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vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Three Kazakh Juz (Hordes) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Three_Kazakh_Juz_(Hordes)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History_of_the_Hordes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_the_Hordes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>History of the Hordes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_the_Hordes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetic_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetic_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Genetic studies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Genetic_studies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Genetic studies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Genetic_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Maternal_lineages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maternal_lineages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Maternal lineages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maternal_lineages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paternal_lineages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paternal_lineages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Paternal lineages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paternal_lineages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Population</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kazakh_minorities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kazakh_minorities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Kazakh minorities</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Kazakh_minorities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Kazakh minorities subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Kazakh_minorities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Russia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mongolia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mongolia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Mongolia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mongolia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uzbekistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uzbekistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Uzbekistan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uzbekistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Iran</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Afghanistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Afghanistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>Afghanistan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Afghanistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.7</span> <span>Turkey</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Cuisine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clothing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clothing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Clothing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clothing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Traditions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_Kazakhs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_Kazakhs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notable Kazakhs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_Kazakhs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kazakhs</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 101 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-101" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">101 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasakke" title="Kasakke – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kasakke" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-alt badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://alt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Казахтар – Southern Altai" lang="alt" hreflang="alt" data-title="Казахтар" data-language-autonym="Алтай тил" data-language-local-name="Southern Altai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Алтай тил</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AE" title="كازاخ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كازاخ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cazacos" title="Cazacos – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Cazacos" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qazaxlar" title="Qazaxlar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qazaxlar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AE%E2%80%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="قازاخ‌لار – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قازاخ‌لار" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%96_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="কাজাখ জাতি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কাজাখ জাতি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakh-cho%CC%8Dk" title="Kazakh-cho̍k – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kazakh-cho̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%A0%D0%B0%D2%99%D0%B0%D2%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Ҡаҙаҡтар – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ҡаҙаҡтар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%96" title="Казахі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Казахі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%96" title="Казахі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Казахі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Казахи – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Казахи" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazasi" title="Kazasi – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kazasi" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%83%D0%B4" title="Хасагууд – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Хасагууд" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhs" title="Kazakhs – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Kazakhs" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Казахсем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Казахсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaza%C5%A1i" title="Kazaši – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kazaši" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quazak" title="Quazak – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Quazak" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasakhere" title="Kasakhere – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kasakhere" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasachen" title="Kasachen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kasachen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasahhid" title="Kasahhid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kasahhid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%B6%CE%AC%CF%87%CE%BF%CE%B9" title="Καζάχοι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Καζάχοι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazajos" title="Kazajos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Kazajos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaza%C4%A5oj" title="Kazaĥoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kazaĥoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakh" title="Kazakh – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kazakh" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%85_%D9%82%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%82" title="مردم قزاق – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مردم قزاق" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhs" title="Kazakhs – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Kazakhs" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakken" title="Kazakken – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Kazakken" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casacst%C3%A1naigh" title="Casacstánaigh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Casacstánaigh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pobo_casaco" title="Pobo casaco – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pobo casaco" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakh-chhu%CC%8Dk" title="Kazakh-chhu̍k – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Kazakh-chhu̍k" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EC%9E%90%ED%9D%90%EC%9D%B8" title="카자흐인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="카자흐인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%82%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%A1%D5%AD%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ղազախներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ղազախներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BC_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97" title="कज़ाख़ लोग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कज़ाख़ लोग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazasi" title="Kazasi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kazasi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Kazakh" title="Orang Kazakh – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Orang Kazakh" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B3_%D0%B0%D0%B4%C3%A6%D0%BC" title="Хъазахаг адæм – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Хъазахаг адæм" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazaki" title="Kazaki – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Kazaki" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%96%D7%97%D7%99%D7%9D" title="קזחים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קזחים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wong_Kazakh" title="Wong Kazakh – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Wong Kazakh" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Къазакълыла – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Къазакълыла" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ყაზახები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ყაზახები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D2%9B%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Қазақтар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қазақтар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakazakhi" title="Wakazakhi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Wakazakhi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qazax" title="Qazax – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Qazax" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Казактар – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Казактар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D1%8C" title="Казах халкь – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Казах халкь" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazahi" title="Kazahi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kazahi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazachai" title="Kazachai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kazachai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakok" title="Kazakok – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kazakok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Казаци – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Казаци" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaz%C3%A0ka_(vahoaka)" title="Kazàka (vahoaka) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Kazàka (vahoaka)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%96%E0%B5%8D" title="കസാഖ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കസാഖ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="ყაზახეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ყაზახეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AE" title="كازاخ – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كازاخ" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Kazakh" title="Orang Kazakh – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Orang Kazakh" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urang_Kazakh" title="Urang Kazakh – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Urang Kazakh" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakh-c%C5%ADk" title="Kazakh-cŭk – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Kazakh-cŭk" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%83%D1%83%D0%B4" title="Казахууд – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Казахууд" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazachen" title="Kazachen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kazachen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%82%B6%E3%83%95%E4%BA%BA" title="カザフ人 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カザフ人" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Кхазакхаш – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Кхазакхаш" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasaker" title="Kasaker – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kasaker" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Казах – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Казах" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qozoqlar" title="Qozoqlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Qozoqlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC_%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%95" title="ਕਜ਼ਾਖ਼ ਲੋਕ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਜ਼ਾਖ਼ ਲੋਕ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%82_%D9%84%D9%88%DA%A9" title="قازق لوک – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="قازق لوک" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazachowie" title="Kazachowie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kazachowie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cazaques" title="Cazaques – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cazaques" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qazaqlar" title="Qazaqlar – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Qazaqlar" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazahi" title="Kazahi – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Kazahi" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Казахи – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Казахи" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Казахтар – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Казахтар" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhs" title="Kazakhs – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Kazakhs" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazak%C3%ABt" title="Kazakët – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kazakët" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhs" title="Kazakhs – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Kazakhs" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazachovia" title="Kazachovia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kazachovia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazahi" title="Kazahi – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kazahi" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AE%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="کازاخەکان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کازاخەکان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Казаси – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Казаси" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazasi" title="Kazasi – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kazasi" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakit" title="Kazakit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kazakit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazaker" title="Kazaker – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kazaker" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="கசக்குகள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கசக்குகள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Казакълар – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Казакълар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%84" title="ชาวคาซัค – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชาวคาซัค" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D2%9B%D2%B3%D0%BE" title="Қазоқҳо – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Қазоқҳо" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazaklar" title="Kazaklar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kazaklar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazaklar" title="Gazaklar – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Gazaklar" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%8A%D1%91%D1%81" title="Казахъёс – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Казахъёс" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Казахи – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Казахи" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%82" title="قازق – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="قازق" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%82_%D9%85%D9%89%D9%84%D9%84%D9%89%D8%AA%D9%89" title="قازاق مىللىتى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="قازاق مىللىتى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazahlai%C5%BEed" title="Kazahlaižed – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Kazahlaižed" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_Kazakh" title="Người Kazakh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Người Kazakh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%88%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%E6%97%8F" title="哈萨克族 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="哈萨克族" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80w%E1%BB%8Dn_K%C3%A0s%C3%A0k" title="Àwọn Kàsàk – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Àwọn Kàsàk" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%88%E8%96%A9%E5%85%8B%E4%BA%BA" title="哈薩克人 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="哈薩克人" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%88%E8%96%A9%E5%85%8B%E6%97%8F" title="哈薩克族 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="哈薩克族" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jolma_Kazakh" title="Jolma Kazakh – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Jolma Kazakh" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%89%E2%B4%BD%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A3%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%85%E2%B5%8F" title="ⵉⴽⴰⵣⴰⵅⵏ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵉⴽⴰⵣⴰⵅⵏ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q80040#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Kazakh (disambiguation)">Kazakh (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossacks</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Kazakhs</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above nickname" style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal;"><div><span title="Kazakh-language text"><span lang="kk">Қазақтар</span></span><br /><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">Qazaqtar</i></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:People_of_Kazakhstan_in_Zailiysky_Ala-Tau_mountains.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/People_of_Kazakhstan_in_Zailiysky_Ala-Tau_mountains.png/220px-People_of_Kazakhstan_in_Zailiysky_Ala-Tau_mountains.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/People_of_Kazakhstan_in_Zailiysky_Ala-Tau_mountains.png/330px-People_of_Kazakhstan_in_Zailiysky_Ala-Tau_mountains.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/People_of_Kazakhstan_in_Zailiysky_Ala-Tau_mountains.png/440px-People_of_Kazakhstan_in_Zailiysky_Ala-Tau_mountains.png 2x" data-file-width="1205" data-file-height="1286" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></th><td class="infobox-data">14,220,321 (2023)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,562,518 (2020)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></th><td class="infobox-data">821,172 (2023)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">591,970 (2021)<sup id="cite_ref-census2021_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census2021-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">120,999 (2020)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></th><td class="infobox-data">28,244 (2022)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></th><td class="infobox-data">21,913 (2022)<sup id="cite_ref-AsianPop_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AsianPop-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></th><td class="infobox-data">10,000 (2024)<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></th><td class="infobox-data">10,000 (2009)<sup id="cite_ref-ottoman_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ottoman-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></th><td class="infobox-data">6,600 (2011)<sup id="cite_ref-Canada_Estimations_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Canada_Estimations-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></th><td class="infobox-data">5,639 (2017)<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></th><td class="infobox-data">5,526 (2001)<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="infobox-data">5,432 (2011)<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">5,000 (2015)<sup id="cite_ref-BQ_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BQ-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3,000 (2017)<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2,430 (2023)<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">1,924 (2022)<sup id="cite_ref-ita_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ita-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,685<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/46px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,355 (2009)<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,000 (2016)<sup id="cite_ref-kazakhs99_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kazakhs99-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></th><td class="infobox-data">200 (2021)<sup id="cite_ref-afg_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-afg-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></th><td class="infobox-data">178–215 (2022)<sup id="cite_ref-php_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-php-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Predominantly <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, minorities practicing <a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Karakalpaks" title="Karakalpaks">Karakalpak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nogais" title="Nogais">Nogai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_people" title="Kyrgyz people">Kyrgyz</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Kazakhs</b> (<a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a>: <span title="Kazakh-language text"><span lang="kk">қазақтар</span></span>, <span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">qazaqtar</i></span>, <span title="Kazakh-language text"><span lang="kk-Arab" dir="rtl">قازاقتار</span></span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="kk-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Kazakh" title="Help:IPA/Kazakh">[qazaq'tar]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/0\/0a\/Kk-kazakhs.ogg\/Kk-kazakhs.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Kk-kazakhs.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0a/Kk-kazakhs.ogg/Kk-kazakhs.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Kk-kazakhs.ogg" title="File:Kk-kazakhs.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>) are a <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a> <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic group</a> native to <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>. There are Kazakh communities in <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>'s border regions in <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, northern <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>, northwestern <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ili_Kazakh_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture">Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture</a>), western <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bayan-%C3%96lgii_Province" title="Bayan-Ölgii Province">Bayan-Ölgii Province</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> (<a href="/wiki/Golestan_province" title="Golestan province">Golestan province</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Kazakhs arose from the merging of various medieval tribes of Turkic and Mongolic origin in the 15th century.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kazakh identity was shaped following the foundation of the <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Khanate" title="Kazakh Khanate">Kazakh Khanate</a> between 1456 and 1465, when following the disintegration of the <a href="/wiki/Turkification" title="Turkification">Turkified</a> state of <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a>, several tribes under the rule of the sultans <a href="/wiki/Janibek_Khan" title="Janibek Khan">Janibek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kerei_Khan" title="Kerei Khan">Kerei</a> departed from the Khanate of <a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Khayr_Khan" title="Abu'l-Khayr Khan">Abu'l-Khayr Khan</a> in hopes of forming a powerful khanate of their own. </p><p>The term <i>Kazakh</i> is used to refer to ethnic Kazakhs, while the term <i>Kazakhstani</i> refers to all citizens of Kazakhstan, regardless of ethnicity.