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href="#Ecology_and_behaviour"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Ecology and behaviour </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ecology_and_behaviour-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Ecology and behaviour subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Ecology_and_behaviour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Breeding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Breeding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Breeding </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Breeding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Feeding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feeding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Feeding </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Feeding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Conservation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Conservation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Conservation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Conservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Human_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Human impact </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_protection_efforts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_protection_efforts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Early protection efforts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_protection_efforts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1950–1989_conservation_efforts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1950–1989_conservation_efforts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 1950–1989 conservation efforts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1950–1989_conservation_efforts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kākāpō_Recovery_programme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kākāpō_Recovery_programme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Kākāpō Recovery programme </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kākāpō_Recovery_programme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Supplementary_feeding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supplementary_feeding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.1 Supplementary feeding </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Supplementary_feeding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nest_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nest_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.2 Nest management </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nest_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monitoring" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monitoring"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.3 Monitoring </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monitoring-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reintroduction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reintroduction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.4 Reintroduction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reintroduction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fatal_fungal_infection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fatal_fungal_infection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.5 Fatal fungal infection </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fatal_fungal_infection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Population_timeline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population_timeline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Population timeline </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population_timeline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Māori_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Māori_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 In Māori culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_Māori_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle In Māori culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-In_Māori_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Use_for_food_and_clothing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_for_food_and_clothing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Use for food and clothing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_for_food_and_clothing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 In the media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Kākāpō</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 76 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-76" aria-hidden="true" > 76 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%81" title="سداف – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سداف" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strigops_habroptilus" title="Strigops habroptilus – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Strigops habroptilus" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakapo" title="Kakapo – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Kakapo" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakapo" title="Kakapo – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kakapo" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%88" title="کاکاپو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کاکاپو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8B" title="কাকাপো – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কাকাপো" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Какапа – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Какапа" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Какапа – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Какапа" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE" title="Какапо – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Какапо" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakapo" title="Kakapo – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kakapo" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A0kapo" title="Kàkapo – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Kàkapo" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strigops_habroptila" title="Strigops habroptila – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Strigops habroptila" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakapo_sov%C3%AD" title="Kakapo soví – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kakapo soví" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cacapo" title="Cacapo – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cacapo" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakapo" title="Kakapo – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kakapo" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakapo" title="Kakapo – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kakapo" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ts%C3%ADdii_y%C3%A1%C5%82ti%CA%BC%C3%AD_doo_naat%CA%BC%C3%A1%CA%BCii" title="Tsídii yáłtiʼí doo naatʼáʼii – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Tsídii yáłtiʼí doo naatʼáʼii" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakkpapagoi" title="Kakkpapagoi – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kakkpapagoi" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%AC%CF%80%CE%BF" title="Κακάπο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κακάπο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strigops_habroptilus" title="Strigops habroptilus – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Strigops habroptilus" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakapo" title="Kakapo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kakapo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakapu" title="Kakapu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kakapu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%88" title="کاکاپو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کاکاپو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strigops_kakapo" title="Strigops kakapo – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Strigops kakapo" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cacap%C3%B3" title="Cacapó – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cacapó" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strigops_habroptilus" title="Strigops habroptilus – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Strigops habroptilus" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EC%B9%B4%ED%8F%AC" title="카카포 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="카카포" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B" title="काकापो – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="काकापो" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakapo" title="Kakapo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kakapo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakapo" title="Kakapo – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kakapo" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%81k%C4%81p%C5%8D" title="Kākāpō – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Kākāpō" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakapo" title="Kakapo – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Kakapo" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakap%C3%B3" title="Kakapó – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kakapó" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strigops_habroptila" title="Strigops habroptila – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Strigops habroptila" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%95" title="קאקאפו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קאקאפו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kak%C4%81p%C5%8D" title="Kakāpō – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kakāpō" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D" title="კაკაპო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კაკაპო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE" title="Какапо – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Какапо" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zertekiz_(Strigops)" title="Zertekiz (Strigops) – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Zertekiz (Strigops)" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Тымана попугай – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Тымана попугай" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakapo" title="Kakapo – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kakapo" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakapo" title="Kakapo – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kakapo" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakap%C3%B3" title="Kakapó – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kakapó" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE" title="Какапо – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Какапо" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8B" title="കാകാപോ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കാകാപോ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%81k%C4%81p%C5%8D" title="Kākāpō – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Kākāpō" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88" title="كاكابو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كاكابو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakapo" title="Kakapo – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kakapo" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakapo" title="Kakapo – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kakapo" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AD%E3%82%A6%E3%82%AA%E3%82%A6%E3%83%A0" title="フクロウオウム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フクロウオウム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakapo" title="Kakapo – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kakapo" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakapo" title="Kakapo – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kakapo" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8B" title="ਕਾਕਾਪੋ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਾਕਾਪੋ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%88" title="کاکاپو – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کاکاپو" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakapo" title="Kakapo – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kakapo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1capo" title="Cácapo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cácapo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE" title="Какапо – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Какапо" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakapo" title="Kakapo – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Kakapo" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakapo" title="Kakapo – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Kakapo" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakapo" title="Kakapo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kakapo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakapo" title="Kakapo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kakapo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakapo" title="Kakapo – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Kakapo" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE" title="Какапо – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Какапо" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakapo" title="Kakapo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kakapo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakapo" title="Kakapo – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kakapo" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakapo" title="Kakapo – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kakapo" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakapo" title="Kakapo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kakapo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF" title="ஆந்தைக் கிளி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆந்தைக் கிளி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9B" title="นกแก้วคาคาโป – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="นกแก้วคาคาโป" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strigops_habroptila" title="Strigops habroptila – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Strigops habroptila" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE" title="Какапо – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Какапо" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakapo" title="Kakapo – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kakapo" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strigops_habroptila" title="Strigops habroptila – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Strigops habroptila" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B8%AE%E9%B9%A6%E9%B9%89" title="鸮鹦鹉 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="鸮鹦鹉" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B4%9E%E9%B8%9A%E9%B5%A1" title="鴞鸚鵡 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="鴞鸚鵡" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437796 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Parrot endemic to New Zealand</div> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Kākāpō </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Sirocco_full_length_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Sirocco_full_length_portrait.jpg/240px-Sirocco_full_length_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Sirocco_full_length_portrait.