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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Genetics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture_and_society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture_and_society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Culture and society</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture_and_society-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture and society subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture_and_society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Folk_crafts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Folk_crafts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Folk crafts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Folk_crafts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Cuisine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nomadic_heritage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nomadic_heritage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Nomadic heritage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nomadic_heritage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society_today" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society_today"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8</span> <span>Society today</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Society_today-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.9</span> <span>Sport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics_and_population_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics_and_population_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Demographics and population distribution</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics_and_population_distribution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics and population distribution subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics_and_population_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Turkmens_in_Iran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkmens_in_Iran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Turkmens in Iran</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkmens_in_Iran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkmens_in_Afghanistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkmens_in_Afghanistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Turkmens in Afghanistan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkmens_in_Afghanistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkmens_of_Stavropol_Krai_of_Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkmens_of_Stavropol_Krai_of_Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Turkmens of Stavropol Krai of Russia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkmens_of_Stavropol_Krai_of_Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people_of_Turkmen_descent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people_of_Turkmen_descent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notable people of Turkmen descent</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_people_of_Turkmen_descent-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notable people of Turkmen descent subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_people_of_Turkmen_descent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cinema" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cinema"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Cinema</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cinema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_Figures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_Figures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Military Figures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_Figures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rulers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rulers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Rulers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rulers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politicians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politicians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>Politicians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politicians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.7</span> <span>Science</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.8</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Turkmens</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 78 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-78" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">78 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmene" title="Turkmene – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Turkmene" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تركمان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تركمان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turcomans_(Asia_Central)" title="Turcomans (Asia Central) – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Turcomans (Asia Central)" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etnia_turcomana" title="Etnia turcomana – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Etnia turcomana" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Туркменал – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Туркменал" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkm%C9%99nl%C9%99r" title="Türkmənlər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Türkmənlər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%84%D8%B1" title="تورکمن‌لر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تورکمن‌لر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%A9%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D3%99%D0%BD%D0%B4%D3%99%D1%80" title="Төркмәндәр – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Төркмәндәр" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Туркмены – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Туркмены" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Туркмэны – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Туркмэны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Туркмени – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Туркмени" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmeni" title="Turkmeni – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Turkmeni" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turcmans" title="Turcmans – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Turcmans" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Туркменсем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Туркменсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmeni" title="Turkmeni – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Turkmeni" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenere" title="Turkmenere – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Turkmenere" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenen" title="Turkmenen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Turkmenen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkmeenid" title="Türkmeenid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Türkmeenid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%B9" title="Τουρκμένιοι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τουρκμένιοι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turcomanos" title="Turcomanos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Turcomanos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenoj" title="Turkmenoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Turkmenoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmen" title="Turkmen – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Turkmen" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7" title="ترکمن‌ها – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ترکمن‌ها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkm%C3%A8nes" title="Turkmènes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Turkmènes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuircm%C3%A9anast%C3%A1naigh" title="Tuircméanastánaigh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Tuircméanastánaigh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%88%AC%EB%A5%B4%ED%81%AC%EB%A9%98%EC%9D%B8" title="투르크멘인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="투르크멘인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D6%84%D5%B4%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Թուրքմեններ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թուրքմեններ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97" title="तुर्कमेन लोग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="तुर्कमेन लोग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmeni" title="Turkmeni – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Turkmeni" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmen" title="Turkmen – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Turkmen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3_%D0%B0%D0%B4%C3%A6%D0%BC" title="Туркменаг адæм – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Туркменаг адæм" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmeni" title="Turkmeni – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Turkmeni" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D" title="טורקמנים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טורקמנים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A5%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="თურქმენები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="თურქმენები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Түрікмендер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Түрікмендер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirkmen_(gel)" title="Tirkmen (gel) – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Tirkmen (gel)" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkm%C4%93%C5%86i" title="Turkmēņi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Turkmēņi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkm%C4%97nai" title="Turkmėnai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Turkmėnai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkm%C3%A9nek" title="Türkmének – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Türkmének" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Туркмени – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Туркмени" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torkmena_(vahoaka)" title="Torkmena (vahoaka) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Torkmena (vahoaka)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BB" title="ടർക് മെൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ടർക് മെൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A5%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="თურქმენეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="თურქმენეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تركمان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تركمان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%87%D2%AF%D2%AF%D0%B4" title="Туркменчүүд – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Туркменчүүд" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenen" title="Turkmenen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Turkmenen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AF%E3%83%A1%E3%83%B3%E4%BA%BA" title="トルクメン人 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トルクメン人" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Туркменаш – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Туркменаш" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenere" title="Turkmenere – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Turkmenere" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmanlar" title="Turkmanlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Turkmanlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%86_%D9%84%D9%88%DA%A9" title="ترکمن لوک – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ترکمن لوک" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تورکمنان – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="تورکمنان" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmeni" title="Turkmeni – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Turkmeni" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turcomenos" title="Turcomenos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Turcomenos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BArkmenler" title="Túrkmenler – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Túrkmenler" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmeni" title="Turkmeni – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Turkmeni" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Туркмены – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Туркмены" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmen%C3%ABt" title="Turkmenët – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Turkmenët" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmen_people" title="Turkmen people – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Turkmen people" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkm%C3%A9ni" title="Turkméni – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Turkméni" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تورکمان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تورکمان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Туркмени – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Туркмени" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmeni" title="Turkmeni – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Turkmeni" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmeenit" title="Turkmeenit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Turkmeenit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmener" title="Turkmener – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Turkmener" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="துருக்மெனியர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="துருக்மெனியர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%A9%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BC%D3%99%D0%BD%D0%BD%D3%99%D1%80" title="Төрекмәннәр – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Төрекмәннәр" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D2%B3%D0%BE" title="Туркманҳо – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Туркманҳо" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkmenler" title="Türkmenler – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Türkmenler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkmenler" title="Türkmenler – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Türkmenler" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Туркмени – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Туркмени" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ترکمان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ترکمان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_Turkmen" title="Người Turkmen – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Người Turkmen" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%BA%93%E6%9B%BC%E4%BA%BA" title="土库曼人 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="土库曼人" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%B1rkmeni" title="Tırkmeni – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Tırkmeni" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%BA%AB%E6%9B%BC%E4%BA%BA" title="土庫曼人 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="土庫曼人" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Turkm%C3%A8n" title="Orang Turkmèn – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Orang Turkmèn" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jolma_Turkmen" title="Jolma Turkmen – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Jolma Turkmen" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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For other ethnic groups, see <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_(disambiguation)#Ethnic_groups" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Turkmen (disambiguation)">Turkmen (disambiguation) § Ethnic groups</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Turkmens</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above nickname" style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal;"><div><div title="Turkmen-language text"><div lang="tk"><span title="Turkmen-language text"><i lang="tk-Latn">Türkmenler</i></span><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div><span title="Turkmen-language text"><span lang="tk-Cyrl">Түркменлер</span></span><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1227789315">.mw-parser-output .script-arabic{font-family:"Scheherazade New","SF Arabic",Amiri,"Noto Naskh Arabic","Droid Arabic Naskh","Noto Sans Arabic","Sakkal Majalla","Harmattan","Arabic Typesetting","Arabic Transparent","Times New Roman",Arial,Calibri,"Microsoft Sans Serif","Segoe UI",serif,sans-serif;font-weight:normal}</style><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">توركمنلر</span></span>‎</div></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Independence_Day_Parade_-_Flickr_-_Kerri-Jo_(215).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Independence_Day_Parade_-_Flickr_-_Kerri-Jo_%28215%29.jpg/275px-Independence_Day_Parade_-_Flickr_-_Kerri-Jo_%28215%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Independence_Day_Parade_-_Flickr_-_Kerri-Jo_%28215%29.jpg/413px-Independence_Day_Parade_-_Flickr_-_Kerri-Jo_%28215%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Independence_Day_Parade_-_Flickr_-_Kerri-Jo_%28215%29.jpg/550px-Independence_Day_Parade_-_Flickr_-_Kerri-Jo_%28215%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2992" data-file-height="1987" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Turkmens in <a href="/wiki/Folk_costume" title="Folk costume">folk costume</a> at the 20th <a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Turkmenistan)" title="Independence Day (Turkmenistan)">Independence Day</a> parade, 2011</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <b>6.8 million</b></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_en"><a href="#endnote_en">[a]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></th><td class="infobox-data">5.1 million (2021)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1 million<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></th><td class="infobox-data">200,000 (2006)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></th><td class="infobox-data">230,000<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></th><td class="infobox-data">215,000 (2022)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">36,885 (2010)<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></th><td class="infobox-data">20,000 (2021)<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Predominantly <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a><sup id="cite_ref-celcar.indiana.edu_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-celcar.indiana.edu-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Other <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic peoples</a><br />Especially <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis" title="Azerbaijanis">Azerbaijanis</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-barthold_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barthold-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turkish people</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-barthold_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barthold-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Khorasani_Turks" title="Khorasani Turks">Khorasani Turks</a> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="padding-top:0.5em;text-align:left;"><hr />a. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_en"><b><a href="#ref_en">^</a></b></span> The total figure is merely an estimation; a sum of all the referenced populations.</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Turkmens</b> (<a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a>: <i lang="tk">Türkmenler</i>, <span title="Turkmen-language text"><span lang="tk-Cyrl" style="font-style: normal;">Түркменлер</span></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">توركمنلر</span>‎, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="tk-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Turkmen" title="Help:IPA/Turkmen">[tʏɾkmønˈløɾ]</a></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-clark_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clark-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> historically "the Turkmen") are a <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic ethnic group</a> native to <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, living mainly in <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a>, northern and northeastern regions of <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> and north-western <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>. Sizeable groups of Turkmens are found also in <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Stavropol_Krai" title="Stavropol Krai">Stavropol Krai</a>). They speak the <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen language</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-celcar.indiana.edu_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-celcar.indiana.edu-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is classified as a part of the <a href="/wiki/Oghuz_languages" title="Oghuz languages">Eastern Oghuz</a> branch of the <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic languages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Middle ages">early Middle ages</a>, Turkmens called themselves <a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Turks" title="Oghuz Turks">Oghuz</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>; in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, they took the <a href="/wiki/Ethnonym" title="Ethnonym">ethnonym</a> <a href="/wiki/Turkoman_(ethnonym)" title="Turkoman (ethnonym)">Turkmen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further westward migration of the <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_tribes" title="Turkmen tribes">Turkmen tribes</a> from the territory of modern Turkmenistan and the rest of Central Asia started from the 11th century and continued until the 18th century. These Turkmen tribes played a significant role in the ethnic formation of such peoples as <a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Anatolian Turks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen" title="Iraqi Turkmen">Turkmens of Iraq</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Turkmen" title="Syrian Turkmen">Syria</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Trukhmen_dialect" title="Trukhmen dialect">Stavropol Trukhmens</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Turks_in_Russian_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turks_in_Russian-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-runivers.ru_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-runivers.ru-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To preserve their independence, those tribes that remained in Turkmenistan were united in military alliances, although remnants of tribal relations remained until the 20th century. Their traditional occupations were farming, cattle breeding, and various crafts. Ancient samples of <a href="/wiki/Applied_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Applied art">applied art</a> (primarily carpets and jewelry) indicate a high level of <a href="/wiki/Folk_art" title="Folk art">folk art</a> culture. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Seljuks" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuks">Seljuks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khorezmian_Turkic" title="Khorezmian Turkic">Khwarazmians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qara_Qoyunlu" title="Qara Qoyunlu">Qara Qoyunlu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aq_Qoyunlu" title="Aq Qoyunlu">Aq Qoyunlu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottomans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Afsharids" class="mw-redirect" title="Afsharids">Afsharids</a> are also believed to descend from the Turkmen tribes of <a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1n%C4%B1k_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kınık (tribe)">Qiniq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Begdili" title="Begdili">Begdili</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yiwa_(tribe)" title="Yiwa (tribe)">Yiwa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bayandur_(tribe)" title="Bayandur (tribe)">Bayandur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kayi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kayi">Kayi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Afshar_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Afshar (tribe)">Afshar</a> respectively. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmens&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turban_helmet_Met_04.3.211.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Turban_helmet_Met_04.3.211.jpg/170px-Turban_helmet_Met_04.3.211.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Turban_helmet_Met_04.3.211.jpg/255px-Turban_helmet_Met_04.3.211.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Turban_helmet_Met_04.3.211.jpg/340px-Turban_helmet_Met_04.3.211.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2437" data-file-height="3249" /></a><figcaption>Helmet of <a href="/wiki/Yaqub_Aq_Qoyunlu" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaqub Aq Qoyunlu">Ya'qub Beg</a>, ruler of the Turkoman <a href="/wiki/Aq_Qoyunlu" title="Aq Qoyunlu">Aq Qoyunlu</a> state (15th century)</figcaption></figure> <p>The term <i>Turkmen</i> is generally applied to the Turkic tribes that have been distributed across the <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near</a> and <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, as well as Central Asia, from the 11th century to modern times.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Originally, all Turkic tribes who belonged to the Turkic dynastic mythological system and/or converted to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Karluks" title="Karluks">Karluks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Turks" title="Oghuz Turks">Oghuz Turks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khalaj_people" title="Khalaj people">Khalajs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kankalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Kankalis">Kanglys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kipchaks" title="Kipchaks">Kipchaks</a>, etc.) were designated <i>"Turkmens"</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only later did this word come to refer to a specific ethnonym. The generally accepted view for the etymology of the name is that it comes from <i>Türk</i> and the Turkic emphasizing suffix <i>-men</i>, meaning "'most Turkish of the Turks' or 'pure-blooded Turks.'"<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Folk_etymology" title="Folk etymology">folk etymology</a>, dating back to the Middle Ages and found in the works of <a href="/wiki/Al-Biruni" title="Al-Biruni">al-Biruni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_al-Kashgari" title="Mahmud al-Kashgari">Mahmud al-Kashghari</a>, instead derives the suffix <i>-men</i> from the <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> suffix <i>-mānand</i>, with the resulting word meaning "like a Turk". While formerly the dominant etymology in modern scholarship, this mixed Turkic-Persian derivation is now typically viewed as incorrect.