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazakhs&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Kazakhs likely began using the name Kazakh during the 15th century.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are many theories on the origin of the word Kazakh or Qazaq. Some speculate that it comes from the <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a> verb <span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">qaz</i></span> ("wanderer, brigand, vagabond, warrior, free, independent") or that it derives from the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Turkic_language" title="Proto-Turkic language">Proto-Turkic</a> word <span title="Turkic languages collective text">*<i lang="trk">khasaq</i></span> (a wheeled cart used by the Kazakhs to transport their <a href="/wiki/Yurt" title="Yurt">yurts</a> and belongings).<sup id="cite_ref-olcott_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-olcott-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another theory on the origin of the word Kazakh (originally <span title="Turkic languages collective text"><i lang="trk">Qazaq</i></span>) is that it comes from the ancient <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a> word <span title="Turkic languages collective text"><i lang="trk">qazğaq</i></span>, first mentioned on the 8th century Turkic monument of Uyuk-Turan.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Turkic linguist <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Radlov" title="Vasily Radlov">Vasily Radlov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oriental_studies" title="Oriental studies">Orientalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_P._Yudin" title="Benjamin P. Yudin">Veniamin Yudin</a>, the noun <i><span title="Turkic languages collective text"><i lang="trk">qazğaq</i></span></i> derives from the same root as the verb <i><span title="Turkic languages collective text"><i lang="trk">qazğan</i></span></i> ("to obtain", "to gain"). Therefore, <i><span title="Turkic languages collective text"><i lang="trk">qazğaq</i></span></i> defines a type of person who wanders and seeks gain.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazakhs&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kazakhs_19th_Century_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Kazakhs_19th_Century_2.jpg/220px-Kazakhs_19th_Century_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Kazakhs_19th_Century_2.jpg/330px-Kazakhs_19th_Century_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Kazakhs_19th_Century_2.jpg/440px-Kazakhs_19th_Century_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="705" data-file-height="492" /></a><figcaption>Kazakh eagle-hunter, 19th century</figcaption></figure> <p>Throughout history, Kazakhstan has been home to many nomadic societies of the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Steppe" title="Eurasian Steppe">Eurasian Steppe</a>, including the Sakas (<a href="/wiki/Scythian" class="mw-redirect" title="Scythian">Scythian</a>-related), the <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western Turkic Khaganate</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kimek%E2%80%93Kipchak_confederation" title="Kimek–Kipchak confederation">Kimek–Kipchak Confederation</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Khanate" title="Kazakh Khanate">Kazakh Khanate</a>, which was established in 1465.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The exact place of origins of the <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic peoples</a> has been a topic of much discussion. Early Medieval Turkic peoples who migrated into Central Asia displayed genetic affinities with <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Northeast_Asian" title="Ancient Northeast Asian">Ancient Northeast Asians</a>, deriving around 62% of their ancestry from a gene pool maximized among Neolithic hunter-gatherers in the <a href="/wiki/Amur_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Amur region">Amur region</a>. There is also evidence for contact with Iranian, Uralic and Yeniseian peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Kazakhs emerged as an ethno-linguistic group during the early 15th century from a confederation of several, mostly Turkic-speaking pastoral nomadic groups of Northern <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>. The Kazakhs are the most northerly of the Central Asian peoples, inhabiting a large expanse of territory in northern <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> and southern <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Steppe" title="Kazakh Steppe">Kazakh Steppe</a>. The tribal groups formed a powerful confederation that grew wealthy on the trade passing through the steppe lands along the fabled Silk Road.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kazakh was a common term throughout medieval <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, generally with regard to individuals or groups who had taken or achieved independence from a figure of authority. <a href="/wiki/Tamerlane" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamerlane">Timur</a> described his own youth without direct authority as his <span title="Turkic languages collective text"><i lang="trk">Qazaqliq</i></span> ("freedom", "Qazaq-ness").<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SB_-_Kazakh_woman_on_horse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/SB_-_Kazakh_woman_on_horse.jpg/220px-SB_-_Kazakh_woman_on_horse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/SB_-_Kazakh_woman_on_horse.jpg/330px-SB_-_Kazakh_woman_on_horse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/SB_-_Kazakh_woman_on_horse.jpg/440px-SB_-_Kazakh_woman_on_horse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="389" /></a><figcaption>Kazakhs, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1910</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Turco-Persian" class="mw-redirect" title="Turco-Persian">Turco-Persian</a> sources, the term <i>Özbek-Qazaq</i> first appeared during the middle of the 16th century, in the <i>Tarikh-i-Rashidi</i> by <a href="/wiki/Mirza_Muhammad_Haidar_Dughlat" title="Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlat">Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlat</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khan" title="Chagatai Khan">Chagatayid</a> prince of <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a>. In this manuscript, the author locates Kazakh in the eastern part of <i><a href="/wiki/Desht-i_Qipchaq" class="mw-redirect" title="Desht-i Qipchaq">Desht-i Qipchaq</a></i>. According to Tarikh-i-Rashidi, the first Kazakh union was created <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1465/1466 AD. The state was formed by nomads who settled along the border of <a href="/wiki/Moghulistan" title="Moghulistan">Moghulistan</a>, and was called <i>Uzbeg-Kazák</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 15th-century Central Asia, the nomads of the Jochid Ulus (Golden Horde), including those who founded the Kazakh Khanate, were collectively called Uzbeks due to their conversion to Islam under Uzbek Khan (r. 1313–1341).<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These Uzbeks (also called Tatars by the Muscovites and Ottomans) arose from the merging of the Mongols and various Turkic groups in the 13th and 14th centuries in the Mongol states of the Qipchaq Steppe. It was from this Jochid/ Uzbek ulus (Golden Horde) that the Kazakh identity emerged when the nomads of the eastern Qipchaq Steppe became divided into the Kazakhs and the Shibanid Uzbeks at the turn of the 16th century. Seen from a broader perspective, the Kazakhs belonged to the Chinggisid uluses, others being the Shibanid Uzbeks, Crimean Tatars, Manghits/Noghays, and Chaghatays (Moghuls and Timurids), who shared a common language (Turkic), political ideology (based on Mongol traditions), royal lineage (Chinggisid related), ethnic identity (“Mongol Turks” [Turk-i mughūl]), and religion (Sunni Islam), and who still dominated much of the vast region stretching from the Crimea in the west to the Tien Shan Mountains in the east, and from southern Siberia in the north to northern India in the south during the post-Mongol period.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the time of the <a href="/wiki/Uzbeks" title="Uzbeks">Uzbek</a> conquest of Central Asia, <a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Khayr_Khan" title="Abu'l-Khayr Khan">Abu'l-Khayr Khan</a>, a descendant of <a href="/wiki/Shiban" title="Shiban">Shiban</a>, had disagreements with the sultans <a href="/wiki/Kerei_Khan" title="Kerei Khan">Kerei</a> and <a href="/wiki/Janibek_Khan" title="Janibek Khan">Janibek</a>, descendants of <a href="/wiki/Urus_Khan" title="Urus Khan">Urus Khan</a>. These disagreements probably resulted from the crushing defeat of Abu'l-Khayr Khan at the hands of the <a href="/wiki/Kalmyks" title="Kalmyks">Kalmyks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kerei and Janibek moved with a large following of nomads to the region of <a href="/wiki/Jetisu" title="Jetisu">Zhetysu</a> on the border of <a href="/wiki/Moghulistan" title="Moghulistan">Moghulistan</a> and set up new pastures there with the blessing of the <a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khan" title="Chagatai Khan">Chagatayid</a> khan of Moghulistan, <a href="/wiki/Esen_Buqa_II" title="Esen Buqa II">Esen Buqa II</a>, who hoped for a buffer zone of protection against the expansion of the <a href="/wiki/Oirats" title="Oirats">Oirats</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Regarding these events, Haidar Dughlat in his <i>Tarikh-i-Rashidi</i> reports:<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>At that time, Abulkhair Khan exercised full power in Dasht-i-Kipchak. He had been at war with the Sultánis of Juji; while Jáni Beg Khán and Karáy Khán fled before him into Moghulistán. Isán Bughá Khán received them with great honor, and delivered over to them Kuzi Báshi, which is near Chu, on the western limit of Moghulistán, where they dwelt in peace and content. On the death of Abulkhair Khán the Ulus of the Uzbegs fell into confusion, and constant strife arose among them. Most of them joined the party of Karáy Khán and Jáni Beg Khán. They numbered about 200,000 persons, and received the name of Uzbeg-Kazák. The Kazák Sultáns began to reign in the year 870 [1465–1466] (but God knows best), and they continued to enjoy absolute power in the greater part of Uzbegistán, till the year 940 [1533–1534 A. D.].</p></blockquote> <p>In the 17th century, Russian convention seeking to distinguish the Qazaqs of the steppes from the <a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossacks</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Army" title="Imperial Russian Army">Imperial Russian Army</a> suggested spelling the final consonant with "kh" instead of "q" or "k", which was officially adopted by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">USSR</a> in 1936.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Kazakh - <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Казах</span></span>, /kazax/</li> <li>Cossack -  <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Казак</span></span>, /kazak/</li></ul> <p>The Ukrainian term <a href="/wiki/Cossack" class="mw-redirect" title="Cossack">Cossack</a> probably comes from the same <a href="/wiki/Kipchak_languages" title="Kipchak languages">Kipchak</a> etymological root, meaning wanderer, brigand, or independent free-booter.<sup id="cite_ref-etymo_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-etymo-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-britannica_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oral_history">Oral history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazakhs&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Oral history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like many people who live a <a href="/wiki/Nomad" title="Nomad">nomadic</a> lifestyle, Kazakhs keep an <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">epic tradition of oral history</a> which goes back centuries. It is most commonly relayed in the form of song (<i>kyi</i>) and poetry (<i>zhyr</i>), which typically tell the stories of Kazakh national heroes.<sup id="cite_ref-Dubuisson2017_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dubuisson2017-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Kazakh oral tradition is sometimes has political themes. The highly influential Kazakh poet <a href="/wiki/Abai_Qunanbaiuly" title="Abai Qunanbaiuly">Abai Qunanbaiuly</a> viewed it as the ideal way to transmit the pro-<a href="/wiki/Westernization" title="Westernization">Westernization</a> ideals of his colleagues. The Kazakh oral tradition has also overlapped with ethnic nationalism, and has been used to transmit pride in Kazakh identity.<sup id="cite_ref-Dubuisson2017_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dubuisson2017-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Three_Kazakh_Juz_(Hordes)"><span id="Three_Kazakh_Juz_.28Hordes.29"></span>Three Kazakh Juz (Hordes)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazakhs&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Three Kazakh Juz (Hordes)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Zhuz" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhuz">Zhuz</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%96%D1%83%D0%B7.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/%D0%96%D1%83%D0%B7.svg/250px-%D0%96%D1%83%D0%B7.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/%D0%96%D1%83%D0%B7.svg/375px-%D0%96%D1%83%D0%B7.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/%D0%96%D1%83%D0%B7.svg/500px-%D0%96%D1%83%D0%B7.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="658" data-file-height="369" /></a><figcaption>Approximate areas occupied by the three Kazakh jüz in the early 20th century. <table> <tbody><tr> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ccff99; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Junior_juz" class="mw-redirect" title="Junior juz">Junior juz</a></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#fdd99b; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Middle_Juz" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Juz">Middle Juz</a></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffaaaa; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Great_juz" class="mw-redirect" title="Great juz">Great juz</a></div> </td></tr></tbody></table></figcaption></figure> <p>In modern Kazakhstan, <a href="/wiki/Tribalism" title="Tribalism">tribalism</a> is fading away in business and government life. However, it is still common for Kazakhs to ask each other about the tribe they belong to when they become acquainted with one another. Now, it is more of a tradition than a necessity, and there is no hostility between tribes. Kazakhs, regardless of their tribal origin, consider themselves one nation. </p><p>Those modern-day Kazakhs who yet remember their tribes know that their tribes belong to one of the three <a href="/wiki/Zhuz" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhuz">Zhuz</a> (juz, roughly translatable as "horde" or "hundred"): </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Zhuz#Senior_zhuz" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhuz">Senior Horde (also called Elder or Great)</a> (Uly juz)</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Zhuz#Middle_zhuz" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhuz">Middle (also called Central)</a> (Orta juz)</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Zhuz#Junior_zhuz" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhuz">Junior (also called Younger or Lesser)</a> (Kishi juz)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_of_the_Hordes">History of the Hordes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazakhs&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History of the Hordes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is much debate surrounding the origins of the Hordes. Their age is unknown so far in extant historical texts, with the earliest mentions in the 17th century. The Turkologist Velyaminov-Zernov believed that it was the capture of the important cities of <a href="/wiki/Tashkent" title="Tashkent">Tashkent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkestan_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkestan (city)">Yasi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sayram_(city)" title="Sayram (city)">Sayram</a> in 1598 by Tevvekel (Tauekel/Tavakkul) Khan that separated the Qazaqs, as they possessed the cities for only part of the 17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The theory suggests that the Qazaqs then divided among a wider territory after expanding from <a href="/wiki/Jetisu" title="Jetisu">Zhetysu</a> into most of the <a href="/wiki/Dasht-i_Qipchaq" class="mw-redirect" title="Dasht-i Qipchaq">Dasht-i Qipchaq</a>, with a focus on the trade available through the cities of the middle <a href="/wiki/Syr_Darya" title="Syr Darya">Syr Darya</a>, to which Sayram and Yasi belonged. The Junior juz originated from the <a href="/wiki/Nogais" title="Nogais">Nogais</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nogai_Horde" title="Nogai Horde">Nogai Horde</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazakhs&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh language</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Kazakh alphabet">Kazakh alphabet</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Idioma_kazajo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Idioma_kazajo.png/220px-Idioma_kazajo.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Idioma_kazajo.png/330px-Idioma_kazajo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Idioma_kazajo.png/440px-Idioma_kazajo.png 2x" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="364" /></a><figcaption>Distribution of the Kazakh language</figcaption></figure> <p>The Kazakh language is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a> <a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">language family</a>, as are <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_language" title="Kyrgyz language">Kyrgyz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tatar_language" title="Tatar language">Tatar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a>, modern <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azeri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Azeri language">Azerbaijani</a> and many other living and historical languages spoken in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>. </p><p>Kazakh belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Kipchak_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kipchak people">Kipchak</a> (Northwestern) group of the Turkic language family.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kazakh is characterized, in distinction to other Turkic languages, by the presence of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span> in place of reconstructed proto-Turkic <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*/ʃ/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃ/</span> in place of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*/tʃ/</span>; furthermore, Kazakh has <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d͡ʒ</a>/</span> where other Turkic languages have <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>/</span>. </p><p>Kazakh, like most of the Turkic language family lacks phonemic <a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">vowel length</a>, and as such there is no distinction between long and short vowels. </p><p>Kazakh was written with the Arabic script until the mid-19th century, when a number of educated Kazakh poets from Muslim <a href="/wiki/Madrasahs" class="mw-redirect" title="Madrasahs">madrasahs</a> incited a revolt against Russia. Russia's response was to set up secular schools and devise a way of writing Kazakh with the Cyrillic alphabet, which was not widely accepted. By 1917, the Arabic script for Kazakh was reintroduced, even in schools and local government. </p><p>In 1927, a <a href="/wiki/Alash_(party)" title="Alash (party)">Kazakh nationalist movement</a> sprang up against the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> but was soon suppressed. As a result, the Arabic script for writing Kazakh was banned and the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> alphabet was imposed as a new writing system. In an effort to Russianize the Kazakhs, the Latin alphabet was in turn replaced by the Cyrillic alphabet in 1940 by Soviet interventionists. Today, there are efforts to return to the Latin script, and in January 2021 the government announced plans to switch to the Latin alphabet.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kazakh is a state (official) language in <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>. It is also spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Ili_Kazakh_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture">Ili</a> region of the <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a> Uyghur Autonomous Region in the <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a>, where the Arabic script is used, and in western parts of <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bayan-%C3%96lgii" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayan-Ölgii">Bayan-Ölgii</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khovd_Province" title="Khovd Province">Khovd province</a>), where Cyrillic script is in use. European Kazakhs use the Latin alphabet. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetic_studies">Genetic studies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazakhs&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Genetic studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Population_structure_of_Turkic-speaking_populations_in_the_context_of_their_geographic_neighbors_across_Eurasia.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Population_structure_of_Turkic-speaking_populations_in_the_context_of_their_geographic_neighbors_across_Eurasia.PNG/220px-Population_structure_of_Turkic-speaking_populations_in_the_context_of_their_geographic_neighbors_across_Eurasia.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Population_structure_of_Turkic-speaking_populations_in_the_context_of_their_geographic_neighbors_across_Eurasia.PNG/330px-Population_structure_of_Turkic-speaking_populations_in_the_context_of_their_geographic_neighbors_across_Eurasia.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Population_structure_of_Turkic-speaking_populations_in_the_context_of_their_geographic_neighbors_across_Eurasia.PNG/440px-Population_structure_of_Turkic-speaking_populations_in_the_context_of_their_geographic_neighbors_across_Eurasia.PNG 2x" data-file-width="2189" data-file-height="1030" /></a><figcaption>Population structure of Turkic-speaking populations in the context of their geographic neighbors across Eurasia.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Genomic research confirmed that Kazakhs originated from the admixture of several tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-White_1324_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-White_1324-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kazakhs have predominantly <a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_East_Asians" title="Genetic history of East Asians">East Eurasian ancestry</a>, and harbor two East Asian-derived components: one dominant component commonly found among Northeastern Asian populations (associated with the Northeast Asian "<a href="/wiki/Devil%E2%80%99s_Gate_Cave" class="mw-redirect" title="Devil’s Gate Cave">Devil’s Gate Cave</a>" sample from the <a href="/wiki/Amur_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Amur region">Amur region</a>), and another minor component associated with historical <a href="/wiki/Yellow_River" title="Yellow River">Yellow River</a> farmers, peaking among northern <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a>. According to one study, West Eurasian related admixture among Kazakhs is estimated at 35% to 37.5% in two Kazakh populations.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another study estimated a lower average Western admixture of slightly less than 30%.<sup id="cite_ref-:10.024_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10.024-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These results are inline with historical demographic information on northern Central Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neighboring <a href="/wiki/Karakalpaks" title="Karakalpaks">Karakalpaks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_people" title="Kyrgyz people">Kyrgyz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tubalar" class="mw-redirect" title="Tubalar">Tubalar</a>, and the Xinjiang Ölöd tribe, have the strongest resemblance to the Kazakh genome.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A study on allele frequency and genetic polymorphism by Katsuyama <i>et al.