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="344" data-file-height="450" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Celebrity kākāpō <a href="/wiki/Sirocco_(parrot)" title="Sirocco (parrot)">Sirocco</a> on <a href="/wiki/Maud_Island" title="Maud Island">Maud Island</a> </td></tr> <tr style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"> <th colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Conservation_status" title="Conservation status">Conservation status</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Status_iucn3.1_CR.svg/220px-Status_iucn3.1_CR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Status_iucn3.1_CR.svg/330px-Status_iucn3.1_CR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Status_iucn3.1_CR.svg/440px-Status_iucn3.1_CR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="137" /> <a href="/wiki/Critically_endangered_species" class="mw-redirect" title="Critically endangered species">Critically Endangered</a>  (<a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN 3.1</a>)<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Status_2008_NZTCS_NC.svg/220px-Status_2008_NZTCS_NC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Status_2008_NZTCS_NC.svg/330px-Status_2008_NZTCS_NC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Status_2008_NZTCS_NC.svg/440px-Status_2008_NZTCS_NC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="64" /> Nationally Critical (<a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Threat_Classification_System" title="New Zealand Threat Classification System">NZ TCS</a>)<a href="#cite_note-NZTCS-2">[2]</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Strigops" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">Aves</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Parrot" title="Parrot">Psittaciformes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Superfamily: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_parrot" title="New Zealand parrot">Strigopoidea</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_parrot" title="New Zealand parrot">Strigopidae</a> Bonaparte, 1849 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Strigops</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Robert_Gray" title="George Robert Gray">G.R. Gray</a>, 1845 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species">S. habroptilus</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center">Strigops habroptilus <div style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/George_Robert_Gray" title="George Robert Gray">G.R. Gray</a>, 1845</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> The kākāpō (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Māori: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/M%C4%81ori" title="Help:IPA/Māori">[kaːkaːpɔː]</a>;<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> <abbr title="plural form">pl.</abbr>: kākāpō; Strigops habroptilus), sometimes known as the owl parrot or owl-faced parrot, is a species of large, <a href="/wiki/Nocturnal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nocturnal">nocturnal</a>, ground-dwelling <a href="/wiki/Parrot" title="Parrot">parrot</a> of the superfamily <a href="/wiki/Strigopoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Strigopoidea">Strigopoidea</a>. It is <a href="/wiki/Endemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Endemic">endemic</a> to <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Best1984-4">[4]</a> Kākāpō can be up to 64 cm (25 in) long. They have a combination of unique traits among parrots: finely blotched yellow-green plumage, a distinct <a href="/wiki/Facial_disc" title="Facial disc">facial disc</a>, owl-style forward-facing eyes with surrounding discs of specially-textured feathers, a large grey beak, short legs, large blue feet, relatively short wings and a short tail. It is the world's only <a href="/wiki/Flightless_bird" title="Flightless bird">flightless</a> parrot, the world's heaviest parrot, and also is nocturnal, herbivorous, visibly <a href="/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism" title="Sexual dimorphism">sexually dimorphic</a> in body size, has a low <a href="/wiki/Basal_metabolic_rate" title="Basal metabolic rate">basal metabolic rate</a>, and does not have male <a href="/wiki/Parental_care_in_birds" title="Parental care in birds">parental care</a>. It is the only parrot to have a <a href="/wiki/Polygyny_in_animals" title="Polygyny in animals">polygynous</a> <a href="/wiki/Lek_mating" title="Lek mating">lek</a> breeding system. It is also possibly one of the world's longest-living birds, with a reported lifespan of up to 100 years.<a href="#cite_note-Powlesland2006-5">[5]</a> Adult males weigh around 1.5–3 kilograms (3.3–6.6 lb); the equivalent figure for females is 0.950–1.6 kilograms (2.09–3.53 lb). The anatomy of the kākāpō typifies the tendency of bird-evolution on oceanic islands. With few predators and abundant food, kākāpō exhibit <a href="/wiki/Island_syndrome" title="Island syndrome">island syndrome</a> development, having a generally-robust torso physique at the expense of flight abilities, resulting in reduced shoulder- and wing-muscles, along with a diminished <a href="/wiki/Keel_(bird)" class="mw-redirect" title="Keel (bird)">keel</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Sternum" title="Sternum">sternum</a>. Like many other <a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_New_Zealand" title="List of birds of New Zealand">New Zealand bird species</a>, the kākāpō was historically important to <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori</a>, the indigenous people of New Zealand. It appears in <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_mythology" title="Māori mythology">Māori mythology</a>. Heavily hunted in the past, it was used by the Māori both for its meat and for its feathers. The kākāpō is critically endangered; the total known population of living individuals is 244 (as of 2024).<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Known individuals are named, tagged and confined to four small New Zealand islands, all of which are clear of predators;<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> however, in 2023, a reintroduction to mainland New Zealand (<a href="/wiki/Sanctuary_Mountain_Maungatautari" title="Sanctuary Mountain Maungatautari">Sanctuary Mountain Maungatautari</a>) was accomplished.<a href="#cite_note-MNZ-8">[8]</a> Introduced mammalian predators, such as cats, rats, <a href="/wiki/Ferret" title="Ferret">ferrets</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Stoats" class="mw-redirect" title="Stoats">stoats</a> almost wiped out the kākāpō. All conservation efforts were unsuccessful until the Kākāpō Recovery Programme began in 1995. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C4%81k%C4%81p%C5%8D&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Taxonomy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Strigops_habroptilus_Mitchell.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Strigops_habroptilus_Mitchell.jpg/220px-Strigops_habroptilus_Mitchell.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Strigops_habroptilus_Mitchell.jpg/330px-Strigops_habroptilus_Mitchell.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Strigops_habroptilus_Mitchell.jpg/440px-Strigops_habroptilus_Mitchell.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1513" data-file-height="2134" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lithograph" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithograph">Lithograph</a> by <a href="/wiki/David_William_Mitchell" title="David William Mitchell">David Mitchell</a> that accompanied <a href="/wiki/George_Robert_Gray" title="George Robert Gray">Gray</a>'s original 1845 description</figcaption></figure> The kākāpō was <a href="/wiki/Species_description" title="Species description">formally described</a> and illustrated in 1845 by the English <a href="/wiki/Ornithology" title="Ornithology">ornithologist</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Robert_Gray" title="George Robert Gray">George Robert Gray</a>. He created a new <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> and coined the <a href="/wiki/Binomial_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Binomial name">binomial name</a> Strigops habroptilus. Gray was uncertain about the origin of his specimen and wrote, "This remarkable bird is found in one of the islands of the South Pacific Ocean."<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Type_location_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Type location (biology)">type location</a> has been designated as <a href="/wiki/Dusky_Sound" title="Dusky Sound">Dusky Sound</a> on the southwest corner of New Zealand's <a href="/wiki/South_Island" title="South Island">South Island</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> The generic name Strigops is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> strix, genitive strigos ("owl"), and ops ("face"), while its specific <a href="/wiki/Epithet" title="Epithet">epithet</a> habroptilus comes from habros ("soft"), and ptilon ("feather").<a href="#cite_note-Liddell1980-12">[12]</a> In 1955 the <a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Zoological_Nomenclature" title="International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature">International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature</a> (ICZN) ruled that the genus name Strigops was <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">feminine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Based on this ruling many ornithologists used the form Strigops habroptila but in 2023 James L. Savage and Andrew Digby argued that under the current ICZN rules the specific epithet should be habroptilus.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> This view was accepted by ornithologists and in 2024 the <a href="/wiki/International_Ornithological_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="International Ornithological Congress">International Ornithological Congress</a> Checklist and the eBird/Clements Checklist changed the spelling of the binomial name back to Strigops habroptilus.<a href="#cite_note-ioc-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> The species is <a href="/wiki/Monotypic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monotypic">monotypic</a>, as no subspecies are recognised.<a href="#cite_note-ioc-15">[15]</a> The name kākāpō is <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Māori</a>, from kākā ("parrot") + pō ("night");<a href="#cite_note-EB1911-17">[17]</a> the name is both singular and plural.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> "Kākāpō" is increasingly written in <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English" title="New Zealand English">New Zealand English</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Macron_(diacritic)" title="Macron (diacritic)">macrons</a> that indicate <a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">long vowels</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> The correct pronunciation in Māori is <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/M%C4%81ori" title="Help:IPA/Māori">[kaːkaːpɔː]</a>; other colloquial pronunciations exist, however. These include the <a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈkɑːkəpoʊ/</a> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">KAH-kə-poh</a>),<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> as defined in the <a href="/wiki/Chambers_Dictionary" title="Chambers Dictionary">Chambers Dictionary</a> in 2003.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> The kākāpō is placed in the family <a href="/wiki/Strigopidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Strigopidae">Strigopidae</a> together with the two species in the genus <a href="/wiki/Nestor_(genus)" title="Nestor (genus)">Nestor</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kea" title="Kea">kea</a> (Nestor notabilis) and the <a href="/wiki/K%C4%81k%C4%81" title="Kākā">kākā</a> (Nestor meridionalis). The <a href="/wiki/List_of_endemic_birds_of_New_Zealand" title="List of endemic birds of New Zealand">birds are endemic to New Zealand</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ioc-15">[15]</a> <a href="/wiki/Molecular_phylogenetics" title="Molecular phylogenetics">Molecular phylogenetic</a> studies have shown that the family Strigopidae is <a href="/wiki/Basal_(phylogenetics)" title="Basal (phylogenetics)">basal</a> to the other three parrot families in the order <a href="/wiki/Psittaciformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Psittaciformes">Psittaciformes</a> and diverged from them 33–44 million years ago. The common ancestor of the kākāpō and the two Nestor species diverged 27–40 million years ago.<a href="#cite_note-smith-24">[24]</a> Earlier <a href="/wiki/Ornithologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Ornithologist">ornithologists</a> felt that the kākāpō might be related to the <a href="/wiki/Pezoporus" title="Pezoporus">ground parrots</a> and <a href="/wiki/Night_parrot" title="Night parrot">night parrot</a> of Australia due to their similar colouration, but this is contradicted by molecular studies;<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> rather, the <a href="/wiki/Crypsis" title="Crypsis">cryptic</a> colour seems to be <a href="/wiki/Adaptation" title="Adaptation">adaptation</a> to terrestrial habits that evolved twice <a href="/wiki/Convergent_evolution" title="Convergent evolution">convergently</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Leeton-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C4%81k%C4%81p%C5%8D&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Description">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Strigops_habroptilus_1-1c.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Strigops_habroptilus_1-1c.jpg/220px-Strigops_habroptilus_1-1c.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Strigops_habroptilus_1-1c.jpg/330px-Strigops_habroptilus_1-1c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Strigops_habroptilus_1-1c.jpg/440px-Strigops_habroptilus_1-1c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="566" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>A year-old kākāpō on <a href="/wiki/Codfish_Island_/_Whenua_Hou" title="Codfish Island / Whenua Hou">Codfish Island / Whenua Hou</a>.</figcaption></figure> The kākāpō is a large, rotund parrot. Adults can measure from 58 to 64 cm (23 to 25 in) in length with a wingspan of 82 cm (32 in). Males are significantly heavier than females with an average weight of 2 kg (4.4 lb) compared with just 1.5 kg (3.3 lb) for females.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHiggins1999633-27">[27]</a> Kākāpō are the heaviest living species of parrot and on average weigh about 400 g (14 oz) more than the largest flying parrot, the <a href="/wiki/Hyacinth_macaw" title="Hyacinth macaw">hyacinth macaw</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hbw-28">[28]</a> The kākāpō cannot fly, having relatively short wings for its size and lacking the <a href="/wiki/Keel_(bird_anatomy)" title="Keel (bird anatomy)">keel</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Sternum" title="Sternum">sternum</a> (breastbone), where the flight muscles of other birds attach.<a href="#cite_note-Powlesland2006-5">[5]</a> It uses its wings for balance and to break its fall when leaping from trees. Unlike many other land birds, the kākāpō can accumulate large amounts of body fat.<a href="#cite_note-Powlesland2006-5">[5]</a> The upper parts of the kākāpō have yellowish moss-green feathers barred or mottled with black or dark brownish grey, blending well with native vegetation. Individuals may have strongly varying degrees of mottling and colour tone and intensity – museum specimens show that some birds had completely yellow colouring. The breast and flank are yellowish-green streaked with yellow. The belly, undertail, neck, and face are predominantly yellowish streaked with pale green and weakly mottled with brownish-grey. Because the feathers do not need the strength and stiffness required for flight, they are exceptionally soft, giving rise to the <a href="/wiki/Specific_name_(zoology)" title="Specific name (zoology)">specific epithet</a> habroptila. The kākāpō has a conspicuous facial disc of fine feathers resembling the face of an owl; thus, early European settlers called it the "owl parrot". The beak is surrounded by delicate feathers which resemble <a href="/wiki/Whiskers" title="Whiskers">vibrissae</a> or "whiskers"; it is possible kākāpō use these to sense the ground as they walk with its head lowered, but there is no evidence for this. The mandible is variable in colour, mostly ivory, with the upper part often bluish-grey. The eyes are dark brown. Kākāpō feet are large, scaly, and, as in all parrots, <a href="/wiki/Dactyly" title="Dactyly">zygodactyl</a> (two toes face forward and two backward). The pronounced claws are particularly useful for climbing. The ends of the tail feathers often become worn from being continually dragged on the ground.