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An alternative etymology was proposed by 16th-century Ottoman historian <a href="/wiki/Ne%C5%9Fri" title="Neşri">Mehmed Neşri</a>, who derived it from the Persian phrase <i>Turk-i <a href="/wiki/Iman_(Islam)" title="Iman (Islam)">iman</a></i> (<span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">ترک ایمان</span></span>), meaning "Turk of the faith" (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This theory was rejected as incorrect by turkologist <a href="/wiki/%C3%81rmin_V%C3%A1mb%C3%A9ry" title="Ármin Vámbéry">Ármin Vámbéry</a>, who argued that it relied upon an incorrect understanding of Persian grammar:<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[It] does not do [one] well to accept the pious Muhammadan etymology of Neshri, who, in spite of being one of the earliest Ottoman writers, has but very little notion of the true spirit of the Turkish language. For, even in his day, the word <i>Turk</i> was analogous to <i>raw</i>, <i>uncultured</i>, just as the word <i>Oguz</i>, from which came <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%BA%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:اوغوزانه">oguzane</a></i> (<i>boorish</i>, <i>thick-headed</i>), and <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%BA%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%84%D9%82" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:اوغوزلق">oguzluk</a></i> (<i>coarseness</i>). Neshri's etymology is entirely based upon Muhammadan devotional feeling, and is quite a linguistic impossibility. <i>Turk</i> [and] <i>iman</i> are two separate nouns, which cannot be composed by an <a href="/wiki/Izafat" class="mw-redirect" title="Izafat">ezafet</a>. We can say, for example, <i>din-i-ingiliz</i> or <i>iman-i-turk</i> (the faith of the English, or the faith of the Turks), but not <i>ingiliz-i-din</i> or <i>turk-i-iman</i>. Finally, it must not be forgotten that the name the Nomads themselves adopt is <i>Turkmen</i>, and Turkman is applied to them only by the Persians.</p></blockquote> <p>Despite various criticisms, it remains a theory advocated by some today, such as linguist and ethnographer <a href="/wiki/Somfai_Kara_David" title="Somfai Kara David">Dávid Somfai</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Former president of Turkmenistan <a href="/wiki/Saparmurat_Niyazov" title="Saparmurat Niyazov">Saparmurad Niyazov</a> was also among the advocates of this etymology, although he altered the meaning of the words, writing in his <a href="/wiki/Ruhnama" title="Ruhnama">Ruhnama</a> that, rather than "Muslim Turk", it meant "made of light":<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[The Turkmen people were given] the following general name: Turk Iman. <i>turk</i> means core, <i>iman</i> means light. Therefore, Turk Iman, namely Turkmen, means “made from light, whose essence is light.”</p></blockquote> <p>Today, the terms Turkmen and Turkoman are usually restricted to two Turkic groups: the Turkmen people of <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a> and adjacent parts of <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> and Iran, and the <a href="/wiki/Turkomans_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkomans of Iraq">Turkomans of Iraq</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Turkmen" title="Syrian Turkmen">Syria</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmens&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Turks" title="Oghuz Turks">Oghuz Turks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkoman_(ethnonym)" title="Turkoman (ethnonym)">Turkoman (ethnonym)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Woman%27s_hat_and_jewelry,_Turkmen_-_AMNH_-_DSC06216.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Woman%27s_hat_and_jewelry%2C_Turkmen_-_AMNH_-_DSC06216.JPG/170px-Woman%27s_hat_and_jewelry%2C_Turkmen_-_AMNH_-_DSC06216.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Woman%27s_hat_and_jewelry%2C_Turkmen_-_AMNH_-_DSC06216.JPG/255px-Woman%27s_hat_and_jewelry%2C_Turkmen_-_AMNH_-_DSC06216.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Woman%27s_hat_and_jewelry%2C_Turkmen_-_AMNH_-_DSC06216.JPG/340px-Woman%27s_hat_and_jewelry%2C_Turkmen_-_AMNH_-_DSC06216.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3240" data-file-height="4320" /></a><figcaption>Turkmen women's headwear and jewelry</figcaption></figure> <p>Türkmens were mentioned near the end of the 10th century A.D in <a href="/wiki/Islamic_literature" title="Islamic literature">Islamic literature</a> by the Arab geographer <a href="/wiki/Al-Muqaddasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Muqaddasi">al-Muqaddasi</a> in <i>Ahsan Al-Taqasim Fi Ma'rifat Al-Aqalim</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his work, which was completed in 987 A.D, al-Muqaddasi writes about Turkmens twice while depicting the region as the frontier of the Muslim possessions in Central Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Earlier references to Türkmen might be <i>trwkkmˀn</i> (if not <i>trkwmˀn</i> "translator"), mentioned in an 8th-century Sogdian letter and 特拘夢 <i>Tejumeng</i> (< <a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">MC</a> <a href="/wiki/Zhengzhang_Shangfang" title="Zhengzhang Shangfang">ZS</a> *<i>dək̚-kɨo-mɨuŋ<sup>H</sup></i>), another name of <a href="/wiki/Sogdia" title="Sogdia">Sogdia</a>, besides <i>Suyi</i> 粟弋 and <i>Sute</i> 粟特, according to the Chinese encyclopedia <a href="/wiki/Tongdian" title="Tongdian">Tongdian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, even if 特拘夢 might have transcribed <i>Türkmen</i>, these "Türkmens" might be <a href="/wiki/Karluks" title="Karluks">Karluks</a> instead of modern Türkmens' Oghuz-speaking ancestors;<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as <i>Türkmen</i> might be the Karluks' equivalent of the <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Göktürks</a>' political term <i>Kök Türk</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Yury_Zuev" title="Yury Zuev">Zuev</a> (1960) links the tribal name 餘沒渾 <i>Yumeihun</i> (< MC *<i>iʷо-muət-хuən</i>) in <a href="/wiki/Tang_Huiyao" title="Tang Huiyao">Tang Huiyao</a> to the name <a href="/wiki/Yomut" title="Yomut">Yomut</a> of a modern Turkmen clan.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Towards the end of the 11th century, in <i><a href="/wiki/D%C4%ABw%C4%81n_Lugh%C4%81t_al-Turk" title="Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk">Divânü Lügat'it-Türk</a></i> (Compendium of the Turkic Dialects), <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Kashgari" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahmud Kashgari">Mahmud Kashgari</a> uses "Türkmen" synonymously with "Oğuz".<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He describes Oghuz as a <a href="/wiki/Turkic_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkic tribes">Turkic tribe</a> and says that Oghuz and Karluks were both known as Turkmens.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The origins of the Turkic peoples has been a topic of much discussion, but evidence point either to a homeland in <a href="/wiki/South_Central_Siberia" title="South Central Siberia">South Central Siberia</a>, close to the <a href="/wiki/Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Altai Mountains</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Baikal" title="Lake Baikal">Lake Baikal</a> or further East in <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>. Archaeogenetic, historical and linguistic evidence suggests that the earliest Turkic peoples were "within or close to the Northeast Asian genepool" but made up of multiple heterogeneous groups, with their exact location of their homeland remains disputed.<sup id="cite_ref-ju_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ju-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The genetic and historical evidence suggests that the early Turkic peoples, including the ancestors of the Turkmen people - <a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Turks" title="Oghuz Turks">Oghuz Turks</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> harbored both <a href="/wiki/West_Eurasians" class="mw-redirect" title="West Eurasians">West-Eurasian</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Asians" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asians">Northeast Asian</a> ancestry and were located in and around the <a href="/wiki/Altai_mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Altai mountains">Altai region</a> and western Mongolia. Later <a href="/wiki/Post-classical_history" title="Post-classical history">medieval</a> Turkic groups exhibited a wide range of both West-Eurasian and East Asian physical appearances and genetic origins, in part through long-term contact with neighboring <a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mongolic_peoples" title="Mongolic peoples">Mongolic peoples</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Golden2018_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Golden2018-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kuang_Lee_197_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuang_Lee_197-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before the formation of the Turkmen ethnicity, the Oghuz Turks inhabited parts of <a href="/wiki/Transoxiana" title="Transoxiana">Transoxiana</a>, the western portion of <a href="/wiki/Turkestan" title="Turkestan">Turkestan</a>, a region that largely corresponds to much of Central Asia as far east as <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>. Famous historian and <a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Khiva" title="Khanate of Khiva">ruler of Khwarazm</a> of the XVII century <a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Ghazi_Bahadur" title="Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur">Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur</a> links the origin of all Turkmens to 24 <a href="/wiki/Oghuz_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Oghuz (tribe)">Oghuz tribes</a> in his literary work "<a href="/wiki/Genealogy_of_the_Turkmens" class="mw-redirect" title="Genealogy of the Turkmens">Genealogy of the Turkmens</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a>, then in the European sources and later in the American tradition, Turkmens were called <a href="/wiki/Turkoman_(ethnonym)" title="Turkoman (ethnonym)">Turkomans</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the countries of the <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near</a> and <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> - Turkmens, as well as <a href="/wiki/Torkaman_County" title="Torkaman County">Torkaman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terekeme_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Terekeme people">Terekeme</a>; in <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus" class="mw-redirect" title="Kievan Rus">Kievan Rus</a> - Torkmens;<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the Duchy of Moscow - Taurmen;<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in the <a href="/wiki/Tsarist_Russian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsarist Russian Empire">Tsarist Russia</a> - Turkoman and Trukhmen.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 7th century AD, Oghuz tribes had moved westward from the <a href="/wiki/Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Altai Mountains</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberian</a> steppes, and settled in this region. They also penetrated as far west as the <a href="/wiki/Volga" title="Volga">Volga</a> basin and the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>. These early Turkmens are believed to have mixed with native <a href="/wiki/Sogdia" title="Sogdia">Sogdian</a> peoples and lived as pastoral nomads until being conquered by the Russians in the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gorskii_20005u.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Gorskii_20005u.jpg/220px-Gorskii_20005u.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Gorskii_20005u.jpg/330px-Gorskii_20005u.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Gorskii_20005u.jpg/440px-Gorskii_20005u.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3213" data-file-height="2863" /></a><figcaption>Two Turkmen men standing on a <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_rug" title="Turkmen rug">carpet</a> in front of a <a href="/wiki/Yurt" title="Yurt">yurt</a>. Photo by <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Prokudin-Gorsky" title="Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky">Prokudin-Gorsky</a> between 1905 and 1915</figcaption></figure> <p>Migration of the <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_tribes" title="Turkmen tribes">Turkmen tribes</a> from the territory of Turkmenistan and the rest of Central Asia in the south-west direction began mainly from the 11th century and continued until the 18th century. These Turkmen tribes played a significant role in the ethnic formation of such peoples as <a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Anatolian Turks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen" title="Iraqi Turkmen">Turkmens of Iraq</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Turkmen" title="Syrian Turkmen">Syria</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Azerbaijanis" title="Iranian Azerbaijanis">Turkic population of Iran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Turks_in_Russian_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turks_in_Russian-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ármin_Vámbéry_2003_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ármin_Vámbéry_2003-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-runivers.ru_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-runivers.ru-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To preserve their independence, those tribes that remained in Turkmenistan were united in military alliances, although remnants of tribal relations remained until the 20th century. Their traditional occupations were farming, cattle breeding, and various crafts. Ancient samples of <a href="/wiki/Applied_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Applied art">applied art</a> (primarily carpets and jewelry) indicate a high level of <a href="/wiki/Folk_art" title="Folk art">folk art</a> culture. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetics">Genetics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmens&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Genetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Teke_Family.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Teke_Family.jpg/220px-Teke_Family.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Teke_Family.jpg/330px-Teke_Family.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Teke_Family.jpg/440px-Teke_Family.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1110" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Teke_(tribe)" title="Teke (tribe)">Teke</a> Turkmen family in traditional clothing near Bairam-Ali. Photo taken by <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Prokudin-Gorsky" title="Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky">Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky</a> between 1903 and 1916</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tolkuchka_Bazaar_-_Flickr_-_Kerri-Jo_(32).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Tolkuchka_Bazaar_-_Flickr_-_Kerri-Jo_%2832%29.jpg/220px-Tolkuchka_Bazaar_-_Flickr_-_Kerri-Jo_%2832%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Tolkuchka_Bazaar_-_Flickr_-_Kerri-Jo_%2832%29.jpg/330px-Tolkuchka_Bazaar_-_Flickr_-_Kerri-Jo_%2832%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Tolkuchka_Bazaar_-_Flickr_-_Kerri-Jo_%2832%29.jpg/440px-Tolkuchka_Bazaar_-_Flickr_-_Kerri-Jo_%2832%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3437" data-file-height="2282" /></a><figcaption>Turkmens in <a href="/wiki/Ashgabat,_Turkmenistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashgabat, Turkmenistan">Ashgabat, Turkmenistan</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_Q-M242" title="Haplogroup Q-M242">Haplogroup Q-M242</a> is commonly found in Siberia, Southeast Asia, Central Asia. This haplogroup forms a large percentage of the paternal lineages of Turkmens. </p><p>Grugni <i>et al.</i> (2012) found Q-M242 in 42.6% (29/68) of a sample of Turkmens from <a href="/wiki/Golestan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Golestan Province">Golestan</a>, Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Di Cristofaro <i>et al.</i> (2013) found Q-M25 in 31.1% (23/74) and Q-M346 in 2.7% (2/74) for a total of 33.8% (25/74) Q-M242 in a sample of Turkmens from <a href="/wiki/Jawzjan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Jawzjan Province">Jawzjan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Karafet <i>et al.</i> (2018) found Q-M25 in 50.0% (22/44) of another sample of Turkmens from Turkmenistan.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Haplogroup Q have seen its highest frequencies in the Turkmens from <a href="/wiki/Karakalpakstan" title="Karakalpakstan">Karakalpakstan</a> (mainly <a href="/wiki/Yomut" title="Yomut">Yomut</a>) at 73%.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A genetic study on maternal <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA" title="Mitochondrial DNA">mitochondrial DNA</a> (<a href="/wiki/MtDNA" class="mw-redirect" title="MtDNA">mtDNA</a>) haplogroups of a Turkmen sample describes a mixture of mostly West Eurasian lineages maternal lineages and minority of East Eurasian lineages. Turkmens also have two unusual mtDNA markers with polymorphic characteristics, only found in Turkmens and southern Siberians.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmens&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Turkmenistan" title="Category:History of Turkmenistan">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Turkmenistan" title="History of Turkmenistan">History of <span class="fn org label">Turkmenistan</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8D_%D0%9B._%D0%9B.,_%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5_(1914).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt=""Turkmens at the gates of the ancient city of Merv, 1914"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8D_%D0%9B._%D0%9B.%2C_%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5_%281914%29.jpg/200px-%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8D_%D0%9B._%D0%9B.%2C_%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5_%281914%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8D_%D0%9B._%D0%9B.%2C_%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5_%281914%29.jpg/300px-%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8D_%D0%9B._%D0%9B.%2C_%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5_%281914%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8D_%D0%9B._%D0%9B.%2C_%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5_%281914%29.jpg/400px-%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8D_%D0%9B._%D0%9B.%2C_%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5_%281914%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2170" data-file-height="1245" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Antiquity</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Turkmenistan#Ancient_history" title="History of Turkmenistan">Ancient history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeitun#Jeitun_culture" title="Jeitun">Jeitun culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonur_Depe" title="Gonur Depe">Gonur Depe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">Oxus civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massagetae" title="Massagetae">Massagetae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Median_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Median Empire">Median Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Greco-Bactrian Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Turkmenistan#The_ten_tribe_Proto-Turkic_tribal_confederation" title="History of Turkmenistan">Proto-Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sassanian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanian Empire">Sassanian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidarites" title="Kidarites">Kidarite Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hephthalite_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hephthalite Empire">Hephthalite Empire</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Middle Ages</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Turkmenistan#Arab_conquests_and_Islamization" title="History of Turkmenistan">Islamic period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahirid_dynasty" title="Tahirid dynasty">Tahirids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffarid_dynasty" title="Saffarid dynasty">Saffarids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanid_Empire" title="Samanid Empire">Samanids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Turkmenistan#Oghuz_tribes" title="History of Turkmenistan">Oghuz Turkomans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk Turkomans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Khwarazmian Empire">Khwarazmians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_the_Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire">Mongol conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kart_dynasty" title="Kart dynasty">Karts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurids</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Early modern history</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Khiva" title="Khanate of Khiva">Khanate of Khiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Bukhara" title="Emirate of Bukhara">Emirate of Bukhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Turkmenistan#Turkmenistan_in_the_16th_and_17th_centuries" title="History of Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan in the 16th and 17th centuries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afsharid_Iran" title="Afsharid Iran">Afsharid Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar Iran</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Modern history</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Turkmenistan#Russian_Colonization_and_Great_Game" title="History of Turkmenistan">Russian conquest and the Great Game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcaspian_Oblast" title="Transcaspian Oblast">Transcaspian Oblast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Turkmenistan#Revolution_and_civil_war" title="History of Turkmenistan">October Revolution and Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkestan_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Soviet rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic">Turkmenistan SSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">After Independence</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related historical regions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hyrcania" title="Hyrcania">Hyrcania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogdia" title="Sogdia">Sogdia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margiana" title="Margiana">Margiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Greater Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Greater Khorasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwarazm" title="Khwarazm">Khwarazm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcaspian_Oblast" title="Transcaspian Oblast">Transcaspia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic">Turkmenia</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/16px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/24px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/32px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Turkmenistan" title="Portal:Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Turkmenistan" title="Template:History of Turkmenistan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Turkmenistan" title="Template talk:History of Turkmenistan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Turkmenistan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Turkmenistan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Turkmenistan" title="History of Turkmenistan">History of Turkmenistan</a></div> <p>Turkmens belong to the <a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Turks" title="Oghuz Turks">Oghuz tribes</a>, who originated on the periphery of <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> and founded gigantic empires beginning from the 3rd millennium BC. Subsequently, <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_tribes" title="Turkmen tribes">Turkmen tribes</a> founded lasting dynasties in Central Asia, <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> that had a profound influence on the course of history of those regions.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most prominent of those dynasties were <a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">the Ghaznavids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seljuks" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuks">Seljuks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turks" title="Ottoman Turks">Ottomans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afsharids" class="mw-redirect" title="Afsharids">Afsharids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qajars" class="mw-redirect" title="Qajars">Qajars</a>. Representatives of the Turkmen tribes of Ive and Bayandur were also the founders of the short-lived, but formidable states of <a href="/wiki/Kara_Koyunlu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kara Koyunlu">Kara Koyunlu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ak_Koyunlu" class="mw-redirect" title="Ak Koyunlu">Ak Koyunlu</a> Turkmens respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Turkmens that stayed in Central Asia largely survived unaffected by the Mongol period due to their semi-nomadic lifestyle and became traders along the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian</a>, which led to contacts with <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>. Following the decline of the Mongols, <a href="/wiki/Tamerlane" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamerlane">Tamerlane</a> conquered the area and his <a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid Empire</a> would rule, until it too fractured, as the <a href="/wiki/Safavids" class="mw-redirect" title="Safavids">Safavids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Bukhara" title="Khanate of Bukhara">Khanate of Bukhara</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Khiva" title="Khanate of Khiva">Khanate of Khiva</a> all contested the area. The expanding <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> took notice of <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Turkmenistan" title="Economy of Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan's extensive cotton industry</a>, during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter the Great</a>, and invaded the area. Following the decisive <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Geok_Tepe" title="Battle of Geok Tepe">Battle of Geok Tepe</a> in January 1881, the bulk of Turkmen tribes found themselves under the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Emperor">Russian Emperor</a>, which was formalized in the <a href="/wiki/Akhal_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Akhal Treaty">Akhal Treaty</a> between Russia and Persia. After the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution_of_1917" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Revolution of 1917">Russian Revolution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> control was established by 1921, and in 1924 Turkmenistan became the <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic">Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic</a>. <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a> gained independence in 1991. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture_and_society">Culture and society</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmens&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Culture and society"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Turkmenistan" title="Category:Turkmenistan">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa"><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Turkmenistan" title="Culture of Turkmenistan">Culture of Turkmenistan</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image photo"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/100px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/150px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/200px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Turkmenistan" title="History of Turkmenistan">History</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Turkmenistan" title="Demographics of Turkmenistan">People</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Turkmens</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Turkmenistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Turkmenistan">Languages</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_cuisine" title="Turkmen cuisine">Cuisine</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Turkmenistan" title="Public holidays in Turkmenistan">Festivals</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Turkmenistan" title="Religion in Turkmenistan">Religion</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Art</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_rug" title="Turkmen rug">Carpets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_jewelry" title="Turkmen jewelry">Jewelry</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_literature" title="Turkmen literature">Literature</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Turkmenistan" title="Music of Turkmenistan">Music</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Turkmenistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Media in Turkmenistan">Media</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_Turkmenistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio in Turkmenistan">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Turkmenistan" title="Television in Turkmenistan">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Turkmenistan" title="Cinema of Turkmenistan">Cinema</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Turkmenistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in Turkmenistan">Sport</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Turkmenistan" title="Football in Turkmenistan">Football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan_at_the_Olympics" title="Turkmenistan at the Olympics">Olympic appearances</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Monuments</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Turkmenistan" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Turkmenistan">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Turkmenistan" title="National symbols of Turkmenistan">Symbols</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Turkmenistan" title="Flag of Turkmenistan">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Turkmenistan" title="Emblem of Turkmenistan">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Anthem_of_Turkmenistan" title="State Anthem of Turkmenistan">National anthem</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/16px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/24px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/32px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Turkmenistan" title="Portal:Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Culture_of_Turkmenistan" title="Template:Culture of Turkmenistan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Culture_of_Turkmenistan" title="Template talk:Culture of Turkmenistan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culture_of_Turkmenistan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culture of Turkmenistan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmens&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Turkmenistan" title="Religion in Turkmenistan">Religion in Turkmenistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Turkmenistan" title="Islam in Turkmenistan">Islam in Turkmenistan</a></div><p> The Turkmen of <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a>, like their kin in <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> are predominantly <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslims</a>. According the U.S. Department of State's <i>International Religious Freedom Report</i> for 2019,</p><blockquote><p>According to U.S. government estimates, the country is 89 percent Muslim (mostly Sunni), 9 percent Eastern Orthodox, and 2 percent other. There are small communities of Jehovah’s Witnesses, Shia Muslims, Baha’is, Roman Catholics, the International Society for Krishna Consciousness, and evangelical Christians, including Baptists and Pentecostals. Most ethnic Russians and Armenians identify as Orthodox Christian and generally are members of the Russian Orthodox Church or Armenian Apostolic Church. Some ethnic Russians and Armenians are also members of smaller Protestant groups. There are small pockets of Shia Muslims, consisting largely of ethnic Iranians, Azeris, and Kurds, some located in Ashgabat, with others along the border with Iran and in the western city of Turkmenbashy.<sup id="cite_ref-relfreedom_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-relfreedom-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The Turkmen adopted Islam between the 12th and 14th centuries. Sufi orders like the <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Yasawi" title="Ahmad Yasawi">Yasawiya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kubrawiya" title="Kubrawiya">Kubrawiya</a> greatly contributed to the conversion of the Turkmens to Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The great majority of <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkmen people">Turkmen</a> readily identify themselves as <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> and acknowledge <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> as an integral part of their cultural heritage.<sup id="cite_ref-Silk_Road_Paper_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silk_Road_Paper-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The country of Turkmenistan encourages the conceptualization of "Turkmen Islam", or worship that is often mixed with veneration of elders and saints, life-cycle rituals, and Sufi practices.<sup id="cite_ref-Silk_Road_Paper_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silk_Road_Paper-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since Turkmenistan's independence saw an increase in religious practices and the development of institutions like the Muftiate and the building of mosques, today it is often regulated.<sup id="cite_ref-Silk_Road_Paper_64-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silk_Road_Paper-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The government leadership of Turkmenistan often uses Islam to legitimize its role in society by sponsoring holiday celebrations such as iftar dinners during Ramadan and presidential pilgrimage to Mecca, Saudi Arabia. This sponsorship has validated the country's two presidents (<span title="Turkmen-language text"><i lang="tk-Latn">Nyýazow</i></span> and <span title="Turkmen-language text"><i lang="tk-Latn">Berdimuhamedow</i></span>) as pious Turkmen, giving them an aura of cultural authority.<sup id="cite_ref-Silk_Road_Paper_64-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silk_Road_Paper-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Russian Academy of Sciences has identified many instances of <a href="/wiki/Syncretism#Religious_syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretic</a> influence of pre-Islamic <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a> belief systems on practice of Islam among Turkmen, including placing offerings before trees.<sup id="cite_ref-ras_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ras-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Turkmen word <i>taňry</i>, meaning "God", derives from the Turkic <i>Tengri</i>, the name of the supreme god in the pre-Islamic Turkic pantheon.<sup id="cite_ref-ras2_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ras2-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Turkmen language features a multitude of euphemisms for "wolf", because of a belief that speaking the actual word while tending a flock of sheep will invoke a wolf's appearance.<sup id="cite_ref-ras3_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ras3-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other examples of syncretism, some infertile Turkmen women, rather than praying, step or jump over a live wolf in order to assist them in getting pregnant, and children born subsequently are typically given names associated with wolves; alternatively the mother may visit shrines of Muslim saints.<sup id="cite_ref-ras4_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ras4-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The future is divined by reading of dried camel dung by special <a href="/wiki/Fortune_teller" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortune teller">fortune tellers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ras5_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ras5-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmens&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Child%27s_tunic,_Yomud_Turkmen_people,_Northern_Afghanistan_,_early_to_mid_20th_century,_wool,_cotton,_metal,_cowrie_shells,_glass_beads_-_Textile_Museum_of_Canada_-_DSC00915.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Child%27s_tunic%2C_Yomud_Turkmen_people%2C_Northern_Afghanistan_%2C_early_to_mid_20th_century%2C_wool%2C_cotton%2C_metal%2C_cowrie_shells%2C_glass_beads_-_Textile_Museum_of_Canada_-_DSC00915.JPG/170px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Child%27s_tunic%2C_Yomud_Turkmen_people%2C_Northern_Afghanistan_%2C_early_to_mid_20th_century%2C_wool%2C_cotton%2C_metal%2C_cowrie_shells%2C_glass_beads_-_Textile_Museum_of_Canada_-_DSC00915.JPG/255px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Child%27s_tunic%2C_Yomud_Turkmen_people%2C_Northern_Afghanistan_%2C_early_to_mid_20th_century%2C_wool%2C_cotton%2C_metal%2C_cowrie_shells%2C_glass_beads_-_Textile_Museum_of_Canada_-_DSC00915.JPG/340px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3627" data-file-height="4839" /></a><figcaption>Turkmen child's tunic, early to mid 20th century, Textile Museum of Canada</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen language</a></div> <p>Turkmen (<a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a>: <span title="Turkmen-language text"><i lang="tk-Latn">Türkmençe</i></span>, <span title="Turkmen-language text"><span lang="tk-Cyrl">Түркменче</span></span>) is a <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic language</a> spoken by the Turkmens of <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, mainly of <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>. It has an estimated five million native speakers in Turkmenistan, a further 719,000 speakers in Northeastern <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 1.5 million people in Northwestern <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-e18_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e18-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Turkmen language is closely related to <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gagauz_language" title="Gagauz language">Gagauz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qashqai_language" title="Qashqai language">Qashqai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_language" title="Crimean Tatar language">Crimean Tatar</a>, sharing common linguistic features with each of those languages. There is a high degree of mutual intelligibility between these languages.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the closest language of Turkmen is considered <a href="/wiki/Khorasani_Turkic" title="Khorasani Turkic">Khorasani Turkic</a>, spoken in northeastern regions of Iran and with which it shares the eastern subbranch of Oghuz languages, as well as Khorezm, the Oghuz dialect of Uzbek language spoken mainly along the Turkmenistan border.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">standardized form</a> of Turkmen (spoken in Turkmenistan) is based on the <a href="/wiki/Teke_(Turkmen_tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Teke (Turkmen tribe)">Teke</a> dialect, while Iranian Turkmen uses mostly the <a href="/wiki/Yomud" class="mw-redirect" title="Yomud">Yomud</a> dialect, and <a href="/wiki/Afghan_Turkmens" title="Afghan Turkmens">Afghan Turkmen</a> uses <a href="/wiki/Ersary" class="mw-redirect" title="Ersary">Ersary</a> variety.<sup id="cite_ref-celcar.indiana.edu_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-celcar.indiana.edu-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Iran, the Turkmen language comes second after the Azerbaijani language in terms of the number of speakers of Turkic languages of Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmens&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_literature" title="Turkmen literature">Turkmen literature</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USSR-1991-1ruble-CuNi-Magtymguly-b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/USSR-1991-1ruble-CuNi-Magtymguly-b.jpg/175px-USSR-1991-1ruble-CuNi-Magtymguly-b.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/USSR-1991-1ruble-CuNi-Magtymguly-b.jpg/263px-USSR-1991-1ruble-CuNi-Magtymguly-b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/USSR-1991-1ruble-CuNi-Magtymguly-b.jpg/350px-USSR-1991-1ruble-CuNi-Magtymguly-b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="1100" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Magtymguly_Pyragy" title="Magtymguly Pyragy">Magtymguly Pyragy</a> on a <a href="/wiki/Soviet_rouble" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet rouble">Soviet rouble</a>, 1991</figcaption></figure> <p>Turkmen literature comprises oral compositions and written texts in old <a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Turkic" class="mw-redirect" title="Oghuz Turkic">Oghuz Turkic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a> languages. Turkmens have joint claims to a great number of literary works written in Old Oghuz Turkic and <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> (by <a href="/wiki/Seljuks" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuks">Seljuks</a> in 11-12th centuries) languages with other people of the Oghuz Turkic origin, mainly of <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>. This works include, but are not limited to the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Dede_Korkut" title="Book of Dede Korkut">Book of Dede Korkut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Koroghlu" title="Epic of Koroghlu">Gorogly</a> and others.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The medieval Turkmen literature was heavily influenced by <a href="/wiki/Arabic_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic Language">Arabic</a> and Persian, and used mostly <a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic alphabet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is general consensus, however, that distinctively Turkmen literature originated in 18th century with the poetry of <a href="/wiki/Magtymguly_Pyragy" title="Magtymguly Pyragy">Magtymguly Pyragy</a>, who is considered the father of the Turkmen literature.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other prominent Turkmen poets of that era are <a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6wletm%C3%A4mmet_Azady" title="Döwletmämmet Azady">Döwletmämmet Azady</a> (Magtymguly's father), Nurmuhammet Andalyp, Abdylla Şabende, Şeýdaýy, Mahmyt Gaýyby and Gurbanally Magrupy.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 20th century, Turkmenistan's most prominent Turkmen-language writer was <a href="/wiki/Berdi_Kerbabayev" title="Berdi Kerbabayev">Berdi Kerbabayev</a>, whose novel <i>Decisive Step</i>, later made into a motion picture directed by <a href="/wiki/Alty_Karliev" title="Alty Karliev">Alty Garlyyev</a>, is considered the apotheosis of modern Turkmen fiction. It earned him the USSR State Prize for Literature in 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-berdi_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-berdi-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmens&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Turkmenistan" title="Music of Turkmenistan">Music of Turkmenistan</a></div> <p>The musical art of the Turkmens is an integral part of the musical art of the <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic peoples</a>. The music of the Turkmen people is closely related to the <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_people" title="Kyrgyz people">Kyrgyz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kazakh people">Kazakh</a> <a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">folk forms</a>. Important musical traditions include traveling singers called <i><a href="/wiki/Bakshy" title="Bakshy">bakshy</a></i>, who sing with instruments such as the two-stringed <a href="/wiki/Lute" title="Lute">lute</a> called <a href="/wiki/Dutar" title="Dutar">dutar</a>. </p><p>Other important musical instruments are <a href="/wiki/Gopuz" class="mw-redirect" title="Gopuz">gopuz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zurna" title="Zurna">tüydük</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dombura" class="mw-redirect" title="Dombura">dombura</a>, and gyjak. The most famous Turkmen bakshys are those who lived in the 19th century: Amangeldi Gönübek, Gulgeldi ussa, Garadali Gokleng, Yegen Oraz bakshy, Hajygolak, Nobatnyyaz bakshy, Oglan bakshy, Durdy bakshy, Shukur bakshy, Chowdur bakshy and others. Usually they narrated the woeful and gloomy events of the Turkmen history through their music. The names and music of these bakshys have become legendary among the Turkmen people, and passed orally from generation to generation.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Central Asian classical music tradition <a href="/wiki/Muqam" title="Muqam">muqam</a> is also present in Turkmenistan.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Danatar_Ovezov" title="Danatar Ovezov">Danatar Ovezov</a> began composing classical music using Turkmen themes, and that classical expression of Turkmen motifs and melodies reached its apotheosis in the compositions of <a href="/wiki/Nury_Halmammedov" title="Nury Halmammedov">Nury Halmammedov</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Folk_crafts">Folk crafts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmens&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Folk crafts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Turkmens" title="Special:EditPage/Turkmens">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Turkmens%22">"Turkmens"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Turkmens%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Turkmens%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Turkmens%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Turkmens%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Turkmens%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Embroidery</b> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Traditional_turkmen_embroidery_for_women%27s_dress.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Traditional_turkmen_embroidery_for_women%27s_dress.jpg/130px-Traditional_turkmen_embroidery_for_women%27s_dress.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Traditional_turkmen_embroidery_for_women%27s_dress.jpg/195px-Traditional_turkmen_embroidery_for_women%27s_dress.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Traditional_turkmen_embroidery_for_women%27s_dress.jpg/260px-Traditional_turkmen_embroidery_for_women%27s_dress.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1370" data-file-height="2953" /></a><figcaption>Traditional Turkmen embroidery for women's dress</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Traditional_dressed_turkmen_bride.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Traditional_dressed_turkmen_bride.jpg/170px-Traditional_dressed_turkmen_bride.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Traditional_dressed_turkmen_bride.jpg/255px-Traditional_dressed_turkmen_bride.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Traditional_dressed_turkmen_bride.jpg/340px-Traditional_dressed_turkmen_bride.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1015" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>Turkmen woman in traditional bride's dress. Bride's face is covered during a certain ceremony</figcaption></figure> <p>Turkmen pictorial <a href="/wiki/Embroidery" title="Embroidery">embroidery</a> became widespread in the <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythian</a> period and reached great perfection in other periods. It is known that for a long time the Turkmens were engaged in the production of <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a> as the main material for embroidery, and Turkmen women and girls embroidered their dresses with colored silks. All these deeds are clearly expressed in the songs of <a href="/wiki/Women_in_Turkmenistan" title="Women in Turkmenistan">Turkmen women</a> and in the oral <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_literature" title="Turkmen literature">Turkmen literature</a>. </p><p>The main materials for Turkmen embroidery are thread and fabric. There are several types of threads: natural threads such as silk and <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a> threads; synthetic and acrylic threads. As for the types of fabrics, silk and <a href="/wiki/Woolen" title="Woolen">woolen</a> fabrics are usually used for embroidery. </p><p>It is customary for the Turkmens to embroider with colored silks girls' and men's skullcaps (<a href="/wiki/Taqiyah_(cap)" title="Taqiyah (cap)">tahya</a>), collars and sleeves of women's dresses (and in more distant times, men's shirts), the lower part of pants protruding from under the dress, various small bags for storing small things.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Weaving</b> </p><p>Weaving is one of the types of home craft that has its roots in the deep past. During excavations of many ancient and early medieval settlements on the territory of Turkmenistan, archaeologists discovered fragments of cotton and woolen fabrics, the analysis of which does not exclude local production: the warp and wefts (transverse threads) have the same thickness, the yarn is single, the weave is simple. </p><p>The techniques of weaving craft of Turkmen women are similar to homespun production of other peoples. First, there were three stages of preparation of different types of threads. To obtain cotton thread: 1) cleaning cotton from seeds using a small machine, loosening the resulting fiber with rods, rolling into small bunches; 2) spinning the fiber with a spinning wheel, twisting it into a thread and winding the threads into skeins; 3) winding the threads on the hook and bobbin. For woolen thread: 1) washing and drying wool, scuttling with twigs until a fluffy mass is obtained; 2) combing, loosening, yarn and twisting into a thread with a spindle, winding into skeins; 3) dyeing skeins. For silk thread: 1) cleaning and unwinding (sarmak) cocoons (goza) with a spinning wheel (parh), steaming in a boiler with boiling water; 2) fixing the threads on the spindle using a rotating spinning wheel, twisting the threads into one thread, rewinding them from the spindle into a ball, then into skeins; 3) dyeing skeins, drying in the sun. </p><p>Home weaving was extremely widespread throughout the territory of Turkmenistan. In almost every family, weaving skills were instilled in girls from an early age. They began to learn the art of making yarn, weaving and sewing from the age of 8–10. Fabrics, depending on the purpose, were divided into various types: for sewing women's and men's clothing, thin fabric for camel wool dressing gowns, for cotton tablecloths was highly valued. Bags for storing grain and flour were made of fabric of thick twisted yarn, narrow strong strips of fabric (5–12 cm) were used to fasten the poles to the yurt lattice. Using a simple technique of weaving, the craftswomen achieved a great effect in the manufacture of peculiar national fabrics, which cannot be reproduced in mechanical production: a loom consisting of 3-4 columns dug into the ground, a transverse roller, a heald. Tools made of wood in the form of a <a href="/wiki/Sabre" title="Sabre">saber</a> were used to seal the weft threads.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmens&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Cuisine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_cuisine" title="Turkmen cuisine">Turkmen cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turkmenistan_bread_baking.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Turkmenistan_bread_baking.jpg/220px-Turkmenistan_bread_baking.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Turkmenistan_bread_baking.jpg/330px-Turkmenistan_bread_baking.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Turkmenistan_bread_baking.jpg/440px-Turkmenistan_bread_baking.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1023" data-file-height="682" /></a><figcaption>Baking <span title="Turkmen-language text"><i lang="tk-Latn">çörek</i></span> and <span title="Turkmen-language text"><i lang="tk-Latn">somsa</i></span> in the Turkmen <a href="/wiki/Tandoor" title="Tandoor">tamdyr</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Characteristics of traditional Turkmen cuisine are rooted in the largely nomadic nature of day-to-day life prior to the Soviet period coupled with a long local tradition, dating back millennia before the arrival of the Turkmen in the region, of white wheat production. Baked goods, especially flat bread (<a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a>: <i lang="tk">çörek</i>) typically baked in a <a href="/wiki/Tandoor" title="Tandoor">tandoor</a>, make up a large proportion of the daily diet, along with cracked wheat porridge (<a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a>: <i lang="tk">ýarma</i>), wheat puffs (<a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a>: <i lang="tk">pişme</i>), and dumplings (<a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a>: <i lang="tk">börek</i>). Since sheep-, goat-, and camel husbandry are traditional mainstays of nomadic Turkmen, mutton, goat meat, and camel meat were most commonly eaten, variously ground and stuffed in dumplings, boiled in soup, or grilled on spits in chunks (<a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a>: <i lang="tk">şaşlyk</i>) or as fingers of ground, spiced meat (<a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a>: <i lang="tk">kebap</i>). Rice for <a href="/wiki/Pilaf" title="Pilaf">plov</a> was reserved for festive occasions. Due to lack of refrigeration in nomad camps, dairy products from sheep-, goat-, and camel milk were fermented to keep them from spoiling quickly. Fish consumption was largely limited to tribes inhabiting the Caspian Sea shoreline. Fruits and vegetables were scarce, and in nomad camps limited mainly to carrots, squash, pumpkin, and onions. Inhabitants of oases enjoyed more varied diets, with access to pomegranate-, fig-, and stone fruit orchards; vineyards; and of course melons. Areas with cotton production could use cottonseed oil and sheep herders used fat from the fat-tailed sheep. The major traditional imported product was tea.