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class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Indhold</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">flyt til sidebjælken</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">skjul</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Indledning</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Opfindelsen_af_dampmaskinen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opfindelsen_af_dampmaskinen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Opfindelsen af dampmaskinen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opfindelsen_af_dampmaskinen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dampmaskinens_udvikling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dampmaskinens_udvikling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Dampmaskinens udvikling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dampmaskinens_udvikling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Teknologien_bag_dampmaskinen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teknologien_bag_dampmaskinen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Teknologien bag dampmaskinen</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Teknologien_bag_dampmaskinen-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Vis/skjul underafsnit Teknologien bag dampmaskinen</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Teknologien_bag_dampmaskinen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Thomas_Savery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thomas_Savery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Thomas Savery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thomas_Savery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Newcomens_Dampmaskine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Newcomens_Dampmaskine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Newcomens Dampmaskine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Newcomens_Dampmaskine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-James_Watt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#James_Watt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>James Watt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-James_Watt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dampmaskinens_betydning_for_det_engelske_samfund_fra_1700_til_1850" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dampmaskinens_betydning_for_det_engelske_samfund_fra_1700_til_1850"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Dampmaskinens betydning for det engelske samfund fra 1700 til 1850</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dampmaskinens_betydning_for_det_engelske_samfund_fra_1700_til_1850-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Problemer_ved_dampmaskiner" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Problemer_ved_dampmaskiner"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Problemer ved dampmaskiner</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Problemer_ved_dampmaskiner-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sammenfatning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sammenfatning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Sammenfatning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sammenfatning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kilder/referencer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kilder/referencer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Kilder/referencer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kilder/referencer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Se_også" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Se_også"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Se også</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Se_også-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eksterne_henvisninger" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eksterne_henvisninger"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Eksterne henvisninger</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eksterne_henvisninger-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Indhold" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Vis/skjul indholdsfortegnelsen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Vis/skjul indholdsfortegnelsen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Dampmaskine</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå til en artikel på et andet sprog. Tilgængelig på 109 sprog" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-109" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">109 sprog</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoomenjin" title="Stoomenjin – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Stoomenjin" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dampfmaschine" title="Dampfmaschine – schweizertysk" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Dampfmaschine" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="schweizertysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maquina_de_vapor" title="Maquina de vapor – aragonsk" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Maquina de vapor" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8" title="भाप इंजन – angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="भाप इंजन" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%83_%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="محرك بخاري – arabisk" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="محرك بخاري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8" title="ভাপ ইঞ্জিন – assamesisk" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ভাপ ইঞ্জিন" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1quina_de_vapor" title="Máquina de vapor – asturisk" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Máquina de vapor" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buxar_ma%C5%9F%C4%B1n%C4%B1" title="Buxar maşını – aserbajdsjansk" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Buxar maşını" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="aserbajdsjansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C" title="بوخار ماشینی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بوخار ماشینی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D2%BB%D1%8B" title="Пар машинаһы – bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Пар машинаһы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Парасілавая ўстаноўка – belarusisk" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Парасілавая ўстаноўка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Парасілавая ўстаноўка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Парасілавая ўстаноўка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Парна машина – bulgarsk" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Парна