<a href="#cite_note-Powlesland2006-5">[5]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:K%C4%81k%C4%81p%C5%8D_head.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/K%C4%81k%C4%81p%C5%8D_head.jpg/220px-K%C4%81k%C4%81p%C5%8D_head.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/K%C4%81k%C4%81p%C5%8D_head.jpg/330px-K%C4%81k%C4%81p%C5%8D_head.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/K%C4%81k%C4%81p%C5%8D_head.jpg/440px-K%C4%81k%C4%81p%C5%8D_head.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>The "whiskers" around the beak</figcaption></figure> Females are easily distinguished from males as they have a narrower and less domed head, narrower and proportionally longer beak, smaller <a href="/wiki/Beak#Cere" title="Beak">cere</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beak#Nares" title="Beak">nostrils</a>, more slender and pinkish grey legs and feet, and proportionally longer tail. While their plumage colour is not very different from that of the male, the toning is more subtle, with less yellow and mottling. Nesting females also have a <a href="/wiki/Brood_patch" title="Brood patch">brood patch</a> of bare skin on the belly.<a href="#cite_note-Powlesland2006-5">[5]</a> The kākāpō's <a href="/wiki/Altriciality" class="mw-redirect" title="Altriciality">altricial</a> young are first covered with greyish white down, through which their pink skin can be easily seen. They become fully feathered at approximately 70 days old. Juvenile individuals tend to have duller green colouration, more uniform black barring, and less yellow present in their feathers. They are additionally distinguishable because of their shorter tails, wings, and beaks. At this stage, they have a ring of short feathers surrounding their irises that resembles eyelashes.<a href="#cite_note-Powlesland2006-5">[5]</a> Like many other parrots, kākāpō have a variety of calls. As well as the booms (see <a href="#Breeding">below</a> for a recording) and chings of their mating calls, they will often loudly skraark.<a href="#cite_note-CloseUp-29">[29]</a> The kākāpō has a well-developed <a href="/wiki/Olfaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Olfaction">sense of smell</a>, which complements its nocturnal lifestyle.<a href="#cite_note-Hagelin04-30">[30]</a> It can distinguish between odours while foraging, a behaviour reported in only one other parrot species.<a href="#cite_note-Hagelin04-30">[30]</a> The kākāpō has a large olfactory bulb ratio (longest diameter of the olfactory bulb/longest diameter of the brain) indicating that it does, indeed, have a more developed sense of smell than other parrots.<a href="#cite_note-Hagelin04-30">[30]</a> One of the most striking characteristics of the kākāpō is its distinct musty-sweet odour.<a href="#cite_note-CloseUp-29">[29]</a> The smell often alerts predators to the presence of kākāpō.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> As a nocturnal species, the kākāpō has adapted its senses to living in darkness. Its <a href="/wiki/Optic_tectum" class="mw-redirect" title="Optic tectum">optic tectum</a>, nucleus rotundus, and <a href="/wiki/Avian_pallium" title="Avian pallium">entopallium</a> are smaller in relation to its overall brain size than those of diurnal parrots. Its retina shares some qualities with that of other nocturnal birds but also has some qualities typical of diurnal birds, lending to best function around twilight. These modifications allow the kākāpō to have enhanced light sensitivity but with poor visual acuity.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internal_anatomy">Internal anatomy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C4%81k%C4%81p%C5%8D&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Internal anatomy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Strigops_habroptilus_(AM_LB299).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Strigops_habroptilus_%28AM_LB299%29.jpg/170px-Strigops_habroptilus_%28AM_LB299%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Strigops_habroptilus_%28AM_LB299%29.jpg/255px-Strigops_habroptilus_%28AM_LB299%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Strigops_habroptilus_%28AM_LB299%29.jpg/340px-Strigops_habroptilus_%28AM_LB299%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3872" /></a><figcaption>Skeleton</figcaption></figure> The skeleton of the kākāpō differs from other parrots in several features associated with flightlessness. Firstly, it has the smallest relative wing size of any parrot. Its wing feathers are shorter, more rounded, less asymmetrical, and have fewer distal barbules to lock the feathers together. The sternum is small and has a low, <a href="/wiki/Vestigial" class="mw-redirect" title="Vestigial">vestigial</a> keel and a shortened spina externa. As in other flightless birds and some flighted parrots, the <a href="/wiki/Furcula" title="Furcula">furcula</a> is not fused but consists of a pair of <a href="/wiki/Clavicles" class="mw-redirect" title="Clavicles">clavicles</a> lying in contact with each <a href="/wiki/Coracoid" title="Coracoid">coracoid</a>. As in other flightless birds, the angle between the coracoid and sternum is enlarged. The kākāpō has a larger pelvis than other parrots. The proximal bones of the leg and wing are disproportionately long and the distal elements are disproportionately short.<a href="#cite_note-Livezey1992-33">[33]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Pectoralis_major_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Pectoralis major muscle">pectoral</a> musculature of the kākāpō is also modified by flightlessness. The pectoralis and <a href="/wiki/Supracoracoideus" class="mw-redirect" title="Supracoracoideus">supracoracoideus</a> muscles are greatly reduced. The propatagialis tendo longus has no distinct muscle belly. The sternocoracoideus is tendinous. There is an extensive cucularis capitis clavicularis muscle that is associated with the large <a href="/wiki/Crop_(anatomy)" title="Crop (anatomy)">crop</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Livezey1992-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genetics">Genetics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C4%81k%C4%81p%C5%8D&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Genetics">edit</a>]</div> Because kākāpō passed through a <a href="/wiki/Population_bottleneck" title="Population bottleneck">genetic bottleneck</a>, in which their world population was reduced to 49 birds, they are extremely inbred and have low genetic diversity. This manifests in lower disease resistance and in fertility problems: 61% of kākāpō eggs fail to hatch.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Beginning in 2015, the Kākāpō 125+ project has sequenced the <a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">genome</a> of all living kākāpō, as well as some museum specimens.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> The project is a collaboration led by Genomics Aotearoa and a collaboration with a team of international collaborators.<a href="#cite_note-White20160-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> A <a href="/wiki/DNA_sequencing" title="DNA sequencing">DNA sequence analysis</a> was performed on 35 kākāpō genomes of the surviving descendants of an isolated island population, and on 14 genomes, mainly from museum specimens, of the now extinct mainland population.<a href="#cite_note-Dussex2021-38">[38]</a> An analysis of the long-term genetic impact of small population size indicated that the small island kākāpō population had a reduced number of harmful <a href="/wiki/Mutation" title="Mutation">mutations</a> compared to the number in mainland individuals.<a href="#cite_note-Dussex2021-38">[38]</a> It was hypothesized that the reduced mutational load of the island population was due to a combination of <a href="/wiki/Genetic_drift" title="Genetic drift">genetic drift</a> and the purging of deleterious mutations through increased <a href="/wiki/Inbreeding" title="Inbreeding">inbreeding</a> and <a href="/wiki/Negative_selection_(natural_selection)" title="Negative selection (natural selection)">purifying selection</a> that occurred since the isolation of this population from the mainland about 10,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-Dussex2021-38">[38]</a> Purging of deleterious mutations occurs when there is selection against recessive or partially recessive detrimental <a href="/wiki/Allele" title="Allele">alleles</a> as they are expressed in the <a href="/wiki/Zygosity" title="Zygosity">homozygous state</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dussex2021-38">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Habitat">Habitat</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C4%81k%C4%81p%C5%8D&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Habitat">edit</a>]</div> Before the arrival of humans, the kākāpō was distributed throughout both main islands of New Zealand. Although it may have inhabited <a href="/wiki/Stewart_Island_/_Rakiura" class="mw-redirect" title="Stewart Island / Rakiura">Stewart Island / Rakiura</a> before human arrival, it has not been found in the extensive fossil collections from there.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Kākāpō lived in a variety of habitats, including <a href="/wiki/Tussock_grass" title="Tussock grass">tussocklands</a>, scrublands and coastal areas. It also inhabited forests dominated by <a href="/wiki/Podocarpaceae" title="Podocarpaceae">podocarps</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dacrydium_cupressinum" title="Dacrydium cupressinum">rimu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prumnopitys_taxifolia" title="Prumnopitys taxifolia">mataī</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dacrycarpus_dacrydioides" title="Dacrycarpus dacrydioides">kahikatea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Podocarpus_totara" title="Podocarpus totara">tōtara</a>), <a href="/wiki/Nothofagus" title="Nothofagus">beeches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tawa_(tree)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tawa (tree)">tawa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Metrosideros_umbellata" title="Metrosideros umbellata">rātā</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Fiordland" title="Fiordland">Fiordland</a>, areas of avalanche and slip debris with regenerating and heavily fruiting vegetation – such as <a href="/wiki/Neopanax_arboreus" class="mw-redirect" title="Neopanax arboreus">five finger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aristotelia_serrata" title="Aristotelia serrata">wineberry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bush_lawyer_(plant)" title="Bush lawyer (plant)">bush lawyer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tutu_(plant)" title="Tutu (plant)">tutu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hebe_(plant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebe (plant)">hebes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Coprosma" title="Coprosma">coprosmas</a> – became known as "kākāpō gardens".<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> The kākāpō is considered to be a "habitat generalist".<a href="#cite_note-Powlesland2006-5">[5]</a> Though they are now confined to islands free of predation, they were once able to live in nearly any climate present on the islands of New Zealand. They survived dry, hot summers on the North Island as well as cold winter temperatures in the sub-alpine areas of Fiordland. Kākāpō seem to have preferred broadleaf or <a href="/wiki/Nothofagus_solandri_var._cliffortioides" class="mw-redirect" title="Nothofagus solandri var. cliffortioides">mountain beech</a> and <a href="/wiki/Podocarpus_laetus" title="Podocarpus laetus">Hall's tōtara</a> forest with mild winters and high rainfall, but the species was not exclusively forest-dwelling.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology_and_behaviour">Ecology and behaviour</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C4%81k%C4%81p%C5%8D&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ecology and behaviour">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kakapohist.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Kakapohist.svg/220px-Kakapohist.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Kakapohist.svg/330px-Kakapohist.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Kakapohist.svg/440px-Kakapohist.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="534" data-file-height="619" /></a><figcaption>Historic distribution of the kākāpō: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  Maximum distribution since 1840</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Fossil evidence</div></figcaption></figure> The kākāpō is primarily nocturnal; it roosts under cover in trees or on the ground during the day and moves around its territories at night.<a href="#cite_note-Best1984-4">[4]</a> Though the kākāpō cannot fly, it is an excellent climber, ascending to the crowns of the tallest trees. It can also "parachute" – descending by leaping and spreading its wings. In this way it may travel a few metres at an angle of less than 45 degrees.<a href="#cite_note-Powlesland2006-5">[5]</a> With only 3.3% of its mass made up of pectoral muscle, it is no surprise that the kākāpō cannot use its wings to lift its heavy body off the ground. Because of its flightlessness, it has very low metabolic demands in comparison to flighted birds. It is able to survive easily on very little or on very low quality food sources. Unlike most other bird species, the kākāpō is entirely herbivorous, feeding on fruits, seeds, leaves, stems, and rhizomes. When foraging, kākāpō tend to leave crescent-shaped wads of fiber in the vegetation behind them, called "browse signs".<a href="#cite_note-Atkinson20060-42">[42]</a> Having lost the ability to fly, it has developed strong legs. <a href="/wiki/Animal_locomotion" title="Animal locomotion">Locomotion</a> is often by way of a rapid "jog-like" gait by which it can move several kilometres.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHiggins1999637-43">[43]</a> A female has been observed making two return trips each night during nesting from her nest to a food source up to 1 km (0.6 mi) away<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> and the male may walk from its home range to a mating arena up to 5 km (3 mi) away during the mating season (October–January).<a href="#cite_note-Best1985-45">[45]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kakapo_Trevor_feeding_on_poroporo_fruit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Kakapo_Trevor_feeding_on_poroporo_fruit.jpg/220px-Kakapo_Trevor_feeding_on_poroporo_fruit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Kakapo_Trevor_feeding_on_poroporo_fruit.jpg/330px-Kakapo_Trevor_feeding_on_poroporo_fruit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Kakapo_Trevor_feeding_on_poroporo_fruit.jpg/440px-Kakapo_Trevor_feeding_on_poroporo_fruit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="807" data-file-height="538" /></a><figcaption>Individual nicknamed Trevor feeding on <a href="/wiki/Poroporo" class="mw-redirect" title="Poroporo">poroporo</a> fruits, Maud Island</figcaption></figure> Young birds indulge in play fighting, and one bird will often lock the neck of another under its chin.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> The kākāpō is curious by nature and has been known to interact with humans. Conservation staff and volunteers have engaged extensively with some kākāpō, which have distinct personalities.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Despite this, kākāpō are solitary birds.