<sup id="cite_ref-cookbook_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cookbook-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cookbook2_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cookbook2-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cookbook3_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cookbook3-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Geographical_Society" title="Royal Geographical Society">Royal Geographical Society</a> reported in 1882,</p><blockquote><p>The food of the Tekkes [<i>sic</i>] consists of well-prepared pillaus and of game; also of fermented camels' milk, melons, and water-melons. They use their fingers in conveying food to their mouths, but guests are provided with spoons.<sup id="cite_ref-newfrontier_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newfrontier-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In sharp contrast to other Central Asian and Turkic ethnic groups, Turkmen do not eat horse meat, and in fact eating of horse meat is prohibited by law in Turkmenistan.<sup id="cite_ref-horsemeat_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-horsemeat-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rferl_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rferl-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Conquest by the Russian Empire in the 1880s introduced new foods, including such meats as beef, pork, and chicken, as well as potatoes, tomatoes, cabbage, and cucumbers, though they did not find widespread use in most Turkmen households until the Soviet period. While now consumed widely, they are, strictly speaking, not considered "traditional".<sup id="cite_ref-cookbook2_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cookbook2-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-darra_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-darra-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nomadic_heritage">Nomadic heritage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmens&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Nomadic heritage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_tribes" title="Turkmen tribes">Turkmen tribes</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:19._%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/19._%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5.jpg/220px-19._%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/19._%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5.jpg/330px-19._%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/19._%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5.jpg/440px-19._%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="567" /></a><figcaption>Turkmens in <a href="/wiki/Merv" title="Merv">Merv</a> in 1890</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turkmen_man_with_camel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Turkmen_man_with_camel.jpg/220px-Turkmen_man_with_camel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Turkmen_man_with_camel.jpg/330px-Turkmen_man_with_camel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Turkmen_man_with_camel.jpg/440px-Turkmen_man_with_camel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3205" data-file-height="2647" /></a><figcaption>A Turkmen man of Central Asia in traditional clothes. Photo by <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Prokudin-Gorsky" title="Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky">Prokudin-Gorsky</a> between 1905 and 1915</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tolkuchka_Bazaar4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Tolkuchka_Bazaar4.jpg/220px-Tolkuchka_Bazaar4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Tolkuchka_Bazaar4.jpg/330px-Tolkuchka_Bazaar4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Tolkuchka_Bazaar4.jpg/440px-Tolkuchka_Bazaar4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Turkmen carpets at the local bazaar, Ashgabat</figcaption></figure> <p>Before the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Soviet_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet power">Soviet power</a> in <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, it was difficult to identify distinct ethnic groups in the region. Sub-ethnic and <a href="/wiki/Supra-ethnic" class="mw-redirect" title="Supra-ethnic">supra-ethnic</a> loyalties were more important to people than ethnicity. When asked to identify themselves, most Central Asians would name their kin group, neighborhood, village, religion or the state in which they lived; the idea that a state should exist to serve an ethnic group was unknown. That said, most Turkmen could identify the tribe to which they belonged, though they might not identify themselves as Turkmen.<sup id="cite_ref-Adrienne_Lynn_Edgar_2007_18_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adrienne_Lynn_Edgar_2007_18-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most Turkmen were nomads until the 19th century when they began to settle the area south of the <a href="/wiki/Amu_Darya" title="Amu Darya">Amu Darya</a>. Many Turkmen became semi-nomadic, herding sheep and camels during spring, summer, and fall, but planting crops, wintering in oasis camps, and harvesting the crops in the summer and autumn. As a rule they did not settle in cities and towns until the advent of the Soviet government. This mobile lifestyle precluded identification with anyone outside one's kin group and led to frequent conflicts between different <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_tribes" title="Turkmen tribes">Turkmen tribes</a>, particularly regarding access to water. </p><p>In collaboration with the local nationalists, the Soviet government sought to transform the Turkmen and other similar ethnic groups in the USSR into modern socialist nations that based their identity on a fixed territory and a common language. Prior to the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Geok_Tepe" title="Battle of Geok Tepe">Battle of Geok Tepe</a> in January 1881 and subsequent conquest of Merv in 1884, the Turkmen "retained the condition of predatory, horse-riding nomads, who were greatly feared by their neighbours as 'man-stealing Turks.' Until subjugated by the Russians, the Turkmens were a warlike people, who conquered their neighbours and regularly captured ethnic Persians for sale as slaves in Khiva. It was their boast that not one Persian had crossed their frontier except with a rope round his neck."<sup id="cite_ref-turanians_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-turanians-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Soviet-led standardization of the Turkmen language, education, and projects to promote ethnic Turkmen in industry, government and higher education led growing numbers of Turkmen to identify with a larger national Turkmen culture rather than with sub-national, pre-modern forms of identity.<sup id="cite_ref-Adrienne_Lynn_Edgar_2007_261_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adrienne_Lynn_Edgar_2007_261-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After gaining independence from the Soviet Union, Turkmen historians went to great lengths to prove that the Turkmen had inhabited their current territory since time immemorial; some historians even tried to deny the nomadic heritage of the Turkmen.<sup id="cite_ref-Adrienne_Lynn_Edgar_2007_264_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adrienne_Lynn_Edgar_2007_264-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Turkmen lifestyle was heavily invested in horsemanship and as a prominent horse culture, Turkmen horse-breeding was an ages old tradition. Before the Soviet era, a proverb stated that the Turkmen's home was where his horse happened to stand. In spite of changes prompted during the Soviet period, the Ahal Teke tribe in southern Turkmenistan has remained very well known for its horses, the <a href="/wiki/Akhal-Teke" title="Akhal-Teke">Akhal-Teke</a> <i>desert horse</i> – and the horse breeding tradition has returned to its previous prominence in recent years.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many tribal customs still survive among modern Turkmen. Unique to Turkmen culture is <i>kalim</i> which is a <a href="/wiki/Bridegroom" title="Bridegroom">groom</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Dowry" title="Dowry">dowry</a>", that can be quite expensive and often results in the widely practiced<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> tradition of <a href="/wiki/Bride_kidnapping" title="Bride kidnapping">bridal kidnapping</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Turkmen_Society_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turkmen_Society-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In something of a modern parallel, in 2001, President Saparmurat Niyazov had introduced a state enforced "<i>kalim</i>", which required all foreigners who wanted to marry a Turkmen woman to pay a sum of no less than $50,000.<sup id="cite_ref-telegraph.co.uk_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-telegraph.co.uk-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The law was repealed in March 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-rferl.org_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rferl.org-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other customs include the consultation of tribal elders, whose advice is often eagerly sought and respected. Many Turkmen still live in extended families where various generations can be found under the same roof, especially in rural areas.<sup id="cite_ref-Turkmen_Society_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turkmen_Society-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The music of the nomadic and rural Turkmen people reflects rich oral traditions, where epics such as Koroglu are usually sung by itinerant bards. These itinerant singers are called <i><a href="/wiki/Bakshy" title="Bakshy">bakshy</a></i> and sing either a cappella or with instruments such as the <a href="/wiki/Dutar" title="Dutar">dutar</a>, a two-stringed <a href="/wiki/Lute" title="Lute">lute</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Society_today">Society today</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmens&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Society today"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since Turkmenistan's independence in 1991, a cultural revival has taken place with the return of a moderate form of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> and celebration of <a href="/wiki/Novruz" class="mw-redirect" title="Novruz">Novruz</a>, the Persian New Year marking the onset of spring. </p><p>Turkmen can be divided into various social classes including the urban intelligentsia and workers whose role in society is different from that of the rural peasantry. Secularism and <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheism</a> remain prominent for many Turkmen intellectuals who favor moderate social changes and often view extreme religiosity and cultural revival with some measure of distrust.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The five traditional carpet rosettes, or <a href="/wiki/Gul_(design)" title="Gul (design)">gul</a>, called <i>göl</i> in Turkmen, that form motifs in the country's <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Turkmenistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of Turkmenistan">state emblem</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Turkmenistan" title="Flag of Turkmenistan">flag</a>, represent the five major <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_tribes" title="Turkmen tribes">Turkmen tribes</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport">Sport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmens&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Sport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sports have historically been an important part of Turkmen life. Such sports as <a href="/wiki/Horseback_riding" class="mw-redirect" title="Horseback riding">horseback riding</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kurash" title="Kurash">Goresh</a> have been praised in Turkmen literature. During the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Turkmenistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Turkmenistan">Soviet era</a>, Turkmen athletes competed in numerous competitions, including <a href="/wiki/Olympic_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympic games">Olympic games</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_at_the_Olympics" title="Soviet Union at the Olympics">Soviet Union team</a> and, in 1992, as part of the <a href="/wiki/Unified_Team_at_the_Olympics" title="Unified Team at the Olympics">Unified Team</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Turkmenistan gained her independence, new ways of establishing physical and sports movements in the country began to emerge. To implement a new sports policy, new multi-purpose stadiums, physical education and health complexes, sports schools and facilities were built in all regions of the country. Turkmenistan also has a modern Olympic village which hosted <a href="/wiki/2017_Asian_Indoor_and_Martial_Arts_Games" title="2017 Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games">2017 Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games</a>, and is unparalleled in Central Asia. </p><p>Turkmenistan supports the country's sports movements and encourages sports on a state level. While <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a> remains the most popular sport, such sports as Turkmen goresh, horseback riding and lately <a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">ice hockey</a> are also very popular among Turkmens.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics_and_population_distribution">Demographics and population distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmens&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Demographics and population distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> In 1911, the population of Turkmens in the Russian Empire was estimated to be 290,170, and it was "conjectured that their total number [in all countries] does not exceed 350,000".<sup id="cite_ref-turanians_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-turanians-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1995, Turkmen academics estimated </p><blockquote><p>...there are 125,000 Turkmen living in Uzbekistan, 40,000 in Russia and 22,000 in Tajikistan. The largest group of Turkmens is in Iran (850,000), Afghanistan (700,000), Iraq (235,000), Turkey (150,000), Syria (60,000), and China (85,000). In total, the number of Turkmens living abroad is about 2.2 million.<sup id="cite_ref-geotext_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-geotext-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> Today the Turkmen people of Central Asia and near neighbors live in: </p><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></b>, where some 85% of the population of 5,042,920 people (July 2006 est.) are ethnic Turkmen. In addition, an estimated 1,200 Turkmen <a href="/wiki/Afghan_refugees" title="Afghan refugees">refugees</a> from northern Afghanistan currently reside in Turkmenistan due to the ravages of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a> and factional fighting in Afghanistan which saw the rise and fall of the <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></b>, where as of 2006, 200,000 ethnic Turkmen are concentrated primarily along the <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan-Turkmenistan_border" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghanistan-Turkmenistan border">Turkmen-Afghan border</a> in the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Faryab_Province" title="Faryab Province">Faryab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jowzjan_Province" title="Jowzjan Province">Jowzjan</a>, Samangan and <a href="/wiki/Baghlan_Province" title="Baghlan Province">Baghlan</a>. There are also communities in <a href="/wiki/Balkh_Province" title="Balkh Province">Balkh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kunduz_Province" title="Kunduz Province">Kunduz Provinces</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></b>, where about 719,000 Turkmen are primarily concentrated in the <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Iran" title="Provinces of Iran">provinces</a> of <a href="/wiki/Golest%C4%81n_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Golestān Province">Golestān</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Khorasan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="North Khorasan Province">North Khorasan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turkmens_in_Iran">Turkmens in Iran</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmens&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Turkmens in Iran"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ramadan_Quran_Reading,_Bandar_Torkaman_(1395032016331673).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Ramadan_Quran_Reading%2C_Bandar_Torkaman_%281395032016331673%29.jpg/140px-Ramadan_Quran_Reading%2C_Bandar_Torkaman_%281395032016331673%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Ramadan_Quran_Reading%2C_Bandar_Torkaman_%281395032016331673%29.jpg/210px-Ramadan_Quran_Reading%2C_Bandar_Torkaman_%281395032016331673%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Ramadan_Quran_Reading%2C_Bandar_Torkaman_%281395032016331673%29.jpg/280px-Ramadan_Quran_Reading%2C_Bandar_Torkaman_%281395032016331673%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="592" /></a><figcaption>A Turkmen girl from Iran</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Turkmen" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Turkmen">Iranian Turkmen</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Turkmen" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Turkmen">Iranian Turkmens</a> are a branch of Turkmen people who live mainly in northern and northeastern regions of Iran. Their region is called <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_Sahra" title="Turkmen Sahra">Turkmen Sahra</a> and includes substantial parts of <a href="/wiki/Golestan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Golestan Province">Golestan</a> province. Representatives of such contemporary <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_tribes" title="Turkmen tribes">Turkmen tribes</a> as <a href="/wiki/Yomut_Turkmen" class="mw-redirect" title="Yomut Turkmen">Yomut</a>, Goklen, Īgdīr, <a href="/wiki/Saryk" title="Saryk">Saryk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salur_(tribe)" title="Salur (tribe)">Salar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Teke_(Turkmen_tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Teke (Turkmen tribe)">Teke</a> have lived in Iran since the 16th century,<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though ethnic history of Turkmens in Iran starts with the <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_conquest" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuk conquest">Seljuk conquest</a> of the region in the 11th century.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turkmens_in_Afghanistan">Turkmens in Afghanistan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmens&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Turkmens in Afghanistan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turkmen_girl_and_baby.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Turkmen_girl_and_baby.jpg/140px-Turkmen_girl_and_baby.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Turkmen_girl_and_baby.jpg/210px-Turkmen_girl_and_baby.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Turkmen_girl_and_baby.jpg/280px-Turkmen_girl_and_baby.jpg 2x" data-file-width="338" data-file-height="381" /></a><figcaption>Turkmen girl and baby from Afghanistan</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Afghan_Turkmens" title="Afghan Turkmens">Afghan Turkmens</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Afghan_Turkmens" title="Afghan Turkmens">Afghan Turkmen</a> population in the 1990s was estimated at 200,000. The original Turkmen groups came from east of the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a> into northwestern Afghanistan at various periods, particularly after the end of the 19th century when the Russians moved into their territory. They established settlements from <a href="/wiki/Balkh_Province" title="Balkh Province">Balkh Province</a> to <a href="/wiki/Herat_Province" title="Herat Province">Herat Province</a>, where they are now concentrated; smaller groups settled in <a href="/wiki/Kunduz_Province" title="Kunduz Province">Kunduz Province</a>. Others came in considerable numbers as a result of the failure of the <a href="/wiki/Basmachi_movement" title="Basmachi movement">Basmachi revolts</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a> in the 1920s.<sup id="cite_ref-lcweb2.loc.gov_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lcweb2.loc.gov-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_tribes" title="Turkmen tribes">Turkmen tribes</a>, of which there are twelve major groups in Afghanistan, base their structure on genealogies traced through the male line. Senior members wield considerable authority. Formerly a nomadic and warlike people feared for their lightning raids on caravans, Turkmen in Afghanistan are farmer-herdsmen and important contributors to the economy. They brought <a href="/wiki/Karakul_sheep" title="Karakul sheep">karakul sheep</a> to Afghanistan and are also renowned makers of carpets, which, with karakul pelts, are major hard currency export commodities. <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_jewelry" title="Turkmen jewelry">Turkmen jewelry</a> is also highly prized.<sup id="cite_ref-lcweb2.loc.gov_107-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lcweb2.loc.gov-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turkmens_of_Stavropol_Krai_of_Russia">Turkmens of Stavropol Krai of Russia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmens&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Turkmens of Stavropol Krai of Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Senior_Citizen_in_Ashgabat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Senior_Citizen_in_Ashgabat.jpg/140px-Senior_Citizen_in_Ashgabat.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Senior_Citizen_in_Ashgabat.jpg/210px-Senior_Citizen_in_Ashgabat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Senior_Citizen_in_Ashgabat.jpg/280px-Senior_Citizen_in_Ashgabat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>A Turkmen elder or <span title="Turkmen-language text"><i lang="tk-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Aksakal" class="mw-redirect" title="Aksakal">aksakal</a></i></span></figcaption></figure> <p>A long established Turkmen colony resides in <a href="/wiki/Stavropol_Krai" title="Stavropol Krai">Stavropol Krai</a> of southern <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>. The local ethnic <a href="/wiki/Russian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian people">Russian</a> population often refers to them as <b>Trukhmen</b>, and these Turkmen sometimes use the self-designation <b>Turkpen</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-eki.ee_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eki.ee-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Census_(2010)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Census (2010)">2010 Census of Russia</a>, they numbered 15,048, and accounted for 0.5% of the total population of Stavropol Krai. </p><p>The Turkmens are said to have migrated into the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> in the 17th century, mostly from the <a href="/wiki/Mangyshlak" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangyshlak">Mangyshlak</a> region. These migrants belonged mainly to the Chowdur (in Russian "Chaudorov" or "Chavodur"), Sonchadj and Ikdir tribes. The early settlers were nomadic but over time became sedentary. In their cultural life the Trukhmens of today differ very little from their neighbours and are now settled farmers and stockbreeders.<sup id="cite_ref-eki.ee_108-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eki.ee-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the Turkmen language belongs to the Oghuz group of Turkic languages, in Stavropol it has been strongly influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Nogai_language" title="Nogai language">Nogai language</a>, which belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Kipchak_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kipchak language">Kipchak</a> group. The phonetic system, grammatical structure and to some extent also the vocabulary have been somewhat influenced.