</i>, found that Kazakhs cluster together with <a href="/wiki/Japanese_people" title="Japanese people">Japanese people</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hui_people" title="Hui people">Hui people</a>, <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghurs</a> in contrast to West Eurasian reference groups.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2020 genetic study on the Kazakh genome, by Seidualy et al., found that the Kazakh people formed from highly mixed historical Central Asian populations. Ethnic Kazakhs were modeled to derive about 63.2% ancestry from an East Asian-related population, specifically from a Northeast Asian source sample (<a href="/wiki/Devil%E2%80%99s_Gate_Cave" class="mw-redirect" title="Devil’s Gate Cave">Devil’s Gate 1</a>), 30.8% ancestry from European-related populations (presumably from <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a>), and ~6% ancestry from a broadly South Asian population. Overall, Kazakhs show their closest genetic affinity with other Central Asian populations, namely the <a href="/wiki/Kalmyks" title="Kalmyks">Kalmyks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karakalpaks" title="Karakalpaks">Karakalpaks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_people" title="Kyrgyz people">Kyrgyz</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Altaians" class="mw-redirect" title="Altaians">Altaians</a>, but also <a href="/wiki/Mongolians" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongolians">Mongolians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tuvans" title="Tuvans">Tuvans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A total of 464 representatives of the Western Kazakh tribes of Kazakhstan (Western Kazakhs, n = 405) and Uzbekistan (Karakalpakstan Kazakhs, n = 59) were examined by the Yfiler Plus set. The data are available in the YHRD under accession numbers YA006010 and YA006009. Genetic analysis (AMOVA and MDS) did not show significant differences between the two groups (Kazakhstan and Karakalpakstan Kazakhs) in terms of Y-chromosome diversity. Both groups are characterized by haplogroup C2a1a2 as a founder effect, which dominated two of the three tribes: Alimuly (67%), Baiuly (74.6%), and Zhetiru (25.8%).<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The study analyzed haplotype variation at 15 Y-chromosomal short-tandem-repeats obtained from 1171 individuals from 24 tribes representing the three socio-territorial subdivisions (Senior, Middle and Junior zhuz) in Kazakhstan to comprehensively characterize the patrilineal genetic architecture of the Kazakh Steppe. In total, 577 distinct haplotypes were identified belonging to one of 20 haplogroups; 16 predominant haplogroups were confirmed by SNP-genotyping. The haplogroup distribution was skewed towards C2-M217, present in all tribes at a global frequency of 51.9%. The structure analysis of the 1164 individuals indicated the presence of 20 ancestral groups and a complex three-subclade organization of the C2-M217 haplogroup in Kazakhs, a result supported by the multidimensional scaling analysis. Additionally, while the majority of the haplotypes and tribes overlapped, a distinct cluster of the O2 haplogroup, mostly of the Naiman tribe, was observed.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maternal_lineages">Maternal lineages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazakhs&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Maternal lineages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to mitochondrial DNA studies<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (where sample consisted of only 246 individuals), the main maternal lineages of Kazakhs are: <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_D_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup D (mtDNA)">D</a> (17.9%), <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_C_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup C (mtDNA)">C</a> (16%), <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_G_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup G (mtDNA)">G</a> (16%), <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_A_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup A (mtDNA)">A</a> (3.25%), <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_F_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup F (mtDNA)">F</a> (2.44%) of East-Eurasian origin (55%), and haplogroups <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_H_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup H (mtDNA)">H</a> (14.1), <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_T_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup T (mtDNA)">T</a> (5.5), <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_J_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup J (mtDNA)">J</a> (3.6%), <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_K_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup K (mtDNA)">K</a> (2.6%), <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_U_(mtDNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup U (mtDNA)">U5</a> (3%), and others (12.2%) of West-Eurasian origin (41%). </p><p>Gokcumen <i>et al.</i> (2008) tested the mtDNA of a total of 237 Kazakhs from <a href="/wiki/Altai_Republic" title="Altai Republic">Altai Republic</a> and found that they belonged to the following haplogroups: D(xD5) (15.6%), C (10.5%), F1 (6.8%), B4 (5.1%), G2a (4.6%), A (4.2%), B5 (4.2%), M(xC, Z, M8a, D, G, M7, M9a, M13) (3.0%), D5 (2.1%), G2(xG2a) (2.1%), G4 (1.7%), N9a (1.7%), G(xG2, G4) (0.8%), M7 (0.8%), M13 (0.8%), Y1 (0.8%), Z (0.4%), M8a (0.4%), M9a (0.4%), and F2 (0.4%) for a total of 66.7% mtDNA of Eastern Eurasian origin or affinity and H (10.5%), U(xU1, U3, U4, U5) (3.4%), J (3.0%), N1a (3.0%), R(xB4, B5, F1, F2, T, J, U, HV) (3.0%), I (2.1%), U5 (2.1%), T (1.7%), U4 (1.3%), U1 (0.8%), K (0.8%), N1b (0.4%), W (0.4%), U3 (0.4%), and HV (0.4%) for a total of 33.3% mtDNA of West-Eurasian origin or affinity.<sup id="cite_ref-Gokcumen2008_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gokcumen2008-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Comparing their samples of Kazakhs from Altai Republic with samples of Kazakhs from Kazakhstan and Kazakhs from Xinjiang, the authors have noted that "haplogroups A, B, C, D, F1, G2a, H, and M were present in all of them, suggesting that these lineages represent the common maternal gene pool from which these different Kazakh populations emerged."<sup id="cite_ref-Gokcumen2008_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gokcumen2008-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In every sample of Kazakhs, <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_D_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup D (mtDNA)">D</a> (predominantly northern East Asian, such as Japanese, Okinawan, Korean, Manchu, Mongol, Han Chinese, Tibetan, <i>etc.</i>, but also having several branches among <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">indigenous peoples of the Americas</a>) is the most frequently observed haplogroup (with nearly all of those Kazakhs belonging to the D4 subclade), and the second-most frequent haplogroup is either <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_H_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup H (mtDNA)">H</a> (predominantly European) or <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_C_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup C (mtDNA)">C</a> (predominantly indigenous Siberian, though some branches are present in the Americas, East Asia, and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">northern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">eastern Europe</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Gokcumen2008_75-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gokcumen2008-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paternal_lineages">Paternal lineages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazakhs&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Paternal lineages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Y-DNA_haplogroups_in_Kazakh_tribes" title="Y-DNA haplogroups in Kazakh tribes">Y-DNA haplogroups in Kazakh tribes</a></div> <p>In a sample of 54 Kazakhs and 119 Altaian Kazakh, the main paternal lineages of Kazakhs are: <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_C-M217" title="Haplogroup C-M217">C</a> (66.7% and 59.5%), <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_O-M175" title="Haplogroup O-M175">O</a> (9% and 26%), <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_N-M231" title="Haplogroup N-M231">N</a> (2% and 0%), <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_J-P209" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup J-P209">J</a> (4% and 0%), <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R-M420" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup R-M420">R</a> (9% and 1%) respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-Zerjal2002_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zerjal2002-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Population">Population</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazakhs&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Kazakhstan" title="Demographics of Kazakhstan">Demographics of Kazakhstan</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Kazakhs" title="Special:EditPage/Kazakhs">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right;"> <caption>Ethnic Kazakhs in percent of total population of Kazakhstan </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>1897</th> <th>1917</th> <th>1926</th> <th>1937</th> <th>1959</th> <th>1979</th> <th>1989</th> <th>1999</th> <th>2009</th> <th>2021</th> <th>2024 </th></tr> <tr> <td>81.7%</td> <td>68.0%</td> <td>58.5%</td> <td>39.8%</td> <td>29.8%</td> <td>36.2%</td> <td>40.1%</td> <td>53.5%</td> <td>63.1%</td> <td>70.4%</td> <td>71% </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year</th> <th>Population in Kazakhstan </th></tr> <tr> <td>1897</td> <td>3,392,700 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1917</td> <td>4,615,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1926</td> <td>3,627,612 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1937</td> <td>2,181,520 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1959</td> <td>2,794,966 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1979</td> <td>5,289,349 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1989</td> <td>6,527,549 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1999</td> <td>8,011,452 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2009</td> <td>10,096,763 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2021</td> <td>13,497,891 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2024</td> <td>14,220,321 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kazakh_minorities">Kazakh minorities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazakhs&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Kazakh minorities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Kazakhs_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Map_of_the_Kazakhs_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/220px-Map_of_the_Kazakhs_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Map_of_the_Kazakhs_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/330px-Map_of_the_Kazakhs_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Map_of_the_Kazakhs_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/440px-Map_of_the_Kazakhs_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2192" data-file-height="1135" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Kazakh diaspora</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia">Russia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazakhs&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kazakhs_in_Russia" title="Kazakhs in Russia">Kazakhs in Russia</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4-%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2_(1834-1871).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4-%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2_%281834-1871%29.png/170px-%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4-%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2_%281834-1871%29.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4-%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2_%281834-1871%29.png/255px-%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4-%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2_%281834-1871%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4-%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2_%281834-1871%29.png/340px-%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4-%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2_%281834-1871%29.png 2x" data-file-width="634" data-file-height="802" /></a><figcaption>Muhammad Salyk Babazhanov – Kazakh anthropologist, a member of Russian Geographical Society.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Valikhanov.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Valikhanov.jpg/220px-Valikhanov.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Valikhanov.jpg/330px-Valikhanov.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Valikhanov.jpg/440px-Valikhanov.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="827" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Shoqan_Walikhanov" title="Shoqan Walikhanov">Shoqan Walikhanov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoyevsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Fyodor Dostoyevsky">Fyodor Dostoyevsky</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, the Kazakh population lives primarily in the regions bordering Kazakhstan. According to latest census (2002) there are 654,000 Kazakhs in Russia, most of whom are in the <a href="/wiki/Astrakhan_Oblast" title="Astrakhan Oblast">Astrakhan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volgograd_Oblast" title="Volgograd Oblast">Volgograd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saratov_Oblast" title="Saratov Oblast">Saratov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samara_Oblast" title="Samara Oblast">Samara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orenburg_Oblast" title="Orenburg Oblast">Orenburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chelyabinsk_Oblast" title="Chelyabinsk Oblast">Chelyabinsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurgan_Oblast" title="Kurgan Oblast">Kurgan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tyumen_Oblast" title="Tyumen Oblast">Tyumen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Omsk_Oblast" title="Omsk Oblast">Omsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Novosibirsk_Oblast" title="Novosibirsk Oblast">Novosibirsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Altai_Krai" title="Altai Krai">Altai Krai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Altai_Republic" title="Altai Republic">Altai Republic</a> regions. Though ethnically Kazakh, after the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> in 1991, those people acquired Russian citizenship. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Ethnic Kazakhs of Russia<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">national censuses data</span> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th align="left">1939</th> <th>%</th> <th>1959</th> <th>%</th> <th>1970</th> <th>%</th> <th>1979</th> <th>%</th> <th>1989</th> <th>%</th> <th>2002</th> <th>%</th> <th>2010</th> <th>% </th> <th>2020 </th> <th>%<sup>1</sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td align="left">356 646</td> <td>0.33</td> <td>382 431</td> <td>0.33</td> <td>477 820</td> <td>0.37</td> <td>518 060</td> <td>0.38</td> <td>635 865</td> <td>0.43</td> <td>653 962</td> <td>0.45</td> <td>647 732</td> <td>0.45 </td> <td>591 970 </td> <td>0.45 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="16"><sup>1</sup>:of those who responded </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazakhs&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kazakhs_in_China" title="Kazakhs in China">Kazakhs in China</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kazakhs_people.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Kazakhs_people.jpg/220px-Kazakhs_people.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Kazakhs_people.jpg/330px-Kazakhs_people.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Kazakhs_people.jpg/440px-Kazakhs_people.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2334" data-file-height="1577" /></a><figcaption>Kazakhs in <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>, China, 1987</figcaption></figure> <p>Kazakhs migrated into <a href="/wiki/Dzungaria" title="Dzungaria">Dzungaria</a> in the 18th century after the <a href="/wiki/Dzungar_genocide" title="Dzungar genocide">Dzungar genocide</a> resulted in the native Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Dzungars" class="mw-redirect" title="Dzungars">Dzungar Oirat</a> population being massacred. </p><p>Kazakhs, called "<span lang="zh-Hans"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%93%88%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B#Simplified_Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:哈萨克">哈萨克</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%97%8F#Simplified_Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:族">族</a></span>" in Chinese (<a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Hāsàkè Zú</span></i>; <abbr title="Literal translation"><small>lit.</small></abbr> 'Kazakh people" or "Kazakh tribe') are among <a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_ethnic_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Chinese ethnic groups">56 ethnic groups</a> officially recognized by the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a>. According to the census data of 2020, Kazakhs had a population of 1,562,518, ranking 18th among all ethnic groups in China. Thousands of Kazakhs fled to China during the 1932–1933 famine in Kazakhstan. </p><p>In 1936, after <a href="/wiki/Sheng_Shicai" title="Sheng Shicai">Sheng Shicai</a> expelled 30,000 Kazakhs from Xinjiang to Qinghai, <a href="/wiki/Hui_people" title="Hui people">Hui</a> led by General <a href="/wiki/Ma_Bufang" title="Ma Bufang">Ma Bufang</a> massacred their fellow Muslim Kazakhs, until there were 135 of them left.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From Northern Xinjiang, over 7,000 Kazakhs fled to the Tibetan-Qinghai plateau region via Gansu and were wreaking massive havoc so Ma Bufang solved the problem by relegating Kazakhs to designated pastureland in Qinghai, but Hui, Tibetans, and Kazakhs in the region continued to clash against each other.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (December 2015)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tibetans attacked and fought against the Kazakhs as they entered Tibet via Gansu and Qinghai.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (December 2015)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> In northern Tibet, Kazakhs clashed with Tibetan soldiers, and the Kazakhs were sent to Ladakh.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (December 2015)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tibetan troops robbed and killed Kazakhs 640 kilometres (400 miles) east of Lhasa at Chamdo when the Kazakhs were entering Tibet.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (December 2015)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1934, 1935, and from 1936 to 1938, Qumil Elisqan led approximately 18,000 Kerey Kazakhs to migrate to Gansu, entering Gansu and Qinghai.<sup id="cite_ref-Benson1988_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benson1988-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In China there is one Kazakh <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_prefecture" title="Autonomous prefecture">autonomous prefecture</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ili_Kazakh_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture">Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Uyghur_Autonomous_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region">Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region</a> and three Kazakh <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_county" title="Autonomous county">autonomous counties</a>: <a href="/wiki/Aksai_Kazakh_Autonomous_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Aksai Kazakh Autonomous County">Aksai Kazakh Autonomous County</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barkol_Kazakh_Autonomous_County" title="Barkol Kazakh Autonomous County">Barkol Kazakh Autonomous County</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mori_Kazakh_Autonomous_County" title="Mori Kazakh Autonomous County">Mori Kazakh Autonomous County</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a> Uyghur Autonomous Region.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>At least one million <a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghurs</a>, Kazakhs and other <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_China" title="Islam in China">Muslims</a> in Xinjiang have been detained in mass <a href="/wiki/List_of_concentration_and_internment_camps" title="List of concentration and internment camps">detention camps</a>, termed "<a href="/wiki/Re-education_through_labor" title="Re-education through labor">reeducation camps</a>", aimed at changing the political thinking of detainees, their identities, and their religious beliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But authorities in China have defended that the detention centers were in fact vocational education & training centers set up to deradicalize radicalized residents against the "3 evil forces" of religious extremism, terrorism and separatism.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mongolia">Mongolia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazakhs&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Mongolia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kazakh_Eagle_Hunters.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Mounted hunters in traditional dress" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Kazakh_Eagle_Hunters.JPG/220px-Kazakh_Eagle_Hunters.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Kazakh_Eagle_Hunters.JPG/330px-Kazakh_Eagle_Hunters.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Kazakh_Eagle_Hunters.JPG/440px-Kazakh_Eagle_Hunters.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Kazakh hunters with eagles in <a href="/wiki/Bayan-%C3%96lgii_Province" title="Bayan-Ölgii Province">Bayan-Ölgii Province</a>, Mongolia</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 19th century, the advance of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> troops pushed Kazakhs to neighboring countries. In around 1860, part of the Middle Jüz Kazakhs came to <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a> and were allowed to settle down in Bayan-Ölgii, Western Mongolia and for most of the 20th century they remained an isolated, tightly knit community. Ethnic Kazakhs (so-called Altaic Kazakhs or Altai-Kazakhs) live predominantly in Western Mongolia in <a href="/wiki/Bayan-%C3%96lgii_Province" title="Bayan-Ölgii Province">Bayan-Ölgii Province</a> (88.7% of the total population) and <a href="/wiki/Khovd_Province" title="Khovd Province">Khovd Province</a> (11.5% of the total population, living primarily in <a href="/wiki/Khovd_(city)" title="Khovd (city)">Khovd city</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khovd,_Khovd" title="Khovd, Khovd">Khovd</a> <a href="/wiki/Sums_of_Mongolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sums of Mongolia">sum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buyant,_Khovd" title="Buyant, Khovd">Buyant</a> sum). In addition, a number of Kazakh communities can be found in various cities and towns spread throughout the country. Some of the major population centers with a significant Kazakh presence include <a href="/wiki/Ulaanbaatar" title="Ulaanbaatar">Ulaanbaatar</a> (90% in <a href="/wiki/Khoroo" title="Khoroo">khoroo</a> #4 of <a href="/wiki/Nalaikh" title="Nalaikh">Nalaikh</a> <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BC%C3%BCreg" class="mw-redirect" title="Düüreg">düüreg</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/T%C3%B6v_Province" title="Töv Province">Töv</a> and <a href="/wiki/Selenge_Province" title="Selenge Province">Selenge</a> provinces, <a href="/wiki/Erdenet" title="Erdenet">Erdenet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Darkhan_(city)" title="Darkhan (city)">Darkhan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgan_(city)" title="Bulgan (city)">Bulgan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sharyngol" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharyngol">Sharyngol</a> (17.1% of population total)<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Berkh,_Khentii" title="Berkh, Khentii">Berkh</a> cities. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Ethnic Kazakhs of Mongolia<sup id="cite_ref-#10_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#10-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">national censuses data</span> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>1956</th> <th>%</th> <th>1963</th> <th>%</th> <th>1969</th> <th>%</th> <th>1979</th> <th>%</th> <th>1989</th> <th>%</th> <th>2000</th> <th>%</th> <th>2010<sup id="cite_ref-Mong2010_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mong2010-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>%</th> <th>2020<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr> <td>36,729</td> <td>4.34</td> <td>47,735</td> <td>4.69</td> <td>62,812</td> <td>5.29</td> <td>84,305</td> <td>5.48</td> <td>120,506</td> <td>6.06</td> <td>102,983</td> <td>4.35</td> <td>101,526</td> <td>3.69</td> <td>121,000</td> <td>3.81 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazakhs&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Uzbekistan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of the beginning of 2021, more than 821,000 ethnic Kazakhs lived in Uzbekistan.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They live mostly in <a href="/wiki/Karakalpakstan" title="Karakalpakstan">Karakalpakstan</a> and northern Uzbekistan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iran">Iran</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazakhs&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Iran"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Qajar" class="mw-redirect" title="Qajar">Qajar</a> period, Iran bought Kazakh slaves who were falsely masqueraded as <a href="/wiki/Kalmyks" title="Kalmyks">Kalmyks</a> by slave dealers <a href="/wiki/Khivan_slave_trade" title="Khivan slave trade">from Khiva</a> and Turkmens.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AbbottAmanat1983_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AbbottAmanat1983-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kazakhs of the <a href="/wiki/Mangystau_Region" title="Mangystau Region">Aday</a> tribe inhabited the border regions of the Russian Empire with Iran since the 18th century. The Kazakhs made up 20% of the population of the <a href="/wiki/Transcaspian_Oblast" title="Transcaspian Oblast">Trans-Caspian</a> region according to the 1897 census. As a result of the <a href="/wiki/Fort-Shevchenko" title="Fort-Shevchenko">Kazakhs' rebellion</a> against the Russian Empire in 1870, a significant number of Kazakhs became refugees in Iran. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Kazakhs" title="Iranian Kazakhs">Iranian Kazakhs</a> live mainly in <a href="/wiki/Golestan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Golestan Province">Golestan Province</a> in northern <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to ethnologue.org, in 1982 there were 3000 Kazakhs living in the city of <a href="/wiki/Gorgan" title="Gorgan">Gorgan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, the number of Kazakhs in Iran decreased because of emigration to their historical motherland.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazakhs&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Afghanistan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kazakhs fled to Afghanistan in the 1930s escaping <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik">Bolshevik</a> persecution. Kazakh historian Gulnar Mendikulova cites that there were between 20,000 and 24,000 Kazakhs in Afghanistan as of 1978. Some assimilated locally and cannot speak the Kazakh language.<sup id="cite_ref-afg_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-afg-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2021, there are about 200 Kazakhs remaining in Afghanistan according to Kazakhstan's foreign ministry. Locals claim that many live in <a href="/wiki/Kunduz" title="Kunduz">Kunduz</a> and others in <a href="/wiki/Takhar_Province" title="Takhar Province">Takhar Province</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baghlan_Province" title="Baghlan Province">Baghlan Province</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mazar-i-Sharif" title="Mazar-i-Sharif">Mazar-i-Sharif</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-afg_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-afg-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Kypchaks" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghan Kypchaks">Afghan Kypchaks</a> are a group of <a href="/wiki/Taymani" title="Taymani">Taymani</a> <a href="/wiki/Aimaqs" class="mw-redirect" title="Aimaqs">Aimaqs</a> who are of Kazakh origin. They mainly reside in <a href="/wiki/Obe_District" title="Obe District">Obe</a> district to the east of the western Afghanistan's province of <a href="/wiki/Herat_Province" title="Herat Province">Herat</a>, between the rivers <a href="/wiki/Farah_Rud_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Farah Rud River">Farāh Rud</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hari_Rud" class="mw-redirect" title="Hari Rud">Hari Rud</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turkey">Turkey</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazakhs&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Turkey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Turkey received refugees from among the Pakistan-based Kazakhs, Turkmen, Kirghiz, and Uzbeks numbering 3,800 originally from Afghanistan during the <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kayseri, Van, Amasya, Çiçekdağ, Gaziantep, Tokat, Urfa, and Serinyol received via Adana the Pakistan-based Kazakh, Turkmen, Kirghiz, and Uzbek refugees numbering 3,800 with UNHCR assistance.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1954 and 1969, Kazakhs migrated into Anatolia's Salihli, Develi and Altay regions.<sup id="cite_ref-Espace_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Espace-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Turkey became home to refugee Kazakhs.<sup id="cite_ref-Forbes1986_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forbes1986-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Kazakh Turks Foundation (Kazak Türkleri Vakfı) is an organization of Kazakhs in Turkey.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazakhs&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Kazakhstan" title="Culture of Kazakhstan">Culture of Kazakhstan</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Kazakhs" title="Special:EditPage/Kazakhs">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazakhs&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Cuisine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_cuisine" title="Kazakh cuisine">Kazakh cuisine</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Horsemeat_platter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Horsemeat_platter.jpg/200px-Horsemeat_platter.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Horsemeat_platter.jpg/300px-Horsemeat_platter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Horsemeat_platter.jpg/400px-Horsemeat_platter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="745" /></a><figcaption>A platter of <a href="/wiki/Horse_meat" title="Horse meat">horse meat</a> served traditionally as an appetizer.</figcaption></figure> <p>Traditional <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_cuisine" title="Kazakh cuisine">Kazakh cuisine</a> revolves around <a href="/wiki/Lamb_and_mutton" title="Lamb and mutton">lamb</a> and <a href="/wiki/Horse_meat" title="Horse meat">horse meat</a>, as well as a variety of dairy <a href="/wiki/Dairy_product" title="Dairy product">milk products</a>. For hundreds of years, Kazakhs were herders who raised <a href="/wiki/Fat-tailed_sheep" title="Fat-tailed sheep">fat-tailed sheep</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bactrian_camel" title="Bactrian camel">Bactrian camels</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">horses</a>, relying on these animals for transportation, clothing, and food. The cooking techniques and major ingredients have been strongly influenced by the nation's nomadic way of life. For example, most cooking techniques are aimed at long-term <a href="/wiki/Preservation_of_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Preservation of food">preservation of food</a>. There is a large practice of salting and drying <a href="/wiki/Meat" title="Meat">meat</a> so that it will last, and there is a preference for <a href="/wiki/Sour_milk" class="mw-redirect" title="Sour milk">sour milk</a>, as it is easier to save in a nomadic lifestyle. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Besbarmak" class="mw-redirect" title="Besbarmak">Besbarmak</a></i>, a dish consisting of boiled horse or lamb meat, is the most popular Kazakh dish. Besbarmak is usually eaten with a boiled <a href="/wiki/Pasta" title="Pasta">pasta</a> sheet, and a meat broth called <i><a href="/wiki/Shorpa" class="mw-redirect" title="Shorpa">shorpa</a></i>, and is traditionally served in Kazakh bowls called <i><a href="/wiki/Kese" class="mw-redirect" title="Kese">kese</a></i>. Other popular meat dishes are <i><a href="/wiki/Qaz%C4%B1" title="Qazı">Qazı</a></i> (which is a horse meat sausage that only the wealthy could afford), <i><a href="/wiki/Shuzhuk" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuzhuk">shuzhuk</a></i> (horse meat sausages), <i><a href="/wiki/Kuyrdak" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuyrdak">kuyrdak</a></i> (also spelled <i>kuirdak</i>, a dish made from roasted horse, <a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">sheep</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Cow" class="mw-redirect" title="Cow">cow</a> <a href="/wiki/Offal" title="Offal">offal</a>, such as heart, liver, kidneys, and other organs, diced and served with <a href="/wiki/Onions" class="mw-redirect" title="Onions">onions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bell_pepper" title="Bell pepper">peppers</a>), and various horse delicacies, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Zhal" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhal">zhal</a></i> (smoked <a href="/wiki/Lard" title="Lard">lard</a> from horse's neck) and <i>zhaya</i> (salted and smoked meat from horse's hip and hind leg). <a href="/wiki/Pilaf" title="Pilaf">Pilaf</a> (<i>palaw</i>) is the most common Kazakh <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a> dish, with <a href="/wiki/Vegetables" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetables">vegetables</a> (<a href="/wiki/Carrot" title="Carrot">carrots</a>, onions, and/or <a href="/wiki/Garlic" title="Garlic">garlic</a>) and chunks of meat. The national drinks are <i><a href="/wiki/Kumys" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumys">kumys</a></i> (fermented <a href="/wiki/Mare" title="Mare">mare</a>'s milk) and <a href="/wiki/Tea" title="Tea">tea</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clothing">Clothing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazakhs&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Clothing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_clothing" title="Kazakh clothing">Kazakh clothing</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kazakh_girls_wear_traditional_Kazakh_costumes.JPEG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Kazakh_girls_wear_traditional_Kazakh_costumes.JPEG/170px-Kazakh_girls_wear_traditional_Kazakh_costumes.JPEG" decoding="async" width="170" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Kazakh_girls_wear_traditional_Kazakh_costumes.JPEG/255px-Kazakh_girls_wear_traditional_Kazakh_costumes.JPEG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Kazakh_girls_wear_traditional_Kazakh_costumes.JPEG/340px-Kazakh_girls_wear_traditional_Kazakh_costumes.JPEG 2x" data-file-width="955" data-file-height="1630" /></a><figcaption>Kazakh girls in traditional dress</figcaption></figure> <p>Traditional <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_clothing" title="Kazakh clothing">Kazakh clothing</a> is often made of materials suited to the region's extreme climate and the rural Kazakh's nomadic lifestyle.<sup id="cite_ref-Coming_of_Age_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coming_of_Age-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is commonly decorated with elaborate ornaments made from bird beaks, animal horns, hooves and feet.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although contemporary Kazakhs usually wear Western dress, they wear more traditional clothing for holidays and special occasions.<sup id="cite_ref-Pictures_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pictures-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazakhs&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kazakh_wedding_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Kazakh_wedding_3.jpg/220px-Kazakh_wedding_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Kazakh_wedding_3.jpg/330px-Kazakh_wedding_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Kazakh_wedding_3.jpg/440px-Kazakh_wedding_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1203" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_wedding_ceremony" title="Kazakh wedding ceremony">Kazakh wedding ceremony</a> in a mosque</figcaption></figure> <p>In the late 14th century, the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a> propagated Islam in its state. Islam in Kazakhstan peaked during the era of the <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Khanate" title="Kazakh Khanate">Kazakh Khanate</a>, especially under rulers such as <a href="/wiki/Ablai_Khan" title="Ablai Khan">Ablai Khan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kasym_Khan" title="Kasym Khan">Kasym Khan</a>. Another wave of conversions among the Kazakhs occurred during the 15th and 16th centuries via the efforts of <a href="/wiki/Sufi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi">Sufi</a> orders.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 18th century, Russian influence toward the region rapidly increased throughout <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>. Led by <a href="/wiki/Catherine_the_Great" title="Catherine the Great">Catherine</a>, the Russians initially demonstrated a willingness in allowing <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> to flourish as Muslim clerics were invited into the region to preach to the Kazakhs, whom the Russians viewed as "savages" and "ignorant" of morals and ethics.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EncycSex572_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncycSex572-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Russian policy gradually changed toward weakening Islam by introducing pre-Islamic elements of <a href="/wiki/Collective_consciousness" title="Collective consciousness">collective consciousness</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hunter14_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hunter14-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such attempts included methods of eulogizing pre-Islamic historical figures and imposing a sense of inferiority by sending Kazakhs to highly elite <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russian</a> military institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-Hunter14_113-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hunter14-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, Kazakh religious leaders attempted to bring in <a href="/wiki/Pan-Turkism" title="Pan-Turkism">pan-Turkism</a>, though many were persecuted as a result.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> era, <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> institutions survived only in areas that Kazakhs significantly outnumbered non-Muslims, such as non-indigenous Russians, by everyday Muslim practices.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an attempt to conform Kazakhs into <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">Communist</a> ideologies, gender relations and other aspects of Kazakh culture were key targets of social change.<sup id="cite_ref-EncycSex572_112-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncycSex572-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In more recent times, however, Kazakhs have gradually employed a determined effort in revitalizing Islamic religious institutions after the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. Most Kazakhs continue to identify with their Islamic faith,<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and even more devotedly in the countryside. Those who claim descent from the original <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> soldiers and missionaries of the 8th-century command substantial respect in their communities.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kazakh political figures have also stressed the need to sponsor Islamic awareness. For example, the Kazakh Foreign Affairs Minister, <a href="/wiki/Marat_Tazhin" class="mw-redirect" title="Marat Tazhin">Marat Tazhin</a>, recently emphasized that Kazakhstan attaches importance to the use of "positive potential Islam, learning of its history, culture and heritage."<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pre-Islamic beliefs, such as worship of the sky, the ancestors, and fire, continued to a great extent to be preserved among the common people, however. Kazakhs believed in the supernatural forces of good and evil spirits, of wood goblins and giants. To protect themselves from them and from the evil eye, Kazakhs wore protection beads and talismans. Shamanic beliefs are still widely preserved among Kazakhs, as well as the belief in the strength of the bearers of that worship, the shamans, which Kazakhs call <i>bakhsy</i>. Unlike the Siberian shamans, who used drums during their rituals, Kazakh shamans, who could also be men or women, played (with a bow) on a stringed instrument similar to a large violin. At present both Islamic and pre-Islamic beliefs continue to be found among Kazakhs, especially among the elderly. According to 2009 national census 39,172 ethnic Kazakhs are <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christians</a> (0.38% of all Kazakhstani Kazakhs).<sup id="cite_ref-2009_Census_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2009_Census-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditions">Traditions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazakhs&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Traditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kazakhs are known for their hospitality, and so many Kazakh traditions are based on this ethnic feature. Some traditions have been lost, but some have been rediscovered. Below are some of the traditions that continue to play a role in the modern Kazakh society: </p><p><b>Konakasy</b> (<a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a>: қонақасы; "konak" – guest, "as" – food) – a tradition to welcome a guest and make his stay as enjoyable as one can by providing food, lodge, entertainment. Depending on the circumstances under which a guest had come from, he is either called "arnayy konak" (<a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a>: арнайы қонақ) – a specially invited guest, "kudayy konak" (<a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a>: құдайы қонақ) – a casual traveller, or "kydyrma konak" (<a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a>: қыдырма қонақ) – an unexpected visitor.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Korimdik</b> (<a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a>: көрімдік; "koru" – to see) – a tradition of presenting a person with a gift to congratulate him on a gain in his life. The custom is called <i>korimdik</i>, if a gain is related to a person or an animal (e.g. seeing a person's daughter-in-law or a newborn animal for the first time), and <i>baygazy</i> (<a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a>: байғазы), if the gain is material.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_120-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Shashu</b> (<a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a>: шашу – to scatter) – a tradition to shower heroes of an occasion with sweets during some festivity. Kazakhs believe that collected delights bring luck.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_120-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Bata</b> (<a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a>: бата – blessing) – a form of poetic art, typically given by the most respected or the eldest person to express gratitude for the provided hospitality, give blessing to a person who is about to enter a new phase in life, go through a challenging experience or travel.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_120-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Tusau kesu</b> (<a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a>: тұсау кесу – to cut ties) – a tradition to celebrate the first attempts of a child to walk. The legs of a child are tied with a string of white and black colors symbolizing the good and the bad in life. The tie is then cut by a female relative who is energetic and lively in nature, so that the child acquires her qualities. After the string has been cut, it is burnt.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_120-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Kyz uzatu</b> (<a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a>: қыз ұзату) – the first wedding party organized by the parents of a bride. The literal translation is "to see off a daughter".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_120-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Betashar</b> (<a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a>: беташар; "bet" – face, "ashu" – to open) – the custom (often done at the wedding) to lift a veil from the face of a bride. Today it the <a href="/wiki/Mullah" title="Mullah">mullah</a> who is invited to perform an improvised song, in which he mentions relatives of the groom. During his performance, a bride has to bow every time she hears a name. After the song, the mother of the groom lifts the veil.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_120-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Shildehana</b> (<a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a>: шілдехана) – celebration of a birth of a child.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Suinshi</b> (<a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a>: сүйінші) – a tradition to give present to someone who has brought good news.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_121-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazakhs&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the most commonly used traditional musical instruments of the Kazakhs is the <i><a href="/wiki/Dombra" title="Dombra">dombra</a></i>, a plucked lute with two strings. It is often used to accompany solo or group singing. Another popular instrument is <i><a href="/wiki/Kobyz" title="Kobyz">kobyz</a></i>, a bow instrument played on the knees. Along with other instruments, both instruments play a key role in the traditional Kazakh orchestra. A notable composer is <a href="/wiki/Kurmangazy_Sagyrbayuly" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurmangazy Sagyrbayuly">Kurmangazy</a>, who lived in the 19th century. After studying in Moscow, <a href="/wiki/Gaziza_Zhubanova" title="Gaziza Zhubanova">Gaziza Zhubanova</a> became the first woman classical composer in Kazakhstan, whose compositions reflect Kazakh history and folklore. A notable singer of the Soviet epoch is <a href="/wiki/Roza_Rymbaeva" class="mw-redirect" title="Roza Rymbaeva">Roza Rymbaeva</a>, she was a star of the trans-Soviet-Union scale. A notable Kazakh rock band is <a href="/wiki/Urker" title="Urker">Urker</a>, performing in the genre of ethno-rock, which synthesises rock music with the traditional Kazakh music. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_Kazakhs">Notable Kazakhs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazakhs&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Notable Kazakhs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Kazakhs" title="List of Kazakhs">List of Kazakhs</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazakhs&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chala_Kazakh" title="Chala Kazakh">Chala Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Americans" title="Kazakh Americans">Kazakh Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Canadians" title="Kazakh Canadians">Kazakh Canadians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_demography_of_Kazakhstan" title="Ethnic demography of Kazakhstan">Ethnic demography of Kazakhstan</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazakhs&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px 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.cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220902140633/https://stat.gov.kz/api/getFile/?docId=ESTAT464825">"Краткие итоги Переписи населения"</a>. <i>gov.kz</i> (in Kazakh). April 2023. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stats.gov.cn&rft.atitle=Main+Data+of+the+Seventh+National+Population+Census&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stats.gov.cn%2Fenglish%2FPressRelease%2F202105%2Ft20210510_1817185.