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> The kākāpō was a very successful species in pre-human New Zealand, and was well adapted to avoid the birds of prey which were their only predators. As well as the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_falcon" title="New Zealand falcon">New Zealand falcon</a>, there were two other birds of prey in pre-human New Zealand: <a href="/wiki/Haast%27s_eagle" title="Haast's eagle">Haast's eagle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eyles%27_harrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Eyles' harrier">Eyles' harrier</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GOG-49">[49]</a> All these <a href="/wiki/Bird_of_prey" title="Bird of prey">raptors</a> soared overhead searching for prey in daylight, and to avoid them the kākāpō evolved camouflaged plumage and became nocturnal. When a kākāpō feels threatened, it freezes, so that it is more effectively camouflaged in the vegetation its plumage resembles. Kākāpō were not entirely safe at night, when the <a href="/wiki/Laughing_owl" title="Laughing owl">laughing owl</a> was active, and it is apparent from owl nest deposits on Canterbury limestone cliffs that kākāpō were among their prey.<a href="#cite_note-LWOTM-50">[50]</a> Kākāpō defensive adaptations were no use, however, against the mammalian predators introduced to New Zealand by humans. Birds hunt very differently from mammals, relying on their powerful vision to find prey, and thus they usually hunt by day.<a href="#cite_note-GOG-49">[49]</a> Mammalian predators, in contrast to birds, often hunt by night, and rely on their sense of smell and hearing to find prey; a common way for humans to hunt kākāpō was by releasing trained dogs.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-GOG-49">[49]</a> The kākāpō's adaptations to avoid avian predation have thus been useless against its new enemies, and the reason for its massive decline since the introduction of dogs, cats and <a href="/wiki/Mustelidae" title="Mustelidae">mustelids</a> (see <a href="#Human_impact">Conservation: Human impact</a>).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Breeding">Breeding</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C4%81k%C4%81p%C5%8D&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Breeding">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kakapo_egg_hatching.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Kakapo_egg_hatching.jpg/220px-Kakapo_egg_hatching.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Kakapo_egg_hatching.jpg/330px-Kakapo_egg_hatching.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Kakapo_egg_hatching.jpg/440px-Kakapo_egg_hatching.jpg 2x" data-file-width="766" data-file-height="508" /></a><figcaption>Hatching kākāpō egg</figcaption></figure> Kākāpō are the only flightless bird that has a <a href="/wiki/Lek_(mating_arena)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lek (mating arena)">lek</a> breeding system.<a href="#cite_note-CFGNZW-52">[52]</a> Males loosely gather in an arena and compete with each other to attract females. Females listen to the males as they display, or "lek".<a href="#cite_note-Merton77-53">[53]</a> They choose a mate based on the quality of his display; they are not pursued by the males in any overt way. No pair bond is formed; males and females meet only to mate.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> During the courting season, males leave their home ranges for hilltops and ridges where they establish their own mating courts. These leks can be up to 5 kilometres (3 mi) from a kākāpō's usual territory and are an average of 50 metres (160 ft) apart within the lek arena. Males remain in the region of their court throughout the courting season. At the start of the breeding season, males will fight to try to secure the best courts. They confront each other with raised feathers, spread wings, open beaks, raised claws and loud screeching and growling. Fighting may leave birds with injuries or even kill them. Mating occurs only approximately every five years, with the ripening of the <a href="/wiki/Rimu" class="mw-redirect" title="Rimu">rimu</a> fruit. In mating years, males may make "booming" calls for 6–8 hours every night for more than four months.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="18" data-mwtitle="051226-kakapo-billbooming.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:051226-kakapo-billbooming.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ee/051226-kakapo-billbooming.ogg/051226-kakapo-billbooming.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/051226-kakapo-billbooming.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio><figcaption>The sound of a kākāpō booming</figcaption></figure> Each court consists of one or more saucer-shaped depressions or "bowls" dug in the ground by the male, up to 10 centimetres (4 in) deep and long enough to fit the half-metre length of the bird. The kākāpō is one of only a handful of birds in the world which actually constructs its leks.<a href="#cite_note-CFGNZW-52">[52]</a> Bowls are often created next to rock faces, banks, or tree trunks to help reflect sound:<a href="#cite_note-Merton1984-56">[56]</a> the bowls themselves function as amplifiers to enhance the projection of the males' booming mating calls.<a href="#cite_note-CFGNZW-52">[52]</a> Each male's bowls are connected by a network of trails or tracks which may extend 50 metres (160 ft) along a ridge or 20 metres (70 ft) in diameter around a hilltop. Males meticulously clear their bowls and tracks of debris.<a href="#cite_note-Merton1984-56">[56]</a> To attract females, males make loud, low-frequency (below 100 <a href="/wiki/Hertz" title="Hertz">Hz</a>) booming calls from their bowls by inflating a <a href="/wiki/Thorax" title="Thorax">thoracic</a> sac.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHiggins1999639,_641-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cockrem2002-58">[58]</a> They start with low grunts, which increase in volume as the sac inflates. After a sequence of about 20 loud booms, the male kākāpō emits a high-frequency, metallic "ching" sound.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> He stands for a short while before again lowering his head, inflating his chest and starting another sequence of booms. The booms can be heard at least 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) away on a still night; wind can carry the sound at least 5 kilometres (3.1 mi).<a href="#cite_note-Merton1984-56">[56]</a> Males boom for an average of eight hours a night; each male may produce thousands of booms in this time. This may continue every night for three or four months during which time the male may lose half his body weight. Each male moves around the bowls in his court so that the booms are sent out in different directions. These booms are also notorious for attracting predators, because of the long range at which they can be heard.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Females are attracted by the booms of the competing males; they too may need to walk several kilometres from their territories to the arena. Once a female enters the court of one of the males, the male performs a display in which he rocks from side to side and makes clicking noises with his beak.<a href="#cite_note-Powlesland2006-5">[5]</a> He turns his back to the female, spreads his wings in display and walks backwards towards her. He will then attempt copulation for 40 minutes or more.<a href="#cite_note-Ballance20180-60">[60]</a> Once the birds have mated, the female returns to her home territory to lay eggs and raise the chicks. The male continues booming in the hope of attracting another female.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHiggins1999638-61">[61]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kakapo_chicks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Kakapo_chicks.jpg/220px-Kakapo_chicks.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Kakapo_chicks.jpg/330px-Kakapo_chicks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Kakapo_chicks.jpg/440px-Kakapo_chicks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="573" data-file-height="412" /></a><figcaption>Hatchlings</figcaption></figure> The female kākāpō lays 1–4 eggs per breeding cycle, with several days between eggs.<a href="#cite_note-Cockrem2002-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ballance20180-60">[60]</a> The nest is placed on the ground under the cover of plants or in cavities such as hollow tree trunks. The female incubates the eggs beginning after the first egg is laid, but is forced to leave the nest every night in search of food. Predators are known to eat the eggs, and the embryos inside can also die of cold in the mother's absence. Kākāpō eggs usually hatch within 30 days,<a href="#cite_note-Easton2006-62">[62]</a> bearing fluffy grey chicks that are quite helpless. The female feeds the chicks for three months, and the chicks remain with the female for some months after <a href="/wiki/Fledge" title="Fledge">fledging</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cockrem2002-58">[58]</a> The young chicks are just as vulnerable to predators as the eggs, and young have been killed by many of the same predators that attack adults. Chicks leave the nest at approximately 10 to 12 weeks of age. As they gain greater independence, their mothers may feed the chicks sporadically for up to 3 months.<a href="#cite_note-Powlesland2006-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHiggins1999643-63">[63]</a> The kākāpō is long-lived, with an average life expectancy of 60 (plus or minus 20) years, and tends to reach adolescence before it starts breeding.<a href="#cite_note-Ballance20180-60">[60]</a> Males start booming at about 5 years of age.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHiggins1999640-64">[64]</a> It was thought that females reached <a href="/wiki/Sexual_maturity" title="Sexual maturity">sexual maturity</a> at 9 years of age, but four five-year-old females have now been recorded reproducing.<a href="#cite_note-Easton2006-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ballance20180-60">[60]</a> The kākāpō does not breed every year and has one of the lowest rates of reproduction among birds. Breeding occurs only in years when trees mast (fruit heavily), providing a plentiful food supply. Rimu mast occurs only every three to five years, so in rimu-dominant forests, such as those on Whenua Hou, kākāpō breeding occurs as infrequently.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Another aspect of the kākāpō's breeding system is that a female can alter the sex ratio of her offspring depending on her condition. A female in good condition produces more male offspring (males have 30%–40% more body weight than females).<a href="#cite_note-Powlesland2006-5">[5]</a> Females produce offspring biased towards the dispersive sex when competition for resources (such as food) is high and towards the non-dispersive sex when food is plentiful. A female kākāpō will likely be able to produce eggs even when there are few resources, while a male kākāpō will be more capable of perpetuating the species when there are plenty, by mating with several females.<a href="#cite_note-berkeley_kakapo_reproduction-66">[66]</a> This supports the <a href="/wiki/Trivers%E2%80%93Willard_hypothesis" title="Trivers–Willard hypothesis">Trivers–Willard hypothesis</a>. The relationship between clutch sex ratio and maternal diet has conservation implications, because a captive population maintained on a high quality diet will produce fewer females and therefore fewer individuals valuable to the recovery of the species.<a href="#cite_note-sutherland-sciencesexkakapo-67">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Feeding">Feeding</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C4%81k%C4%81p%C5%8D&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Feeding">edit</a>]</div> The beak of the kākāpō is adapted for grinding food finely. For this reason, the kākāpō has a very small <a href="/wiki/Gizzard" title="Gizzard">gizzard</a> compared to other birds of their size. It is entirely <a href="/wiki/Herbivore" title="Herbivore">herbivorous</a>, eating native plants, seeds, fruits, pollen, fungi and even the sapwood of trees.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> A study in 1984 identified 25 plant species as kākāpō food.<a href="#cite_note-Best1984-4">[4]</a> It is specifically fond of the fruit of the <a href="/wiki/Rimu" class="mw-redirect" title="Rimu">rimu</a> tree, and will feed on it exclusively during seasons when it is abundant. The kākāpō strips out the nutritious parts of the plant out with its beak, leaving a ball of indigestible fibre. These little clumps of plant fibres are a distinctive sign of the presence of the bird.<a href="#cite_note-Atkinson20060-42">[42]</a> The kākāpō is believed to employ bacteria in the fore-gut to ferment and help digest plant matter.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Kākāpō diet changes according to the season. The plants eaten most frequently during the year include some species of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lycopodium_ramulosum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lycopodium ramulosum (page does not exist)">Lycopodium ramulosum</a>, Lycopodium fastigium, Schizaea fistulosa, Blechnum minus, Blechnum procerum, Cyathodes juniperina, Dracophyllum longifolium, Olearia colensoi and Thelymitra venosa. Individual plants of the same species are often treated differently. Kākāpō may forage heavily in certain areas, leaving, on occasion, more than 30 droppings and conspicuous evidence of herbivory.<a href="#cite_note-Best1984-4">[4]</a> These areas, which are mostly dominated by <a href="/wiki/Leptospermum_scoparium" title="Leptospermum scoparium">mānuka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lepidothamnus_intermedius" title="Lepidothamnus intermedius">yellow silver pine</a>, range from 100 – 5,000 sq. metres (1,076 – 53,820 sq. feet) per individual.<a href="#cite_note-Best1984-4">[4]</a> Preserved <a href="/wiki/Coprolite" title="Coprolite">coprolites</a> of kākāpō have been studied to obtain information on the historic diet of the bird. This research has identified 67 native plant genera previously unrecorded as food sources for kākāpō including native mistletoes as well as <a href="/wiki/Dactylanthus_taylorii" title="Dactylanthus taylorii">Dactylanthus taylorii</a>.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conservation">Conservation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C4%81k%C4%81p%C5%8D&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Conservation">edit</a>]</div> Fossil records indicate that in pre-Polynesian times, the kākāpō was New Zealand's third most common bird<a href="#cite_note-GOG-49">[49]</a> and it was widespread on all three main islands. However, the kākāpō population in New Zealand has declined massively since human settlement of the country, and its conservation status as ranked by the Department of Conservation continues to be "Nationally Critical".<a href="#cite_note-NZTCS-2">[2]</a> Since the 1890s, conservation efforts have been made to prevent extinction. The most successful scheme has been the Kākāpō Recovery Programme; this was implemented in 1995 and continues to this day.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Kākāpō are absolutely protected under New Zealand's <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_Act_1953" title="Wildlife Act 1953">Wildlife Act 1953</a>.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> The species is also listed under Appendix I of the <a href="/wiki/CITES" title="CITES">Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)</a> meaning international export/import (including parts and derivatives) is regulated.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_impact">Human impact</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C4%81k%C4%81p%C5%8D&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Human impact">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Naturhistorisches_Museum,_Kakapo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Naturhistorisches_Museum%2C_Kakapo.jpg/220px-Naturhistorisches_Museum%2C_Kakapo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Naturhistorisches_Museum%2C_Kakapo.jpg/330px-Naturhistorisches_Museum%2C_Kakapo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Naturhistorisches_Museum%2C_Kakapo.jpg/440px-Naturhistorisches_Museum%2C_Kakapo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Zoological_specimen" title="Zoological specimen">Specimens</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Vienna_Museum_of_Natural_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Vienna Museum of Natural History">Vienna Museum of Natural History</a>: thousands of kākāpō were collected for museums across the world.