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people_of_Turkmen_descent">Notable people of Turkmen descent</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmens&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notable people of Turkmen descent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cinema">Cinema</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmens&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Cinema"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alty_Karliev" title="Alty Karliev">Alty Karliev</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature_2">Literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmens&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berdi_Kerbabayev" title="Berdi Kerbabayev">Berdi Kerbabayev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6wletm%C3%A4mmet_Azady" title="Döwletmämmet Azady">Döwletmämmet Azady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magtymguly_Pyragy" title="Magtymguly Pyragy">Magtymguly Pyragy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A4mmetweli_Kemine" title="Mämmetweli Kemine">Mämmetweli Kemine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solton_Achilova" title="Solton Achilova">Solton Achilova</a><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_Figures">Military Figures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmens&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Military Figures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Sanjar" title="Ahmad Sanjar">Ahmad Sanjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Begench_Gundogdyev" class="mw-redirect" title="Begench Gundogdyev">Begench Gundogdyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tughril" class="mw-redirect" title="Tughril">Tughril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaylym_Berdiyev" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaylym Berdiyev">Yaylym Berdiyev</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rulers">Rulers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmens&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Rulers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quli_Qutb_Shah" title="Quli Qutb Shah">Quli Qutb Shah</a> and his descendants</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Quli_Qutb_Shah_Wali" title="Ibrahim Quli Qutb Shah Wali">Bharama Mulki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Quli_Qutb_Shah" title="Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah">Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music_2">Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmens&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annagul_Annakuliyeva" title="Annagul Annakuliyeva">Annagul Annakuliyeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eypio" title="Eypio">Eypio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A4hri_Pirguly%C3%BDewa" title="Mähri Pirgulyýewa">Mähri Pirgulyýewa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Kuliyeva" class="mw-redirect" title="Maya Kuliyeva">Maya Kuliyeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medeniyet_Shahberdiyeva" title="Medeniyet Shahberdiyeva">Medeniyet Shahberdiyeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nury_Halmammedov" title="Nury Halmammedov">Nury Halmammedov</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politicians">Politicians</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmens&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Politicians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akja_Nurberdi%C3%BDewa" title="Akja Nurberdiýewa">Akja Nurberdiýewa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akmyrat_Rejepow" title="Akmyrat Rejepow">Akmyrat Rejepow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87arymyrat_Amanow" title="Çarymyrat Amanow">Çarymyrat Amanow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BC%C3%BD%C3%A7myrat_Annaguly%C3%BDew" title="Güýçmyrat Annagulyýew">Güýçmyrat Annagulyýew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCl%C5%9Fat_M%C3%A4mmedowa" title="Gülşat Mämmedowa">Gülşat Mämmedowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurbangeldi_Batyrow" title="Gurbangeldi Batyrow">Gurbangeldi Batyrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurbanguly_Berdimuhamedow" title="Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow">Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Ahmedow" title="Han Ahmedow">Han Ahmedow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaikhaziz_Atabayev" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaikhaziz Atabayev">Kaikhaziz Atabayev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammetnazar_Gapurov" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammetnazar Gapurov">Muhammetnazar Gapurov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96wezgeldi_Ata%C3%BDew" title="Öwezgeldi Ataýew">Öwezgeldi Ataýew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramin_Nourqolipour" title="Ramin Nourqolipour">Ramin Nourqolipour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C5%9Fit_Meredow" title="Raşit Meredow">Raşit Meredow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejepbay_Arazov" class="mw-redirect" title="Rejepbay Arazov">Rejepbay Arazov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saparmurat_Niyazov" title="Saparmurat Niyazov">Saparmurat Niyazov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serdar_Berdimuhamedow" title="Serdar Berdimuhamedow">Serdar Berdimuhamedow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zafar_Babajanow" title="Zafar Babajanow">Zafar Babajanow</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science">Science</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmens&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Omid_Kokabee" title="Omid Kokabee">Omid Kokabee</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmens&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmet_Ata%C3%BDew" title="Ahmet Ataýew">Ahmet Ataýew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altymyrat_Annadurdy%C3%BDew" title="Altymyrat Annadurdyýew">Altymyrat Annadurdyýew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amangyly%C3%A7_Ko%C3%A7umow" title="Amangylyç Koçumow">Amangylyç Koçumow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arslanmyrat_Amanow" title="Arslanmyrat Amanow">Arslanmyrat Amanow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahti%C3%BDar_Hojaahmedow" title="Bahtiýar Hojaahmedow">Bahtiýar Hojaahmedow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batyr_Baba%C3%BDew" title="Batyr Babaýew">Batyr Babaýew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%C3%BDram_Durdy%C3%BDew" title="Baýram Durdyýew">Baýram Durdyýew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Begen%C3%A7muhammet_Kuly%C3%BDew" title="Begençmuhammet Kulyýew">Begençmuhammet Kulyýew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Begen%C3%A7myrat_Myradow" title="Begençmyrat Myradow">Begençmyrat Myradow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berdi_%C5%9Eamyradow" title="Berdi Şamyradow">Berdi Şamyradow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berdimyrat_Nurmyradow" title="Berdimyrat Nurmyradow">Berdimyrat Nurmyradow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87ary%C3%BDar_Muhadow" title="Çaryýar Muhadow">Çaryýar Muhadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didargyly%C3%A7_Urazow" title="Didargylyç Urazow">Didargylyç Urazow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezzatollah_Pourghaz" title="Ezzatollah Pourghaz">Ezzatollah Pourghaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farhad_Ghaemi" title="Farhad Ghaemi">Farhad Ghaemi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furkat_Tursunow" title="Furkat Tursunow">Furkat Tursunow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurbangeldi_Durdy%C3%BDew" title="Gurbangeldi Durdyýew">Gurbangeldi Durdyýew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guwan%C3%A7muhammet_%C3%96wekow" title="Guwançmuhammet Öwekow">Guwançmuhammet Öwekow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamil_Mingazow" title="Kamil Mingazow">Kamil Mingazow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurban_Berdyev" title="Kurban Berdyev">Kurban Berdyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayya_Gurbanberdieva" title="Mayya Gurbanberdieva">Mayya Gurbanberdieva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A4mmedaly_Garadanow" title="Mämmedaly Garadanow">Mämmedaly Garadanow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mekan_Saparow" title="Mekan Saparow">Mekan Saparow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrat_Anna%C3%BDew" title="Myrat Annaýew">Myrat Annaýew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Berdi%C3%BDew" title="Omar Berdiýew">Omar Berdiýew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahman_Myratberdi%C3%BDew" title="Rahman Myratberdiýew">Rahman Myratberdiýew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahym_Kurbanm%C3%A4mmedow" title="Rahym Kurbanmämmedow">Rahym Kurbanmämmedow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasul_%C3%87ary%C3%BDew" title="Rasul Çaryýew">Rasul Çaryýew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejepmyrat_Agaba%C3%BDew" title="Rejepmyrat Agabaýew">Rejepmyrat Agabaýew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B6w%C5%9Fen_Muhadow" title="Röwşen Muhadow">Röwşen Muhadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruslan_Mingazow" title="Ruslan Mingazow">Ruslan Mingazow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saber_Kazemi" title="Saber Kazemi">Saber Kazemi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Said_Se%C3%BDidow" title="Said Seýidow">Said Seýidow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardar_Azmoun" title="Sardar Azmoun">Sardar Azmoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serdar_Annaorazow" title="Serdar Annaorazow">Serdar Annaorazow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9E%C3%B6hrat_S%C3%B6%C3%BD%C3%BCnow" title="Şöhrat Söýünow">Şöhrat Söýünow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A4%C3%A7myrat_Agamyradow" title="Täçmyrat Agamyradow">Täçmyrat Agamyradow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Dazguly_Hojageldy%C3%BDew" title="Ýazguly Hojageldyýew">Ýazguly Hojageldyýew</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmens&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Turkmens" title="Iranian Turkmens">Iranian Turkmens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Turkmens" title="Afghan Turkmens">Afghan Turkmens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmens_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkmens in Pakistan">Turkmens in Pakistan</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmens&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/turkmenistan/">"The World Factbook"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+World+Factbook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fturkmenistan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/country/IR/status#People">"Ethnologue"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ethnologue&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Fcountry%2FIR%2Fstatus%23People&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Ethnic Groups". Library of Congress Country Studies. 1997. Retrieved 2010-10-08. ^ Jump up to: a b</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/ethnic-groups-of-afghanistan.html">"The Ethnic Groups of Afghanistan"</a>. 10 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Ethnic+Groups+of+Afghanistan&rft.date=2019-09-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldatlas.com%2Farticles%2Fethnic-groups-of-afghanistan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNajibullah2022" class="citation web cs1">Najibullah, Farangis (4 December 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rferl.org/amp/central-asia-migrants-turkey/32161212.html">"Turkey Still 'Attractive' For Central Asian Women Migrants Despite Economic Woes"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2023</span>. <q>Some 30,000 migrants from Kyrgyzstan work in Turkey and, with an estimated force of some 230,000, Turkmen make up the largest Central Asian community in Turkey.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turkey+Still+%27Attractive%27+For+Central+Asian+Women+Migrants+Despite+Economic+Woes&rft.pub=Radio+Free+Europe%2FRadio+Liberty&rft.date=2022-12-04&rft.aulast=Najibullah&rft.aufirst=Farangis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Famp%2Fcentral-asia-migrants-turkey%2F32161212.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/11/02/pressure-turkmen-nationals-turkey-must-be-stopped">"Pressure on Turkmen Nationals in Turkey Must Be Stopped"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>. 2 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2023</span>. <q>According to some sources, over a million Turkmen nationals reside in Turkey, including migrant workers, students, and their family members.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pressure+on+Turkmen+Nationals+in+Turkey+Must+Be+Stopped.&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=2021-11-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fnews%2F2021%2F11%2F02%2Fpressure-turkmen-nationals-turkey-must-be-stopped&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">2021 <a href="/wiki/Russian_Census_(2021)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Census (2021)">Russian census</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/Tom5_tab1_VPN-2020.xlsx">"Национальный состав населения Российской Федерации согласно переписи населения 2021 года"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221230204643/https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/Tom5_tab1_VPN-2020.xlsx">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+2021+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frosstat.gov.ru%2Fstorage%2Fmediabank%2FTom5_tab1_VPN-2020.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">2002 <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_2010_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="ru:Перепись населения Таджикистана 2010 года">Tajikistani census (2010)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-celcar.indiana.edu-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-celcar.indiana.edu_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-celcar.indiana.edu_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-celcar.indiana.edu_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://celcar.indiana.edu/materials/language-portal/turkmen/index.html">"Who are the Turkmen and where do they live?"</a>. <i>Center for Languages of the Central Asian Region</i>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomington,_Indiana" title="Bloomington, Indiana">Bloomington, Indiana</a>: <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Bloomington" title="Indiana University Bloomington">Indiana University Bloomington</a>. 2021 [2020]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200603164120/https://celcar.indiana.edu/materials/language-portal/turkmen/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Center+for+Languages+of+the+Central+Asian+Region&rft.atitle=Who+are+the+Turkmen+and+where+do+they+live%3F&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcelcar.indiana.edu%2Fmaterials%2Flanguage-portal%2Fturkmen%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-barthold-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-barthold_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-barthold_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarthold1962">Barthold (1962)</a>""The book of my grandfather Korkut" ("Kitab-i dedem Korkut") is an outstanding monument of the medieval Oghuz heroic epic. Three modern Turkic-speaking peoples - Turkmens, Azerbaijanis and Turks - are ethnically and linguistically related to the medieval Oghuzes. For all these peoples, the epic legends deposited in the "Book of Korkut" represent an artistic reflection of their historical past."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ismail Zardabli. <i>Ethnic and political history of Azerbaijan</i>. Rossendale Books. 2018. p.35 "... the ancestors of Azerbaijanis and Turkmens are the tribes that lived in these territories."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-clark-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-clark_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark1998" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Larry (1998). <i>Turkmen Reference Grammar</i>. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 102.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turkmen+Reference+Grammar&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.pages=102&rft.pub=Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Larry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060720065425/http://www.pavelicpapers.com/documents/odpor/index.html">"UCLA Language Materials Project: Main"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/">the original</a> on 20 July 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UCLA+Language+Materials+Project%3A+Main&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lmp.ucla.edu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamadani1939" class="citation web cs1">Hamadani, Rashid-al-Din (1939) [1858]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vostlit.info/Texts/rus16/Rasidaddin_5/text1.phtml?id=11333">"Legends of Oghuz Khan. Tribal division of the Turkmens (Extracts from Jami' al-Tawarikh)"</a>. USSR Academy of Sciences. <q>These tribes in the course of time divided into many branches, at each time (other) branches appeared from each branch; each got a name and nickname for some reason or on some occasion: the Oghuzes, who are now all called Turkmens and who branched out into Kipchaks, Kalachs (Khalajs), Kangly, Karluks and other branches belonging to them...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Legends+of+Oghuz+Khan.+Tribal+division+of+the+Turkmens+%28Extracts+from+Jami%27+al-Tawarikh%29&rft.pub=USSR+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.date=1939&rft.aulast=Hamadani&rft.aufirst=Rashid-al-Din&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vostlit.info%2FTexts%2Frus16%2FRasidaddin_5%2Ftext1.phtml%3Fid%3D11333&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Turks_in_Russian-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Turks_in_Russian_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Turks_in_Russian_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gatchina3000.ru/great-soviet-encyclopedia/bse/112/959.htm">"Turks (in Russian)"</a>. <i>Big Soviet Encyclopedia</i>. <q>Ethnically, T. consisted of two main components: the Turkic nomadic tribes (mainly Oghuzes and Turkmens), who migrated to Asia Minor from Central Asia and Iran in the 11–13 centuries (during the Mongol and Seljuk conquests (see. Seljuks)), and local population of Asia Minor.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Big+Soviet+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Turks+%28in+Russian%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgatchina3000.ru%2Fgreat-soviet-encyclopedia%2Fbse%2F112%2F959.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-runivers.ru-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-runivers.ru_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-runivers.ru_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://runivers.ru/lib/book3182/10132/">"Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary"</a>. 1907–1909. <q>Azerbaijan or Azerbeijan (ancient Atropatena), north. west. province of Persia, on the Russian border, on the Armenian mountain elevation, 104 t. km., about 1 mill. p. (Armenians, Turkmens, Kurds). Main products: cotton, dried fruits, salt. Chief city - Tabriz.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brockhaus+and+Efron+Encyclopedic+Dictionary&rft.date=1907%2F1909&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frunivers.ru%2Flib%2Fbook3182%2F10132%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barbara Kellner-Heinkele, "Türkmen", The Encyclopaedia of Islam, eds. P.J. Bearman, T.H. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. Van Donzel and W. P. Heinrichs, vol. X (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 2000), pp. 682-685</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamadani1952" class="citation web cs1">Hamadani, Rashid-al-Din (1952). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vostlit.info/Texts/rus16/Rasidaddin_2/kniga1/framepred2.html">"Джами ат-Таварих (Jami' al-tawarikh)"</a>. USSR Academy of Sciences.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8+%D0%B0%D1%82-%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85+%28Jami%27+al-tawarikh%29&rft.pub=USSR+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.date=1952&rft.aulast=Hamadani&rft.aufirst=Rashid-al-Din&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vostlit.info%2FTexts%2Frus16%2FRasidaddin_2%2Fkniga1%2Fframepred2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolden1992" class="citation book cs1">Golden, Peter (1992). <i>An introduction to the history of the Turkic peoples : ethnogenesis and state-formation in the medieval and early modern Eurasia and the Middle East</i>. Harrassowitz. pp. 211–213.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+introduction+to+the+history+of+the+Turkic+peoples+%3A+ethnogenesis+and+state-formation+in+the+medieval+and+early+modern+Eurasia+and+the+Middle+East&rft.pages=211-213&rft.pub=Harrassowitz&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Golden&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark1996" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Larry (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RMe7KpwS3KsC&dq=Turkmen+etymology&pg=PA4"><i>Turkmen Reference Grammar</i></a>. Harrassowitz. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783447040198" title="Special:BookSources/9783447040198"><bdi>9783447040198</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turkmen+Reference+Grammar&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Harrassowitz&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9783447040198&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Larry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRMe7KpwS3KsC%26dq%3DTurkmen%2Betymology%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmens" class="Z3988"></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnnanepesov1999" class="citation book cs1">Annanepesov, M. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AzG5llo3YCMC&dq=Turkmen+etymology&pg=PA127">"The Turkmens"</a>. In Dani, Ahmad Hasan (ed.). <i>History of civilizations of Central Asia</i>. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789231038761" title="Special:BookSources/9789231038761"><bdi>9789231038761</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Turkmens&rft.btitle=History+of+civilizations+of+Central+Asia&rft.pages=127&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9789231038761&rft.aulast=Annanepesov&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAzG5llo3YCMC%26dq%3DTurkmen%2Betymology%26pg%3DPA127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmens" class="Z3988"></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolden1992" class="citation book cs1">Golden, Peter (1992). <i>An introduction to the history of the Turkic peoples : ethnogenesis and state-formation in the medieval and early modern Eurasia and the Middle East</i>. Harrassowitz. pp. 213–214.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+introduction+to+the+history+of+the+Turkic+peoples+%3A+ethnogenesis+and+state-formation+in+the+medieval+and+early+modern+Eurasia+and+the+Middle+East&rft.pages=213-214&rft.pub=Harrassowitz&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Golden&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmens" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark1996" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Larry (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RMe7KpwS3KsC&dq=Turkmen+etymology&pg=PA4"><i>Turkmen Reference Grammar</i></a>. Harrassowitz. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783447040198" title="Special:BookSources/9783447040198"><bdi>9783447040198</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turkmen+Reference+Grammar&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Harrassowitz&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9783447040198&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Larry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRMe7KpwS3KsC%26dq%3DTurkmen%2Betymology%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmens" class="Z3988"></span>,<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnnanepesov1999" class="citation book cs1">Annanepesov, M. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AzG5llo3YCMC&dq=Turkmen+etymology&pg=PA127">"The Turkmens"</a>. In Dani, Ahmad Hasan (ed.). <i>History of civilizations of Central Asia</i>. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789231038761" title="Special:BookSources/9789231038761"><bdi>9789231038761</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Turkmens&rft.btitle=History+of+civilizations+of+Central+Asia&rft.pages=127&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9789231038761&rft.aulast=Annanepesov&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAzG5llo3YCMC%26dq%3DTurkmen%2Betymology%26pg%3DPA127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmens" class="Z3988"></span>,<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolden1992" class="citation book cs1">Golden, Peter (1992). <i>An introduction to the history of the Turkic peoples : ethnogenesis and state-formation in the medieval and early modern Eurasia and the Middle East</i>. Harrassowitz. pp. 213–214.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+introduction+to+the+history+of+the+Turkic+peoples+%3A+ethnogenesis+and+state-formation+in+the+medieval+and+early+modern+Eurasia+and+the+Middle+East&rft.pages=213-214&rft.pub=Harrassowitz&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Golden&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmens" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKara2018" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Somfai_Kara_David" title="Somfai Kara David">Kara, Dávid Somfai</a> (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26571579">"The Formation of Modern Turkic 'Ethnic' Groups in Central and Inner Asia"</a>. <i>The Hungarian Historical Review</i>. <b>7</b> (1): 98–110. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2063-8647">2063-8647</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26571579">26571579</a>. <q>The name türkmen probably referred to the Oghuz-Turks, who were in contact with the Persian-speaking population of Iran, Azerbaijan, Khorasan, and Khwārazm (Persian tork-e īmān means "Muslim Turk").</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hungarian+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Formation+of+Modern+Turkic+%27Ethnic%27+Groups+in+Central+and+Inner+Asia&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=98-110&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26571579%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=2063-8647&rft.aulast=Kara&rft.aufirst=D%C3%A1vid+Somfai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26571579&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVámbéry1875" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/%C3%81rmin_V%C3%A1mb%C3%A9ry" title="Ármin Vámbéry">Vámbéry, Ármin</a> (15 April 1875). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oR1oAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA151">"The Etymology of "Turkman"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Geographical_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="The Geographical Magazine">The Geographical Magazine</a></i>. <b>2</b>: 151<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2024</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Geographical+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Etymology+of+%22Turkman%22&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=151&rft.date=1875-04-15&rft.aulast=V%C3%A1mb%C3%A9ry&rft.aufirst=%C3%81rmin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoR1oAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA151&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSafarmurad2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Saparmurat_Niyazov" title="Saparmurat Niyazov">Safarmurad, Niyazov</a> (2003). "Turkmen". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inteltrends.files.wordpress.com/2010/12/ruh_1.pdf"><i>Ruhnama: Reflections on the Spiritual Values of the Turkmen</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Ashgabat. p. 10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Turkmen&rft.btitle=Ruhnama%3A+Reflections+on+the+Spiritual+Values+of+the+Turkmen&rft.place=Ashgabat&rft.pages=10&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Safarmurad&rft.aufirst=Niyazov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finteltrends.files.wordpress.com%2F2010%2F12%2Fruh_1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmens" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Al-Marwazī, Sharaf Al-Zämān Tāhir Marvazī on China, the Turks and India, Arabic text (circa A.D. 1120) (English translation and commentary by V. Minorsky) (London: The Royal Asiatic Society, 1942), p. 94</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">V. Minorsky, “Commentary,” in Sharaf Al-Zämān Tāhir Marvazī on China, the Turks and India, Arabic text (circa A.D. 1120) (English translation and commentary by V. Minorsky) (London: The Royal Asiatic Society, 1942), p. 94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Golden, Peter B. (1992) <i>An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples</i>. p. 212-3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Du_You" title="Du You">Du You</a>, Tongdian <a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E5%85%B8/%E5%8D%B7193#%E7%B2%9F%E5%BC%8B">vol. 193</a> "粟弋，後魏通焉。