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harrier</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B2%D8%A9_%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="مرزة شمالية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مرزة شمالية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arpella_p%C3%A0l%C2%B7lida_americana" title="Arpella pàl·lida americana – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Arpella pàl·lida americana" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boda%27r_Gogledd" title="Boda'r Gogledd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Boda'r Gogledd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudsonweihe" title="Hudsonweihe – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hudsonweihe" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%CA%BCiltaat%CA%BCagii_(%C3%ADiyis%C3%ADg%C3%AD%C3%AD)" title="Chʼiltaatʼagii (íiyisígíí) – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Chʼiltaatʼagii (íiyisígíí)" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circus_hudsonius" title="Circus hudsonius – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Circus hudsonius" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circus_hudsonius" title="Circus hudsonius – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Circus hudsonius" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B1_%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="سنقر شمالی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سنقر شمالی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busard_des_marais" title="Busard des marais – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Busard des marais" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circus_hudsonius" title="Circus hudsonius – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Circus hudsonius" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%A6%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99" title="זרון צפוני – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="זרון צפוני" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B2%D9%87_%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87" title="مرزه شماليه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مرزه شماليه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikaanse_blauwe_kiekendief" title="Amerikaanse blauwe kiekendief – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Amerikaanse blauwe kiekendief" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Американский лунь – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Американский лунь" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikansk_k%C3%A4rrh%C3%B6k" title="Amerikansk kärrhök – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Amerikansk kärrhök" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Species of bird</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Northern harrier </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Northern_(Hen)_Harrier.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Northern_%28Hen%29_Harrier.jpg/220px-Northern_%28Hen%29_Harrier.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Northern_%28Hen%29_Harrier.jpg/330px-Northern_%28Hen%29_Harrier.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/Northern_%28Hen%29_Harrier.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Adult female </td></tr> <tr style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"> <th colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Conservation_status" title="Conservation status">Conservation status</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/220px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/330px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/440px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="137" /></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Least_Concern" class="mw-redirect" title="Least Concern">Least Concern</a> <small> (<a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN 3.1</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-iucn_status_19_November_2021_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn_status_19_November_2021-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Circus" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">Aves</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Accipitriformes" title="Accipitriformes">Accipitriformes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Accipitridae" title="Accipitridae">Accipitridae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Harrier_(bird)" title="Harrier (bird)"><i>Circus</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species"><i><b>C. hudsonius</b></i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b><span class="binomial"><span style="font-weight:normal;"></span><i>Circus hudsonius</i></span></b><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>, 1766)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Circus_hudsonius_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Circus_hudsonius_map.svg/220px-Circus_hudsonius_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Circus_hudsonius_map.svg/330px-Circus_hudsonius_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Circus_hudsonius_map.svg/440px-Circus_hudsonius_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="389" data-file-height="377" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF7F2A; color:black; -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;"> </span> Breeding</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#7137C8; color:white; -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;"> </span> Year-round</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#5F8DD3; color:black; -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;"> </span> Non-breeding</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFDD55; color:black; -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;"> </span> Migration</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <p><i>Circus cyaneus hudsonius</i> </p> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p>The <b>northern harrier</b> (<i><b>Circus hudsonius</b></i>), also known as the <b>marsh hawk</b> or <b>ring-tailed hawk</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/Bird_of_prey" title="Bird of prey">bird of prey</a>. It breeds throughout the northern parts of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_hemisphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern hemisphere">northern hemisphere</a> in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> and the northernmost <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">USA</a>. </p><p>The northern harrier <a href="/wiki/Bird_migration" title="Bird migration">migrates</a> south in winter, with breeding birds in Canada and northern Great Plains of the U.S. moving to the American south, Mexico, and <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a>. In the midwestern, mountain west, and north Atlantic states of the U.S., they may be present all year. This bird inhabits prairies, open areas, and marshes. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_harrier&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Taxonomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1750 the English naturalist <a href="/wiki/George_Edwards_(naturalist)" title="George Edwards (naturalist)">George Edwards</a> included an illustration and a description of the northern harrier in the third volume of his <i>A Natural History of Uncommon Birds</i>. He used the English name "The Ring-tail'd Hawk". Edwards based his hand-coloured etching on a bird collected near the <a href="/wiki/Hudson_Bay" title="Hudson Bay">Hudson Bay</a> in Canada and brought to London by <a href="/wiki/James_Isham" title="James Isham">James Isham</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When in 1766 the Swedish naturalist <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a> updated his <i><a href="/wiki/Systema_Naturae" title="Systema Naturae">Systema Naturae</a></i> for the <a href="/wiki/12th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="12th edition of Systema Naturae">twelfth edition</a>, he placed the northern harrier with the falcons and eagles in the <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Falco_(bird)" class="mw-redirect" title="Falco (bird)">Falco</a></i>. Linnaeus included a brief description, coined the <a href="/wiki/Binomial_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Binomial name">binomial name</a> <i>Falco hudsonius</i> and cited Edwards' work.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The northern harrier is now placed in the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Harrier_(bird)" title="Harrier (bird)">Circus</a></i>, introduced by the French naturalist <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Germain_de_Lac%C3%A9p%C3%A8de" title="Bernard Germain de Lacépède">Bernard Germain de Lacépède</a> in 1799.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ioc_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ioc-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The genus name <i>Circus</i> is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> <i>kirkos</i>, referring to a bird of prey named for its circling flight (<i>kirkos</i>, "circle"). The specific epithet <i>hudsonius</i> is from "Hudson Bay", the <a href="/wiki/Type_locality_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Type locality (biology)">type locality</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The species is <a href="/wiki/Monotypic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monotypic">monotypic</a>: no <a href="/wiki/Subspecies" title="Subspecies">subspecies</a> are recognised.<sup id="cite_ref-ioc_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ioc-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The northern harrier was formerly considered to be <a href="/wiki/Conspecific" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspecific">conspecific</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Hen_harrier" title="Hen harrier">hen harrier</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ioc_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ioc-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_harrier&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Circus_hudsonius_flying,_Bosque_del_Apache_NWR,_New_Mexico,_USA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Circus_hudsonius_flying%2C_Bosque_del_Apache_NWR%2C_New_Mexico%2C_USA.jpg/220px-Circus_hudsonius_flying%2C_Bosque_del_Apache_NWR%2C_New_Mexico%2C_USA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Circus_hudsonius_flying%2C_Bosque_del_Apache_NWR%2C_New_Mexico%2C_USA.jpg/330px-Circus_hudsonius_flying%2C_Bosque_del_Apache_NWR%2C_New_Mexico%2C_USA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Circus_hudsonius_flying%2C_Bosque_del_Apache_NWR%2C_New_Mexico%2C_USA.jpg/440px-Circus_hudsonius_flying%2C_Bosque_del_Apache_NWR%2C_New_Mexico%2C_USA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1556" data-file-height="1051" /></a><figcaption>Juvenile flying at <a href="/wiki/Bosque_del_Apache_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Bosque del Apache National Wildlife Refuge">Bosque del Apache National Wildlife Refuge</a>, USA</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Female_northern_harrier_in_flight_at_Llano_Seco-1311.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Female_northern_harrier_in_flight_at_Llano_Seco-1311.jpg/220px-Female_northern_harrier_in_flight_at_Llano_Seco-1311.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Female_northern_harrier_in_flight_at_Llano_Seco-1311.jpg/330px-Female_northern_harrier_in_flight_at_Llano_Seco-1311.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Female_northern_harrier_in_flight_at_Llano_Seco-1311.jpg/440px-Female_northern_harrier_in_flight_at_Llano_Seco-1311.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2717" data-file-height="2717" /></a><figcaption>Female in flight at the Llano Seco Unit of the <a href="/wiki/Sacramento_National_Wildlife_Refuge_Complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacramento National Wildlife Refuge Complex">Sacramento National Wildlife Refuge Complex</a> in California</figcaption></figure> <p>The northern harrier is 41–52 cm (16–20 in)<sup id="cite_ref-hbw_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hbw-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> long with a 97–122 cm (38–48 in) wingspan. It resembles other <a href="/wiki/Harrier_(bird)" title="Harrier (bird)">harriers</a> in having distinct male and female plumages. The sexes also differ in weight, with males weighing 290 to 400 g (10 to 14 oz), with an average of 350 g (12 oz), and females weighing 390 to 750 g (14 to 26 oz), with an average of 530 g (19 oz).