</figcaption></figure> The first factor in the decline of the kākāpō was the arrival of humans. <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_mythology" title="Māori mythology">Māori folklore</a> suggests that the kākāpō was found throughout the country when the <a href="/wiki/Polynesians" title="Polynesians">Polynesians</a> first arrived in <a href="/wiki/Aotearoa" title="Aotearoa">Aotearoa</a> 700 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-Tipa2006-74">[74]</a> <a href="/wiki/Subfossil" class="mw-redirect" title="Subfossil">Subfossil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Midden" title="Midden">midden</a> deposits show that the bird was present throughout the North and South Island before and during early Māori times.<a href="#cite_note-FGNZB-75">[75]</a> Māori hunted the kākāpō for food and for their skins and feathers, which were made into <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_traditional_textiles" title="Māori traditional textiles">cloaks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Tipa2006-74">[74]</a> Due to its inability to fly, strong scent and habit of freezing when threatened, the kākāpō was easy prey for the Māori and their dogs. Its eggs and chicks were also preyed upon by the <a href="/wiki/Polynesian_rat" title="Polynesian rat">Polynesian rat</a> or kiore, which the Māori brought to New Zealand as a stowaway.<a href="#cite_note-Merton77-53">[53]</a> Furthermore, the deliberate clearing of vegetation by Māori reduced the habitable range for kākāpō. Although the kākāpō was extinct in many parts of the islands by the time Europeans arrived,<a href="#cite_note-Williams1956-76">[76]</a> including the <a href="/wiki/Tararua_Ranges" class="mw-redirect" title="Tararua Ranges">Tararua</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aorangi_Range" title="Aorangi Range">Aorangi Ranges</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FLM-77">[77]</a> it was locally abundant in parts of New Zealand, such as the central North Island and forested parts of the South Island.<a href="#cite_note-FGNZB-75">[75]</a> Although kākāpō numbers were reduced by Māori settlement, they declined much more rapidly after European colonisation.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Beginning in the 1840s, <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81keh%C4%81" title="Pākehā">Pākehā</a> settlers <a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_New_Zealand#European_settlement" title="Deforestation in New Zealand">cleared vast tracts of land</a> for farming and grazing, further reducing kākāpō habitat. They brought more dogs and other mammalian predators, including domestic cats, black rats and <a href="/wiki/Stoats_in_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Stoats in New Zealand">stoats</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sutherland2002-79">[79]</a> Europeans knew little of the kākāpō until Gray described it from a skin in 1845. As the Māori had done, early European explorers and their dogs ate kākāpō. In the late 19th century, the kākāpō became well known as a scientific curiosity, and thousands were captured or killed for zoos, museums and collectors. Most captured specimens died within months. From at least the 1870s, collectors knew the kākāpō population was declining; their prime concern was to collect as many as possible before the bird became extinct.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In the 1880s, large numbers of mustelids (stoats, ferrets and weasels) were released in New Zealand to reduce rabbit numbers,<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> but they also preyed heavily on many native species including the kākāpō. Other browsing animals, such as introduced deer, competed with the kākāpō for food, and caused the extinction of some of its preferred plant species. The kākāpō was reportedly still present near the head of the <a href="/wiki/Whanganui_River" title="Whanganui River">Whanganui River</a> as late as 1894, with one of the last records of a kākāpō in the North Island being a single bird caught in the <a href="/wiki/Kaimanawa_Range" title="Kaimanawa Range">Kaimanawa Ranges</a> by Te Kepa Puawheawhe in 1895.<a href="#cite_note-FLM-77">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_protection_efforts">Early protection efforts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C4%81k%C4%81p%C5%8D&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Early protection efforts">edit</a>]</div> In 1891, the New Zealand government set aside <a href="/wiki/Resolution_Island_(New_Zealand)" title="Resolution Island (New Zealand)">Resolution Island</a> in Fiordland as a nature reserve. In 1894, the government appointed <a href="/wiki/Richard_Treacy_Henry" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Treacy Henry">Richard Henry</a> as caretaker. A keen naturalist, Henry was aware that native birds were declining, and began catching and moving kākāpō and <a href="/wiki/Kiwi_(bird)" title="Kiwi (bird)">kiwi</a> from the mainland to the predator-free Resolution Island. In six years, he moved more than 200 kākāpō to Resolution Island. By 1900, however, <a href="/wiki/Stoat" title="Stoat">stoats</a> had swum to Resolution Island and colonised it; they wiped out the nascent kākāpō population within 6 years.<a href="#cite_note-Hill1987-81">[81]</a> In 1903, three kākāpō were moved from Resolution Island to the nature reserve of <a href="/wiki/Little_Barrier_Island" title="Little Barrier Island">Little Barrier Island</a> (Hauturu-o-Toi) north-east of <a href="/wiki/Auckland" title="Auckland">Auckland</a>, but <a href="/wiki/Feral_cats" class="mw-redirect" title="Feral cats">feral cats</a> were present and the kākāpō were never seen again. In 1912, three kākāpō were moved to another reserve, <a href="/wiki/Kapiti_Island" title="Kapiti Island">Kapiti Island</a>, north-west of <a href="/wiki/Wellington" title="Wellington">Wellington</a>. One of them survived until at least 1936, despite the presence of feral cats for part of the intervening period.<a href="#cite_note-Hill1987-81">[81]</a> By the 1920s, the kākāpō was extinct in the <a href="/wiki/North_Island" title="North Island">North Island</a> and its range and numbers in the South Island were declining.<a href="#cite_note-Williams1956-76">[76]</a> One of its last refuges was rugged Fiordland. There, during the 1930s, it was often seen or heard, and occasionally eaten, by hunters or roadworkers. By the 1940s, reports of kākāpō were becoming scarce.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1950–1989_conservation_efforts">1950–1989 conservation efforts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C4%81k%C4%81p%C5%8D&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 1950–1989 conservation efforts">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Milford_Sound_and_Sinbad_Gully_-New_Zealand-9Jan2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Milford_Sound_and_Sinbad_Gully_-New_Zealand-9Jan2009.jpg/220px-Milford_Sound_and_Sinbad_Gully_-New_Zealand-9Jan2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Milford_Sound_and_Sinbad_Gully_-New_Zealand-9Jan2009.jpg/330px-Milford_Sound_and_Sinbad_Gully_-New_Zealand-9Jan2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Milford_Sound_and_Sinbad_Gully_-New_Zealand-9Jan2009.jpg/440px-Milford_Sound_and_Sinbad_Gully_-New_Zealand-9Jan2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Sinbad Gully in Fiordland, seen between the mountains on the far side of a <a href="/wiki/Fiord" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiord">fiord</a>, was one of the last strongholds of the kākāpō on mainland New Zealand.<a href="#cite_note-LCTSee-2009-82">[82]</a></figcaption></figure> In the 1950s, the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Wildlife_Service" title="New Zealand Wildlife Service">New Zealand Wildlife Service</a> was established and began making regular expeditions to search for the kākāpō, mostly in Fiordland and what is now the <a href="/wiki/Kahurangi_National_Park" title="Kahurangi National Park">Kahurangi National Park</a> in the northwest of the South Island. Seven Fiordland expeditions between 1951 and 1956 found only a few recent signs. Finally, in 1958 a kākāpō was caught and released in the <a href="/wiki/Milford_Sound_/_Piopiotahi" class="mw-redirect" title="Milford Sound / Piopiotahi">Milford Sound / Piopiotahi</a> catchment area in Fiordland. Six more kākāpō were captured in 1961; one was released and the other five were transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Aviary" title="Aviary">aviaries</a> of the Mount Bruce Bird Reserve near <a href="/wiki/Masterton" title="Masterton">Masterton</a> in the North Island. Within months, four of the birds had died and the fifth died after about four years. In the next 12 years, regular expeditions found few signs of the kākāpō, indicating that numbers were continuing to decline. Only one bird was captured in 1967; it died the following year.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> By the early 1970s, it was uncertain whether the kākāpō was still an extant species. At the end of 1974, scientists located several more male kākāpō and made the first scientific observations of kākāpō booming. These observations led <a href="/wiki/Don_Merton" title="Don Merton">Don Merton</a> to speculate for the first time that the kākāpō had a <a href="/wiki/Lek_(mating_arena)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lek (mating arena)">lek</a> breeding system.<a href="#cite_note-Merton77-53">[53]</a> From 1974 to 1978 a total of 18 kākāpō were discovered in Fiordland, but all were males. This raised the possibility that the species would become extinct, because there might be no surviving females. One male bird was captured in the Milford area in 1975, christened "Richard Henry", and transferred to <a href="/wiki/Maud_Island" title="Maud Island">Maud Island</a>. All the birds the Wildlife Service discovered from 1951 to 1976 were in U-shaped <a href="/wiki/Glaciated_valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Glaciated valley">glaciated valleys</a> flanked by almost-vertical cliffs and surrounded by high mountains. Such extreme terrain had slowed colonisation by browsing mammals, leaving islands of virtually unmodified native vegetation. However, even here, stoats were present and by 1976 the kākāpō was gone from the valley floors and only a few males survived high on the most inaccessible parts of the cliffs.<a href="#cite_note-Powlesland2006-5">[5]</a> Before 1977, no expedition had been to Stewart Island to search for the bird. In 1977, sightings of kākāpō were reported on the island.<a href="#cite_note-Powlesland2006-5">[5]</a> An expedition to Rakiura found a track and bowl system on its first day; soon after, it located several dozen kākāpō. The finding in an eight-thousand-hectare (twenty-thousand-acre) area of fire-modified <a href="/wiki/Scrubland" class="mw-redirect" title="Scrubland">scrubland</a> and forest raised hope that the population would include females. The total population was estimated at 100 to 200 birds.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mustelid" class="mw-redirect" title="Mustelid">Mustelids</a> have never colonised Stewart Island, but feral cats were present. During a survey, it was apparent that cats killed kākāpō at a rate of 56% per year.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> At this rate, the birds could not survive on the island and therefore an intensive cat control was introduced in 1982, after which no cat-killed kākāpō were found.<a href="#cite_note-Powlesland2006-5">[5]</a> However, to ensure the survival of the remaining birds, scientists decided later that this population should be transferred to predator-free islands; this operation was carried out between 1982 and 1997.<a href="#cite_note-Lloyd1994-86">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kākāpō_Recovery_programme">Kākāpō Recovery programme</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C4%81k%C4%81p%C5%8D&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Kākāpō Recovery programme">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Kākāpō translocations 1974–1992<a href="#cite_note-Lloyd1994-86">[86]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Translocated to</th> <th>Number of kākāpō</th> <th>Deaths < 6 months</th> <th>Survived as of November 1992 </th></tr> <tr> <td>Maud Island (1974–81)</td> <td>9 (6♂, 3♀)</td> <td>3 (2♂, 1♀)</td> <td>4 (2♂, 2♀) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Little Barrier Island (1982)</td> <td>22 (13♂, 9♀)</td> <td>2 (1♂, 1♀)</td> <td>15–19 (10–12♂, 5–7♀) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Codfish Island / Whenua Hou (1987–92)</td> <td>30 (20♂, 10♀)</td> <td>0</td> <td>20–30 (13–20♂, 7–10♀) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Maud Island (1989–91)</td> <td>6 (4♂, 2♀)</td> <td>0</td> <td>5 (3♂, 2♀) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mana Island (1992)</td> <td>2 (2♀)</td> <td>1 (1♀)</td> <td>1 (1♀) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Total</td> <td>65 (43♂, 22♀)</td> <td>6 (3♂, 3♀)</td> <td>41–55 (27–36♂, 14–19♀) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4">Note: ♂ = males, ♀ = females. </td></tr></tbody></table> In the 1980s the kākāpō were translocated to islands with no predators to maintain their genetic diversity, to avoid spreading harmful diseases, and to reduce interbreeding.<a href="#cite_note-Dussex2021-38">[38]</a> In 1989, a Kākāpō Recovery plan was developed, and a Kākāpō Recovery programme was established in 1995.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> The New Zealand <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Conservation_(New_Zealand)" title="Department of Conservation (New Zealand)">Department of Conservation</a> replaced the Wildlife Service for this task. The first action of the plan was to relocate all the remaining kākāpō to suitable islands for them to breed. None of the New Zealand islands were ideal to establish kākāpō without <a href="/wiki/Island_restoration" title="Island restoration">rehabilitation</a> by extensive re-vegetation and the eradication of introduced mammalian predators and competitors. Four islands were finally chosen: Maud, Little Barrier, <a href="/wiki/Codfish_Island_/_Whenua_Hou" title="Codfish Island / Whenua Hou">Codfish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mana_Island,_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Mana Island, New Zealand">Mana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lloyd1994-86">[86]</a> Sixty-five kākāpō (43 males, 22 females) were successfully transferred onto the four islands in five translocations.<a href="#cite_note-Lloyd1994-86">[86]</a> Some islands had to be rehabilitated several times when feral cats, stoats and <a href="/wiki/Weka" title="Weka">weka</a> kept appearing. Little Barrier Island was eventually viewed as unsuitable due to the rugged landscape, the thick forest and the continued presence of rats, and its birds were evacuated in 1998.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> Along with Mana Island, it was replaced with two new kākāpō sanctuaries: <a href="/wiki/Chalky_Island_(New_Zealand)" title="Chalky Island (New Zealand)">Chalky Island (Te Kākahu-o-Tamatea)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anchor_Island" title="Anchor Island">Anchor Island</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Powlesland2006-5">[5]</a> The entire kākāpō population of Codfish Island was temporarily relocated in 1999 to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pearl_Island_(New_Zealand)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pearl Island (New Zealand) (page does not exist)">Pearl Island</a> in <a href="/wiki/Port_Pegasus" title="Port Pegasus">Port Pegasus</a> while rats were being eliminated from Codfish.<a href="#cite_note-Whitehead-89">[89]</a> All kākāpō on Pearl and Chalky Islands were moved to Anchor Island in 2005.