машина" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8" title="বাষ্পীয় ইঞ্জিন – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বাষ্পীয় ইঞ্জিন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekanik_dre_vurezh" title="Mekanik dre vurezh – bretonsk" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Mekanik dre vurezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parna_ma%C5%A1ina" title="Parna mašina – bosnisk" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Parna mašina" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosnisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A0quina_de_vapor" title="Màquina de vapor – catalansk" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Màquina de vapor" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%80%D0%B0%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Ӏаьнаран машен – tjetjensk" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Ӏаьнаран машен" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="tjetjensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B2%D9%88%DB%8E%D9%86%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%8C_%DA%BE%DB%95%DA%B5%D9%85%DB%8C" title="بزوێنەری ھەڵمی – sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بزوێنەری ھەڵمی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parn%C3%AD_stroj" title="Parní stroj – tjekkisk" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Parní stroj" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tjekkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peiriant_ager" title="Peiriant ager – walisisk" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Peiriant ager" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="walisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dampfmaschine" title="Dampfmaschine – tysk" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Dampfmaschine" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%84%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B7%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AE" title="Ατμομηχανή – græsk" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ατμομηχανή" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="græsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_engine" title="Steam engine – engelsk" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Steam engine" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaporma%C5%9Dino" title="Vapormaŝino – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vapormaŝino" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1quina_de_vapor" title="Máquina de vapor – spansk" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Máquina de vapor" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurumasin" title="Aurumasin – estisk" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Aurumasin" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lurrun-makina" title="Lurrun-makina – baskisk" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Lurrun-makina" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="موتور بخار – persisk" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="موتور بخار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B6yrykone" title="Höyrykone – finsk" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Höyrykone" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurumoodor" title="Aurumoodor – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Aurumoodor" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_%C3%A0_vapeur" title="Machine à vapeur – fransk" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Machine à vapeur" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="fransk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoommasine" title="Stoommasine – vestfrisisk" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Stoommasine" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="vestfrisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inneall_gaile" title="Inneall gaile – irsk" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Inneall gaile" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machin_a_vap%C3%B2" title="Machin a vapò – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Machin a vapò" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inneal-sm%C3%B9ide" title="Inneal-smùide – skotsk gælisk" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Inneal-smùide" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="skotsk gælisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1quina_de_vapor" title="Máquina de vapor – galicisk" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Máquina de vapor" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A2_%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8" title="מנוע קיטור – hebraisk" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מנוע קיטור" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebraisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8" title="भाप का इंजन – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="भाप का इंजन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhaap_ingin" title="Bhaap ingin – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Bhaap ingin" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parni_stroj" title="Parni stroj – kroatisk" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Parni stroj" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C5%91zg%C3%A9p" title="Gőzgép – ungarsk" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gőzgép" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%87%D5%B8%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%B4%D5%A5%D6%84%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A1" title="Շոգեմեքենա – armensk" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Շոգեմեքենա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machina_de_vapor" title="Machina de vapor – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Machina de vapor" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesin_uap" title="Mesin uap – indonesisk" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mesin uap" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaporomashino" title="Vaporomashino – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Vaporomashino" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gufuv%C3%A9l" title="Gufuvél – islandsk" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Gufuvél" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motore_a_vapore" title="Motore a vapore – italiensk" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Motore a vapore" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%92%B8%E6%B0%97%E6%A9%9F%E9%96%A2" title="蒸気機関 – japansk" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="蒸気機関" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stiim_injin" title="Stiim injin – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Stiim