<sup id="cite_ref-hbw_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hbw-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RaptorsWorld_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RaptorsWorld-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among standard measurements, the <a href="/wiki/Wing_chord_(biology)" title="Wing chord (biology)">wing chord</a> is 32.8 to 40.6 cm (12.9 to 16.0 in), the <a href="/wiki/Tail" title="Tail">tail</a> is 19.3 to 25.8 cm (7.6 to 10.2 in) and the <a href="/wiki/Tarsus_(skeleton)" title="Tarsus (skeleton)">tarsus</a> is 7.1 to 8.9 cm (2.8 to 3.5 in).<sup id="cite_ref-RaptorsWorld_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RaptorsWorld-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is relatively long-winged and long-tailed, having the longest wing and tail relative to its body size of any raptor occurring in North America.<sup id="cite_ref-RaptorsWorld_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RaptorsWorld-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The northern harrier breeds in North America, and its closest relative is the <a href="/wiki/Cinereous_Harrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinereous Harrier">cinereous harrier</a> (<i>C. cinereus</i>) of South America. The male's plumage is darker grey than that of the hen harrier, and the female is also darker and more rufous.<sup id="cite_ref-hbw_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hbw-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The adult male is sometimes nicknamed the "Grey Ghost", because of his striking plumage and spectral aura.<sup id="cite_ref-Kawartha_Lakes_This_Week_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kawartha_Lakes_This_Week-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zimmer,_David_(2014)_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zimmer,_David_(2014)-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The northern harrier is mostly silent,<sup id="cite_ref-Kaufman_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaufman-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although males and females will both give fast <i>kek</i> notes that will last 1-2 seconds. When faced with predators or surrounded by smaller birds, they still emit <i>kek</i> notes but at a higher pitch. During the mating season, the female emits a loud scream, which causes the male to either mate or provide food.<sup id="cite_ref-AABS_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AABS-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Behaviour">Behaviour</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_harrier&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Behaviour"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This medium-sized <a href="/wiki/Bird_of_prey" title="Bird of prey">raptor</a> breeds on <a href="/wiki/Moorland" title="Moorland">moorland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bog" title="Bog">bogs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prairie" title="Prairie">prairies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Farm" title="Farm">farmland</a> <a href="/wiki/Western_Gulf_coastal_grasslands" title="Western Gulf coastal grasslands">coastal prairies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marsh" title="Marsh">marshes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grassland" title="Grassland">grasslands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swamp" title="Swamp">swamps</a> and other assorted open areas.<sup id="cite_ref-TexasPWD2012_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TexasPWD2012-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A male will maintain a territory averaging 2.6 km<sup>2</sup> (1.0 sq mi), though male territories have ranged from 1.7 to 150 km<sup>2</sup> (0.66 to 57.92 sq mi).<sup id="cite_ref-Macwhirter_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macwhirter-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Northern_Harrier_at_Pt._Reyes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Northern_Harrier_at_Pt._Reyes.jpg/220px-Northern_Harrier_at_Pt._Reyes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Northern_Harrier_at_Pt._Reyes.jpg/330px-Northern_Harrier_at_Pt._Reyes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Northern_Harrier_at_Pt._Reyes.jpg/440px-Northern_Harrier_at_Pt._Reyes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1885" /></a><figcaption>Northern harrier male perched on shrub at <a href="/wiki/Point_Reyes_National_Seashore" title="Point Reyes National Seashore">Point Reyes National Seashore</a></figcaption></figure> <p>These are one of the few raptorial birds known to practice <a href="/wiki/Polygyny_in_animals" title="Polygyny in animals">polygyny</a> – one male mates with several females. Up to five females have been known to mate with one male in a season.<sup id="cite_ref-AAB_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAB-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The nest is built on the ground or on a mound of dirt or vegetation. Nests are made of sticks and are lined inside with grass and leaves. Four to eight (exceptionally 2 to 10) whitish <a href="/wiki/Bird_egg" title="Bird egg">eggs</a> are laid.<sup id="cite_ref-hbw_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hbw-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TexasPWD2012_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TexasPWD2012-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The eggs measure approximately 47 mm × 36 mm (1.9 in × 1.4 in).<sup id="cite_ref-Baicich1997_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baicich1997-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The eggs are incubated mostly by the female for 31 to 32 days. When incubating eggs, the female sits on the nest while the male hunts and brings food to her and the chicks.<sup id="cite_ref-TexasPWD2012_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TexasPWD2012-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The male will help feed chicks after they hatch, but does not usually watch them for a greater period of time than around 5 minutes.