在蔥嶺西，大國。一名粟特，一名特拘夢。" Tr. "Suyi communicated [with] <a href="/wiki/Northern_Wei" title="Northern Wei">Latter Wei</a>. It is a large country to the west of <a href="/wiki/Pamir_Mountains" title="Pamir Mountains">Onion Ridges</a>. Another name is Sute; another name is Tejumeng"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kafesoğlu, İbrahim. (1958) “Türkmen Adı, Manası ve Mahiyeti,” in <i>Jean Deny Armağanı: Mélanges Jean Deny</i>, eds., János Eckmann, Agâh Sırrı Levend and Mecdut Mansuroğlu (Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi) p. 131</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kafesoğlu, İbrahim. (1958) “Türkmen Adı, Manası ve Mahiyeti,” in <i>Jean Deny Armağanı</i> in Eckmann et al. (eds.), p. 121-133. cited in Golden, Peter B. (1992) <i>An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples</i>. p 347-348</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Tang Huiyao</i> <a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%94%90%E6%9C%83%E8%A6%81/%E5%8D%B7072">vol. 72</a> txt. "餘沒渾馬。與迴紇相類。印州。赤馬。與迴紇苾餘沒渾同類。印行。" tr. "Horses of the Yumeihun and horses of the <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uyghurs</a> are of similar stock; <a href="/wiki/Tamga" title="Tamga">tamga</a> 州. Horses of the Chiks, and of the Uyghurs, of the <a href="/wiki/Qibi_tribe" title="Qibi tribe">(Qi)bis</a>', and of the Yumeihun, are of the same stock; tamga 行"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zuev Yu.A. (1960). "Tamgas, Horses from the Vassal Princedoms" in <i>Works of History, Archeology, and Ethnography Institute</i> <b>8</b>, p. 112-113, 128</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kaşgarlı Mahmud, Divânü Lügat'it-Türk, vol. I, p. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kaşgarlı Mahmud, Divânü Lügat'it-Türk, vol. I, pp. 55-58;</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. Zeki Velidî Togan, Oğuz Destanı: Reşideddin Oğuznâmesi, Tercüme ve Tahlili (İstanbul: Enderun Kitabevi, 1982), pp. 50-52</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ju-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ju_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUchiyamaGillamSavelyevNing2020" class="citation journal cs1">Uchiyama, Junzo; Gillam, J. Christopher; Savelyev, Alexander; Ning, Chao (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10427466">"Populations dynamics in Northern Eurasian forests: a long-term perspective from Northeast Asia"</a>. <i>Evolutionary Human Sciences</i>. <b>2</b>: e16. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fehs.2020.11">10.1017/ehs.2020.11</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2513-843X">2513-843X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10427466">10427466</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37588381">37588381</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evolutionary+Human+Sciences&rft.atitle=Populations+dynamics+in+Northern+Eurasian+forests%3A+a+long-term+perspective+from+Northeast+Asia&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=e16&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10427466%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2513-843X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37588381&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fehs.2020.11&rft.aulast=Uchiyama&rft.aufirst=Junzo&rft.au=Gillam%2C+J.+Christopher&rft.au=Savelyev%2C+Alexander&rft.au=Ning%2C+Chao&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10427466&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolden2018" class="citation journal cs1">Golden, Peter B. (25 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0971945818775373">"The Ethnogonic Tales of the Türks"</a>. <i>The Medieval History Journal</i>. <b>21</b> (2): 291–327. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0971945818775373">10.1177/0971945818775373</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-9458">0971-9458</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:166026934">166026934</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Medieval+History+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Ethnogonic+Tales+of+the+T%C3%BCrks&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=291-327&rft.date=2018-07-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A166026934%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0971-9458&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0971945818775373&rft.aulast=Golden&rft.aufirst=Peter+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1177%2F0971945818775373&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrons1975" class="citation book cs1">Irons, William (1975). <i>The Yomut Turkmen: A Study of Social Organization among a Central Asian Turkic-Speaking Population</i>. University of Michigan Press. p. 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Yomut+Turkmen%3A+A+Study+of+Social+Organization+among+a+Central+Asian+Turkic-Speaking+Population&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Irons&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWest2010" class="citation book cs1">West, Barbara (2010). <i>Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania Facts on File Library of World History</i>. Infobase Publishing. p. 839. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-438-11913-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-438-11913-7"><bdi>978-1-438-11913-7</bdi></a>. <q>... first undisputed inhabitants of Turkmenistan were Persian horse breeders and nomads, although the desert areas remained more or less uninhabited until the arrival of the Oghuz, the ancestors of the Turkmen.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Peoples+of+Asia+and+Oceania+Facts+on+File+Library+of+World+History&rft.pages=839&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-438-11913-7&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Golden2018-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Golden2018_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolden2018" class="citation journal cs1">Golden, Peter (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0971945818775373?journalCode=mhja">"The Ethnogonic Tales of the Türks"</a>. <i>The Medieval History Journal</i>. <b>21</b> (2): 314. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0971945818775373">10.1177/0971945818775373</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:166026934">166026934</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Medieval+History+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Ethnogonic+Tales+of+the+T%C3%BCrks&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=314&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0971945818775373&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A166026934%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Golden&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1177%2F0971945818775373%3FjournalCode%3Dmhja&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kuang_Lee_197-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kuang_Lee_197_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeeKuang2017">Lee & Kuang 2017</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeongWangWilkinTaylor2020" class="citation journal cs1">Jeong, Choongwon; Wang, Ke; Wilkin, Shevan; Taylor, William Timothy Treal; Miller, Bryan K.; Bemmann, Jan H.; Stahl, Raphaela; Chiovelli, Chelsea; Knolle, Florian; Ulziibayar, Sodnom; Khatanbaatar, Dorjpurev; Erdenebaatar, Diimaajav; Erdenebat, Ulambayar; Ochir, Ayudai; Ankhsanaa, Ganbold (12 November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7664836">"A Dynamic 6,000-Year Genetic History of Eurasia's Eastern Steppe"</a>. <i>Cell</i>. <b>183</b> (4): 890–904.e29. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2020.10.015">10.1016/j.cell.2020.10.015</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0092-8674">0092-8674</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7664836">7664836</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33157037">33157037</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cell&rft.atitle=A+Dynamic+6%2C000-Year+Genetic+History+of+Eurasia%27s+Eastern+Steppe&rft.volume=183&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=890-904.e29&rft.date=2020-11-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7664836%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0092-8674&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33157037&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cell.2020.10.015&rft.aulast=Jeong&rft.aufirst=Choongwon&rft.au=Wang%2C+Ke&rft.au=Wilkin%2C+Shevan&rft.au=Taylor%2C+William+Timothy+Treal&rft.au=Miller%2C+Bryan+K.&rft.au=Bemmann%2C+Jan+H.&rft.au=Stahl%2C+Raphaela&rft.au=Chiovelli%2C+Chelsea&rft.au=Knolle%2C+Florian&rft.au=Ulziibayar%2C+Sodnom&rft.au=Khatanbaatar%2C+Dorjpurev&rft.au=Erdenebaatar%2C+Diimaajav&rft.au=Erdenebat%2C+Ulambayar&rft.au=Ochir%2C+Ayudai&rft.au=Ankhsanaa%2C+Ganbold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7664836&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKononov_А._Н.1958" class="citation web cs1">Kononov А. Н. (1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vostlit.info/Texts/rus6/Abulgazi/framepred.htm">"Genealogy of the Turkmens. Introduction (in Russian)"</a>. M. AS USSR.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Genealogy+of+the+Turkmens.+Introduction+%28in+Russian%29&rft.pub=M.+AS+USSR&rft.date=1958&rft.au=Kononov+%D0%90.+%D0%9D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vostlit.info%2FTexts%2Frus6%2FAbulgazi%2Fframepred.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D. Yeremeyev. Ethnogenesis of the Turks. M. Nauka (Science), 1971. - “At the end of the XI century, for the first time in the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> chronicles, <b>Turkmens</b> that penetrated <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Asia Minor</a> are mentioned. <a href="/wiki/Anna_Komnene" title="Anna Komnene">Anna Komnene</a> calls them <b>Turkomans</b>.”</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Hopkirk1994" class="citation book cs1">Peter Hopkirk (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=llPz5x8KS2YC"><i>The Great Game: The Struggle for Empire in Central Asia</i></a>. Kodansha USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781568360225" title="Special:BookSources/9781568360225"><bdi>9781568360225</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Game%3A+The+Struggle+for+Empire+in+Central+Asia&rft.pub=Kodansha+USA&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9781568360225&rft.au=Peter+Hopkirk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DllPz5x8KS2YC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arminius Vambery, "The Turcomans Between the Caspian and Merv", The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, Vol. 9. (1880)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerriam-Webster2024" class="citation web cs1">Merriam-Webster (23 September 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Turkoman">"Turkoman"</a>. <q>Turkoman: a member of a Turkic-speaking, traditionally nomadic people living chiefly in Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, and Iran</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turkoman&rft.date=2024-09-23&rft.au=Merriam-Webster&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2FTurkoman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Нестор-летописец (<a href="/wiki/Nestor_the_Chronicler" title="Nestor the Chronicler">Nestor the Chronicler</a>)</i>. Повесть временных лет (<a href="/wiki/Primary_Chronicle" title="Primary Chronicle">Primary Chronicle</a><i>). -</i> «Вышли они из пустыни Етривской между востоком и севером, вышло же их 4 колена: торкмены и печенеги, торки, половцы.» (They came out of the Etriva desert between east and north, but their 4 tribes came out: Torkmens and <a href="/wiki/Pechenegs" title="Pechenegs">Pechenegs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Torkil" class="mw-redirect" title="Torkil">Torks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polovtsians" class="mw-redirect" title="Polovtsians">Polovtsians</a>.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://old-ru.ru/04-20.html">"Летописные повести о монголо-татарском нашествии"</a> [Chronicles about Mongol-Tatar Invasion] (in Russian). <q>In the same year, nations came, about which no one knows exactly who they are, and where they came from, and what their language is, and what kind of tribe they are, and what faith. And they call them Tatars, and some say - Taurmen, and others - Pechenegs.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%BE+%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE-%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fold-ru.ru%2F04-20.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vostlit.info/Texts/Dokumenty/M.Asien/XIX/1860-1880/Russ_turkmenII/Razdel_I/1.htm">"О торгах на Каспийском море древних, средних и новейших времен"</a> [On Trade in the Caspian Sea in Ancient, Middle and Modern Times] (in Russian). Moscow: Moscow Soymonov Journal. 1785. <q>Since ancient times, Russians and Tatars used to travel from Astrakhan in companies on small ships and there they had trade with the Trukhmens or Turkomans</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9E+%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%85+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5+%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85%2C+%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pub=Moscow+Soymonov+Journal&rft.date=1785&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vostlit.info%2FTexts%2FDokumenty%2FM.Asien%2FXIX%2F1860-1880%2FRuss_turkmenII%2FRazdel_I%2F1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBacon1966" class="citation book cs1">Bacon, Elizabeth Emaline (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/centralasiansund00baco"><i>Amazon.com: Central Asians under Russian Rule: A Study in Culture Change (Cornell Paperbacks): Elizabeth E. Bacon, Michael M. J. Fischer: Books</i></a>. Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801492112" title="Special:BookSources/9780801492112"><bdi>9780801492112</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Amazon.com%3A+Central+Asians+under+Russian+Rule%3A+A+Study+in+Culture+Change+%28Cornell+Paperbacks%29%3A+Elizabeth+E.+Bacon%2C+Michael+M.+J.+Fischer%3A+Books&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1966&rft.isbn=9780801492112&rft.aulast=Bacon&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+Emaline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcentralasiansund00baco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ármin_Vámbéry_2003-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ármin_Vámbéry_2003_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÁrmin_Vámbéry2003" class="citation web cs1">Ármin Vámbéry (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kungrad.com/history/biblio/vamberi/">"Traveling to Central Asia"</a>. Eastern Literature. <q>Turkmens greatly contributed to the Turkification of the northern regions of Persia, especially during the Atabeg rule in Iran. Most of the Turkic population of Transcaucasia, Azerbaijan, Mazenderan and Shiraz are undoubtedly of Turkmen origin.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Traveling+to+Central+Asia&rft.pub=Eastern+Literature&rft.date=2003&rft.au=%C3%81rmin+V%C3%A1mb%C3%A9ry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkungrad.com%2Fhistory%2Fbiblio%2Fvamberi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrugni2012" class="citation journal cs1">Grugni, Viola; et al. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3399854">"Ancient Migratory Events in the Middle East: New Clues from the Y-Chromosome Variation of Modern Iranians"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>7</b> (7): e41252. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PLoSO...741252G">2012PLoSO...741252G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0041252">10.1371/journal.pone.0041252</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3399854">3399854</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22815981">22815981</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Ancient+Migratory+Events+in+the+Middle+East%3A+New+Clues+from+the+Y-Chromosome+Variation+of+Modern+Iranians&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=e41252&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3399854%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22815981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0041252&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012PLoSO...741252G&rft.aulast=Grugni&rft.aufirst=Viola&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3399854&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDi_CristofaroPennarunMazièresMyres2013" class="citation journal cs1">Di Cristofaro, J; Pennarun, E; Mazières, S; Myres, NM; Lin, AA; et al. 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Moscow: Staryy sad. pp. 143–144.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B8+%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D0%B2+%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%85+%D0%B8+%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%85+%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pages=143-144&rft.pub=Staryy+sad&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Demidov&rft.aufirst=Sergey+Mikhaylovich&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstatic.iea.ras.ru%2Fnews%2F%2521%2521%2520Book%2520Flora%2526Fauna_COLOR.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ras3-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ras3_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDemidov2020" class="citation book cs1">Demidov, Sergey Mikhaylovich (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://static.iea.ras.ru/news/%21%21%20Book%20Flora%26Fauna_COLOR.pdf"><i>Растения и Животные в Легендах и Верованиях Туркмен</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Moscow: Staryy sad. pp. 151–152.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B8+%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D0%B2+%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%85+%D0%B8+%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%85+%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pages=151-152&rft.pub=Staryy+sad&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Demidov&rft.aufirst=Sergey+Mikhaylovich&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstatic.iea.ras.ru%2Fnews%2F%2521%2521%2520Book%2520Flora%2526Fauna_COLOR.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmens" class="Z3988"></span> Demidov cites the Turkmen proverb, "Gurt agzasan, gurt geler" (Mention the wolf, the wolf comes), in explaining why the original Turkic word for wolf, <i>böri</i>, is virtually never used.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ras4-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ras4_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDemidov2020" class="citation book cs1">Demidov, Sergey Mikhaylovich (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://static.iea.ras.ru/news/%21%21%20Book%20Flora%26Fauna_COLOR.pdf"><i>Растения и Животные в Легендах и Верованиях Туркмен</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Moscow: Staryy sad. pp. 155–156.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B8+%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D0%B2+%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%85+%D0%B8+%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%85+%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pages=155-156&rft.pub=Staryy+sad&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Demidov&rft.aufirst=Sergey+Mikhaylovich&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstatic.iea.ras.ru%2Fnews%2F%2521%2521%2520Book%2520Flora%2526Fauna_COLOR.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ras5-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ras5_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDemidov2020" class="citation book cs1">Demidov, Sergey Mikhaylovich (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://static.iea.ras.ru/news/%21%21%20Book%20Flora%26Fauna_COLOR.pdf"><i>Растения и Животные в Легендах и Верованиях Туркмен</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Moscow: Staryy sad. p. 356.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B8+%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D0%B2+%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%85+%D0%B8+%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%85+%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pages=356&rft.pub=Staryy+sad&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Demidov&rft.aufirst=Sergey+Mikhaylovich&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstatic.iea.ras.ru%2Fnews%2F%2521%2521%2520Book%2520Flora%2526Fauna_COLOR.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/country/IR/status">"Iran"</a>. <i>Ethnologue</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue&rft.atitle=Iran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Fcountry%2FIR%2Fstatus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-e18-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-e18_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/tuk/">Turkmens</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (18th ed., 2015) <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vn-xZ3O1G-cC&pg=PA71"><i>Aspects of Altaic Civilization III: Proceedings of the Thirtieth Meeting of the Permanent International Altaistic Conference, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, June 19-25, 1987</i></a>. 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UCLA International Institute, Center for World Languages. February 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2010" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Keith (2010). <i>Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World</i>. 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LANGUAGE"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Iranica</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Iranica&rft.atitle=TURKMENS+OF+PERSIA+ii.+LANGUAGE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firanicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fturkmens-language&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkatov2010" class="citation book cs1">Akatov, Bayram (2010). <i>Ancient Turkmen Literature, the Middle Ages (X-XVII centuries) (in Turkmen)</i>. 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Istanbul: UNDP. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789759725600" title="Special:BookSources/9789759725600"><bdi>9789759725600</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%3A+%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C+%28History-and-Cultural+Heritage+of+Turkmenistan%3A+Encyclopedic+Dictionary%29&rft.place=Istanbul&rft.pub=UNDP&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9789759725600&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw7mhPgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cookbook-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cookbook_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFБагдасаровВанукевичХудайшукуров1981" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Багдасаров, A.; Ванукевич, A.; Худайшукуров, T. (1981). <i>Туркменская кулинария</i> (in Russian). 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Vol. 1. Ashgabat: Turkmen State Publishing Service. 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turkmen+dastarkhan&rft.place=Ashgabat&rft.pub=Turkmen+State+Publishing+Service&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fneutrality.gov.tm%2Flibrary%2Fen%2Freading%3Fsrc%3Dbooks%252F7c8f0405-bbe9-4cf4-a498-16731b917bd4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cookbook3-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cookbook3_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://neutrality.gov.tm/library/en/reading?src=books%2F24e993bc-52c5-4fa6-aa5a-682c4c6e11e3"><i>Turkmen dastarkhan</i></a>. Vol. 2. Ashgabat: Turkmen State Publishing Service. 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turkmen+dastarkhan&rft.place=Ashgabat&rft.pub=Turkmen+State+Publishing+Service&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fneutrality.gov.tm%2Flibrary%2Fen%2Freading%3Fsrc%3Dbooks%252F24e993bc-52c5-4fa6-aa5a-682c4c6e11e3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-newfrontier-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-newfrontier_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCumming1977" class="citation book cs1">Cumming, Sir Duncan, ed. (1977). "Chapter 13 <i>The new Russian-Persian Frontier East of the Caspian Sea</i>". <i>Country of the Turkomans</i>. 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Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turkmenistan%3A+A+Land+Of+Health+And+Happiness...And+Horses&rft.pub=Radio+Free+Europe%2FRadio+Liberty&rft.date=2013-04-11&rft.aulast=Kjuka&rft.aufirst=Deana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fa%2Fturkmenistan-horses-akhal-teke-berdymukhammedov%2F24955104.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-darra-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-darra_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldstein2006" class="citation journal cs1">Goldstein, Darra (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.aramcoworld.com/issue/200601/turkmenistan.on.a.plate.htm">"Turkmenistan on a Plate"</a>. <b>57</b> (1). Saudi Aramco World.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Turkmenistan+on+a+Plate&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Goldstein&rft.aufirst=Darra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.aramcoworld.com%2Fissue%2F200601%2Fturkmenistan.on.a.plate.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmens" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adrienne_Lynn_Edgar_2007_18-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Adrienne_Lynn_Edgar_2007_18_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdrienne_Lynn_Edgar2007" class="citation book cs1">Adrienne Lynn Edgar (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9Q11AQAAQBAJ"><i>Tribal Nation: The Making of Soviet Turkmenistan</i></a>. Princeton University Press. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400844296" title="Special:BookSources/9781400844296"><bdi>9781400844296</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tribal+Nation%3A+The+Making+of+Soviet+Turkmenistan&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781400844296&rft.au=Adrienne+Lynn+Edgar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9Q11AQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-turanians-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-turanians_93-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-turanians_93-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://issuu.com/zabergan/docs/turanians"><i>Turanians and Pan-Turanianism</i></a>. London: Naval Staff Intelligence Department. November 1918.