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Supplementary_feeding">Supplementary feeding</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C4%81k%C4%81p%C5%8D&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Supplementary feeding">edit</a>]</div> A key part of the Recovery Programme is the supplementary feeding of females. Kākāpō breed only once every two to five years, when certain plant species, primarily Dacrydium cupressinum (rimu), produce protein-rich fruit and seeds. During breeding years when rimu masts supplementary food is provided to kākāpō to increase the likelihood of individuals successfully breeding.<a href="#cite_note-Elliott2001-91">[91]</a> In 1989, six preferred foods (apples, sweet potatoes, almonds, Brazil nuts, sunflower seeds and walnuts) were supplied <a href="/wiki/Ad_libitum" title="Ad libitum">ad libitum</a> each night to 12 feeding stations. Males and females ate the supplied foods, and females nested on Little Barrier Island in the summers of 1989–1991 for the first time since 1982, although nesting success was low.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> Supplementary feeding affects the <a href="/wiki/Sex_ratio" title="Sex ratio">sex ratio</a> of kākāpō offspring, and can be used to increase the number of female chicks by deliberately manipulating maternal condition.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> During the winter of 1981, only females lighter than 1.5 kg (3.3 lb) were given supplementary feeding to avoid raising their body condition, and the sex ratio results in 1982 were close to parity, eliminating the male-biased sex ratios in the unrestricted feeding.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Today commercial parrot food is supplied to all individuals of breeding age on Whenua Hou and Anchor. The amount eaten and individual weights are carefully monitored to ensure that optimum body condition is maintained.<a href="#cite_note-Ballance20180-60">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nest_management">Nest management</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C4%81k%C4%81p%C5%8D&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Nest management">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stephen_Bragg_with_kakapo_chicks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Stephen_Bragg_with_kakapo_chicks.jpg/220px-Stephen_Bragg_with_kakapo_chicks.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Stephen_Bragg_with_kakapo_chicks.jpg/330px-Stephen_Bragg_with_kakapo_chicks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Stephen_Bragg_with_kakapo_chicks.jpg/440px-Stephen_Bragg_with_kakapo_chicks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="804" data-file-height="603" /></a><figcaption>Department of Conservation worker with chicks</figcaption></figure>Kākāpō nests are intensively managed by wildlife conservation staff. Before Polynesian rats were removed from Whenua Hou, the rats were a threat to the survival of young kākāpō. Of 21 chicks that hatched between 1981 and 1994, nine were either killed by rats or died and were subsequently eaten by rats.<a href="#cite_note-Elliott2001-91">[91]</a> Kākāpō nest protection was intensified after 1995 by using <a href="/wiki/Rat_trap" title="Rat trap">rat traps</a> and rat poison stations as soon as a kākāpō nest was detected. A small video camera and <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infra-red light source</a> would watch the nest continuously and scare approaching rats with flashing lights and loud popping sounds.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] All kākāpō islands are now rat-free, but infrared cameras still allow rangers to remotely monitor the behaviour of females and chicks in nests. Data loggers record when mother kākāpō come and go, allowing rangers to pick a time to check on the health of chicks, and also indicate how hard females are having to work to find food. Because mother kākāpō often struggle to successfully rear multiple chicks, Kākāpō Recovery rangers will move chicks between nests as needed.<a href="#cite_note-Ballance20180-60">[60]</a> Eggs are often removed from nests for incubation to reduce the likelihood of accidents, such as lost eggs or crushing. If chicks become ill, are not putting on weight, or there are too many chicks in the nest (and no available nest to move them to) they will be hand-reared by the Kākāpō Recovery team.<a href="#cite_note-Ballance20180-60">[60]</a> In the 2019 season, eggs were also removed from nests to encourage females to re-nest. By hand-raising the first group of chicks in captivity and encouraging females to lay more eggs, the Kākāpō Recovery Team hoped that overall chick production would be increased.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> By the end of February 2020, the bird's summer breeding season, these efforts led to the production of 80 chicks, "a record number."<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Monitoring">Monitoring</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C4%81k%C4%81p%C5%8D&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Monitoring">edit</a>]</div> To monitor the kākāpō population continuously, each bird is equipped with a <a href="/wiki/Radio_transmitter" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio transmitter">radio transmitter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Elliott2001-91">[91]</a> Every known kākāpō, barring some young chicks, has been given a name by Kākāpō Recovery Programme officials, and detailed data is gathered about every individual.<a href="#cite_note-White20160-36">[36]</a> GPS transmitters are also being trialled to provide more detailed data about the movement of individual birds and their habitat use.<a href="#cite_note-Ballance20180-60">[60]</a> The signals also provide behavioural data, letting rangers gather information about mating and nesting remotely.<a href="#cite_note-White20160-36">[36]</a> Every individual kākāpō receives an annual health check and has their transmitter replaced.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reintroduction">Reintroduction</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C4%81k%C4%81p%C5%8D&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Reintroduction">edit</a>]</div> The Kākāpō Recovery programme has been successful, with the numbers of kākāpō increasing steadily. Adult survival rate and productivity have both improved significantly since the programme's inception. However, the main goal is to establish at least one viable, self-sustaining, unmanaged population of kākāpō as a functional component of the <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystem</a> in a protected habitat.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> To help meet this conservation challenge, Resolution Island (20,860 ha (51,500 acres)) in Fiordland has been prepared for kākāpō re-introduction with <a href="/wiki/Ecological_restoration" title="Ecological restoration">ecological restoration</a> including the eradication of stoats.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-Powlesland2006-5">[5]</a> Ultimately, the Kākāpō Recovery vision for the species is to restore the mauri (Māori for "life-force") of the kākāpō by breeding 150 adult females.<a href="#cite_note-PFTF-98">[98]</a> Four males were re-introduced to <a href="/wiki/Sanctuary_Mountain_Maungatautari" title="Sanctuary Mountain Maungatautari">Sanctuary Mountain Maungatautari</a> in the North Island on 21 July 2023, becoming the first kākāpō living in mainland New Zealand in almost 40 years.<a href="#cite_note-MNZ-8">[8]</a> Despite extensive improvements to the perimeter fence, in October 2023, one of the kākāpō escaped by using a downed tree to climb out. The bird was located using the signal from its GPS transmitter and returned to the sanctuary.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> A second group of six birds was introduced to the sanctuary in September. However, two further kākāpō found a way over the fence, and in November the Department of Conservation temporarily removed three birds from the sanctuary to a southern predator-free island, leaving the kākāpō population in the sanctuary at seven. The Department commented that "Kākāpō are flightless but are excellent climbers who can use their wings to parachute from treetops".<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fatal_fungal_infection">Fatal fungal infection</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C4%81k%C4%81p%C5%8D&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Fatal fungal infection">edit</a>]</div> In 2019 an outbreak of the fungal disease <a href="/wiki/Aspergillosis" title="Aspergillosis">aspergillosis</a> among kākāpō on the island of Whenua Hou infected 21 individuals and led to 9 deaths: two adults, five chicks and two juveniles. Over 50 birds were transported to veterinary centres for diagnostics and treatment.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Population_timeline">Population timeline</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C4%81k%C4%81p%C5%8D&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Population timeline">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kakapo-population-size.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Kakapo-population-size.svg/440px-Kakapo-population-size.svg.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Kakapo-population-size.svg/660px-Kakapo-population-size.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Kakapo-population-size.svg/880px-Kakapo-population-size.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="374" /></a><figcaption>Cat control in 1982 slowed a sharp decline in kākāpō numbers, and they have recently increased under the Kākāpō Recovery plan. Red arrows indicate breeding years. Numbers become less precise before 1995, with the 1977 figure perhaps out by 50 birds.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>1977: Kākāpō rediscovered on <a href="/wiki/Stewart_Island_/_Rakiura" class="mw-redirect" title="Stewart Island / Rakiura">Stewart Island / Rakiura</a></li> <li>1989: Most kākāpō are removed from Rakiura to Whenua Hou and Hauturu-O-Toi</li> <li>1995: Kākāpō population consists of 51 individuals; beginning of the Kakapo Recovery Programme</li> <li>1999: Kākāpō removed from Hauturu</li> <li>2002: A significant breeding season led to 24 chicks being hatched</li> <li>2005: 41 females and 45 males, including four fledglings (3 females and 1 male); kākāpō established on Anchor Island<a href="#cite_note-Powlesland2006-5">[5]</a></li> <li>2009: The total kākāpō population rose to over 100 for the first time since monitoring began.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> Twenty-two of the 34 chicks had to be hand-reared because of a shortage of food on Codfish Island.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a></li> <li>December 2010: Death of the oldest known kākāpō, "Richard Henry", possibly 80 years old.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a></li> <li>2012: Seven kākāpō transferred to Hauturu, in an attempt to establish a successful breeding programme. Kākāpō were last on the island in 1999.<a href="#cite_note-barrier-106">[106]</a></li> <li>March 2014: With the kākāpō population having increased to 126, the bird's recovery was used by <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a> artist Sayraphim Lothian as a metaphor for the <a href="/wiki/2011_Christchurch_earthquake" title="2011 Christchurch earthquake">recovery of Christchurch</a>, parallelling the "indomitable spirit of these two communities and their determination to rebuild".<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a></li> <li>2016: First breeding on Anchor; a significant breeding season, with 32 chicks; kākāpō population grows to over 150</li> <li>2018: After the death of 3 birds, the population reduced to 149 birds.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a></li> <li>2019: An abundance of rimu fruit and the introduction of several new technologies (including <a href="/wiki/Artificial_insemination" title="Artificial insemination">artificial insemination</a> and 'smart eggs') helped make 2019 the best breeding season on record, with over 200 eggs laid and 72 chicks fledged. According to the Kākāpō Recovery Team at the New Zealand Department of Conservation, this was the earliest and longest breeding season yet.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> Population reached 200 juvenile or older birds on 17 August 2019.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a></li> <li>2022: The population increased to 252 birds after a productive breeding season and successful artificial insemination.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a></li> <li>2023: Birds are reintroduced to the mainland for the first time.<a href="#cite_note-MNZ-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Caballar-114">[114]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Māori_culture">In Māori culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C4%81k%C4%81p%C5%8D&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: In Māori culture">edit</a>]</div> The kākāpō is associated with a rich tradition of <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_folklore" class="mw-redirect" title="Māori folklore">Māori folklore</a> and beliefs. The bird's irregular breeding cycle was understood to be associated with heavy fruiting or "<a href="/wiki/Mast_year" class="mw-redirect" title="Mast year">masting</a>" events of particular plant species such as the rimu, which led Māori to credit the bird with the ability to tell the future.<a href="#cite_note-MBL-115">[115]</a> Used to substantiate this claim were reported observations of these birds dropping the berries of the <a href="/wiki/Elaeocarpus_dentatus" title="Elaeocarpus dentatus">hinau</a> and tawa trees (when they were in season) into secluded pools of water to preserve them as a food supply for the summer ahead; in legend this became the origin of the Māori practice of immersing food in water for the same purpose.<a href="#cite_note-MBL-115">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_for_food_and_clothing">Use for food and clothing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C4%81k%C4%81p%C5%8D&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Use for food and clothing">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Strigops_habroptilus_(AM_LB14666-3).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Strigops_habroptilus_%28AM_LB14666-3%29.jpg/170px-Strigops_habroptilus_%28AM_LB14666-3%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Strigops_habroptilus_%28AM_LB14666-3%29.jpg/255px-Strigops_habroptilus_%28AM_LB14666-3%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Strigops_habroptilus_%28AM_LB14666-3%29.jpg/340px-Strigops_habroptilus_%28AM_LB14666-3%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1900" /></a><figcaption>Feathers</figcaption></figure> The Māori considered the meat of the kākāpō a delicacy and, when the bird was widespread, hunted it for food.<a href="#cite_note-Tipa2006-74">[74]</a> One source states that its flesh "resembles <a href="/wiki/Lamb_and_mutton" title="Lamb and mutton">lamb</a> in taste and texture",<a href="#cite_note-MBL-115">[115]</a> although European settlers have described the bird as having a "strong and slightly stringent [sic] flavour".<a href="#cite_note-Tipa2006-74">[74]</a> In breeding years, the loud booming calls of the males at their mating arenas made it easy for Māori hunting parties to track the kākāpō down, and it was also hunted while feeding or when dust-bathing in dry weather. The bird was caught, generally at night, using <a href="/wiki/Trapping_(Animal)#Snares" class="mw-redirect" title="Trapping (Animal)">snares</a>, pitfall traps, or by groups of domesticated <a href="/wiki/Kur%C4%AB" title="Kurī">Polynesian dogs</a> which accompanied hunting parties – sometimes they would use fire sticks of various sorts to dazzle a bird in the darkness, stopping it in their tracks and making the capture easier.<a href="#cite_note-MBL-115">[115]</a> Cooking was done in a <a href="/wiki/H%C4%81ng%C4%AB" title="Hāngī">hāngī</a> or in gourds of boiling oil.