<sup id="cite_ref-Weidensaul1996_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weidensaul1996-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The male usually passes off food to the female, which she then feeds to the young, although later the female will capture food and simply drop into the nest for her nestlings to eat.<sup id="cite_ref-Macwhirter_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macwhirter-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The chicks fledge at around 36 days old, though breeding maturity is not reached until 2 years in females and 3 years in males. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hunting_behavior">Hunting behavior</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_harrier&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Hunting behavior"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This is a typical harrier, which hunts on long wings held in a shallow V in its low flight during which the bird closely hugs the contours of the land below it. Northern or hen harriers hunt primarily small <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as do most harriers. Preferred prey species can include <a href="/wiki/Vole" title="Vole">voles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cotton_rat" title="Cotton rat">cotton rats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ground_squirrel" title="Ground squirrel">ground squirrels</a>. Up to 95% of the diet comprises small mammals.<sup id="cite_ref-Ryser1985_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ryser1985-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">birds</a> are hunted with some regularity as well, especially by males. Preferred avian prey include <a href="/wiki/Passerine" title="Passerine">passerines</a> of open country (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Old_World_sparrow" title="Old World sparrow">sparrows</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lark" title="Lark">larks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pipit" title="Pipit">pipits</a>), small <a href="/wiki/Shorebird" class="mw-redirect" title="Shorebird">shorebirds</a> and the young of <a href="/wiki/Waterfowl" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterfowl">waterfowl</a> and <a href="/wiki/Galliformes" title="Galliformes">galliforms</a>. Supplementing the diet occasionally are <a href="/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian">amphibians</a> (especially <a href="/wiki/Frog" title="Frog">frogs</a>), <a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">reptiles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insects</a> (especially <a href="/wiki/Orthoptera" title="Orthoptera">orthopterans</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-RaptorsWorld_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RaptorsWorld-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The species has been observed to hunt <a href="/wiki/Bat" title="Bat">bats</a> if these are available.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Larger prey such as <a href="/wiki/Rabbit" title="Rabbit">rabbits</a> and adult <a href="/wiki/Duck" title="Duck">ducks</a> are taken sometimes and harriers have been known to subdue these by drowning them in water.<sup id="cite_ref-RaptorsWorld_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RaptorsWorld-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Harriers hunt by surprising prey while flying low to the ground in open areas, as they drift low over fields and moors.<sup id="cite_ref-hbw_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hbw-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TexasPWD2012_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TexasPWD2012-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The harriers circle an area several times listening and looking for prey.<sup id="cite_ref-TexasPWD2012_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TexasPWD2012-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Harriers use hearing regularly to find prey, as they have exceptionally good hearing for diurnal raptors, this being the function of their <a href="/wiki/Owl" title="Owl">owl</a>-like facial disc.<sup id="cite_ref-RaptorsWorld_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RaptorsWorld-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This harrier tends to be a very vocal bird while it glides over its hunting ground. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mortality_and_competition">Mortality and competition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_harrier&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Mortality and competition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Little information is available on longevity in northern harriers. The longest lived known bird is 16 years and 5 months. However, adults rarely live more than 8 years. Early mortality mainly results from predation. Predators of eggs and nestlings include <a href="/wiki/Raccoon" title="Raccoon">raccoons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skunk" title="Skunk">skunks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Badger" title="Badger">badgers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fox" title="Fox">foxes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corvus_(genus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Corvus (genus)">crows and ravens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dog" title="Dog">dogs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Owl" title="Owl">owls</a>. Fledglings are also predated regularly, especially by <a href="/wiki/Great_horned_owl" title="Great horned owl">great horned owls</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wheeler1995_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wheeler1995-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both parents attack potential predators with alarm calls and striking with talons. <a href="/wiki/Short-eared_owl" title="Short-eared owl">Short-eared owls</a> are natural competitors of this species that favor the same prey and habitat, as well as having a similarly broad distribution. Occasionally, both harriers and short-eared owls will harass each other until the victim drops its prey and it can be stolen, a practice known as <a href="/wiki/Kleptoparasitism" title="Kleptoparasitism">kleptoparasitism</a>. Most commonly, the harriers are the aggressors pirating prey from owls.