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turanians+and+Pan-Turanianism&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Naval+Staff+Intelligence+Department&rft.date=1918-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fissuu.com%2Fzabergan%2Fdocs%2Fturanians&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adrienne_Lynn_Edgar_2007_261-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Adrienne_Lynn_Edgar_2007_261_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdgar2007" class="citation book cs1">Edgar, Adrienne Lynn (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9Q11AQAAQBAJ"><i>Tribal Nation: The Making of Soviet Turkmenistan</i></a>. Princeton University Press. p. 261. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400844296" title="Special:BookSources/9781400844296"><bdi>9781400844296</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tribal+Nation%3A+The+Making+of+Soviet+Turkmenistan&rft.pages=261&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781400844296&rft.aulast=Edgar&rft.aufirst=Adrienne+Lynn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9Q11AQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adrienne_Lynn_Edgar_2007_264-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Adrienne_Lynn_Edgar_2007_264_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdgar2007" class="citation book cs1">Edgar, Adrienne Lynn (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9Q11AQAAQBAJ"><i>Tribal Nation: The Making of Soviet Turkmenistan</i></a>. Princeton University Press. p. 264. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400844296" title="Special:BookSources/9781400844296"><bdi>9781400844296</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tribal+Nation%3A+The+Making+of+Soviet+Turkmenistan&rft.pages=264&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781400844296&rft.aulast=Edgar&rft.aufirst=Adrienne+Lynn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9Q11AQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101115153811/http://www.turkmenistanembassy.org/turkmen/history/horses.html">"Turkmenistan Embassy Washington"</a>. <i>www.turkmenistanembassy.org</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.turkmenistanembassy.org&rft.atitle=Turkmenistan+Embassy+Washington&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.turkmenistanembassy.org%2Fturkmen%2Fhistory%2Fhorses.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Turkmen_Society-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Turkmen_Society_97-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Turkmen_Society_97-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070318221209/http://www.iatp.edu.tm/baskurt/SocStructure.html">"Turkmen Society"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inner+Asia&rft.atitle=A+Comparative+Analysis+of+Chinese+Historical+Sources+and+Y-DNA+Studies+with+Regard+to+the+Early+and+Medieval+Turkic+Peoples&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=197-239&rft.date=2017-10-18&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F22105018-12340089&rft.issn=2210-5018&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Joo-Yup&rft.au=Kuang%2C+Shuntu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Fjournals%2Finas%2F19%2F2%2Farticle-p197_197.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmens" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLi_et_al.2020" class="citation journal cs1">Li, Tao; et al. 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(14 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10427276">"Tracing population movements in ancient East Asia through the linguistics and archaeology of textile production"</a>. <i>Evolutionary Human Sciences</i>. <b>2</b> (e5). <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>: e5. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fehs.2020.4">10.1017/ehs.2020.4</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10427276">10427276</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37588355">37588355</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evolutionary+Human+Sciences&rft.atitle=Tracing+population+movements+in+ancient+East+Asia+through+the+linguistics+and+archaeology+of+textile+production&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=e5&rft.pages=e5&rft.date=2020-02-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10427276%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37588355&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fehs.2020.4&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft.au=Zhushchikhovskaya%2C+Irina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10427276&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmens" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobbeets2017" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martine_Robbeets" title="Martine Robbeets">Robbeets, Martine</a> (1 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/journals/ldc/7/2/article-p210_4.xml">"Austronesian influence and Transeurasian ancestry in Japanese"</a>. <i>Language Dynamics and Change</i>. <b>8</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill</a>: 210–251. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22105832-00702005">10.1163/22105832-00702005</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11858%2F00-001M-0000-002E-8635-7">11858/00-001M-0000-002E-8635-7</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2210-5832">2210-5832</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language+Dynamics+and+Change&rft.atitle=Austronesian+influence+and+Transeurasian+ancestry+in+Japanese&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=210-251&rft.date=2017-01-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11858%2F00-001M-0000-002E-8635-7&rft.issn=2210-5832&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F22105832-00702005&rft.aulast=Robbeets&rft.aufirst=Martine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Fjournals%2Fldc%2F7%2F2%2Farticle-p210_4.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmens" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobbeets2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martine_Robbeets" title="Martine Robbeets">Robbeets, Martine</a> (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/43039094">"The Transeurasian homeland: where, what and when?"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Martine_Robbeets" title="Martine Robbeets">Robbeets, Martine</a>; Savelyev, Alexander (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-oxford-guide-to-the-transeurasian-languages-9780198804628"><i>The Oxford Guide to the Transeurasian Languages</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-880462-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-880462-8"><bdi>978-0-19-880462-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Transeurasian+homeland%3A+where%2C+what+and+when%3F&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Guide+to+the+Transeurasian+Languages&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-19-880462-8&rft.aulast=Robbeets&rft.aufirst=Martine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F43039094&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmens" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUchiyama_et_al.2020" class="citation journal cs1">Uchiyama, Junzo; et al. (21 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10427466">"Populations dynamics in Northern Eurasian forests: a long-term perspective from Northeast Asia"</a>. <i>Evolutionary Human Sciences</i>. <b>2</b>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>: e16. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fehs.2020.11">10.1017/ehs.2020.11</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10427466">10427466</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37588381">37588381</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evolutionary+Human+Sciences&rft.atitle=Populations+dynamics+in+Northern+Eurasian+forests%3A+a+long-term+perspective+from+Northeast+Asia&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=e16&rft.date=2020-05-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10427466%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37588381&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fehs.2020.11&rft.aulast=Uchiyama&rft.aufirst=Junzo&rft.au=Gillam%2C+J.+Christopher&rft.au=Savelyev%2C+Alexander&rft.au=Ning%2C+Chao&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10427466&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmens" class="Z3988"></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CC_BY_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/50px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/75px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/100px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="88" data-file-height="31" /></a></span> Text was copied from this source, which is available under a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a>.</li> <li>Bacon, Elizabeth E. <i>Central Asians Under Russian Rule: A Study in Culture Change</i>, <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Press" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a> (1980). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-9211-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-9211-4">0-8014-9211-4</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://members.virtualtourist.com/m/28be5/7e7/">Turkmenistan Pages by Ekahau</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.turkotek.com/salon_00089/s89t5.htm">Did the <i>engsi</i> hang inside or outside the yurt?</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmens&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackwell2001" class="citation book cs1">Blackwell, Carole (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.routledge.com/Tradition-and-Society-in-Turkmenistan-Gender-Oral-Culture-and-Song/Blackwell/p/book/9781138862487"><i>Tradition and Society in Turkmenistan: Gender, Oral Culture and Song</i></a>. Curzon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7007-1354-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7007-1354-9"><bdi>0-7007-1354-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tradition+and+Society+in+Turkmenistan%3A+Gender%2C+Oral+Culture+and+Song&rft.pub=Curzon&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-7007-1354-9&rft.aulast=Blackwell&rft.aufirst=Carole&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.routledge.com%2FTradition-and-Society-in-Turkmenistan-Gender-Oral-Culture-and-Song%2FBlackwell%2Fp%2Fbook%2F9781138862487&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmens" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClement2018" class="citation book cs1">Clement, Victoria (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wilsoncenter.org/book/learning-to-become-turkmen-literacy-language-and-power-1914-2014"><i>Learning to Become Turkmen</i></a>. University of Pittsburgh Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0822964636" title="Special:BookSources/978-0822964636"><bdi>978-0822964636</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Learning+to+Become+Turkmen&rft.pub=University+of+Pittsburgh+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0822964636&rft.aulast=Clement&rft.aufirst=Victoria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wilsoncenter.org%2Fbook%2Flearning-to-become-turkmen-literacy-language-and-power-1914-2014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmens" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdgar2004" class="citation book cs1">Edgar, Adrienne Lynn (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://press.princeton.edu/books/paperback/9780691127996/tribal-nation"><i>Tribal Nation: The Making of Soviet Turkmenistan</i></a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12799-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12799-6"><bdi>978-0-691-12799-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tribal+Nation%3A+The+Making+of+Soviet+Turkmenistan&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-691-12799-6&rft.aulast=Edgar&rft.aufirst=Adrienne+Lynn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpress.princeton.edu%2Fbooks%2Fpaperback%2F9780691127996%2Ftribal-nation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmens" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmens&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Turkmens" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Turkmens">Turkmens</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Turkoman"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Turkoman">"Turkoman" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 468.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Turkoman&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=468&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmens" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_groups_in_Turkmenistan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Turkmenistan" title="Template:Ethnic groups in Turkmenistan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_in_Turkmenistan" title="Template talk:Ethnic groups in Turkmenistan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Turkmenistan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic groups in Turkmenistan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_groups_in_Turkmenistan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Turkmenistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Turkmenistan">Ethnic groups in Turkmenistan</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Turkmens</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Central_Asia" title="Armenians in Central Asia">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis_in_Turkmenistan" title="Azerbaijanis in Turkmenistan">Azerbaijanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baloch_of_Turkmenistan" title="Baloch of Turkmenistan">Baloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Turkmenistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Turkmenistan">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhs_in_Turkmenistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kazakhs in Turkmenistan">Kazakhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koryo-saram" title="Koryo-saram">Koreans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Turkmenistan" title="Kurds in Turkmenistan">Kurds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poles_in_Turkmenistan" title="Poles in Turkmenistan">Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Roma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Turkmenistan" title="Russians in Turkmenistan">Russians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Turkmenistan" title="Turks in Turkmenistan">Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbeks_in_Turkmenistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Uzbeks in Turkmenistan">Uzbeks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_groups_in_Afghanistan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Afghanistan" title="Template:Ethnic groups in Afghanistan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_in_Afghanistan" title="Template talk:Ethnic groups in Afghanistan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Afghanistan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic groups in Afghanistan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_groups_in_Afghanistan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Afghanistan" title="Ethnic groups in Afghanistan">Ethnic groups in Afghanistan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnic groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aimaq_people" title="Aimaq people">Aimaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Arabs" title="Afghan Arabs">Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baloch_people" title="Baloch people">Baloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahui_people" title="Brahui people">Brahui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalak_people" title="Dalak people">Dalak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dom_people" title="Dom people">Dom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurjar" title="Gurjar">Gurjars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peripatetic_groups_of_Afghanistan" title="Peripatetic groups of Afghanistan">Jat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kho_people" title="Kho people">Kho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moghol_people" title="Moghol people">Moghol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuristanis" title="Nuristanis">Nuristanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamiris" title="Pamiris">Pamiris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashayi_people" title="Pashayi people">Pashayi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtuns" title="Pashtuns">Pashtuns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabis_in_Afghanistan" title="Punjabis in Afghanistan">Punjabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajiks" title="Tajiks">Tajiks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_people_in_Afghanistan" title="Turkic people in Afghanistan">Turkic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hazaras" title="Hazaras">Hazaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_people" title="Kyrgyz people">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qizilbash" title="Qizilbash">Qizilbash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Turkmens" title="Afghan Turkmens">Turkmens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbeks" title="Uzbeks">Uzbeks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakhi_people" title="Wakhi people">Wakhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign nationals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Afghanistan" title="Armenians in Afghanistan">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Afghanistan" title="Indians in Afghanistan">Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistanis_in_Afghanistan" title="Pakistanis in Afghanistan">Pakistanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Afghanistan" title="Russians in Afghanistan">Russians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Afghanistan" title="Portal:Afghanistan">Afghanistan portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_groups_in_Iran" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Iran" title="Template:Ethnic groups in Iran"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_in_Iran" title="Template talk:Ethnic groups in Iran"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Iran" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic groups in Iran"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_groups_in_Iran" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Iran">Ethnic groups in Iran</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persians</a> 53%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Azerbaijanis" title="Iranian Azerbaijanis">Azerbaijanis</a> 16%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Iran" title="Kurds in Iran">Kurds</a> 10%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilaks" title="Gilaks">Gilaks</a> 4%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazandaranis" class="mw-redirect" title="Mazandaranis">Mazandaranis</a> 4%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lurs" title="Lurs">Lurs</a> 6%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Arabs" title="Iranian Arabs">Arabs</a> 2%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baloch_people_in_Iran" title="Baloch people in Iran">Balochs</a> 2%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Turkmen" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Turkmen">Turkmens</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Turks">Turkic people</a> 2%</li> <li>Others 1% <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Talysh_people" title="Talysh people"><span style="font-size:85%;">Talysh</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tat_people_(Iran)" title="Tat people (Iran)"><span style="font-size:85%;">Tats</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Armenians" title="Iranian Armenians"><span style="font-size:85%;">Armenians</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Georgians" title="Iranian Georgians"><span style="font-size:85%;">Georgians</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Assyrians" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Assyrians"><span style="font-size:85%;">Assyrians</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassians_in_Iran" title="Circassians in Iran"><span style="font-size:85%;">Circassians</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Jews"><span style="font-size:85%;">Jews</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Iranians" title="Afro-Iranians">Afro-Iranians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zargari_tribe" title="Zargari tribe"><span style="font-size:85%;">Zagari</span></a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Turkic_peoples" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Turkic_peoples" title="Template:Turkic peoples"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Turkic_peoples" title="Template talk:Turkic peoples"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Turkic_peoples" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Turkic peoples"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Turkic_peoples" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic peoples</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Peoples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Azerbaijani communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis" title="Azerbaijanis">Azerbaijanis</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Azerbaijanis" title="Iranian Azerbaijanis">Iranian Azerbaijanis</a></small> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Shahsevan" title="Shahsevan">Shahsevans</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/K%C3%BCres%C3%BCnni" title="Küresünni">Küresünni</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis_in_Georgia" title="Azerbaijanis in Georgia">Georgian Azerbaijanis</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis_in_Armenia" title="Azerbaijanis in Armenia">Western Azerbaijanis</a></small> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Karapapakhs" title="Karapapakhs">Karapapakhs</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Javanshir_Qizilbash" title="Javanshir Qizilbash">Javanshir Qizilbash</a></small></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Kazakh communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhs" title="Kazakhs">Kazakhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhs_in_China" title="Kazakhs in China">Chinese Kazakhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Kazakhs" title="Iranian Kazakhs">Iranian Kazakhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Kazakhs" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongolian Kazakhs">Mongolian Kazakhs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Kyrgyz communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_people" title="Kyrgyz people">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_in_China" title="Kyrgyz in China">Chinese Kyrgyz</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Akto_Turkmen" title="Akto Turkmen">Akto Turkmen</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyrgyz in Afghanistan">Afghan Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_in_Tajikistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyrgyz in Tajikistan">Tajik Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Kyrgyz" class="mw-redirect" title="Van Kyrgyz">Van Kyrgyz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Turkmen<sup>1</sup> communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Turkmens</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Turkmens" title="Afghan Turkmens">Afghan Turkmens</a></small> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Ansarlu" title="Ansarlu">Ansarlu</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Turkmens" title="Iranian Turkmens">Iranian Turkmens</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akto_Turkmen" title="Akto Turkmen">Akto Turkmen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Turkish communities<sup>2</sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turks</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Gajal" title="Gajal">Gajal</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Muhacir" title="Muhacir">Muhacirs</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Tahtac%C4%B1" title="Tahtacı">Tahtacıs</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Y%C3%B6r%C3%BCks" title="Yörüks">Yörüks</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Abkhazia" title="Turks in Abkhazia">Abkhazian Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Algeria" title="Turks in Algeria">Algerian Turks</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Kouloughlis" title="Kouloughlis">Kouloughlis</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Turks in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnian Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Turks" title="Bulgarian Turks">Bulgarian Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Croatia" title="Turks in Croatia">Croatian Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_Muslims" title="Cretan Muslims">Cretan Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Cypriots" title="Turkish Cypriots">Cypriot Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_of_the_Dodecanese" title="Turks of the Dodecanese">Dodecanese Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Egypt" title="Turks in Egypt">Egyptian Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen" title="Iraqi Turkmen">Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Turkmen" title="Israeli Turkmen">Israeli Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Kosovo" title="Turks in Kosovo">Kosovan Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Turkmen" title="Lebanese Turkmen">Lebanese Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Libya" title="Turks in Libya">Libyan Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_North_Macedonia" title="Turks in North Macedonia">Macedonian Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meskhetian_Turks" title="Meskhetian Turks">Meskhetian (Ahiska) Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Montenegro" title="Turks in Montenegro">Montenegrin Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Palestine" title="Turks in Palestine">Palestinian Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_of_Romania" title="Turks of Romania">Romanian Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Serbia" title="Turks in Serbia">Serbian Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Turkmen" title="Syrian Turkmen">Syrian Turkmen/Turkoman</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Tunisia" title="Turks in Tunisia">Tunisian Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_of_Western_Thrace" title="Turks of Western Thrace">Western Thracian Turks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Turkic peoples <br /> in Uzbekistan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uzbeks" title="Uzbeks">Uzbeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakalpaks" title="Karakalpaks">Karakalpaks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Turkic minorities <br /> in China</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%84ynu_people" title="Äynu people">Äynu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Tatars" title="Chinese Tatars">Chinese Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhs_in_China" title="Kazakhs in China">Chinese Kazakhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_in_China" title="Kyrgyz in China">Chinese Kyrgyz</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Akto_Turkmen" title="Akto Turkmen">Akto