<a href="#cite_note-WS-116">[116]</a> The flesh of the bird could be preserved in its own fat and stored in containers for later consumption – hunters of the <a href="/wiki/Ng%C4%81i_Tahu" title="Ngāi Tahu">Ngāi Tahu</a> <a href="/wiki/Iwi" title="Iwi">iwi</a> would pack the flesh in baskets made from the inner bark of <a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dtara" class="mw-redirect" title="Tōtara">tōtara</a> tree or in containers constructed from <a href="/wiki/Kelp" title="Kelp">kelp</a>.<a href="#cite_note-KM-117">[117]</a> Bundles of kākāpō tail feathers were attached to the sides of these containers to provide decoration and a way to identify their contents.<a href="#cite_note-Tipa2006-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-KM-117">[117]</a> The Māori also used the bird's eggs for food.<a href="#cite_note-MBL-115">[115]</a> As well as eating the meat of the kākāpō, Māori would use kākāpō skins with the feathers still attached or individually weave in kākāpō feathers with flax fibre to create cloaks and capes.<a href="#cite_note-WS-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-KM-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> Each one required up to 11,000 feathers to make.<a href="#cite_note-WNZB?-119">[119]</a> Not only were these garments considered very beautiful, they also kept the wearer very warm.<a href="#cite_note-WS-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-WNZB?-119">[119]</a> They were highly valued, and the few still in existence today are considered <a href="/wiki/Taonga" title="Taonga">taonga</a> (treasures), so much so that the old Māori adage "You have a kākāpō cape and you still complain of the cold" was used to describe someone who is never satisfied.<a href="#cite_note-WS-116">[116]</a> Kākāpō feathers were also used to decorate the heads of <a href="/wiki/Taiaha" title="Taiaha">taiaha</a>, but were removed before use in combat.<a href="#cite_note-Tipa2006-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-KM-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-WNZB?-119">[119]</a> Despite this, the kākāpō was also regarded as an affectionate pet by the Māori. This was corroborated by European settlers in New Zealand in the 19th century, among them <a href="/wiki/George_Edward_Grey" class="mw-redirect" title="George Edward Grey">George Edward Grey</a>, who once wrote in a letter to an associate that his pet kākāpō's behaviour towards him and his friends was "more like that of a dog than a bird".<a href="#cite_note-MBL-115">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_the_media">In the media</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C4%81k%C4%81p%C5%8D&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: In the media">edit</a>]</div> The conservation of the kākāpō has made the species well known. Many books and documentaries detailing the plight of the kākāpō have been produced in recent years, one of the earliest being Two in the Bush, made by <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Durrell" title="Gerald Durrell">Gerald Durrell</a> for the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> in 1962.<a href="#cite_note-GeraldDurrellBBC-120">[120]</a> A feature-length documentary, The Unnatural History of the Kakapo<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> won two major awards at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reel_Earth_Environmental_Film_Festival&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reel Earth Environmental Film Festival (page does not exist)">Reel Earth Environmental Film Festival</a>. Two of the most significant documentaries, both made by <a href="/wiki/NHNZ" title="NHNZ">NHNZ</a>, are Kakapo – Night Parrot (1982) and To Save the Kakapo (1997). <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kakapo_Sirocco_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Kakapo_Sirocco_1.jpg/290px-Kakapo_Sirocco_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Kakapo_Sirocco_1.jpg/435px-Kakapo_Sirocco_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Kakapo_Sirocco_1.jpg/580px-Kakapo_Sirocco_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3968" data-file-height="2232" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sirocco_(parrot)" title="Sirocco (parrot)">Sirocco</a> on Maud Island</figcaption></figure> The BBC's Natural History Unit featured the kākāpō, including a sequence with <a href="/wiki/David_Attenborough" title="David Attenborough">Sir David Attenborough</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_Life_of_Birds" title="The Life of Birds">The Life of Birds</a>. It was one of the endangered animals <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Adams" title="Douglas Adams">Douglas Adams</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mark_Carwardine" title="Mark Carwardine">Mark Carwardine</a> set out to find for the radio series and book <a href="/wiki/Last_Chance_to_See" title="Last Chance to See">Last Chance to See</a>. An updated version of the series has been produced for BBC TV, in which <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Fry" title="Stephen Fry">Stephen Fry</a> and Carwardine revisit the animals to see how they are getting on almost 20 years later, and in January 2009, they spent time filming the kākāpō on Codfish Island / Whenua Hou.<a href="#cite_note-LCTSee-2009-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> Footage of a kākāpō named <a href="/wiki/Sirocco_(parrot)" title="Sirocco (parrot)">Sirocco</a> attempting to mate with Carwardine's head was viewed by millions worldwide, leading to Sirocco becoming "spokes-bird" for New Zealand wildlife conservation in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> Sirocco became the inspiration for the party parrot, a popular animated emoji frequently associated with the workflow application <a href="/wiki/Slack_(software)" title="Slack (software)">Slack</a>.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> The kākāpō was featured in the episode "Strange Islands" of the documentary series <a href="/wiki/South_Pacific_(TV_series)" title="South Pacific (TV series)">South Pacific</a>, originally aired on 13 June 2009,<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> in the episode "Worlds Apart" of the series <a href="/wiki/The_Living_Planet" title="The Living Planet">The Living Planet</a>,<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> and in episode 3 of the BBC's New Zealand Earth's Mythical Islands.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> In a 2019 kākāpō awareness campaign, the Kākāpō Recovery Programme New Zealand National Partner, <a href="/wiki/Meridian_Energy" title="Meridian Energy">Meridian Energy</a>, ran a Search for a Saxophonist to provide suitable mood music for encouraging mating to coincide with the 2019 kākāpō breeding season. The search and footage from the islands where breeding was taking place were featured on the One News Breakfast programme.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> The kākāpō was featured in the mobile game "Kākāpō Run" <a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> developed by a UK conservation charity. This game aimed to raise support for kākāpō conservation by engaging players in fun, educational gameplay. A study found that playing the game helped increase positive attitudes and actions related to kākāpō protection, such as support for managing invasive predators and responsible pet care, though it did not lead to more donations.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> The bird was voted New Zealand's <a href="/wiki/Bird_of_the_Year" title="Bird of the Year">bird of the year</a> in 2008 and 2020.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C4%81k%C4%81p%C5%8D&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cats_in_New_Zealand" title="Cats in New Zealand">Cats in New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_New_Zealand" title="Conservation in New Zealand">Conservation in New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island_syndrome" title="Island syndrome">Island syndrome</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C4%81k%C4%81p%C5%8D&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output 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USA TODAY. Retrieved 17 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USA+TODAY&rft.atitle=K%C4%81k%C4%81p%C5%8D+victorious%3A+World%27s+fattest+parrot+wins+New+Zealand+Bird+of+the+Year+2020&rft.aulast=Grantham-Philips&rft.aufirst=Wyatte&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fworld%2F2020%2F11%2F16%2Fkakapo-crowned-new-zealand-bird-year-2020-conversation-efforts%2F6314088002%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK%C4%81k%C4%81p%C5%8D" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C4%81k%C4%81p%C5%8D&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHiggins1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Higgins, P.J., ed. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nzbirdsonline.org.nz/sites/all/files/277_Kakapo.pdf">"Strigops habroptilus Kakapo"</a> (PDF). Handbook of Australian, New Zealand & Antarctic Birds. Vol. 4: Parrots to Dollarbird. Melbourne, Victoria: Oxford University Press. pp. 633–646. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-553071-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-553071-1"><bdi>978-0-19-553071-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Strigops+habroptilus+Kakapo&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Australian%2C+New+Zealand+%26+Antarctic+Birds&rft.place=Melbourne%2C+Victoria&rft.pages=633-646&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-19-553071-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnzbirdsonline.org.nz%2Fsites%2Fall%2Ffiles%2F277_Kakapo.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK%C4%81k%C4%81p%C5%8D" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C4%81k%C4%81p%C5%8D&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButler1989" class="citation book cs1">Butler, David (1989). Quest for the kakapo. Auckland: Heinemann Reed. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7900-0065-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7900-0065-7"><bdi>978-0-7900-0065-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quest+for+the+kakapo&rft.place=Auckland&rft.pub=Heinemann+Reed&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-7900-0065-7&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK%C4%81k%C4%81p%C5%8D" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClimoBallance1997" class="citation book cs1">Climo, Gideon; Ballance, Alison (1997). Hoki: The story of a kakapo. Auckland: Godwit. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86962-009-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86962-009-7"><bdi>978-1-86962-009-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hoki%3A+The+story+of+a+kakapo&rft.place=Auckland&rft.pub=Godwit&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-86962-009-7&rft.aulast=Climo&rft.aufirst=Gideon&rft.au=Ballance%2C+Alison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK%C4%81k%C4%81p%C5%8D" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2003" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Jenny (2003). The kakapo. Auckland: Reed. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86948-662-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86948-662-4"><bdi>978-1-86948-662-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+kakapo&rft.place=Auckland&rft.pub=Reed&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-86948-662-4&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Jenny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK%C4%81k%C4%81p%C5%8D" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamsMerton2006" class="citation journal cs1">Williams, Murray; <a href="/wiki/Don_Merton" title="Don Merton">Merton, Don</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.birdsnz.org.nz/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Notornis_53_1_i.pdf">"Saving kakapo: An illustrated history"</a> (PDF). Notornis. 53 (1).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Notornis&rft.atitle=Saving+kakapo%3A+An+illustrated+history&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Murray&rft.au=Merton%2C+Don&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.birdsnz.org.nz%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2021%2F12%2FNotornis_53_1_i.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK%C4%81k%C4%81p%C5%8D" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinig,_Günther1963" class="citation magazine cs1">Steinig, Günther, ed. (February 1963). "Eulenpapagei oder Kakapo (Strigops habroptilus)". Brehms Exotische Vogelwelt. Berlin: Safari. pp. 62–71. <q>Die Darstellung folgt vor allem Beobachtungen frühen Erforschern Neuseelands, wie Julius Haast, Georg Grey und Lyall.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brehms+Exotische+Vogelwelt&rft.atitle=Eulenpapagei+oder+Kakapo+%28Strigops+habroptilus%29&rft.pages=62-71&rft.date=1963-02&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK%C4%81k%C4%81p%C5%8D" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRearden,_Jim1978" class="citation magazine cs1">Rearden, Jim (February 1978). "Die letzten Tage des Kakapo". <a href="/wiki/GEO_(magazine)" title="GEO (magazine)">Geo-Magazin.</a> Hamburg. pp. 88–102. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0342-8311">0342-8311</a>. <q>über die Erhaltungsbemühungen in Fiordland</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geo-Magazin.&rft.atitle=Die+letzten+Tage+des+Kakapo&rft.pages=88-102&rft.date=1978-02&rft.issn=0342-8311&rft.au=Rearden%2C+Jim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK%C4%81k%C4%81p%C5%8D" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1">"Vom Leben eines totgesagten Vogels". Geo-Magazin. Hamburg. October 2006. pp. 176–180. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0342-8311">0342-8311</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geo-Magazin.&rft.atitle=Vom+Leben+eines+totgesagten+Vogels&rft.pages=176-180&rft.date=2006-10&rft.issn=0342-8311&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK%C4%81k%C4%81p%C5%8D" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchreiber,_R.L.Diamond,_A.W.Stern,_H.Thielcke,_G.1987" class="citation book cs1">Schreiber, R.L.; Diamond, A.W.; Stern, H.; Thielcke, G., eds. (1987). "Eulenpapagei. Brummend balzt das letzte Männchen". Rettet die Vogelwelt. Ravensburg: O. Maier. pp. 198–201. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-473-46160-1" title="Special:BookSources/3-473-46160-1"><bdi>3-473-46160-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Eulenpapagei.+Brummend+balzt+das+letzte+M%C3%A4nnchen&rft.btitle=Rettet+die+Vogelwelt&rft.place=Ravensburg&rft.pages=198-201&rft.pub=O.+Maier&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=3-473-46160-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK%C4%81k%C4%81p%C5%8D" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdamsCarwardine1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Adams" title="Douglas Adams">Adams, Douglas</a>; <a href="/wiki/Mark_Carwardine" title="Mark Carwardine">Carwardine, Mark</a> (1990). <a href="/wiki/Last_Chance_to_See" title="Last Chance to See">Last Chance to See</a>. Pan Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-345-37198-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-345-37198-0"><bdi>978-0-345-37198-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Last+Chance+to+See&rft.pub=Pan+Books&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-345-37198-0&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft.au=Carwardine%2C+Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK%C4%81k%C4%81p%C5%8D" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCemmickVeitch1987" class="citation book cs1">Cemmick, David; Veitch, Dick (1987). Kakapo Country: The story of the world's most unusual bird. Foreword by David Bellamy. Photos by D. Cemmick. Auckland: Hodder & Stoughton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-340-41647-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-340-41647-5"><bdi>0-340-41647-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kakapo+Country%3A+The+story+of+the+world%27s+most+unusual+bird&rft.place=Auckland&rft.pub=Hodder+%26+Stoughton&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-340-41647-5&rft.aulast=Cemmick&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Veitch%2C+Dick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK%C4%81k%C4%81p%C5%8D" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTempleGaskin1988" class="citation book cs1">Temple, Philip; Gaskin, Chris (1988). The Story of the kakapo. Parrot of the Night. Auckland: Hodder & Stoughton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-340-51967-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-340-51967-3"><bdi>0-340-51967-3</bdi></a>. <q>Prizewinner: Children's Picture Book of the Year Award 1990</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+the+kakapo.