injin" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesin_uwab" title="Mesin uwab – javanesisk" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Mesin uwab" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feveku_%C3%B1%C9%A9%C9%A3y%CA%8B%CA%8B" title="Feveku ñɩɣyʋʋ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Feveku ñɩɣyʋʋ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Бу машинасы – kasakhisk" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Бу машинасы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kasakhisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%89%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ಉಗಿಯಂತ್ರ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಉಗಿಯಂತ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A6%9D%EA%B8%B0%EA%B8%B0%EA%B4%80" title="증기기관 – koreansk" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="증기기관" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%83_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Буу машинасы – kirgisisk" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Буу машинасы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="fremragende artikel"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machina_vaporaria" title="Machina vaporaria – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Machina vaporaria" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_a_vapor" title="Motor a vapor – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Motor a vapor" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garo_ma%C5%A1ina" title="Garo mašina – litauisk" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Garo mašina" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litauisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tvaika_dzin%C4%93js" title="Tvaika dzinējs – lettisk" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tvaika dzinējs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="lettisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Парна машина – makedonsk" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Парна машина" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="ആവിയന്ത്രം – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആവിയന്ത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Уурын машин – mongolsk" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Уурын машин" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="वाफेचे इंजिन – marathisk" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="वाफेचे इंजिन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enjin_wap" title="Enjin wap – malajisk" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Enjin wap" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%94%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%84%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B7_%E1%80%A1%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="ရေနွေးငွေ့ အင်ဂျင် – burmesisk" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရေနွေးငွေ့ အင်ဂျင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="burmesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="वाष्प इन्जिन – nepalesisk" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="वाष्प इन्जिन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="स्टिम इन्जिन – newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="स्टिम इन्जिन" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoommachine" title="Stoommachine – nederlandsk" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Stoommachine" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dampmaskin" title="Dampmaskin – nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Dampmaskin" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="fremragende artikel"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dampmaskin" title="Dampmaskin – bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Dampmaskin" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maquina_de_vapor" title="Maquina de vapor – occitansk" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Maquina de vapor" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%87%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%A3" title="ਭਾਫ਼ ਦਾ ਇੰਜਣ – punjabisk" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਭਾਫ਼ ਦਾ ਇੰਜਣ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silnik_parowy" title="Silnik parowy – polsk" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Silnik parowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%81_%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%86" title="بھاف آلا انجن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بھاف آلا انجن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%A8%DA%93%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%86" title="د بړاس ماشين – pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د بړاس ماشين" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_a_vapor" title="Motor a vapor – portugisisk" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Motor a vapor" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wapsi_kuyuchina" title="Wapsi kuyuchina – quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Wapsi kuyuchina" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_cu_abur" title="Motor cu abur – rumænsk" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Motor cu abur" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumænsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Паровая машина – russisk" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Паровая машина" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Парова машына – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Парова машына" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BB%D8%A7%DA%A6_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%DA%BB" title="ٻاڦ وارو انجڻ – sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ٻاڦ وارو انجڻ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parna_ma%C5%A1ina" title="Parna mašina – serbokroatisk" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Parna mašina" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_engine" title="Steam engine – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Steam engine" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parn%C3%BD_stroj" title="Parný stroj – slovakisk" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Parný stroj" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovakisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="fremragende artikel"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parni_stroj" title="Parni stroj – slovensk" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Parni stroj" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makina_me_avull" title="Makina me avull – albansk" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Makina me avull" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Парна машина – serbisk" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Парна машина" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85ngmaskin" title="Ångmaskin – svensk" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ångmaskin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injini_ya_mvuke" title="Injini ya mvuke – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Injini ya mvuke" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF" title="நீராவிப் பொறி – tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நீராவிப் பொறி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF_%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82" title="ఆవిరి యంత్రం – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఆవిరి యంత్రం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3" title="เครื่องจักรไอน้ำ – thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เครื่องจักรไอน้ำ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makinang_pinasisingawan" title="Makinang pinasisingawan – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Makinang pinasisingawan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buhar_makinesi" title="Buhar makinesi – tyrkisk" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Buhar makinesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="tyrkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bu_y%C3%B6rtke%C3%A7e_(ma%C5%9Fina)" title="Bu yörtkeçe (maşina) – tatarisk" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Bu yörtkeçe (maşina)" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%89%D9%86%D9%89%D8%B3%D9%89" title="ھور ماشىنىسى – uygurisk" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ھور ماشىنىسى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="uygurisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Парова машина – ukrainsk" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Парова машина" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%86" title="دخانی انجن – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="دخانی انجن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bug%CA%BB_mashinasi" title="Bugʻ mashinasi – usbekisk" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Bugʻ mashinasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="usbekisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puruma%C5%A1in" title="Purumašin – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Purumašin" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%99ng_c%C6%A1_h%C6%A1i_n%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc" title="Động cơ hơi nước – vietnamesisk" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Động cơ hơi nước" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makina_nga_ginpapaalisngawan" title="Makina nga ginpapaalisngawan – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Makina nga ginpapaalisngawan" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%92%B8%E6%B1%BD%E6%9C%BA" title="蒸汽机 – wu-kinesisk" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="蒸汽机" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu-kinesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%98%D7%90%D7%A8" title="דאמפמאטאר – jiddisch" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="דאמפמאטאר" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="jiddisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%92%B8%E6%B1%BD%E6%9C%BA" title="蒸汽机 – kinesisk" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="蒸汽机" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kinesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheng-kh%C3%AC_ki-koan" title="Cheng-khì ki-koan – min-kinesisk" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Cheng-khì ki-koan" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="min-kinesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%92%B8%E6%B1%BD%E6%A9%9F" title="蒸汽機 – kantonesisk" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="蒸汽機" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isilumbamdiki_somusi" title="Isilumbamdiki somusi – zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Isilumbamdiki somusi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q12760#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Redigér sproglinks" class="wbc-editpage">Redigér links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Navnerum"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Steam_engine_in_action.gif/400px-Steam_engine_in_action.gif" decoding="async" width="400" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Steam_engine_in_action.gif/600px-Steam_engine_in_action.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Steam_engine_in_action.gif 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="410" /></a><figcaption>Animation af kørende dampmaskine med en drivende <a href="/wiki/Krumtapmekanisme" title="Krumtapmekanisme">krumtapmekanisme</a> – og <a href="/wiki/Dobbeltvirkende_cylinder" class="mw-redirect" title="Dobbeltvirkende cylinder">dobbeltvirkende cylinder</a>. Der er også en krumtapmekanisme, som styrer <i>glideren</i> placeret oven på cylinderen. Glideren fordeler på skift dampen til den dobbeltvirkende cylinders to kamre og åbner, så dampen kan ledes bort fra den modsatte side af stemplet. En lodret roterende aksel med to kugler er <i><a href="/wiki/Centrifugalregulator" title="Centrifugalregulator">regulatoren</a></i>, der via en trækstang drøvler damptilførslen, når hastigheden går op, og kuglerne svinger længere ud, og omvendt, når hastigheden går ned. Herved sikres en konstant arbejdshastighed.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Maquina_vapor_Watt_ETSIIM.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Maquina_vapor_Watt_ETSIIM.jpg/250px-Maquina_vapor_Watt_ETSIIM.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Maquina_vapor_Watt_ETSIIM.jpg/375px-Maquina_vapor_Watt_ETSIIM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Maquina_vapor_Watt_ETSIIM.jpg/500px-Maquina_vapor_Watt_ETSIIM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="760" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Watt-dampmaskine" title="Watt-dampmaskine">James Watts dampmaskine</a>, som er udstillet i vestibulen på Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Industriales de la UPM i <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>En <b>dampmaskine</b> er en <a href="/wiki/Transducer" title="Transducer">transducer</a>, der kan omsætte noget af den <a href="/wiki/Termiske_energi" class="mw-redirect" title="Termiske energi">termiske energi</a> i <a href="/wiki/Vanddamp" title="Vanddamp">vanddamp</a> under tryk til <a href="/wiki/Mekanisk_arbejde" class="mw-redirect" title="Mekanisk arbejde">mekanisk arbejde</a>. </p><p>Når denne passive sammentrækning (passiv fraførsel af vanddamp) - og udvidelse (tilførsel af vanddamp) foregår i en lukket cylinder, kan et stempel gå op og ned. Hvis det er forbundet med en pumpestang, kan et svinghjul give en roterende bevægelse. Dampmaskinens effektivitet afhænger af, hvor stor en del af den tilførte varmeenergi, der omsættes til bevægelse. </p><p>Dampmaskinen var grundlaget for en ny tidsalder: Den <a href="/wiki/Industrielle_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrielle revolution">industrielle revolution</a>. Mange historikere bruger betegnelsen den industrielle revolution om de store forandringer, som foregik i <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> mellem <a href="/wiki/1760" title="1760">1760</a> og <a href="/wiki/1840" title="1840">1840</a>. Her er det vigtigt at huske, at det var dampmaskinen, som var motoren bag de store forandringer. I kølvandet af dampmaskinen fulgte en lang række andre tekniske fornyelser. Man gik fra håndværk og hjemmefabrikation til <a href="/wiki/Masseproduktion" title="Masseproduktion">masseproduktion</a>, hvilket var med til at sikre Englands førende position i 1700- og 1800-tallet. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opfindelsen_af_dampmaskinen">Opfindelsen af dampmaskinen</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dampmaskine&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Redigér afsnit: Opfindelsen af dampmaskinen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dampmaskine&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Opfindelsen af dampmaskinen"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="detail"><span><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Nuvola_apps_download_manager2-70%25.svg/15px-Nuvola_apps_download_manager2-70%25.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Nuvola_apps_download_manager2-70%25.svg/23px-Nuvola_apps_download_manager2-70%25.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Nuvola_apps_download_manager2-70%25.svg/30px-Nuvola_apps_download_manager2-70%25.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></span></span> <span>Hovedartikel: <a href="/wiki/Herons_dampkugle" title="Herons dampkugle">Herons dampkugle</a>.</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Heron%27s_Eolipile.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Heron%27s_Eolipile.jpg/220px-Heron%27s_Eolipile.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Heron%27s_Eolipile.jpg/330px-Heron%27s_Eolipile.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Heron%27s_Eolipile.jpg/440px-Heron%27s_Eolipile.jpg 2x" data-file-width="839" data-file-height="1125" /></a><figcaption>Herons dampkugle.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Herons_eolipil,_Nordisk_familjebok.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Herons_eolipil%2C_Nordisk_familjebok.png/220px-Herons_eolipil%2C_Nordisk_familjebok.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/Herons_eolipil%2C_Nordisk_familjebok.png 1.5x" data-file-width="289" data-file-height="225" /></a><figcaption>Herons kugle som laboratorieopstilling.</figcaption></figure> <p>Mange tror, at <a href="/wiki/James_Watt" title="James Watt">James Watt</a> stod bag opfindelsen af dampmaskinen. Men i virkeligheden var der mange fysikere og matematikere, som eksperimenterede med dampdrevne maskiner. En af dem var franskmanden <a href="/wiki/Denis_Papin" title="Denis Papin">Denis Papin</a>, som konstruererede en maskine, der kunne bevæge sig. Den ældste optegnelse af forsøg med damp stammer helt tilbage fra midten af det 1. århundrede e.Kr. Forsøget blev udført i <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a> af Heron. </p><p>Den græske matematiker <a href="/wiki/Heron" title="Heron">Heron</a> havde lavet en kugle, der roterede. Kuglens drivkraft kom fra damp, idet den var fastgjort i to rør, der virkede som <a href="/wiki/Dampturbine" title="Dampturbine">dampturbiner</a>. Princippet bag var enkelt: Den opstigende vanddamp fyldte den hule kugle og fik den til at dreje rundt. </p><p>I princippet havde Heron lavet en fuldt færdig dampturbine. Grunden, til at den ikke fik nogen praktisk anvendelse, var, at den var uøkonomisk, og man ikke vidste, hvad den kunne bruges til.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kildeangivelser" title="Wikipedia:Kildeangivelser"><span title="Dette udsagn mangler reference til pålidelige kilder. (siden oktober 2019)">kilde mangler</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dampmaskinens_udvikling">Dampmaskinens udvikling</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dampmaskine&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Redigér afsnit: Dampmaskinens udvikling" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dampmaskine&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Dampmaskinens udvikling"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dampmaskinen opstod i England, hvor der var behov for mere effektivt at kunne fjerne vand fra <a href="/wiki/Minedrift" title="Minedrift">mineskakter</a>. Maskinen opstod som resultat af det målbevidste arbejde med at dække dette behov. Før dampmaskinen havde man pumpeanlæg og pumper drevet med vandhjul. Eller man anvendte man en hestegang. Det var en dyr løsning. Den første dampmaskine, som skulle løse problemet, blev lavet af <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Savery" title="Thomas Savery">Thomas Savery</a>, og han tog patent på den allerede i <a href="/wiki/1698" title="1698">1698</a>. Hans maskine blev aldrig udbredt, idet den ikke altid virkede efter hensigten. Dampmaskinens fejl skyldtes den ineffektive konstruktion: Den virkede kun, hvis damptrykket var højt. Men man kunne i 1698 ikke lave kedler, der var stærke nok. Thomas Savery kaldte sin maskine ”The miner's friend”, minearbejderens ven. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Newcomen" title="Thomas Newcomen">Thomas Newcomen</a> konstruerede den første brugbare dampmaskine i <a href="/wiki/1710" title="1710">1710</a>. Den var mere pålidelig, driftsikker og økonomisk end Saverys, hvor store mængder damp gik til spilde. Senere var Newcomen nødt til at indgå partnerskab med Savery, der havde patentrettighederne til enhver maskine, der udnyttede ildens drivkraft. Sammen udviklede de en ny og forbedret version, som kunne levere op til 12 <a href="/wiki/Slag_pr._minut" class="mw-redirect" title="Slag pr. minut">slag pr. minut</a>. Ved hvert slag kunne maskinen suge 40 liter vand op fra en 45 meter dyb mineskakt. Newcomens dampmaskine havde stor succes til <a href="/wiki/1769" title="1769">1769</a>, hvor en ny spiller kom på banen: Den skotske instrumentmager James Watt. </p><p><a href="/wiki/James_Watt" title="James Watt">James Watts</a> interesse for dampmaskiner begyndte, da han var ganske ung. Han havde flere gange udført forsøg for at forbedre Saverys maskine, men måtte opgive, da han nåede til den konklusion, at det ikke var muligt at lave kedler, som kunne holde til det høje tryk, som Saverys maskine krævede for at presse vandet til vejrs. </p><p>Da han som instrumentmager i <a