgical_neck_of_the_humerus" title="Surgical neck of the humerus">surgical</a>)</li> <li><i>tubercles</i> (<a href="/wiki/Greater_tubercle" title="Greater tubercle">greater</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lesser_tubercle" title="Lesser tubercle">lesser</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicipital_groove" title="Bicipital groove">bicipital groove</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Body_of_humerus" class="mw-redirect" title="Body of humerus">body</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Radial_sulcus" class="mw-redirect" title="Radial sulcus">radial sulcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deltoid_tuberosity" title="Deltoid tuberosity">deltoid tuberosity</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lower_extremity_of_humerus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower extremity of humerus">lower extremity</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Capitulum_of_the_humerus" title="Capitulum of the humerus">capitulum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trochlea_of_humerus" title="Trochlea of humerus">trochlea</a></li> <li><i>epicondyles</i> (<a href="/wiki/Lateral_epicondyle_of_the_humerus" title="Lateral epicondyle of the humerus">lateral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medial_epicondyle_of_the_humerus" title="Medial epicondyle of the humerus">medial</a>)</li> <li><i>supracondylar ridges</i> (<a href="/wiki/Lateral_supracondylar_ridge" title="Lateral supracondylar ridge">lateral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medial_supracondylar_ridge" title="Medial supracondylar ridge">medial</a>)</li> <li><i>fossae</i> (<a href="/wiki/Radial_fossa" title="Radial fossa">radial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coronoid_fossa_of_the_humerus" title="Coronoid fossa of the humerus">coronoid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olecranon_fossa" title="Olecranon fossa">olecranon</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Forearm" title="Forearm">Forearm</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Radius_(bone)" title="Radius (bone)">Radius</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>near elbow (<a href="/wiki/Head_of_radius" title="Head of radius">head</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radial_tuberosity" title="Radial tuberosity">tuberosity</a>)</li> <li>near wrist (<a href="/wiki/Ulnar_notch_of_the_radius" title="Ulnar notch of the radius">ulnar notch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radial_styloid_process" title="Radial styloid process">styloid process</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lister%27s_tubercle" title="Lister's tubercle">Lister's tubercle</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ulna" title="Ulna">Ulna</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>near elbow (<a href="/wiki/Tuberosity_of_the_ulna" title="Tuberosity of the ulna">tuberosity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olecranon" title="Olecranon">olecranon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coronoid_process_of_the_ulna" title="Coronoid process of the ulna">coronoid process</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radial_notch" title="Radial notch">radial notch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trochlear_notch" title="Trochlear notch">trochlear notch</a>)</li> <li>near wrist (<a href="/wiki/Ulnar_styloid_process" title="Ulnar styloid process">styloid process</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hand" title="Hand">Hand</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Carpal_bones" title="Carpal bones">Carpal bones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scaphoid_bone" title="Scaphoid bone">scaphoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunate_bone" title="Lunate bone">lunate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triquetral_bone" title="Triquetral bone">triquetral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisiform_bone" title="Pisiform bone">pisiform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trapezium_(bone)" title="Trapezium (bone)">trapezium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trapezoid_bone" title="Trapezoid bone">trapezoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitate_bone" title="Capitate bone">capitate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamate_bone" title="Hamate bone">hamate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamulus_of_hamate_bone" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamulus of hamate bone">hamulus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metacarpal_bones" title="Metacarpal bones">Metacarpal bones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_metacarpal_bone" title="First metacarpal bone">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_metacarpal_bone" title="Second metacarpal bone">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_metacarpal_bone" title="Third metacarpal bone">3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_metacarpal_bone" title="Fourth metacarpal bone">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_metacarpal_bone" title="Fifth metacarpal bone">5th</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Phalanges</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proximal_phalanges" class="mw-redirect" title="Proximal phalanges">proximal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_phalanges" class="mw-redirect" title="Intermediate phalanges">intermediate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distal_phalanges" class="mw-redirect" title="Distal phalanges">distal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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