Turkmen</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbeks_in_China" title="Uzbeks in China">Chinese Uzbeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuyu_Kyrgyz_people" title="Fuyu Kyrgyz people">Fuyu Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ili_Turk_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ili Turk people">Ili Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salar_people" title="Salar people">Salar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghurs</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Tor_Uyghurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Tor Uyghurs">Tor Uyghurs</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugurs" title="Yugurs">Yugurs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Turkic minorities <br /> in Crimea</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatars" title="Crimean Tatars">Crimean Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchaks" title="Krymchaks">Krymchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urums" title="Urums">Urums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Turkic minorities <br /> in Iran</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Azerbaijanis" title="Iranian Azerbaijanis">Iranian Azerbaijanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afshar_people" title="Afshar people">Afshar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaharmahali_Turks" title="Chaharmahali Turks">Chaharmahali Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalaj_people" title="Khalaj people">Khalajs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorasani_Turks" title="Khorasani Turks">Khorasani Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qarai_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Qarai Turks">Qarai Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qashqai_people" title="Qashqai people">Qashqai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Turkmens" title="Iranian Turkmens">Iranian Turkmens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Kazakhs" title="Iranian Kazakhs">Iranian Kazakhs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Turkic minorities in <br /> Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altai_people" title="Altai people">Altaians</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Chelkans" title="Chelkans">Chelkans</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Telengits" title="Telengits">Telengits</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Tubalars" title="Tubalars">Tubalars</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkars" title="Balkars">Balkars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashkirs" title="Bashkirs">Bashkirs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Besermyan" title="Besermyan">Besermyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chulyms" title="Chulyms">Chulyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuvash_people" title="Chuvash people">Chuvash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolgans" title="Dolgans">Dolgans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachays" title="Karachays">Karachays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khakas" title="Khakas">Khakas</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Koibal_people" title="Koibal people">Koibal</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumandins" title="Kumandins">Kumandins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumyks" title="Kumyks">Kumyks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nogais" title="Nogais">Nogais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shors" title="Shors">Shors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyot" title="Soyot">Soyots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatars</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Astrakhan_Tatars" title="Astrakhan Tatars">Astrakhan Tatars</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Kryashens" title="Kryashens">Kryashens</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Mishar_Tatars" title="Mishar Tatars">Mishar Tatars</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Na%C4%9Fayb%C3%A4k" title="Nağaybäk">Nağaybäk</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Volga_Tatars" title="Volga Tatars">Volga Tatars</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Tatars" title="Siberian Tatars">Siberian Tatars</a></small> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Bukharans" title="Siberian Bukharans">Siberian Bukharans</a></small></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleuts" title="Teleuts">Teleuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofalar" title="Tofalar">Tofalars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvans" title="Tuvans">Tuvans</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Tozhu_Tuvans" title="Tozhu Tuvans">Tozhu Tuvans</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakuts" title="Yakuts">Yakuts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Turkic minorities in <br /> Mongolia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khotons" title="Khotons">Khotons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Kazakhs" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongolian Kazakhs">Mongolian Kazakhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dukha_people" title="Dukha people">Dukha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_people_in_Afghanistan" title="Turkic people in Afghanistan">Turkic minorities in <br /> Afghanistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Turkmens" title="Afghan Turkmens">Afghan Turkmens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afshar_people" title="Afshar people">Afshar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aimaq_people" title="Aimaq people">Aimaqs</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Timuri" title="Timuri">Timuri</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansarlu" title="Ansarlu">Ansarlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karategin_Uzbeks" title="Karategin Uzbeks">Karategin Uzbeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyrgyz in Afghanistan">Afghan Kyrgyz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Turkic minorities in <br /> Europe <br /> <small>(exc. Russia)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatars_in_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimean Tatars in Bulgaria">Bulgarian Crimean Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Tatars" title="Finnish Tatars">Finnish Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagauz_people" title="Gagauz people">Gagauz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipka_Tatars" title="Lipka Tatars">Lipka Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatars_of_Romania" title="Tatars of Romania">Tatars of Romania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Extinct Turkic groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alat_tribe" title="Alat tribe">Alat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Az_people" title="Az people">Az</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basmyl" title="Basmyl">Basmyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barsils" title="Barsils">Barsils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berendei" title="Berendei">Berendei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulaqs" title="Bulaqs">Bulaqs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgars" title="Bulgars">Bulgars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chigils" title="Chigils">Chigils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Klobuks" title="Black Klobuks">Black Klobuks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumans" title="Cumans">Cumans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dingling" title="Dingling">Dingling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duolu" title="Duolu">Duolu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dughlats" title="Dughlats">Dughlats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esegel" title="Esegel">Esegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Göktürks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangly" title="Kangly">Kangly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karluks" title="Karluks">Karluks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keraites" title="Keraites">Keraites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khazars" title="Khazars">Khazars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemek" title="Yemek">Kimek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kipchaks" title="Kipchaks">Kipchaks</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Sir-K%C4%B1vchak" title="Sir-Kıvchak">Sir-Kıvchak</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurykans" title="Kurykans">Kurykans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutrigurs" title="Kutrigurs">Kutrigurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkit" title="Merkit">Merkit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naimans" title="Naimans">Naimans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nushibi" title="Nushibi">Nushibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Turks" title="Oghuz Turks">Oghuz Turks</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Turkoman_(ethnonym)" title="Turkoman (ethnonym)">Turkomans</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Pechenegs" title="Pechenegs">Pechenegs</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onogurs" title="Onogurs">Onogurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabir_people" title="Sabir people">Sabirs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saragurs" title="Saragurs">Saragurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shatuo" title="Shatuo">Shatuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiele_people" title="Tiele people">Tiele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrgesh" title="Türgesh">Türgesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuhsi" title="Tuhsi">Tuhsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tork_people" title="Tork people">Torks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toquz_Oghuz" title="Toquz Oghuz">Toquz Oghuz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uriankhai" title="Uriankhai">Uriankhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utigurs" title="Utigurs">Utigurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xueyantuo" title="Xueyantuo">Xueyantuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yenisei_Kyrgyz" title="Yenisei Kyrgyz">Yenisei Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yueban" title="Yueban">Yueban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yagma" title="Yagma">Yagma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yabaku" title="Yabaku">Yabaku</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdal_people_(West_Asia)" title="Abdal people (West Asia)">Abdals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazaras" title="Hazaras">Hazaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_people" title="Mughal people">Mughals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diasporas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_diaspora" title="Azerbaijani diaspora">Azerbaijani diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_diaspora" title="Crimean Tatar diaspora">Crimean Tatar diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_diaspora" title="Turkish diaspora">Turkish diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Cypriot_diaspora" title="Turkish Cypriot diaspora">Turkish Cypriot diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_diaspora" title="Kazakh diaspora">Kazakh diaspora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: left;"><div><sup>1</sup> Central Asian (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmeni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iranian</a>) <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Turkmens</a>, distinct from Levantine (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraqi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syrian</a>) Turkmen/Turkoman minorities, who mostly adhere to an Ottoman-Turkish heritage and identity. <sup>2</sup> In traditional areas of Turkish settlement (i.e. former <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> territories).</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_groups_in_the_Caucasus" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_the_Caucasus" title="Template:Ethnic groups in the Caucasus"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_in_the_Caucasus" title="Template talk:Ethnic groups in the Caucasus"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_the_Caucasus" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic groups in the Caucasus"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_groups_in_the_Caucasus" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_Caucasus" title="Ethnic groups in the Caucasus">Ethnic groups in the</a> <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_Caucasus#Language_families_indigenous_to_the_Caucasus" title="Ethnic groups in the Caucasus">Caucasian</a><br /><i>(areal)</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kartvelian_languages" title="Kartvelian languages">Kartvelian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgians" title="Georgians">Georgians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adjarians" title="Adjarians">Adjarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvals" title="Dvals">Dvals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guria#Demographics" title="Guria">Gurians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imerkhevians" title="Imerkhevians">Imerkhevians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingiloy_people" title="Ingiloy people">Ingiloys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javakhians" title="Javakhians">Javakhians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakhetians" title="Kakhetians">Kakhetians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meskhetians" title="Meskhetians">Meskhetians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colchians" class="mw-redirect" title="Colchians">Colchians</a>/<a href="/wiki/Zans" title="Zans">Zans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laz_people" title="Laz people">Lazs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mingrelians" title="Mingrelians">Mingrelians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svans" title="Svans">Svans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Caucasian_languages" title="Northeast Caucasian languages">Northeast</a><br />(Caspian)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Avar%E2%80%93Andic_languages" title="Avar–Andic languages">Avar–Andic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andi_people" title="Andi people">Andis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhvakh_people" title="Akhvakh people">Akhvakhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avars_(Caucasus)" title="Avars (Caucasus)">Avars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagvalal_people" title="Bagvalal people">Bagvalals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botlikh_people" title="Botlikh people">Botlikhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamalal_people" title="Chamalal people">Chamalals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godoberi_people" title="Godoberi people">Godoberis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karata_people" title="Karata people">Karatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tindi_people" title="Tindi people">Tindis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lezgic_languages" title="Lezgic languages">Lezgic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aghul_people" title="Aghul people">Aguls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archi_people" title="Archi people">Archin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budukh_people" title="Budukh people">Budukhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jek_people" title="Jek people">Jeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kryts_people" title="Kryts people">Kryts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezgins" title="Lezgins">Lezgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutul_people" title="Rutul people">Rutuls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabasaran_people" title="Tabasaran people">Tabasarans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsakhur_people" title="Tsakhur people">Tsakhurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udi_people" title="Udi people">Udis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nakh_peoples" title="Nakh peoples">Nakh</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bats_people" title="Bats people">Bats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechens" title="Chechens">Chechens</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kist_people" title="Kist people">Kists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aukhs" title="Aukhs">Aukhs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingush_people" title="Ingush people">Ingush</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tsezic_languages" title="Tsezic languages">Tsezic</a> (Didoic)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bezhta_people" title="Bezhta people">Bezhtas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinukh_people" title="Hinukh people">Hinukhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunzib_people" title="Hunzib people">Hunzibs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwarshi_people" title="Khwarshi people">Khwarshis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsez_people" title="Tsez people">Tsez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dargins" title="Dargins">Dargins</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kaitags" title="Kaitags">Kaitags</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khinalug_people" title="Khinalug people">Khinalugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laks_(Caucasus)" title="Laks (Caucasus)">Laks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Caucasian_languages" title="Northwest Caucasian languages">Northwest</a><br />(Pontic)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abazins" title="Abazins">Abazins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazians" title="Abkhazians">Abkhazians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sadz" title="Sadz">Sadz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassians" title="Circassians">Circassians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abzakhs" title="Abzakhs">Abzakhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Adyghe people">Adygeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Besleney" title="Besleney">Besleneys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bzhedugs" title="Bzhedugs">Bzhedugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemirgoys" title="Chemirgoys">Chemirgoys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherkess" class="mw-redirect" title="Cherkess">Cherkess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabardians" title="Kabardians">Kabardians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natukhajs" title="Natukhajs">Natukhajs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shapsugs" title="Shapsugs">Shapsugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubykh_people" title="Ubykh people">Ubykhs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg/250px-Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg/375px-Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg/500px-Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="977" data-file-height="1111" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-<br />European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armeno-Tats" title="Armeno-Tats">Armeno-Tats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherkesogai" title="Cherkesogai">Cherkesogai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zok_language" title="Zok language">Zoks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lom_people" title="Lom people">Lom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_languages" title="Hellenic languages">Hellenic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Greeks" title="Caucasus Greeks">Caucasus Greeks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urums" title="Urums">Urums</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greeks" title="Pontic Greeks">Pontic Greeks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lom_people" title="Lom people">Loms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_diaspora#Georgia" title="Romani diaspora">Roma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ossetians" title="Ossetians">Ossetians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digor_people" title="Digor people">Digors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_people" title="Iron people">Irons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kudar" title="Kudar">Kudar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trialeti_Ossetians" class="mw-redirect" title="Trialeti Ossetians">Trialeti Ossetians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talysh_people" title="Talysh people">Talysh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tat_people_(Caucasus)" title="Tat people (Caucasus)">Tats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazidis" title="Yazidis">Yazidis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poles_in_Armenia" title="Poles in Armenia">in Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poles_in_Azerbaijan" title="Poles in Azerbaijan">in Azerbaijan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Russians" title="Caucasus Russians">Russians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doukhobors" title="Doukhobors">Doukhobors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molokans" title="Molokans">Molokans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainians_in_Kuban" title="Ukrainians in Kuban">Ukrainians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Germans" title="Caucasus Germans">Germans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kipchaks" title="Kipchaks">Kipchaks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkars" title="Balkars">Balkars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachays" title="Karachays">Karachays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumyks" title="Kumyks">Kumyks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nogais" title="Nogais">Nogais</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Turks" title="Oghuz Turks">Oghuz Turks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis" title="Azerbaijanis">Azerbaijanis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayrums" title="Ayrums">Ayrums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karadaghis" title="Karadaghis">Karadaghis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahsevan" title="Shahsevan">Shahsevan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayat_(tribe)" title="Bayat (tribe)">Bayats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karapapakhs" title="Karapapakhs">Karapapakhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%BCres%C3%BCnni" title="Küresünni">Küresünni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meskhetian_Turks" title="Meskhetian Turks">Meskhetian Turks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Armenia" title="Assyrians in Armenia">in Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Georgia" title="Assyrians in Georgia">in Georgia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Abkhazia" title="History of the Jews in Abkhazia">Abkhaz Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Armenia" title="History of the Jews in Armenia">Armenian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Azerbaijan" title="History of the Jews in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijani Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews" title="Georgian Jews">Georgian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Jews" title="Mountain Jews">Mountain Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmyks" title="Kalmyks">Kalmyks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_Armenia" title="Ethnic minorities in Armenia">Ethnic minorities in Armenia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_Azerbaijan" title="Ethnic minorities in Azerbaijan">Ethnic minorities in Azerbaijan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Ethnic minorities in Georgia (country)">Ethnic minorities in Georgia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Russia" title="Demographics of Russia">Ethnic minorities in Russia</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484472#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484472#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484472#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1159516/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4078474-5">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Turkmen"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85138903">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Turkmènes"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11941128k">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Turkmènes"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11941128k">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Turkmeni"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph314840&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007556025005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/explore/collection/artist/20678/">Victoria</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><noscript><img 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href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Afghanistan" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Afghanistan">Ethnic groups in Afghanistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Russia" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Russia">Ethnic groups in Russia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Muslim_communities_of_Russia" title="Category:Muslim communities of Russia">Muslim communities of Russia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_the_Middle_East" title="Category:Ethnic groups in the Middle East">Ethnic groups in the Middle East</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Peoples_of_the_Caucasus" title="Category:Peoples of the Caucasus">Peoples of the Caucasus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Modern_nomads" title="Category:Modern nomads">Modern nomads</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nomadic_groups_in_Eurasia" title="Category:Nomadic groups in Eurasia">Nomadic groups in Eurasia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Oghuz_Turkic_ethnic_groups" title="Category:Oghuz Turkic ethnic groups">Oghuz Turkic ethnic groups</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Muslim_communities_of_the_Caucasus" title="Category:Muslim communities of the Caucasus">Muslim communities of the Caucasus</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Russian-language_sources_(ru)" title="Category:CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)">CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_missing_periodical" title="Category:CS1 errors: missing periodical">CS1 errors: missing periodical</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_containing_links_to_subscription-only_content" title="Category:Pages containing links to subscription-only content">Pages containing links to subscription-only 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