href="/wiki/1763" title="1763">1763</a> fik lov til at reparere en model af Newcomens maskine, kunne han se nye muligheder. Det tog Watt fem år, fra han fik ideen, til han stod med en maskine, som virkede. Watts maskine var et kæmpe skridt inden for udvikling af dampmaskiner, da den fungerede meget bedre end konkurrenternes. Da det senere lykkedes ham at forbedre den yderligere, førte det til ny standard inden for industrien. I den nye model blev det muligt at omsætte energien til en roterende bevægelse. Dermed kunne der kobles nye maskiner til dampmaskinen. Energien fra dampmaskinen kunne omsættes i de nye maskiner, eksempelvis <a href="/wiki/Damplokomotiv" title="Damplokomotiv">damplokomotivet</a>. Før opfindelsen af dampmaskinen foregik al transport på landjorden til hest eller med hestetrukne vogne. Nu, hvor det var muligt at omsætte energien fra dampmaskinen til roterende bevægelse, var det kun et spørgsmål om tid, før man fik tanken at bygge noget, som kørte ved dampkraft. Selv om roterende bevægelse drevet af damp var opfundet i <a href="/wiki/1760" title="1760">1760</a>, gik der en del år, før andre opfindere måtte eksperimentere med det, da Watt havde patentet. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Teknologien_bag_dampmaskinen">Teknologien bag dampmaskinen</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dampmaskine&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Redigér afsnit: Teknologien bag dampmaskinen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dampmaskine&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Teknologien bag dampmaskinen"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dampmaskinen blev udviklet i <a href="/wiki/1700-tallet" class="mw-redirect" title="1700-tallet">1700-tallet</a> på baggrund af viden om, at vandet udvides, når det bliver omdannet til damp. </p><p>Generelt om vanddamp: Når man tilfører varme til vand, begynder de frie mellemrum mellem molekylerne at udvide sig. Derfor fylder dampen mere (<a href="/wiki/Fordampning" title="Fordampning">fordampning</a>). Det omvendte sker, når dampen afkøles: Når dampen kondenseres til vand skrumper rumfanget (<a href="/wiki/Fort%C3%A6tning" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortætning">fortætning</a>). </p><p>Når denne passive sammentrækning (passiv fraførsel af vanddamp) - og udvidelse (tilførsel af vanddamp) foregår i en lukket cylinder, kan man få et stempel til at gå op og ned. Hvis stemplet forbindes med en pumpestang, kan den trække i en pumpestang, og man kan også lave energien om til en roterende bevægelse ved at indsætte et svinghjul i stedet for en pumpestang. Dampmaskinens effektivitet afhænger af, hvor stor en del af den tilførte varmeenergi der omsættes til bevægelse. </p><p>Vanddampen under tryk kommer typisk via rør fra en lukket <a href="/wiki/Kedel" class="mw-redirect" title="Kedel">kedel</a>. Kedlen kan kun klare et vist <a href="/wiki/Tryk_(fysik)" title="Tryk (fysik)">tryk</a>. Hvis kedlens tryk bliver for stort, eksploderer den. Derfor har den en sikringsventil, som lukker op ved for stort tryk. Det er kedelpasserens opgave at dosere den rette mængde <a href="/wiki/Br%C3%A6ndsel" class="mw-redirect" title="Brændsel">brændsel</a> under kedlen, så vanddampen i kedlen har det rette tryk - og efterfylde kedlen med ferskvand. Kedlen fungerer som damplager. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thomas_Savery">Thomas Savery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dampmaskine&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Redigér afsnit: Thomas Savery" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dampmaskine&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Thomas Savery"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Saverys dampmaskine kom i brug i 1698. Maskinen virkede ved, at dampen fra dampkedelen blev ledt over i en beholder, der forneden var forsynet med et rør, som gik ned til vandet i minen. På toppen af beholderen var der et andet rør, som førte opad. Princippet var at fylde beholderen med damp, hvorefter man lukkede for dampen, mens pumpens rør forneden blev åbnet. Dampen fortsatte og sugede vandet op fra minegangen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Newcomens_Dampmaskine">Newcomens Dampmaskine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dampmaskine&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Redigér afsnit: Newcomens Dampmaskine" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dampmaskine&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Newcomens Dampmaskine"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Newcomen_steam_engine_at_landgoed_groenedaal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Newcomen_steam_engine_at_landgoed_groenedaal.jpg/220px-Newcomen_steam_engine_at_landgoed_groenedaal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Newcomen_steam_engine_at_landgoed_groenedaal.jpg/330px-Newcomen_steam_engine_at_landgoed_groenedaal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Newcomen_steam_engine_at_landgoed_groenedaal.jpg/440px-Newcomen_steam_engine_at_landgoed_groenedaal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="788" /></a><figcaption>Newcomens Dampmaskine - principskitse.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Newcomen_atmospheric_engine_animation.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Newcomen_atmospheric_engine_animation.gif/220px-Newcomen_atmospheric_engine_animation.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Newcomen_atmospheric_engine_animation.gif/330px-Newcomen_atmospheric_engine_animation.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Newcomen_atmospheric_engine_animation.gif 2x" data-file-width="364" data-file-height="525" /></a><figcaption>Newcomens Dampmaskine - animation.</figcaption></figure> <p>Efter flere års arbejde havde Newcome omkring 1710 udviklet en ny dampmaskine. Den var bedre på en lang række punkter sammenlignet med Saverys dampmaskine. Eksempelvis var faren for kedeleksplosioner løst og energispildet formindsket, idet dampen ikke kom i direkte kontakt med det kolde vand fra minen. Princippet bag hans maskine var en cylinder med et stempel og en kedel. Når cylinderen blev fyldt med damp, blev stemplet i cylinderen skubbet opad. Herefter blev der lukket for dampen, og der blev åbnet for en hane, der sprøjtede koldt vand ind i cylinderen. Det kolde vand fik dampen til at kondensere, trykket i cylinderen faldt, og atmosfærens tryk på stemplets overside trykkede den nedad med stor kraft. Atmosfæretrykket var stort nok til, at stemplet kunne drive en pumpe. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:SteamEngine_Boulton%26Watt_1784.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/SteamEngine_Boulton%26Watt_1784.png/220px-SteamEngine_Boulton%26Watt_1784.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/SteamEngine_Boulton%26Watt_1784.png/330px-SteamEngine_Boulton%26Watt_1784.