<sup id="cite_ref-owlpages_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-owlpages-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Status">Status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_harrier&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This species has a large range, and there is evidence of a population decline, but the species is not believed to approach the thresholds for the population decline criterion of the <a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List</a> (i.e., declining more than 30% in ten years or three generations). It is therefore classified as "least concern".<sup id="cite_ref-iucn_status_19_November_2021_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn_status_19_November_2021-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationship_with_humans">Relationship with humans</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_harrier&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Relationship with humans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some Native American tribes<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (December 2020)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> believe that seeing a hawk on your wedding day is a sign of a long, happy marriage. Unlike many raptors, hen or northern harriers have historically been favorably regarded by farmers because they eat mice that damage crops and predators of quail eggs. Harriers are sometimes called "good hawks" because they pose no threat to poultry as some hawks do. Heavy pesticide use in the 1970s and 1980s caused a decline in harrier populations.<sup id="cite_ref-TexasPWD2012_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TexasPWD2012-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_harrier&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-iucn_status_19_November_2021-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-iucn_status_19_November_2021_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iucn_status_19_November_2021_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBirdLife_International2016" class="citation journal cs1">BirdLife International (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22727740/94959659">"<i>Circus hudsonius</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a></i>. <b>2016</b>: e.T22727740A94959659. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22727740A94959659.en">10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22727740A94959659.en</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=Circus+hudsonius&rft.volume=2016&rft.pages=e.T22727740A94959659&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22727740A94959659.en&rft.au=BirdLife+International&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fspecies%2F22727740%2F94959659&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+harrier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards1750" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Edwards_(naturalist)" title="George Edwards (naturalist)">Edwards, George</a> (1750). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/50196265"><i>A Natural History of Uncommon Birds</i></a>. Vol. 3. London: Printed for the author at the College of Physicians. p. 107, Plate 107.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Natural+History+of+Uncommon+Birds&rft.place=London&rft.pages=107%2C+Plate+107&rft.pub=Printed+for+the+author+at+the+College+of+Physicians&rft.date=1750&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fpage%2F50196265&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+harrier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinnaeus1766" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus, Carl</a> (1766). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/445253"><i>Systema naturae : per regna tria natura, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis</i></a> (in Latin). Vol. 1, Part 1 (12th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 128.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Systema+naturae+%3A+per+regna+tria+natura%2C+secundum+classes%2C+ordines%2C+genera%2C+species%2C+cum+characteribus%2C+differentiis%2C+synonymis%2C+locis&rft.place=Holmiae+%28Stockholm%29&rft.pages=128&rft.edition=12th&rft.pub=Laurentii+Salvii&rft.date=1766&rft.aulast=Linnaeus&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fpage%2F445253&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+harrier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLacépède1799" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Germain_de_Lac%C3%A9p%C3%A8de" title="Bernard Germain de Lacépède">Lacépède, Bernard Germain de</a> (1799). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6uhAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA78">"Tableau des sous-classes, divisions, sous-division, ordres et genres des oiseux"</a>. <i>Discours d'ouverture et de clôture du cours d'histoire naturelle</i> (in French). Paris: Plassan. p. 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tableau+des+sous-classes%2C+divisions%2C+sous-division%2C+ordres+et+genres+des+oiseux&rft.btitle=Discours+d%27ouverture+et+de+cl%C3%B4ture+du+cours+d%27histoire+naturelle&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Plassan&rft.date=1799&rft.aulast=Lac%C3%A9p%C3%A8de&rft.aufirst=Bernard+Germain+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6uhAAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+harrier" class="Z3988"></span> Page numbering starts at one for each of the three sections.