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakhs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.egov.uz/data/6117a05996188a0f14ac917b">"Permanent population by national and / or ethnic group, urban / rural place of residence"</a>. <i>data.egov.uz</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=data.egov.uz&rft.atitle=Permanent+population+by+national+and+%2F+or+ethnic+group%2C+urban+%2F+rural+place+of+residence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.egov.uz%2Fdata%2F6117a05996188a0f14ac917b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakhs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-census2021-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-census2021_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/Tom5_tab1_VPN-2020.xlsx">"Национальный состав населения"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Federal_State_Statistics_Service_(Russia)" title="Federal State Statistics Service (Russia)">Federal State Statistics Service</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft.pub=Federal+State+Statistics+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frosstat.gov.ru%2Fstorage%2Fmediabank%2FTom5_tab1_VPN-2020.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakhs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.1212.mn/BookLibraryDownload.ashx?url=Census2020_Mongolia_Eng.pdf&ln=En">"2020 POPULATION AND HOUSING CENSUS OF MONGOLIA /summary/"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210715110250/https://www.1212.mn/BookLibraryDownload.ashx?url=Census2020_Mongolia_Eng.pdf&ln=En">Archived</a> from the original on 15 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2020+POPULATION+AND+HOUSING+CENSUS+OF+MONGOLIA+%2Fsummary%2F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.1212.mn%2FBookLibraryDownload.ashx%3Furl%3DCensus2020_Mongolia_Eng.pdf%26ln%3DEn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakhs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stat.gov.kg/media/publicationarchive/09ae4f7e-4869-4f68-87a9-072c3e92607a.pdf">"Kyrgyzstan census 2022"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kyrgyzstan+census+2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stat.gov.kg%2Fmedia%2Fpublicationarchive%2F09ae4f7e-4869-4f68-87a9-072c3e92607a.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakhs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AsianPop-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AsianPop_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.census.gov/table/ACSDT5Y2022.B02018?q=B02018">"ASIAN ALONE OR IN COMBINATION WITH ONE OR MORE OTHER RACES, AND WITH ONE OR MORE ASIAN CATEGORIES FOR SELECTED GROUPS"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Commerce" title="United States Department of Commerce">United States Department of Commerce</a>. 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft.atitle=ASIAN+ALONE+OR+IN+COMBINATION+WITH+ONE+OR+MORE+OTHER+RACES%2C+AND+WITH+ONE+OR+MORE+ASIAN+CATEGORIES+FOR+SELECTED+GROUPS&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.census.gov%2Ftable%2FACSDT5Y2022.B02018%3Fq%3DB02018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakhs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/504037/Golestan-Kazakhstan-cultural-night-to-be-held-in-northern-Iran">"Golestan, Kazakhstan cultural night to be held in northern Iran"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Tehran_Times" title="Tehran Times">Tehran Times</a></i>. 23 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tehran+Times&rft.atitle=Golestan%2C+Kazakhstan+cultural+night+to+be+held+in+northern+Iran&rft.date=2024-09-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tehrantimes.com%2Fnews%2F504037%2FGolestan-Kazakhstan-cultural-night-to-be-held-in-northern-Iran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakhs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ottoman-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ottoman_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inform.kz/rus/article/2207298">"Казахское общество Турции готово стать объединительным мостом в крепнущей дружбе двух братских народов – лидер общины Камиль Джезер"</a>. 26 October 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160308080113/http://inform.kz/rus/article/2207298">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE+%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BC+%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D0%B2+%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%B9+%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B1%D0%B5+%D0%B4%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%85+%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2+%E2%80%93+%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B+%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C+%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80&rft.date=2009-10-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inform.kz%2Frus%2Farticle%2F2207298&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakhs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Canada_Estimations-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Canada_Estimations_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/dt-td/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=0&PID=105411&PRID=0&PTYPE=105277&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2013&THEME=95&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF">"2011 National Household Survey: Data tables"</a>. 8 May 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160513204131/http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/dt-td/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=0&PID=105411&PRID=0&PTYPE=105277&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2013&THEME=95&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2011+National+Household+Survey%3A+Data+tables&rft.date=2013-05-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fnhs-enm%2F2011%2Fdp-pd%2Fdt-td%2FRp-eng.cfm%3FLANG%3DE%26APATH%3D3%26DETAIL%3D0%26DIM%3D0%26FL%3DA%26FREE%3D0%26GC%3D0%26GID%3D0%26GK%3D0%26GRP%3D0%26PID%3D105411%26PRID%3D0%26PTYPE%3D105277%26S%3D0%26SHOWALL%3D0%26SUB%3D0%26Temporal%3D2013%26THEME%3D95%26VID%3D0%26VNAMEE%3D%26VNAMEF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakhs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.czso.cz/documents/11292/27914491/1612_c01t14.pdf/4bbedd77-c239-48cd-bf5a-7a43f6dbf71b?version=1.0">"Population data"</a>. <i>czso.cz</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180112214925/https://www.czso.cz/documents/11292/27914491/1612_c01t14.pdf/4bbedd77-c239-48cd-bf5a-7a43f6dbf71b?version=1.0">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=czso.cz&rft.atitle=Population+data&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.czso.cz%2Fdocuments%2F11292%2F27914491%2F1612_c01t14.pdf%2F4bbedd77-c239-48cd-bf5a-7a43f6dbf71b%3Fversion%3D1.0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakhs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ukrcensus.gov.ua/rus/results/nationality_population/nationality_popul1/select_51/?botton=cens_db&box=5.1W&k_t=00&p=25&rz=1_1&rz_b=2_1%20%20%20%20%20%20&n_page=2">Ukrainian population census 2001</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged March 2017">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>: Distribution of population by nationality. Retrieved 23 April 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/census/2011/DC2210EWR/view/2092957703?rows=main_language&cols=proficiency_in_english">"Main Language in England & Wales by Proficiency in English 2011"</a>. Office for National Statistics. 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210920021156/http://www.nomisweb.co.uk/census/2011/DC2210EWR/view/2092957703?rows=main_language&cols=proficiency_in_english">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Main+Language+in+England+%26+Wales+by+Proficiency+in+English+2011&rft.pub=Office+for+National+Statistics&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nomisweb.co.uk%2Fcensus%2F2011%2FDC2210EWR%2Fview%2F2092957703%3Frows%3Dmain_language%26cols%3Dproficiency_in_english&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakhs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BQ-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BQ_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150711160839/http://www.bqdoha.com/2015/04/uae-population-by-nationality">"UAE´s population – by nationality"</a>. <i>BQ Magazine</i>. 12 April 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bqdoha.com/2015/04/uae-population-by-nationality">the original</a> on 11 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BQ+Magazine&rft.atitle=UAE%C2%B4s+population+%E2%80%93+by+nationality&rft.date=2015-04-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bqdoha.com%2F2015%2F04%2Fuae-population-by-nationality&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakhs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://astanatimes.com/2017/05/kazakhstan-and-portugal-prospects-for-the-development-of-bilateral-relations/">"Kazakhstan and Portugal: prospects for the development of bilateral relations"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kazakhstan+and+Portugal%3A+prospects+for+the+development+of+bilateral+relations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fastanatimes.com%2F2017%2F05%2Fkazakhstan-and-portugal-prospects-for-the-development-of-bilateral-relations%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakhs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/kazakhstan/Pages/kazakhstan-country-brief/">"Kazakhstan country brief"</a>. Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210514101123/https://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/kazakhstan/Pages/kazakhstan-country-brief">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kazakhstan+country+brief&rft.pub=Department+of+Foreign+Affairs+and+Trade&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dfat.gov.au%2Fgeo%2Fkazakhstan%2FPages%2Fkazakhstan-country-brief%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakhs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ita-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ita_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tuttitalia.it/statistiche/cittadini-stranieri/kazakhstan/">"Cittadini Kazaki in Italia Dati Istat al 2022"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404110057/https://www.tuttitalia.it/statistiche/cittadini-stranieri/kazakhstan/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cittadini+Kazaki+in+Italia+Dati+Istat+al+2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tuttitalia.it%2Fstatistiche%2Fcittadini-stranieri%2Fkazakhstan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakhs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statistik.at/web_de/statistiken/bevoelkerung/bevoelkerungsstruktur/bevoelkerung_nach_staatsangehoerigkeit_geburtsland/">"Bevölkerung nach Staatsangehörigkeit und Geburtsland"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Statistik_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistik Austria">Statistik Austria</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150318235452/http://www.statistik.at/web_de/statistiken/bevoelkerung/bevoelkerungsstruktur/bevoelkerung_nach_staatsangehoerigkeit_geburtsland/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 March 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bev%C3%B6lkerung+nach+Staatsangeh%C3%B6rigkeit+und+Geburtsland&rft.pub=Statistik+Austria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statistik.at%2Fweb_de%2Fstatistiken%2Fbevoelkerung%2Fbevoelkerungsstruktur%2Fbevoelkerung_nach_staatsangehoerigkeit_geburtsland%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakhs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://belstat.gov.by/homep/ru/perepic/2009/vihod_tables/5.8-0.pdf">population census 2009</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120118175907/http://belstat.gov.by/homep/ru/perepic/2009/vihod_tables/5.8-0.pdf">Archived</a> 18 January 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: National composition of the population.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kazakhs99-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kazakhs99_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160313143310/http://www.botschaft-kaz.de/de/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=24&Itemid=35/">"Kasachische Diaspora in Deutschland. Botschaft der Republik Kasachstan in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland"</a> (in German). botschaft-kaz.de. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.botschaft-kaz.de/de/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=24&Itemid=35/">the original</a> on 13 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Kasachische+Diaspora+in+Deutschland.+Botschaft+der+Republik+Kasachstan+in+der+Bundesrepublik+Deutschland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.botschaft-kaz.de%2Fde%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D24%26Itemid%3D35%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakhs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-afg-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-afg_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-afg_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-afg_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFЛаханұлы2021" class="citation news cs1">Лаханұлы, Нұртай (10 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.azattyq.org/a/how-many-kazakhs-live-in-afghanistan/31427523.html">"Ауғанстанда қанша қазақ тұрады?"</a>. <i>Азаттық Радиосы</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230409190411/https://www.azattyq.org/a/how-many-kazakhs-live-in-afghanistan/31427523.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8B%D2%9B+%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8B&rft.atitle=%D0%90%D1%83%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%88%D0%B0+%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D2%9B+%D1%82%D2%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%3F&rft.date=2021-09-10&rft.aulast=%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D2%B1%D0%BB%D1%8B&rft.aufirst=%D0%9D%D2%B1%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.azattyq.org%2Fa%2Fhow-many-kazakhs-live-in-afghanistan%2F31427523.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakhs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-php-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-php_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.azattyq.com/a/how-many-kazakhs-live-in-Philippines/37890536.html">"how many kazakhs live in philippines?"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220127035543/https://www.azattyq.com/a/how-many-kazakhs-live-in-Philippines/37890536.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2021</span> – via JSTOR.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inner+Asia&rft.atitle=Urbanisation+and+Changing+Kazakh+Ethnic+Subjectivities+in+Gansu%2C+China&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=79-96+%2887%29&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F22105018-12340054&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44645086%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Buri&rft.aufirst=Tabea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44645086&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakhs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarthold1962" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Bartold" title="Vasily Bartold">Barthold, V. V.</a> (1962). <i>Four Studies on the History of Central Asia</i>. Vol. &thinsp, 3. Translated by V. & T. Minorsky. Leiden: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. p. 129.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Four+Studies+on+the+History+of+Central+Asia&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=129&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Barthold&rft.aufirst=V.+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakhs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-olcott-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-olcott_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlcott1995" class="citation book cs1">Olcott, Martha Brill (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0QAraz9qVY4C&pg=PA4"><i>The Kazakhs</i></a>. Hoover Press. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8179-9351-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8179-9351-1"><bdi>978-0-8179-9351-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230409180357/https://books.google.com/books?id=0QAraz9qVY4C&pg=PA4">Archived</a> from the original on 9 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kazakhs&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Hoover+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-8179-9351-1&rft.aulast=Olcott&rft.aufirst=Martha+Brill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0QAraz9qVY4C%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakhs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaroe1953" class="citation book cs1">Caroe, Olaf (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/862273470"><i>Soviet Empire : the Turks of Central Asia and Stalinism</i></a>. Macmillan. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/862273470">862273470</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soviet+Empire+%3A+the+Turks+of+Central+Asia+and+Stalinism&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1953&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F862273470&rft.aulast=Caroe&rft.aufirst=Olaf&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F862273470&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakhs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060205181454/http://www.orientalistica.ru/resour/runica/collection/e3a.htm"><bdi lang="ru">Уюк-Туран</bdi></a> [Uyuk-Turan] (in Russian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orientalistica.ru/resour/runica/collection/e3a.htm">the original</a> on 5 February 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A3%D1%8E%D0%BA-%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.orientalistica.ru%2Fresour%2Frunica%2Fcollection%2Fe3a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakhs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYudin2001" class="citation book cs1">Yudin, Veniamin P. (2001). <i>Центральная Азия в 14–18 веках глазами востоковеда</i> [<i>Central Asia in the eyes of 14th–18th century Orientalists</i>]. <a href="/wiki/Almaty" title="Almaty">Almaty</a>: Dajk-Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9965-441-39-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-9965-441-39-4"><bdi>978-9965-441-39-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B2+14%E2%80%9318+%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%85+%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0&rft.place=Almaty&rft.pub=Dajk-Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-9965-441-39-4&rft.aulast=Yudin&rft.aufirst=Veniamin+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakhs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPultar2014" class="citation book cs1">Pultar, Gönül (14 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KhiQAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA365"><i>Imagined Identities: Identity Formation in the Age of Globalization</i></a>. Syracuse University Press. p. 365. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-3342-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-3342-6"><bdi>978-0-8156-3342-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230213043242/https://books.google.com/books?id=KhiQAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA365">Archived</a> from the original on 13 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imagined+Identities%3A+Identity+Formation+in+the+Age+of+Globalization&rft.pages=365&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=2014-04-14&rft.isbn=978-0-8156-3342-6&rft.aulast=Pultar&rft.aufirst=G%C3%B6n%C3%BCl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKhiQAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA365&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakhs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeeKuang2017" class="citation journal cs1">Lee, Joo-Yup; Kuang, Shuntu (18 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/journals/inas/19/2/article-p197_197.xml">"A Comparative Analysis of Chinese Historical Sources and y-dna Studies with Regard to the Early and Medieval Turkic Peoples"</a>. <i>Inner Asia</i>. <b>19</b> (2): 197–239. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22105018-12340089">10.1163/22105018-12340089</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2210-5018">2210-5018</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:165623743">165623743</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200304142412/https://brill.com/view/journals/inas/19/2/article-p197_197.xml">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2022</span>. <q>Finally, an extensive study of the genetic legacy of the Turkic nomads across Eurasia based on autosomal dna analysis reveals that the source populations for the Turkic nomads who spread 'Asian genes' to non-Turkic peoples were (the ancestors of modern-day) Tuvinians, Mongols and Buryats, despite the fact that the latter two are Mongolic (Yunusbayev et al. 2015).81 In sum, one should note that the early eastern Turkic peoples were in all likelihood genetically closer to their neighbouring Mongolic peoples than to various later Turkic peoples of central and western Eurasia.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inner+Asia&rft.atitle=A+Comparative+Analysis+of+Chinese+Historical+Sources+and+y-dna+Studies+with+Regard+to+the+Early+and+Medieval+Turkic+Peoples&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=197-239&rft.date=2017-10-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A165623743%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2210-5018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F22105018-12340089&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Joo-Yup&rft.au=Kuang%2C+Shuntu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Fjournals%2Finas%2F19%2F2%2Farticle-p197_197.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakhs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFindley2005" class="citation book cs1">Findley, Carter V. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ToAjDgAAQBAJ"><i>The Turks in World History</i></a>. Oxford University Press, USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517726-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517726-8"><bdi>978-0-19-517726-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221203140401/https://books.google.com/books?id=ToAjDgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Turks+in+World+History&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+USA&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-517726-8&rft.aulast=Findley&rft.aufirst=Carter+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DToAjDgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakhs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYangMengZhangYu2023" class="citation journal cs1">Yang, Xiao-Min; Meng, Hai-Liang; Zhang, Jian-Lin; Yu, Yao; Allen, Edward; Xia, Zi-Yang; Zhu, Kong-Yang; Du, Pan-Xin; Ren, Xiao-Ying; Xiong, Jian-Xue; Lu, Xiao-Yu; Ding, Yi; Han, Sheng; Liu, Wei-Peng; Jin, Li (17 January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jse.12938">"Ancient genome of Empress Ashina reveals the Northeast Asian origin of Göktürk Khanate"</a>. <i>Journal of Systematics and Evolution</i>. <b>61</b> (6): 1056–1064. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjse.12938">10.1111/jse.12938</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1674-4918">1674-4918</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:255690237">255690237</a>. <q>The early Medieval Türk (earlyMed_Turk) derived the major ancestry from ANA at a proportion of 62.2%, the remainder from BMAC (10.7%) and Western Steppe Afanasievo nomad (27.1%) (Figs. 1C, 1D; Table S2E). The geographically remote Central Steppe Türk (Kyrgyzstan_Turk and Kazakhstan_Turk) could be modeled as an admixture of ANA (Mongolia_N_-North), BMAC, and West Steppe pastoralists (Afanasievo (P=0.0196) (Fig. S5; Table S2E).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Systematics+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=Ancient+genome+of+Empress+Ashina+reveals+the+Northeast+Asian+origin+of+G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrk+Khanate&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1056-1064&rft.date=2023-01-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A255690237%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1674-4918&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fjse.12938&rft.aulast=Yang&rft.aufirst=Xiao-Min&rft.au=Meng%2C+Hai-Liang&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Jian-Lin&rft.au=Yu%2C+Yao&rft.au=Allen%2C+Edward&rft.au=Xia%2C+Zi-Yang&rft.au=Zhu%2C+Kong-Yang&rft.au=Du%2C+Pan-Xin&rft.au=Ren%2C+Xiao-Ying&rft.au=Xiong%2C+Jian-Xue&rft.au=Lu%2C+Xiao-Yu&rft.au=Ding%2C+Yi&rft.au=Han%2C+Sheng&rft.au=Liu%2C+Wei-Peng&rft.au=Jin%2C+Li&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1111%2Fjse.12938&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakhs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Kazakh">"Kazakh | People, Religion, Language, & Culture | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150627060725/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Kazakh">Archived</a> from the original on 27 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Kazakh+%7C+People%2C+Religion%2C+Language%2C+%26+Culture+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FKazakh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakhs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSubtelny1988" class="citation journal cs1">Subtelny, Maria Eva (1988). "Centralizing Reform and Its Opponents in the Late Timurid Period". <i>Iranian Studies</i>. <b>21</b> (1/2: Soviet and North American Studies on Central Asia). <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>, on behalf of the International Society of Iranian Studies: 123–151. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00210868808701712">10.1080/00210868808701712</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4310597">4310597</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iranian+Studies&rft.atitle=Centralizing+Reform+and+Its+Opponents+in+the+Late+Timurid+Period&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=1%2F2%3A+Soviet+and+North+American+Studies+on+Central+Asia&rft.pages=123-151&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00210868808701712&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4310597%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Subtelny&rft.aufirst=Maria+Eva&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakhs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenzheakhmet_Nurlan2013" class="citation book cs1">Kenzheakhmet Nurlan (2013). <i>The Qazaq Khanate as Documented in Ming Dynasty Sources</i>. p. 133.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Qazaq+Khanate+as+Documented+in+Ming+Dynasty+Sources&rft.pages=133&rft.date=2013&rft.au=Kenzheakhmet+Nurlan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakhs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2019" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Joo-Yup (26 April 2019). "The Kazakh Khanate". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oxfordre.com/asianhistory/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277727-e-60"><i>Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Asian History</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780190277727.001.0001%2Facrefore-9780190277727-e-60%3Fp%3Demailaofoqfpeetuoy%26d%3D%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780190277727.001.0001%2Facrefore-9780190277727-e-60%23acrefore-9780190277727-e-60-div1-2">10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277727-e-60?p=emailaofoqfpeetuoy&d=/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277727-e-60#acrefore-9780190277727-e-60-div1-2</a> (inactive 1 November 2024). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-027772-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-027772-7"><bdi>978-0-19-027772-7</bdi></a> – via oxfordre.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Kazakh+Khanate&rft.btitle=Oxford+Research+Encyclopedia+of+Asian+History&rft.date=2019-04-26&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780190277727.001.0001%2Facrefore-9780190277727-e-60%3Fp%3Demailaofoqfpeetuoy%26d%3D%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780190277727.001.0001%2Facrefore-9780190277727-e-60%23acrefore-9780190277727-e-60-div1-2&rft.isbn=978-0-19-027772-7&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Joo-Yup&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foxfordre.com%2Fasianhistory%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780190277727.001.0001%2Facrefore-9780190277727-e-60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakhs" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338291376">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Kazakh Khanate." In The Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Asian History. Ed. David Ludden. New York: Oxford University Press"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Kazakh+Khanate.%22+In+The+Oxford+Research+Encyclopedia+of+Asian+History.+Ed.+David+Ludden.+New+York%3A+Oxford+University+Press.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F338291376&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakhs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBregel1982" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Bregel" title="Yuri Bregel">Bregel, Yuri</a> (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/abul-kayr-khan-oglan">"Abu'l-Kayr Khan"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica">Encyclopædia Iranica</a></i>. Vol. 1. Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 331–332. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110429162406/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/abul-kayr-khan-oglan">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Abu%27l-Kayr+Khan&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.pages=331-332&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Bregel&rft.aufirst=Yuri&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fabul-kayr-khan-oglan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakhs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarthold1962" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Bartold" title="Vasily Bartold">Barthold, V. V.</a> (1962). "History of the Semirechyé". <i>Four Studies on the History of Central Asia</i>. Vol. &thinsp, 1. Translated by V. & T. Minorsky. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Etymonline.com&rft.atitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary%3A+Cossack&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3DCossack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakhs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-britannica-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-britannica_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Cossack"><i>Cossack | Russian and Ukrainian people</i></a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. 28 May 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924190103/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Cossack">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cossack+%26%23124%3B+Russian+and+Ukrainian+people&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2015-05-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FCossack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakhs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dubuisson2017-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dubuisson2017_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dubuisson2017_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDubuisson2017" class="citation book cs1">Dubuisson, Eva Marie (28 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0nUqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT181"><i>Living Language in Kazakhstan: The Dialogic Emergence of an Ancestral Worldview</i></a>. University of Pittsburgh Press. p. 181. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8229-8283-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8229-8283-8"><bdi>978-0-8229-8283-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230409180401/https://books.google.com/books?id=0nUqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT181">Archived</a> from the original on 9 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Springer Nature. p. 145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-58685-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-58685-0"><bdi>978-3-030-58685-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230213053046/https://books.google.com/books?id=xTMLEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA145">Archived</a> from the original on 13 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Creating+Culture+in+%28Post%29+Socialist+Central+Asia&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2020-11-24&rft.isbn=978-3-030-58685-0&rft.aulast=Breed&rft.aufirst=Ananda&rft.au=Dubuisson%2C+Eva-Marie&rft.au=I%C4%9Fmen%2C+Ali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxTMLEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakhs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKudaibergenova2017" class="citation book cs1">Kudaibergenova, Diana T. 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American Academy of Political and Social Science. p. 152. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230409180412/https://books.google.com/books?id=NnY5AAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 9 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Annals+of+the+American+Academy+of+Political+and+Social+Science%2C+Volumes+276%E2%80%93278&rft.pages=152&rft.pub=American+Academy+of+Political+and+Social+Science&rft.date=1951&rft.au=American+Academy+of+Political+and+Social+Science&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNnY5AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakhs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmerican_Academy_of_Political_and_Social_Science1951" class="citation book cs1">American Academy of Political and Social Science (1951). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2t5VAAAAYAAJ"><i>The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Volume 277</i></a>. American Academy of Political and Social Science. p. 152. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230409180405/https://books.google.com/books?id=2t5VAAAAYAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 9 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2012</span>. <q>A group of Kazakhs, originally numbering over 20000 people when expelled from Sinkiang by Sheng Shih-ts'ai in 1936, was reduced, after repeated massacres by their Chinese coreligionists under Ma Pu-fang, to a scattered 135 people.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Annals+of+the+American+Academy+of+Political+and+Social+Science%2C+Volume+277&rft.pages=152&rft.pub=American+Academy+of+Political+and+Social+Science&rft.date=1951&rft.au=American+Academy+of+Political+and+Social+Science&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2t5VAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakhs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHsaio-ting_Lin2011" class="citation book cs1">Hsaio-ting Lin (1 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=osn1WrRCelcC&pg=PA112"><i>Tibet and Nationalist China's Frontier: Intrigues and Ethnopolitics, 1928–49</i></a>. UBC Press. p. 112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-5988-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-5988-2"><bdi>978-0-7748-5988-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tibet+and+Nationalist+China%27s+Frontier%3A+Intrigues+and+Ethnopolitics%2C+1928%E2%80%9349&rft.pages=112&rft.pub=UBC+Press&rft.date=2011-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-7748-5988-2&rft.au=Hsaio-ting+Lin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dosn1WrRCelcC%26pg%3DPA112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakhs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHsaio-ting_Lin2011" class="citation book cs1">Hsaio-ting Lin (1 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=osn1WrRCelcC&pg=PA231"><i>Tibet and Nationalist China's Frontier: Intrigues and Ethnopolitics, 1928–49</i></a>. UBC Press. pp. 231–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-5988-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-5988-2"><bdi>978-0-7748-5988-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230409180456/https://books.google.com/books?id=osn1WrRCelcC&pg=PA231">Archived</a> from the original on 9 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tibet+and+Nationalist+China%27s+Frontier%3A+Intrigues+and+Ethnopolitics%2C+1928%E2%80%9349&rft.pages=231-&rft.pub=UBC+Press&rft.date=2011-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-7748-5988-2&rft.au=Hsaio-ting+Lin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dosn1WrRCelcC%26pg%3DPA231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakhs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p-LQAAAAMAAJ"><i>Blackwood's Magazine</i></a>. William Blackwood. 1948. p. 407. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230409180559/https://books.google.com/books?id=p-LQAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 9 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blackwood%27s+Magazine&rft.pages=407&rft.pub=William+Blackwood&rft.date=1948&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp-LQAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakhs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDevlet" class="citation book cs1">Devlet, Nadir. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/4534001"><i>STUDIES IN THE POLITICS, HISTORY AND CULTURE OF TURKIC PEOPLES</i></a>. p. 192. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210721061408/https://www.academia.edu/4534001">Archived</a> from the original on 21 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=STUDIES+IN+THE+POLITICS%2C+HISTORY+AND+CULTURE+OF+TURKIC+PEOPLES&rft.pages=192&rft.aulast=Devlet&rft.aufirst=Nadir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F4534001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakhs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Benson1988-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Benson1988_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinda_Benson1988" class="citation book cs1">Linda Benson (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ntpwAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Kazaks of China: Essays on an Ethnic Minority</i></a>. Ubsaliensis S. Academiae. p. 195. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-554-2255-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-554-2255-4"><bdi>978-91-554-2255-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230409180412/https://books.google.com/books?id=ntpwAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 9 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kazaks+of+China%3A+Essays+on+an+Ethnic+Minority&rft.pages=195&rft.pub=Ubsaliensis+S.+Academiae&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-91-554-2255-4&rft.au=Linda+Benson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DntpwAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakhs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thediplomat.com/2018/12/central-asians-organize-to-draw-attention-to-xinjiang-camps/">"Central Asians Organize to Draw Attention to Xinjiang Camps"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Diplomat" title="The Diplomat">The Diplomat</a></i>. 4 December 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190624233805/https://thediplomat.com/2018/12/central-asians-organize-to-draw-attention-to-xinjiang-camps/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Diplomat&rft.atitle=Central+Asians+Organize+to+Draw+Attention+to+Xinjiang+Camps&rft.date=2018-12-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthediplomat.com%2F2018%2F12%2Fcentral-asians-organize-to-draw-attention-to-xinjiang-camps%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakhs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rferl.org/a/majlis-podcast-the-repercussions-of-beijing-s-policies-in-xinjiang/29646102.html">"Majlis Podcast: The Repercussions Of Beijing's Policies In Xinjiang"</a>. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL). 9 December 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200122060446/https://www.rferl.org/a/majlis-podcast-the-repercussions-of-beijing-s-policies-in-xinjiang/29646102.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Majlis+Podcast%3A+The+Repercussions+Of+Beijing%27s+Policies+In+Xinjiang&rft.date=2018-12-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fa%2Fmajlis-podcast-the-repercussions-of-beijing-s-policies-in-xinjiang%2F29646102.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakhs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2018/11/12/665597190/families-of-the-disappeared-a-search-for-loved-ones-held-in-chinas-xinjiang-regi">"Families Of The Disappeared: A Search For Loved Ones Held In China's Xinjiang Region"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>. 12 November 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191203003919/https://www.npr.org/2018/11/12/665597190/families-of-the-disappeared-a-search-for-loved-ones-held-in-chinas-xinjiang-regi">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Families+Of+The+Disappeared%3A+A+Search+For+Loved+Ones+Held+In+China%27s+Xinjiang+Region&rft.date=2018-11-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2018%2F11%2F12%2F665597190%2Ffamilies-of-the-disappeared-a-search-for-loved-ones-held-in-chinas-xinjiang-regi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakhs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-45872356">"Xinjiang official defends 'education centres' for Uighur Muslims"</a>. 16 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Xinjiang+official+defends+%27education+centres%27+for+Uighur+Muslims&rft.date=2018-10-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-china-45872356&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakhs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Education of Kazakh children: A situation analysis. Save the Children UK, 2006 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www2.ohchr.org/English/bodies/cerd/docs/ngos/soc.pdf">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304193058/http://www2.ohchr.org/English/bodies/cerd/docs/ngos/soc.pdf">Archived</a> 4 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mauc.org.mn/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=40&Itemid=90">Sharyngol city review</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged June 2011">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-#10-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-#10_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ses.edu.mn/books/ptrc/ptrc_10.pdf">"Монгол улсын ястангуудын тоо, байршилд гарч буй өөрчлөлтуудийн асуудалд" М.Баянтөр, Г.Нямдаваа, З.Баярмаа pp.57–70</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090327100852/http://www.ses.edu.mn/books/ptrc/ptrc_10.pdf">Archived</a> 27 March 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mong2010-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mong2010_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.toollogo2010.mn/doc/Main%20results_20110615_to%20EZBH_for%20print.pdf">Mongolia National Census 2010 Provision Results. National Statistical Office of Mongolia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110915170555/http://www.toollogo2010.mn/doc/Main%20results_20110615_to%20EZBH_for%20print.pdf">Archived</a> 15 September 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (in Mongolian.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.1212.mn/BookLibraryDownload.ashx?url=Census2020_Mongolia_Eng.pdf&ln=En">"2020 POPULATION AND HOUSING CENSUS OF MONGOLIA /summary/"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210715110250/https://www.1212.mn/BookLibraryDownload.ashx?url=Census2020_Mongolia_Eng.pdf&ln=En">Archived</a> from the original on 15 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2020+POPULATION+AND+HOUSING+CENSUS+OF+MONGOLIA+%2Fsummary%2F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.1212.mn%2FBookLibraryDownload.ashx%3Furl%3DCensus2020_Mongolia_Eng.pdf%26ln%3DEn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakhs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rus.azattyq.org/a/31421417.html">"Численность казахов в Узбекистане за последние 32 года практически не изменилась"</a>. <i>Радио Азаттык</i> (in Russian). 21 August 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221212173120/https://rus.azattyq.org/a/31421417.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE+%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA&rft.atitle=%D0%A7%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%B2+%D0%A3%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D0%B7%D0%B0+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+32+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C&rft.date=2021-08-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frus.azattyq.org%2Fa%2F31421417.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakhs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFelectricpulp.com" class="citation web cs1">electricpulp.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/barda-iv">"BARDA and BARDA-DĀRI iv. From the Mongols – Encyclopaedia Iranica"</a>. <i>iranicaonline.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160704064546/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/barda-iv">Archived</a> from the original on 4 July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=iranicaonline.org&rft.atitle=BARDA+and+BARDA-D%C4%80RI+iv.+From+the+Mongols+%E2%80%93+Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.au=electricpulp.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fbarda-iv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakhs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AbbottAmanat1983-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AbbottAmanat1983_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeith_Edward_AbbottAbbas_Amanat1983" class="citation book cs1">Keith Edward Abbott; Abbas Amanat (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1f9tAAAAMAAJ&q=Kuzzauks+"><i>Cities & trade: Consul Abbott on the economy and society of Iran, 1847–1866</i></a>. Published by Ithaca Press for the Board of the Faculty of Oriental Studies, Oxford University. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86372-006-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86372-006-2"><bdi>978-0-86372-006-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230409180415/https://books.google.com/books?id=1f9tAAAAMAAJ&q=Kuzzauks+">Archived</a> from the original on 9 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Probl%C3%A8mes+politiques+et+sociaux&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Documentation+fran%C3%A7aise.&rft.date=1982&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpWWzAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakhs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Espace-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Espace_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RCkkAQAAIAAJ"><i>Espace populations sociétés</i></a>. Université des sciences et techniques de Lille, U.E.R. de géographie. 2006. p. 174. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230409180416/https://books.google.com/books?id=RCkkAQAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 9 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Espace+populations+soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9s&rft.pages=174&rft.pub=Universit%C3%A9+des+sciences+et+techniques+de+Lille%2C+U.E.R.+de+g%C3%A9ographie&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRCkkAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakhs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Forbes1986-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Forbes1986_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_D._W._Forbes1986" class="citation book cs1">Andrew D. W. Forbes (9 October 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IAs9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA156"><i>Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: A Political History of Republican Sinkiang 1911–1949</i></a>. CUP Archive. pp. 156–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-25514-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-25514-1"><bdi>978-0-521-25514-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warlords+and+Muslims+in+Chinese+Central+Asia%3A+A+Political+History+of+Republican+Sinkiang+1911%E2%80%931949&rft.pages=156-&rft.pub=CUP+Archive&rft.date=1986-10-09&rft.isbn=978-0-521-25514-1&rft.au=Andrew+D.+W.+Forbes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIAs9AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakhs" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_D._W._Forbes1986" class="citation book cs1">Andrew D. W. Forbes (9 October 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IAs9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA236"><i>Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: A Political History of Republican Sinkiang 1911–1949</i></a>. CUP Archive. pp. 236–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-25514-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-25514-1"><bdi>978-0-521-25514-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230409180423/https://books.google.com/books?id=IAs9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA236">Archived</a> from the original on 9 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warlords+and+Muslims+in+Chinese+Central+Asia%3A+A+Political+History+of+Republican+Sinkiang+1911%E2%80%931949&rft.pages=236-&rft.pub=CUP+Archive&rft.date=1986-10-09&rft.isbn=978-0-521-25514-1&rft.au=Andrew+D.+W.+Forbes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIAs9AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA236&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakhs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160913180046/http://www.kazakturklerivakfi.org/index.php?limitstart=118">"Kazakh Turks Foundation Official Website"</a>. <i>Kazak Türkleri Vakfı Resmi Web Sayfası</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kazakturklerivakfi.org/index.php?limitstart=118">the original</a> on 13 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kazak+T%C3%BCrkleri+Vakf%C4%B1+Resmi+Web+Sayfas%C4%B1&rft.atitle=Kazakh+Turks+Foundation+Official+Website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kazakturklerivakfi.org%2Findex.php%3Flimitstart%3D118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakhs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coming_of_Age-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Coming_of_Age_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jAu9ttUqiJoC&q=clothing+&pg=PA110">[2]</a> Fergus, Michael and Jandosova, Janar, "Kazakhstan: Coming of Age," Stacey International, 2003, page 216. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1900988612" title="Special:BookSources/978-1900988612">978-1900988612</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170701024814/http://www.kazakhembus.com/content/kazakh-traditional-clothing-past-and-present">"Loading site please wait..."</a> <i>www.kazakhembus.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kazakhembus.com/content/kazakh-traditional-clothing-past-and-present">the original</a> on 1 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"Islam in Russia: The Politics of Identity and Security", pg. 14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Farah, Caesar E. <i>Islam: Beliefs and Observances</i>, pg. 304</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Farah, Caesar E. <i>Islam: Beliefs and Observances</i>, pg. 340</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Page, Kogan. <i>Asia and Pacific Review 2003/04</i>, pg. 99</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Atabaki, Touraj. <i>Central Asia and the Caucasus: transnationalism and diaspora</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071020120928/http://www.inform.kz/showarticle.php?lang=eng&id=154837">"inform.kz | 154837"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%98%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+2009+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0+%28Summary+of+the+2009+national+census%29&rft.pub=Agency+of+Statistics+of+the+Republic+of+Kazakhstan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stat.kz%2Fnews%2FPages%2Fn2_12_11_10.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakhs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_120-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_120-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_120-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_120-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_120-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_120-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_120-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191107153603/http://www.bilu.kz/gostepriimstvo.php">"Обычаи гостеприимства"</a>. <i>www.bilu.kz</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=visitkazakhstan.kz&rft.atitle=%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B4%D1%8B%2C+%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%B8+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%B8.+%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D0%B8+%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE+%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%8B+%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvisitkazakhstan.kz%2Fru%2Fabout%2F78%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakhs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazakhs&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Kazakh_people" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Kazakh people">Kazakh people</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elim.kz/">Kazakh tribes</a></li> <li>‘Contemporary Falconry in Altai-Kazakh in Western Mongolia’<i>The International Journal of Intangible Heritage (vol.7)</i>, pp. 103–111. 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.ijih.org/volumeMgr.ijih?cmd=volumeView&volNo=7&manuType=02">[4]</a></li> <li>‘Ethnoarhchaeology of Horse-Riding Falconry’, <i>The Asian Conference on the Social Sciences 2012 – Official Conference Proceedings</i>, pp. 167–182. 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203091424/http://iafor.org/offprints/acss2012-offprints/ACSS2012_offprint_0271.pdf">[5]</a></li> <li>‘Intangible Cultural Heritage of Arts and Knowledge for Coexisting with Golden Eagles: Ethnographic Studies in “Horseback Eagle-Hunting” of Altai-Kazakh Falconers’, <i>The International Congress of Humanities and Social Sciences Research</i>, pp. 307–316. 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203001924/http://www.analytrics.org/Documents/HSS_Actes_Proceedings_2012.pdf">[6]</a></li> <li>‘Ethnographic Study of Altaic Kazakh Falconers’, <i>Falco: The Newsletter of the Middle East Falcon Research Group 41</i>, pp. 10–14. 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151017084620/http://www.mefrg.org/images/falco/falco41.pdf">[7]</a></li> <li>‘Ethnoarchaeology of Ancient Falconry in East Asia’, <i>The Asian Conference on Cultural Studies 2013 – Official Conference Proceedings</i>, pp. 81–95. 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141218143204/http://www.iafor.org/offprints/acas2013-offprints/ACAS_2013_Offprint_0108.pdf">[8]</a></li> <li>Soma, Takuya. 2014. 'Current Situation and Issues of Transhumant Animal Herding in Sagsai County, Bayan Ulgii Province, Western Mongolia', E-journal GEO 9(1): pp. 102–119. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ejgeo/9/1/9_102/_pdf">[9]</a></li> <li>Soma, Takuya. 2015. Human and Raptor Interactions in the Context of a Nomadic Society: Anthropological and Ethno-Ornithological Studies of Altaic Kazakh Falconry and its Cultural Sustainability in Western Mongolia. University of Kassel Press, Kassel (Germany) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-86219-565-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-86219-565-7">978-3-86219-565-7</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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.nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kazakhstan_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kazakhstan_topics" title="Template:Kazakhstan topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kazakhstan_topics" title="Template talk:Kazakhstan topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kazakhstan_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kazakhstan topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kazakhstan_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Kazakhstan-related_articles" title="Index of Kazakhstan-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kazakhstan" title="History of Kazakhstan">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Prehistory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Saka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangju" title="Kangju">Kangju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wusun" title="Wusun">Wusun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Early history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tiele_people" title="Tiele people">Tele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouran_Khaganate" title="Rouran Khaganate">Rouran Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Göktürks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangar_union" title="Kangar union">Kangar union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimek_Khanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Kimek Khanate">Kimek Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karluks" title="Karluks">Karluks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Yabgu_State" title="Oghuz Yabgu State">Oghuz Yabgu State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xueyantuo" title="Xueyantuo">Xueyantuo Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uyghur Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yenisei_Kirghiz" class="mw-redirect" title="Yenisei Kirghiz">Kyrgyz Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate" title="Kara-Khanid Khanate">Kara-Khanid Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wings_of_the_Golden_Horde" title="Wings of the Golden Horde">White Horde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_Khanate" title="Uzbek Khanate">Uzbek Khanate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Since 1465</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Khanate" title="Kazakh Khanate">Kazakh Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kazakh_khans" title="List of Kazakh khans">List of Kazakh khans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCz" title="Jüz">Jüz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Turkestan" title="Russian Turkestan">Russian Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alash_Autonomy" title="Alash Autonomy">Alash Autonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Autonomous_Socialist_Soviet_Republic" title="Kazakh Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic">Kazakh ASSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic">Kazakh SSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kazakhstan#Republic_of_Kazakhstan_(1991–present)" title="History of Kazakhstan">Republic of Kazakhstan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Kazakhstan" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Kazakhstan">Postal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Kazakhstan" title="Coat of arms of Kazakhstan"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Emblem_of_Kazakhstan_latin.svg/120px-Emblem_of_Kazakhstan_latin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Emblem_of_Kazakhstan_latin.svg/180px-Emblem_of_Kazakhstan_latin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Emblem_of_Kazakhstan_latin.svg/240px-Emblem_of_Kazakhstan_latin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Kazakhstan" title="Geography of Kazakhstan">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aktogay_Canyon" title="Aktogay Canyon">Aktogay Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Altay (Altai) Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aral_Karakum_Desert" title="Aral Karakum Desert">Aral Karakum Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Kazakhstan" title="Template:Borders of Kazakhstan">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Steppe" title="Kazakh Steppe">Kazakh Steppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_Tengri" title="Khan Tengri">Khan Tangiri Shyngy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyzylkum_Desert" title="Kyzylkum Desert">Kyzylkum Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Balkhash" title="Lake Balkhash">Lake Balkhash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharyn_Canyon" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharyn Canyon">Sharyn Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syr_Darya" title="Syr Darya">Syr Darya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tian_Shan" title="Tian Shan">Tien (Tian) Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ural_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Ural River">Ural River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jetisu" title="Jetisu">Zhetysu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative divisions of Kazakhstan">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Kazakhstan" title="List of cities in Kazakhstan">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Kazakhstan" title="Districts of Kazakhstan">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Kazakhstan" title="Regions of Kazakhstan">Regions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Kazakhstan" title="Politics of Kazakhstan">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Kazakhstan" title="Constitution of Kazakhstan">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Kazakhstan" title="Elections in Kazakhstan">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Kazakhstan" title="Foreign relations of Kazakhstan">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Kazakhstan" title="Government of Kazakhstan">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Kazakhstan" title="President of Kazakhstan">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Kazakhstan" title="Prime Minister of Kazakhstan">Prime Minister</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Kazakhstan" title="Human rights in Kazakhstan">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech_in_Kazakhstan" title="Freedom of speech in Kazakhstan">Freedom of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Kazakhstan">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Kazakhstan" title="Law enforcement in Kazakhstan">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Republic_of_Kazakhstan" title="Armed Forces of the Republic of Kazakhstan">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Kazakhstan" title="Parliament of Kazakhstan">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Kazakhstan" title="List of political parties in Kazakhstan">Political parties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kazakhstan" title="Economy of Kazakhstan">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Kazakhstan" title="Agriculture in Kazakhstan">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy policy of Kazakhstan">Energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Kazakhstan" title="National Bank of Kazakhstan">National Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan_Stock_Exchange" title="Kazakhstan Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Kazakhstan" title="Science and technology in Kazakhstan">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Kazakhstan" title="Telecommunications in Kazakhstan">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstani_tenge" title="Kazakhstani tenge">Tenge <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Kazakhstan" title="Transport in Kazakhstan">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Kazakhstan" title="Waste management in Kazakhstan">Waste management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Kazakhstan" title="Culture of Kazakhstan">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_alphabets" title="Kazakh alphabets">Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meni%C3%B1_Qazaqstan%C4%B1m" class="mw-redirect" title="Meniñ Qazaqstanım">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Central_Asia" title="Architecture of Central Asia">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_clothing" title="Kazakh clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Kazakhstan" title="Emblem of Kazakhstan">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_cuisine" title="Kazakh cuisine">Cuisine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kazakh_wine" title="Kazakh wine">wine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Kazakhstan" title="Flag of Kazakhstan">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Kazakhstan" title="Internet in Kazakhstan">Kaznet <span style="font-size:85%;">(Internet)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kazakhs" title="List of Kazakhs">Kazakhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Kazakhstan">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kazakhstan" title="Music of Kazakhstan">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kazakhstan" title="Religion in Kazakhstan">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Kazakhstan" title="Sport in Kazakhstan">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Kazakhstan" title="Squatting in Kazakhstan">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Kazakhstan" title="Television in Kazakhstan">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_wedding_ceremony" title="Kazakh wedding ceremony">Wedding ceremony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y-DNA_haplogroups_in_Kazakh_tribes" title="Y-DNA haplogroups in Kazakh tribes">Y-DNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Kazakh tribes">Kazakh tribes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Kazakhstan" title="Demographics of Kazakhstan">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Kazakhstan" title="Education in Kazakhstan">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Health in Kazakhstan">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Kazakhstan" title="Women in Kazakhstan">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Peoples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenians in Kazakhstan">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis_in_Kazakhstan" title="Azerbaijanis in Kazakhstan">Azerbaijanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_people" title="Dungan people">Dungan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_of_Kazakhstan" title="Germans of Kazakhstan">Germans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Kazakhstan" title="Greeks in Kazakhstan">Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Kazakhstan">Jews</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kazakhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koryo-saram" title="Koryo-saram">Koreans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poles_in_Kazakhstan" title="Poles in Kazakhstan">Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Kazakhstan" title="Russians in Kazakhstan">Russians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatars_of_Kazakhstan" title="Tatars of Kazakhstan">Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Kazakhstan" title="Turks in Kazakhstan">Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainians_in_Kazakhstan" title="Ukrainians in Kazakhstan">Ukrainians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghurs_in_Kazakhstan" title="Uyghurs in Kazakhstan">Uyghurs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Kazakhstan" title="Outline of Kazakhstan">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Kazakhstan-related_articles" title="Index of Kazakhstan-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Kazakhstan" title="Category:Kazakhstan">Category</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Turkic_peoples" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Turkic_peoples" title="Template:Turkic peoples"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Turkic_peoples" title="Template talk:Turkic peoples"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Turkic_peoples" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Turkic peoples"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Turkic_peoples" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic peoples</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Peoples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Azerbaijani communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis" title="Azerbaijanis">Azerbaijanis</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Azerbaijanis" title="Iranian Azerbaijanis">Iranian Azerbaijanis</a></small> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Shahsevan" title="Shahsevan">Shahsevans</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/K%C3%BCres%C3%BCnni" title="Küresünni">Küresünni</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis_in_Georgia" title="Azerbaijanis in Georgia">Georgian Azerbaijanis</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis_in_Armenia" title="Azerbaijanis in Armenia">Western Azerbaijanis</a></small> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Karapapakhs" title="Karapapakhs">Karapapakhs</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Javanshir_Qizilbash" title="Javanshir Qizilbash">Javanshir Qizilbash</a></small></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Kazakh communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kazakhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhs_in_China" title="Kazakhs in China">Chinese Kazakhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Kazakhs" title="Iranian Kazakhs">Iranian Kazakhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Kazakhs" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongolian Kazakhs">Mongolian Kazakhs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Kyrgyz communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_people" title="Kyrgyz people">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_in_China" title="Kyrgyz in China">Chinese Kyrgyz</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Akto_Turkmen" title="Akto Turkmen">Akto Turkmen</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyrgyz in Afghanistan">Afghan Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_in_Tajikistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyrgyz in Tajikistan">Tajik Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Kyrgyz" class="mw-redirect" title="Van Kyrgyz">Van Kyrgyz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Turkmen<sup>1</sup> communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkmens" title="Turkmens">Turkmens</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Turkmens" title="Afghan Turkmens">Afghan Turkmens</a></small> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Ansarlu" title="Ansarlu">Ansarlu</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Turkmens" title="Iranian Turkmens">Iranian Turkmens</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akto_Turkmen" title="Akto Turkmen">Akto Turkmen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Turkish communities<sup>2</sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turks</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Gajal" title="Gajal">Gajal</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Muhacir" title="Muhacir">Muhacirs</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Tahtac%C4%B1" title="Tahtacı">Tahtacıs</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Y%C3%B6r%C3%BCks" title="Yörüks">Yörüks</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Abkhazia" title="Turks in Abkhazia">Abkhazian Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Algeria" title="Turks in Algeria">Algerian Turks</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Kouloughlis" title="Kouloughlis">Kouloughlis</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Turks in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnian Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Turks" title="Bulgarian Turks">Bulgarian Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Croatia" title="Turks in Croatia">Croatian Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_Muslims" title="Cretan Muslims">Cretan Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Cypriots" title="Turkish Cypriots">Cypriot Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_of_the_Dodecanese" title="Turks of the Dodecanese">Dodecanese Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Egypt" title="Turks in Egypt">Egyptian Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen" title="Iraqi Turkmen">Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Turkmen" title="Israeli Turkmen">Israeli Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Kosovo" title="Turks in Kosovo">Kosovan Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Turkmen" title="Lebanese Turkmen">Lebanese Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Libya" title="Turks in Libya">Libyan Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_North_Macedonia" title="Turks in North Macedonia">Macedonian Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meskhetian_Turks" title="Meskhetian Turks">Meskhetian (Ahiska) Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Montenegro" title="Turks in Montenegro">Montenegrin Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Palestine" title="Turks in Palestine">Palestinian Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_of_Romania" title="Turks of Romania">Romanian Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Serbia" title="Turks in Serbia">Serbian Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Turkmen" title="Syrian Turkmen">Syrian Turkmen/Turkoman</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Tunisia" title="Turks in Tunisia">Tunisian Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_of_Western_Thrace" title="Turks of Western Thrace">Western Thracian Turks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Turkic peoples <br /> in Uzbekistan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uzbeks" title="Uzbeks">Uzbeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakalpaks" title="Karakalpaks">Karakalpaks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Turkic minorities <br /> in China</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%84ynu_people" title="Äynu people">Äynu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Tatars" title="Chinese Tatars">Chinese Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhs_in_China" title="Kazakhs in China">Chinese Kazakhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_in_China" title="Kyrgyz in China">Chinese Kyrgyz</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Akto_Turkmen" title="Akto Turkmen">Akto Turkmen</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbeks_in_China" title="Uzbeks in China">Chinese Uzbeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuyu_Kyrgyz_people" title="Fuyu Kyrgyz people">Fuyu Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ili_Turk_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ili Turk people">Ili Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salar_people" title="Salar people">Salar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghurs</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Tor_Uyghurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Tor Uyghurs">Tor