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/SteamEngine_Boulton%26Watt_1784.png/440px-SteamEngine_Boulton%26Watt_1784.png 2x" data-file-width="2264" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>James Watts dampmaskine.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="James_Watt">James Watt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dampmaskine&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Redigér afsnit: James Watt" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dampmaskine&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: James Watt"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Det blev <a href="/wiki/James_Watt" title="James Watt">James Watt</a>, der kom til at føre an i den udvikling, der forandrede Newcomens dampemaskine og fik den til at virke i <a href="/wiki/1774" title="1774">1774</a>. Det var nemlig lykkedes ham at konstruere en maskine, som var mere økonomisk end sin forgænger og samtidig en god erstatning for hestegange og vandhjul. I Watts maskine var det ikke nødvendigt hele tiden at opvarme og nedkøle cylinderen ved at have en afkølet beholder ved siden af. Det medvirkede også til, at man ikke behøvede at vente hele tiden med at opvarme og nedkøle. Dermed kunne maskinen arbejde kontinuerligt. Det vigtigste ved Watts maskine var, at den var i stand til at omsætte <a href="/wiki/Kemisk_energi" title="Kemisk energi">kemisk energi</a> til <a href="/wiki/Kinetisk_energi" title="Kinetisk energi">kinetisk energi</a>, så der kunne skabes en roterende bevægelse. Dermed kunne dampens energi omsættes til at drive andre maskiner. Senere forbedrede Watt yderligere dampmaskinen, med fordoblet effekt. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/1903_Burnley_Ironworks_company_steam_engine_close_up.ogv/220px--1903_Burnley_Ironworks_company_steam_engine_close_up.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="26" data-mwtitle="1903_Burnley_Ironworks_company_steam_engine_close_up.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/Fil:1903_Burnley_Ironworks_company_steam_engine_close_up.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a6/1903_Burnley_Ironworks_company_steam_engine_close_up.ogv/1903_Burnley_Ironworks_company_steam_engine_close_up.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a6/1903_Burnley_Ironworks_company_steam_engine_close_up.ogv/1903_Burnley_Ironworks_company_steam_engine_close_up.ogv.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/1903_Burnley_Ironworks_company_steam_engine_close_up.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a6/1903_Burnley_Ironworks_company_steam_engine_close_up.ogv/1903_Burnley_Ironworks_company_steam_engine_close_up.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a6/1903_Burnley_Ironworks_company_steam_engine_close_up.ogv/1903_Burnley_Ironworks_company_steam_engine_close_up.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a6/1903_Burnley_Ironworks_company_steam_engine_close_up.ogv/1903_Burnley_Ironworks_company_steam_engine_close_up.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a6/1903_Burnley_Ironworks_company_steam_engine_close_up.ogv/1903_Burnley_Ironworks_company_steam_engine_close_up.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Dampmaskine fra 1903 i funktion på Burnley Ironworks.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dampmaskinens_betydning_for_det_engelske_samfund_fra_1700_til_1850">Dampmaskinens betydning for det engelske samfund fra 1700 til 1850</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dampmaskine&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Redigér afsnit: Dampmaskinens betydning for det engelske samfund fra 1700 til 1850" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dampmaskine&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Dampmaskinens betydning for det engelske samfund fra 1700 til 1850"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Før dampmaskinens opfindelse var England allerede et industriland og centrum for handel, med veludviklet minedrift, dygtige håndværkere og en stor eksport. Men allerede i <a href="/wiki/1750" title="1750">1750</a> begyndte det første krisetegn at vise sig i den engelske industri, da efterspørgslen på engelske produkter steg. Grænsen var nået, selv om man overalt i England arbejdede hårdt for at producere mere. Drivkraft var det store problem i den engelske industri, der ikke længere kunne følge med efterspørgslen. Dampmaskinen vendte tidligere tiders langsomme produktion til en kæmpe fremgang. Det skyldtes, at de tidligere kraftkilder som hestegang og vandhjul i fabrikker ikke gav så meget energi fra sig som en dampmaskine. Desuden var man tvunget til at have produktionen i nærheden af vandhjul eller hestekraft. Den voldsomt stigende energilevering samt de høje produktionshastigheder medførte, at omkostningerne i produktionen faldt. Det medvirkede til, at prisen på industrivarer og produkter i det hele taget faldt. Det skabte forandringer i samfundet, idet flere mennesker havde råd til at købe disse varer, hvor det førhen var forbeholdt de få velhavende i samfundet. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Problemer_ved_dampmaskiner">Problemer ved dampmaskiner</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dampmaskine&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Redigér afsnit: Problemer ved dampmaskiner" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dampmaskine&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Problemer ved dampmaskiner"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Selv om opfindelsen af dampmaskinen har ført meget positivt med sig, så har den også haft en række negative sider. Opfindelsen har skabt samfunds- og miljøproblemer. Samfundsproblemerne består i, at den øgede produktion betød en lang arbejdsdag for arbejderne samt uhumske og dårlige arbejdsvilkår. Børnearbejde blev også udbredt: Børn skulle have lavere betaling end voksne. Dermed var de billig arbejdskraft. Flere børn og voksne arbejdere blev syge og døde som følge af de vanskelige arbejdsvilkår samt farlige stoffer på arbejdspladserne. </p><p><br /> Miljøproblemet bestod i, at dampmaskinen samt damturbiner, jetmotorer og forbrændingsmotorer anvender kul, olie og naturgas: <a href="/wiki/Fossile_energikilder" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossile energikilder">fossile energikilder</a>. Afbrænding af dem øger indholdet af CO2 i atmosfæren, og det medfører, at jordens temperatur stiger. Konsekvenserne er klimaforandringer og afsmeltning af isen ved jordens poler. Dampmaskinen og dens efterkommere var grundlaget for vores enorme velstand, men brugen af dem har uoverskuelige konsekvenser. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sammenfatning">Sammenfatning</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dampmaskine&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Redigér afsnit: Sammenfatning" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dampmaskine&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Sammenfatning"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Selv om den første dampmaskine blev lavet i 1710 af Thomas Newcomen, er man stadig uenig om, hvorvidt Saverys maskine var dampmaskine eller trykpumpe-maskine. Under alle omstændigheder blev den for alvor populær, da Watt videreudviklede den, så den kunne omsætte energi til roterende bevægelse. Succesen med den roterende bevægelse skyldtes, at energien fra dampmaskinen kunne udnyttes også i andre maskiner. Man gik fra manuel arbejdskraft eksempelvis vand og hest, til mere maskinbaseret produktion. De tekniske forbedringer, dampmaskinen gennemgik, byggede på erfaringer fra tidligere, mindre gode dampmaskiner. Dampmaskinens teknologi er således en empirisk teknologi. Mange tror, at dampmaskinen var en forudsætning for den industrielle revolution, men det passer ikke helt. For at forstå det, skal man se Englands udvikling i et bredere perspektiv. England var nemlig allerede før opfindelsen af dampmaskinen et industriland med stor væveindustri, minedrift samt en kæmpe eksport. Alt det skyldtes, at England på det her tidspunkt havde en regering med et positivt syn på industriproduktion, risikovillig kapital samt en mobil arbejdskraft uden stavnsbånd og et godt banksystem. Derfor var opfindelsen af dampmaskinen et stort skub i den rigtige retning på den rette tid. Alt det gør, at dampmaskinen er blandt de mest betydningsfulde teknologier i menneskehedens historie. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kilder/referencer"><span id="Kilder.2Freferencer"></span>Kilder/referencer</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dampmaskine&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Redigér afsnit: Kilder/referencer" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dampmaskine&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Kilder/referencer"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r11780210">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> </div> <ul><li>Holm A.R: <i>Maskinlære</i>, N. Olaf Møllers Forlag 1959.</li> <li>Kragh Helge: <i>I røg og damp - dampmaskinens indførelse i Danmark 1760-1840</i>, Teknisk Forlag.</li> <li>Nielsen Keld m.fl.: <i>Skruen uden ende</i>, Nyt Teknisk Forlag 2005.</li> <li>Pertersen Flemming, <i>Fra Damp til El</i>, Sønderby Tryk 1989.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ibog.teknologihistorie.systime.dk/index.php?id=288">1.6. Push eller pull: Teknologihistorie (iBog)</a><small> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Artikler_med_d%C3%B8de_eksterne_henvisninger" title="Wikipedia:Artikler med døde eksterne henvisninger">Webside ikke længere tilgængelig</a>)</small> 29-04-2012.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://videnskab.dk/miljo-naturvidenskab/co2-pavirker-klimaet-mere-end-beregnet">CO2 påvirker klimaet mere end beregnet | Videnskab.dk</a> 05-05-2012.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.altomhistorie.dk/artikler/dampmaskinen/29-04-2012">Alt om Historie</a> 29-04-2012.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leksikon.org/art.php?n=1194">Industrielle revolution, Den</a> 05-05-2012.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Se_også"><span id="Se_ogs.C3.A5"></span>Se også</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dampmaskine&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Redigér afsnit: Se også" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dampmaskine&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Se også"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dampturbine" title="Dampturbine">Dampturbine</a> - det "brugte" damp fra dampturbinen fortættes til flydende vand og genbruges.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eksterne_henvisninger">Eksterne henvisninger</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dampmaskine&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Redigér afsnit: Eksterne henvisninger" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dampmaskine&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Eksterne henvisninger"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="infobox sisterproject"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:50px; height:67px;"><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/50px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/75px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/100px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td style="padding-left:5px;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Forside" class="extiw" title="commons:Forside">Wikimedia Commons</a> har medier relateret til: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"> <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Steam_engines" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Steam engines">Dampmaskine</a></b></i></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Matt Keveney: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.keveney.com/Locomotive.html">Animated Engines, Steam Locomotive</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081010173156/http://www.keveney.com/Locomotive.html">Arkiveret</a> 10. oktober 2008 hos <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.keveney.com/Engines.html">Animated Engines</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080924045648/http://www.keveney.com/Engines.html">Arkiveret</a> 24. september 2008 hos <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.taftan.com/thermodynamics/RANKINE.HTM">Rankine-Cycle Engine (dampmaskine lignende)</a> Citat: "... The efficiency of the Rankine cycle is not as high as Carnot cycle but the cycle has less practical difficulties and more economic. ..."</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasatech.com/Briefs/Sept00/LEW16834.html">NASA: Compact, Recuperated, Binary-Fluid Rankine-Cycle Engine (dampmaskine lignende). The primary advantages of this engine are compactness and relatively high energy-conversion efficiency</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030620090351/http://www.nasatech.com/Briefs/Sept00/LEW16834.html">Arkiveret</a> 20. juni 2003 hos <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://howard.engr.siu.edu/staff1/weston/thermo/Rankine/RankineCycles.html">Rankine Cycles</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/4076811.stm">28 December, 2004, BBC News: Steam engines could be eco hope</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://1-stromvergleich.de/die-dampfmaschine/">interactive animation with download for PC, Mac, PPT and Flash</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220125051521/http://1-stromvergleich.de/die-dampfmaschine/">Arkiveret</a> 25. 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