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ioc-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ioc_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ioc_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ioc_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGillDonskerRasmussen2022" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Gill_(ornithologist)" title="Frank Gill (ornithologist)">Gill, Frank</a>; Donsker, David; <a href="/wiki/Pamela_Rasmussen" class="mw-redirect" title="Pamela Rasmussen">Rasmussen, Pamela</a>, eds. (January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/raptors/">"Hoatzin, New World vultures, Secretarybird, raptors"</a>. <i>IOC World Bird List Version 12.1</i>. International Ornithologists' Union<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Reno, Las Vegas: University of Nevada Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0874170801" title="Special:BookSources/978-0874170801"><bdi>978-0874170801</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Birds+of+the+Great+Basin%3A+A+Natural+History&rft.place=Reno%2C+Las+Vegas&rft.pub=University+of+Nevada+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0874170801&rft.aulast=Ryser&rft.aufirst=F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbxpXq_hMxfAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+harrier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMikulaMorelliLučanJones2016" class="citation journal cs1">Mikula, P.; Morelli, F.; Lučan, R. K.; Jones, D. N.; Tryjanowski, P. (2016). "Bats as prey of diurnal birds: a global perspective". <i>Mammal Review</i>. <b>46</b> (3): 160–174. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fmam.12060">10.1111/mam.12060</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mammal+Review&rft.atitle=Bats+as+prey+of+diurnal+birds%3A+a+global+perspective&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=160-174&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fmam.12060&rft.aulast=Mikula&rft.aufirst=P.&rft.au=Morelli%2C+F.&rft.au=Lu%C4%8Dan%2C+R.+K.&rft.au=Jones%2C+D.+N.&rft.au=Tryjanowski%2C+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+harrier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wheeler1995-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wheeler1995_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWheelerClark1995" class="citation book cs1">Wheeler, B.; Clark, W. (1995). <i>A Photographic Guide to North American Raptors</i>. San Diego: Academic Press Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0713667639" title="Special:BookSources/978-0713667639"><bdi>978-0713667639</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Photographic+Guide+to+North+American+Raptors&rft.place=San+Diego&rft.pub=Academic+Press+Inc.&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0713667639&rft.aulast=Wheeler&rft.aufirst=B.&rft.au=Clark%2C+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+harrier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-owlpages-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-owlpages_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.owlpages.com/owls.php?genus=Asio&species=flammeus">"Short-eared Owl – <i>Asio flammeus</i>"</a>. <i>owlpages.com</i>. 24 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=owlpages.com&rft.atitle=Short-eared+Owl+%E2%80%93+Asio+flammeus&rft.date=2013-07-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.owlpages.com%2Fowls.php%3Fgenus%3DAsio%26species%3Dflammeus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+harrier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_harrier&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Circus hudsonius</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2603050" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q2603050">Q2603050</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Circus_hudsonius" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Circus hudsonius">Circus hudsonius</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/American_Birding_Association" title="American Birding Association">ABA</a>: <span class="uid">norhar</span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Avibase" title="Avibase">Avibase</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?avibaseid=A091D50AA92D949C">A091D50AA92D949C</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/BirdLife_International" title="BirdLife International">BirdLife</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/22727740">22727740</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Birds_of_the_World" title="Birds of the World">BOW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/norhar2">norhar2</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EBird" title="EBird">eBird</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ebird.org/species/norhar2">norhar2</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/45511398">45511398</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Featherbase: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.featherbase.info/en/species/circus/hudsonius">hudsonius</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/6101217">6101217</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">GNAB: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.audubon.org/field-guide/bird/northern-harrier">northern-harrier</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/558446">558446</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/22727740">22727740</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/NatureServe" title="NatureServe">NatureServe</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.104766/">2.104766</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NHMSYS0021196631">NHMSYS0021196631</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=2709557">2709557</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Neotropical_Birds_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Neotropical Birds Online">Neotropical</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://neotropical.birds.cornell.edu/Species-Account/nb/species/norhar2">norhar2</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ohio_Department_of_Natural_Resources" title="Ohio Department of Natural Resources">ODNR</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/http://wildlife.ohiodnr.gov/species-and-habitats/species-guide-index/birds/northern-harrier">northern-harrier</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=3596190">3596190</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=368506">368506</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Xeno-canto" title="Xeno-canto">Xeno-canto</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://xeno-canto.org/species/Circus-hudsonius">Circus-hudsonius</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Northern_harrier&oldid=1242617279">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Northern_harrier&oldid=1242617279</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" 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