Uyghurs</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugurs" title="Yugurs">Yugurs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Turkic minorities <br /> in Crimea</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatars" title="Crimean Tatars">Crimean Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchaks" title="Krymchaks">Krymchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urums" title="Urums">Urums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Turkic minorities <br /> in Iran</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Azerbaijanis" title="Iranian Azerbaijanis">Iranian Azerbaijanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afshar_people" title="Afshar people">Afshar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaharmahali_Turks" title="Chaharmahali Turks">Chaharmahali Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalaj_people" title="Khalaj people">Khalajs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorasani_Turks" title="Khorasani Turks">Khorasani Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qarai_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Qarai Turks">Qarai Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qashqai_people" title="Qashqai people">Qashqai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Turkmens" title="Iranian Turkmens">Iranian Turkmens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Kazakhs" title="Iranian Kazakhs">Iranian Kazakhs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Turkic minorities in <br /> Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altai_people" title="Altai people">Altaians</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Chelkans" title="Chelkans">Chelkans</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Telengits" title="Telengits">Telengits</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Tubalars" title="Tubalars">Tubalars</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkars" title="Balkars">Balkars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashkirs" title="Bashkirs">Bashkirs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Besermyan" title="Besermyan">Besermyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chulyms" title="Chulyms">Chulyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuvash_people" title="Chuvash people">Chuvash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolgans" title="Dolgans">Dolgans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachays" title="Karachays">Karachays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khakas" title="Khakas">Khakas</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Koibal_people" title="Koibal people">Koibal</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumandins" title="Kumandins">Kumandins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumyks" title="Kumyks">Kumyks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nogais" title="Nogais">Nogais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shors" title="Shors">Shors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyot" title="Soyot">Soyots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatars</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Astrakhan_Tatars" title="Astrakhan Tatars">Astrakhan Tatars</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Kryashens" title="Kryashens">Kryashens</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Mishar_Tatars" title="Mishar Tatars">Mishar Tatars</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Na%C4%9Fayb%C3%A4k" title="Nağaybäk">Nağaybäk</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Volga_Tatars" title="Volga Tatars">Volga Tatars</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Tatars" title="Siberian Tatars">Siberian Tatars</a></small> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Bukharans" title="Siberian Bukharans">Siberian Bukharans</a></small></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleuts" title="Teleuts">Teleuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofalar" title="Tofalar">Tofalars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvans" title="Tuvans">Tuvans</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Tozhu_Tuvans" title="Tozhu Tuvans">Tozhu Tuvans</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakuts" title="Yakuts">Yakuts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Turkic minorities in <br /> Mongolia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khotons" title="Khotons">Khotons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Kazakhs" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongolian Kazakhs">Mongolian Kazakhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dukha_people" title="Dukha people">Dukha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_people_in_Afghanistan" title="Turkic people in Afghanistan">Turkic minorities in <br /> Afghanistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Turkmens" title="Afghan Turkmens">Afghan Turkmens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afshar_people" title="Afshar people">Afshar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aimaq_people" title="Aimaq people">Aimaqs</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Timuri" title="Timuri">Timuri</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansarlu" title="Ansarlu">Ansarlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karategin_Uzbeks" title="Karategin Uzbeks">Karategin Uzbeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyrgyz in Afghanistan">Afghan Kyrgyz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Turkic minorities in <br /> Europe <br /> <small>(exc. Russia)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatars_in_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimean Tatars in Bulgaria">Bulgarian Crimean Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Tatars" title="Finnish Tatars">Finnish Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagauz_people" title="Gagauz people">Gagauz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipka_Tatars" title="Lipka Tatars">Lipka Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatars_of_Romania" title="Tatars of Romania">Tatars of Romania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Extinct Turkic groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alat_tribe" title="Alat tribe">Alat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Az_people" title="Az people">Az</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basmyl" title="Basmyl">Basmyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barsils" title="Barsils">Barsils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berendei" title="Berendei">Berendei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulaqs" title="Bulaqs">Bulaqs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgars" title="Bulgars">Bulgars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chigils" title="Chigils">Chigils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Klobuks" title="Black Klobuks">Black Klobuks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumans" title="Cumans">Cumans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dingling" title="Dingling">Dingling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duolu" title="Duolu">Duolu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dughlats" title="Dughlats">Dughlats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esegel" title="Esegel">Esegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Göktürks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangly" title="Kangly">Kangly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karluks" title="Karluks">Karluks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keraites" title="Keraites">Keraites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khazars" title="Khazars">Khazars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemek" title="Yemek">Kimek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kipchaks" title="Kipchaks">Kipchaks</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Sir-K%C4%B1vchak" title="Sir-Kıvchak">Sir-Kıvchak</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurykans" title="Kurykans">Kurykans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutrigurs" title="Kutrigurs">Kutrigurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkit" title="Merkit">Merkit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naimans" title="Naimans">Naimans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nushibi" title="Nushibi">Nushibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Turks" title="Oghuz Turks">Oghuz Turks</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Turkoman_(ethnonym)" title="Turkoman (ethnonym)">Turkomans</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Pechenegs" title="Pechenegs">Pechenegs</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onogurs" title="Onogurs">Onogurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabir_people" title="Sabir people">Sabirs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saragurs" title="Saragurs">Saragurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shatuo" title="Shatuo">Shatuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiele_people" title="Tiele people">Tiele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrgesh" title="Türgesh">Türgesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuhsi" title="Tuhsi">Tuhsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tork_people" title="Tork people">Torks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toquz_Oghuz" title="Toquz Oghuz">Toquz Oghuz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uriankhai" title="Uriankhai">Uriankhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utigurs" title="Utigurs">Utigurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xueyantuo" title="Xueyantuo">Xueyantuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yenisei_Kyrgyz" title="Yenisei Kyrgyz">Yenisei Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yueban" title="Yueban">Yueban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yagma" title="Yagma">Yagma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yabaku" title="Yabaku">Yabaku</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdal_people_(West_Asia)" title="Abdal people (West Asia)">Abdals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazaras" title="Hazaras">Hazaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_people" title="Mughal people">Mughals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diasporas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_diaspora" title="Azerbaijani diaspora">Azerbaijani diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_diaspora" title="Crimean Tatar diaspora">Crimean Tatar diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_diaspora" title="Turkish diaspora">Turkish diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Cypriot_diaspora" title="Turkish Cypriot diaspora">Turkish Cypriot diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_diaspora" title="Kazakh diaspora">Kazakh diaspora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: left;"><div><sup>1</sup> Central Asian (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmeni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iranian</a>) <a href="/wiki/Turkmens" title="Turkmens">Turkmens</a>, distinct from Levantine (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraqi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syrian</a>) Turkmen/Turkoman minorities, who mostly adhere to an Ottoman-Turkish heritage and identity. <sup>2</sup> In traditional areas of Turkish settlement (i.e. former <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> territories).</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_groups_in_Kazakhstan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Kazakhstan" title="Template:Ethnic groups in Kazakhstan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_in_Kazakhstan" title="Template talk:Ethnic groups in Kazakhstan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Kazakhstan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic groups in Kazakhstan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_groups_in_Kazakhstan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_demography_of_Kazakhstan" title="Ethnic demography of Kazakhstan">Ethnic groups in Kazakhstan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Majority</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kazakhs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chala_Kazakh" title="Chala Kazakh">Chala Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oralman" title="Oralman">Oralman</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minorities >1%</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan_Germans" class="mw-redirect" title="Kazakhstan Germans">Germans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Kazakhstan" title="Russians in Kazakhstan">Russians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatars_of_Kazakhstan" title="Tatars of Kazakhstan">Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainians_in_Kazakhstan" title="Ukrainians in Kazakhstan">Ukrainians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghurs_in_Kazakhstan" title="Uyghurs in Kazakhstan">Uyghurs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashgartsy" title="Kashgartsy">Kashgartsy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbeks" title="Uzbeks">Uzbeks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minorities <1%</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Central_Asia" title="Armenians in Central Asia">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis_in_Kazakhstan" title="Azerbaijanis in Kazakhstan">Azerbaijanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarians_in_Kazakhstan" title="Bulgarians in Kazakhstan">Bulgarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Kazakhstan" title="Chinese people in Kazakhstan">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_people" title="Dungan people">Dungan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Kazakhstan" title="Greeks in Kazakhstan">Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kazakhstan" title="History of the Jews in Kazakhstan">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koryo-saram" title="Koryo-saram">Koreans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Kazakhstan" title="Kurds in Kazakhstan">Kurds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madjars" title="Madjars">Madjars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poles_in_Kazakhstan" title="Poles in Kazakhstan">Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Roma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanians_in_Kazakhstan" title="Romanians in Kazakhstan">Romanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Kazakhstan" title="Turks in Kazakhstan">Turks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Central_Asia" title="Demographics of Central Asia">Demographics of Central Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Kazakhstan" title="Demographics of Kazakhstan">Demographics of Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_People_of_Kazakhstan" title="Assembly of People of Kazakhstan">Assembly of People of Kazakhstan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Muslims_in_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_Muslims" title="Template:European Muslims"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:European_Muslims" title="Template talk:European Muslims"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_Muslims" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European Muslims"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Muslims_in_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Muslims in Europe</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Majority</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cham_Albanians" title="Cham Albanians">Cham Albanians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosniaks" title="Bosniaks">Bosniaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorani_people" title="Gorani people">Gorani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Germany" title="Kurds in Germany">in Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_France" title="Kurds in France">in France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_the_Netherlands" title="Kurds in the Netherlands">in the Netherlands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslims_(ethnic_group)" title="Muslims (ethnic group)">Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomaks" title="Pomaks">Pomaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talysh_people" title="Talysh people">Talysh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tat_people_(Caucasus)" title="Tat people (Caucasus)">Tats</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis" title="Azerbaijanis">Azerbaijanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkars" title="Balkars">Balkars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashkirs" title="Bashkirs">Bashkirs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatars" title="Crimean Tatars">Crimean Tatars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Roma" title="Crimean Roma">Crimean Roma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatars_of_Romania" title="Tatars of Romania">Dobrujan Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Tatars" title="Finnish Tatars">Finnish Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachays" title="Karachays">Karachays</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kazakhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumyks" title="Kumyks">Kumyks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipka_Tatars" title="Lipka Tatars">Lipka Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nogais" title="Nogais">Nogais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Cypriots" title="Turkish Cypriots">Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_of_the_Dodecanese" title="Turks of the Dodecanese">Dodecanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Germany" title="Turks in Germany">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meskhetian_Turks" title="Meskhetian Turks">Meskhetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_of_Western_Thrace" title="Turks of Western Thrace">Western Thracian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Europe" title="Turks in Europe">Other</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volga_Tatars" title="Volga Tatars">Volga Tatars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishar_Tatars" title="Mishar Tatars">Mishar Tatars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C3%B6r%C3%BCks" title="Yörüks">Yörüks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasian_languages" title="North Caucasian languages">North Caucasian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abazins" title="Abazins">Abazins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazians" title="Abkhazians">Abkhazians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aghul_people" title="Aghul people">Aghuls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andi_people" title="Andi people">Andis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhvakh_people" title="Akhvakh people">Akhvakhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archi_people" title="Archi people">Archis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avars_(Caucasus)" title="Avars (Caucasus)">Avars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagvalal_people" title="Bagvalal people">Bagvalals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bezhta_people" title="Bezhta people">Bezhta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botlikh_people" title="Botlikh people">Botlikh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budukh_people" title="Budukh people">Budukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamalal_people" title="Chamalal people">Chamalals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechens" title="Chechens">Chechens</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kist_people" title="Kist people">Kists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassians" title="Circassians">Circassians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dargins" title="Dargins">Dargins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinukh_people" title="Hinukh people">Hinukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunzib_people" title="Hunzib people">Hunzib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingush_people" title="Ingush people">Ingush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jek_people" title="Jek people">Jeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karata_people" title="Karata people">Karata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khinalug_people" title="Khinalug people">Khinalugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwarshi_people" title="Khwarshi people">Khwarshis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kryts_people" title="Kryts people">Kryts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laks_(Caucasus)" title="Laks (Caucasus)">Laks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezgins" title="Lezgins">Lezgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutul_people" title="Rutul people">Rutuls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabasaran_people" title="Tabasaran people">Tabasarans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsakhur_people" title="Tsakhur people">Tsakhurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tindi_people" title="Tindi people">Tindis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsez_people" title="Tsez people">Tsez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Kartvelian_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Kartvelian peoples">Kartvelian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laz_people" title="Laz people">Laz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Uralic_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Uralic peoples">Uralic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Besermyan" title="Besermyan">Besermyan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center; font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabs_in_Europe" title="Arabs in Europe">in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moors" title="Moors">Moors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccans_in_Spain" title="Moroccans in Spain">in Spain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berbers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berbers_in_France" title="Berbers in France">in France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berbers_in_Belgium" title="Berbers in Belgium">in Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berbers_in_the_Netherlands" title="Berbers in the Netherlands">in the Netherlands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6nmeh" title="Dönmeh">Dönmeh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minority</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghans" title="Afghans">Afghans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengalis" title="Bengalis">Bengalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Muslims" title="Bulgarian Muslims">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croat_Muslims" title="Croat Muslims">Croats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Islam in Georgia (country)">Georgians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adjarians" title="Adjarians">Adjarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingiloy_people" title="Ingiloy people">Ingiloys</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Muslims" title="Greek Muslims">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vallahades" title="Vallahades">Vallahades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_Muslims" title="Cretan Muslims">Cretan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemshin_people" title="Hemshin people">Hemshenis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Muslims" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonian Muslims">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghrebis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistanis" title="Pakistanis">Pakistanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megleno-Romanians" title="Megleno-Romanians">Megleno-Romanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_Muslims" title="Ossetian Muslims">Ossetians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Romani_people" title="Muslim Romani people">Romani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arlije" title="Arlije">Arlije</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashkali_and_Balkan_Egyptians" title="Ashkali and Balkan Egyptians">Ashkali and Balkan Egyptians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Roma" title="Crimean Roma">Crimean Roma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serb_Muslims" title="Serb Muslims">Serbs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12071732p">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12071732p">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Kazaši"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph398363&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007541176705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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