+Parrot+of+the+Night.&rft.place=Auckland&rft.pub=Hodder+%26+Stoughton&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-340-51967-3&rft.aulast=Temple&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft.au=Gaskin%2C+Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK%C4%81k%C4%81p%C5%8D" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowlesland,_R.G.Roberts,_A.Lloyd,_B.D.Merton,_D.1995" class="citation journal cs1">Powlesland, R.G.; Roberts, A.; Lloyd, B.D.; <a href="/wiki/Don_Merton" title="Don Merton">Merton, D.</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040922044514/http://www.rsnz.org/publish/nzjz/1995/69.pdf">"Number, fate, and distribution of Kakapo (Strigops habroptilus) found on Stewart Island, New Zealand 1979–1992"</a> (PDF). New Zealand Journal of Zoology. 22 (3): 239–248. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03014223.1995.9518039">10.1080/03014223.1995.9518039</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0301-4223">0301-4223</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rsnz.org/publish/nzjz/1995/69.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 22 September 2004 – via rsnz.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Zealand+Journal+of+Zoology&rft.atitle=Number%2C+fate%2C+and+distribution+of+Kakapo+%28Strigops+habroptilus%29+found+on+Stewart+Island%2C+New+Zealand+1979%E2%80%931992&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=239-248&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03014223.1995.9518039&rft.issn=0301-4223&rft.au=Powlesland%2C+R.G.&rft.au=Roberts%2C+A.&rft.au=Lloyd%2C+B.D.&rft.au=Merton%2C+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rsnz.org%2Fpublish%2Fnzjz%2F1995%2F69.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK%C4%81k%C4%81p%C5%8D" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCresswell1996" class="citation book cs1">Cresswell, Mary (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071110154242/http://www.kakaporecovery.org.nz//then/recoveryplan.pdf">Kakapo Recovery Plan 1996–2005</a> (PDF). Kakapo Management Group. Threatened Species Recovery Plan. Wellington: Department of Conservation (DoC). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-478-01773-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-478-01773-1"><bdi>0-478-01773-1</bdi></a>. No. 21. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kakaporecovery.org.nz//then/recoveryplan.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 10 November 2007 – via kakaporecovery.org.nz.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kakapo+Recovery+Plan+1996%E2%80%932005&rft.place=Wellington&rft.series=Threatened+Species+Recovery+Plan&rft.pub=Department+of+Conservation+%28DoC%29&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-478-01773-1&rft.aulast=Cresswell&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kakaporecovery.org.nz%2F%2Fthen%2Frecoveryplan.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK%C4%81k%C4%81p%C5%8D" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHigham1992" class="citation magazine cs1">Higham, Tim (July–September 1992). "The kakapo of Codfish Island". New Zealand Geographic. Vol. 15. pp. 30–38. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0113-9967">0113-9967</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Zealand+Geographic&rft.atitle=The+kakapo+of+Codfish+Island&rft.volume=15&rft.pages=30-38&rft.date=1992-07%2F1992-09&rft.issn=0113-9967&rft.aulast=Higham&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK%C4%81k%C4%81p%C5%8D" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrzelewski2002" class="citation magazine cs1">Grzelewski, Derek (March–April 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060720125029/http://www.nzgeographic.co.nz/">"Kakapo: Bird on the brink"</a>. New Zealand Geographic Magazine. Vol. 56. Ohakune. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0113-9967">0113-9967</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nzgeographic.co.nz/">the original</a> on 20 July 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Zealand+Geographic+Magazine&rft.atitle=Kakapo%3A+Bird+on+the+brink&rft.volume=56&rft.date=2002-03%2F2002-04&rft.issn=0113-9967&rft.aulast=Grzelewski&rft.aufirst=Derek&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzgeographic.co.nz%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK%C4%81k%C4%81p%C5%8D" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutching2004" class="citation book cs1">Hutching, Gerard (2004). Back from the Brink: The fight to save our endangered birds. Auckland: Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-301948-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-301948-1"><bdi>0-14-301948-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Back+from+the+Brink%3A+The+fight+to+save+our+endangered+birds&rft.place=Auckland&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-14-301948-1&rft.aulast=Hutching&rft.aufirst=Gerard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK%C4%81k%C4%81p%C5%8D" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClout2006" class="citation journal cs1">Clout, Mick N. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.birdsnz.org.nz/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Notornis_53_1_1.pdf">"A celebration of kakapo: progress in the conservation of an enigmatic parrot"</a> (PDF). Notornis. 53: 1–2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Notornis&rft.atitle=A+celebration+of+kakapo%3A+progress+in+the+conservation+of+an+enigmatic+parrot&rft.volume=53&rft.pages=1-2&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Clout&rft.aufirst=Mick+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.birdsnz.org.nz%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2021%2F12%2FNotornis_53_1_1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK%C4%81k%C4%81p%C5%8D" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C4%81k%C4%81p%C5%8D&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output 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Commons</a> has media related to: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Strigops_habroptila" class="extiw" title="commons:Strigops habroptila">Strigops habroptila</a> (<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Strigops_habroptila" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Strigops habroptila">category</a>)</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/34px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/51px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/68px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a> has information related to <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Strigops_habroptila" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Strigops habroptila">Kakapo</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110105095730/http://www.radiolive.co.nz/Environews-Kakapo-Alison-Balance--Don-Merton/tabid/506/articleID/17307/Default.aspx">Interview with NZ conservationists Alison Ballance and the late Don Merton</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090930080400/http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/species/Kakapo">Video footage from the BBC</a> including <a href="/wiki/Last_Chance_to_See_(TV_series)" title="Last Chance to See (TV series)">Last Chance to See</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wild_Down_Under" title="Wild Down Under">Wild Down Under</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kea,_Kākā_and_kākāpō_(family:_Strigopidae)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Kea, Kākā and kākāpō (<a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">family</a>: <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_parrot" title="New Zealand parrot">Strigopidae</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Genus" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">Genus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: left;"><div id="Species_(extinctions:_†_indicates_a_species_confirmed_to_be_extinct;_₴_indicates_evidence_only_from_sub-fossils)"><a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">Species</a> (extinctions: † indicates a species confirmed to be extinct; ₴ indicates evidence only from sub-fossils)</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Nestoridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Nestoridae">Nestoridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nestor" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Nestor_(genus)" title="Nestor (genus)">Nestor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kea" title="Kea">Kea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%81k%C4%81" title="Kākā">New Zealand kākā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_k%C4%81k%C4%81" title="Norfolk kākā">Norfolk kākā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatham_k%C4%81k%C4%81" title="Chatham kākā">Chatham kākā</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Strigopidae</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Strigops" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Strigops</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kākāpō</a> (supporting pages: <a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_K%C4%81k%C4%81p%C5%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of Kākāpō (page does not exist)">List of Kākāpō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirocco_(parrot)" title="Sirocco (parrot)">Sirocco (parrot)</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Strigopoidea" title="List of Strigopoidea">List of Strigopoidea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birds_of_New_Zealand" title="Birds of New Zealand">Birds of New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Birds_of_New_Zealand" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Birds_of_New_Zealand" title="Template:Birds of New Zealand"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Birds_of_New_Zealand" title="Template talk:Birds of New Zealand"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Birds_of_New_Zealand" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Birds of New Zealand"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Birds_of_New_Zealand" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Birds_of_New_Zealand" title="Birds of New Zealand">Birds of New Zealand</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Common birds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_bellbird" title="New Zealand bellbird">Bellbird</a> (korimako)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-billed_gull" title="Black-billed gull">Black-billed gull</a> (tarāpuka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipipi" title="Pipipi">Brown creeper</a> (pipipi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_teal" title="Brown teal">Brown teal</a> (pāteke)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buff-banded_rail" title="Buff-banded rail">Buff-banded rail</a> (moho-pererū)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_grebe" title="New Zealand grebe">Dabchick</a> (weweia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double-banded_plover" title="Double-banded plover">Double-banded plover</a> (pohowera)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_falcon" title="New Zealand falcon">New Zealand falcon</a> (kārearea)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_fantail" title="New Zealand fantail">Fantail</a> (pīwakawaka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_warbler" title="Grey warbler">Grey warbler</a> (riroriro)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey-faced_petrel" title="Grey-faced petrel">Grey-faced petrel</a> (ōi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_kingfisher" title="Sacred kingfisher">Sacred kingfisher</a> (kōtare)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-tailed_cuckoo" class="mw-redirect" title="Long-tailed cuckoo">Long-tailed cuckoo</a> (koekoeā)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerer%C5%AB" title="Kererū">Kererū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_pipit" title="New Zealand pipit">Pipit</a> (pīhoihoi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_dotterel" title="New Zealand dotterel">New Zealand dotterel</a> (tūturiwhatu)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Island_robin" title="South Island robin">South Island robin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Island_robin" title="North Island robin">North Island robin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_scaup" title="New Zealand scaup">New Zealand scaup</a> (pāpango)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradise_shelduck" title="Paradise shelduck">Paradise shelduck</a> (pūtangitangi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C5%ABkeko" class="mw-redirect" title="Pūkeko">Pūkeko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rifleman_(bird)" title="Rifleman (bird)">Rifleman</a> (tītipounamu)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_rock_wren" title="New Zealand rock wren">New Zealand rock wren</a> (pīwauwau)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shining_cuckoo" class="mw-redirect" title="Shining cuckoo">Shining cuckoo</a> (pīpīwharauroa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvereye" title="Silvereye">Silvereye</a> (tauhou)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Island_oystercatcher" title="South Island oystercatcher">South Island oystercatcher</a> (tōrea)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spotted_shag" title="Spotted shag">Spotted shag</a> (pārekareka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomtit" title="Tomtit">Tomtit</a> (miromiro)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C5%AB%C4%AB" title="Tūī">Tūī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_oystercatcher" title="Variable oystercatcher">Variable oystercatcher</a> (tōrea pango)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-fronted_tern" title="White-fronted tern">White-fronted tern</a> (tara)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitehead_(bird)" title="Whitehead (bird)">Whitehead</a> (pōpokotea)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrybill" title="Wrybill">Wrybill</a> (ngutuparore)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Tokoeka.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Southern brown kiwi"><img alt="Southern brown kiwi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Tokoeka.jpg/100px-Tokoeka.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Tokoeka.jpg/150px-Tokoeka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Tokoeka.jpg/200px-Tokoeka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1964" data-file-height="1473" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Flightless birds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_spotted_kiwi" title="Great spotted kiwi">Great spotted kiwi</a> (roroa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_spotted_kiwi" title="Little spotted kiwi">Little spotted kiwi</a> (kiwi pukupuku)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Island_brown_kiwi" title="North Island brown kiwi">North Island brown kiwi</a> (roroa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okarito_kiwi" title="Okarito kiwi">Okarito kiwi</a> (rowi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_brown_kiwi" title="Southern brown kiwi">Southern brown kiwi</a> (tokoeka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow-eyed_penguin" title="Yellow-eyed penguin">Yellow-eyed penguin</a> (hoiho)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kākāpō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Island_takah%C4%93" class="mw-redirect" title="South Island takahē">South Island takahē</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiordland_penguin" title="Fiordland penguin">Fiordland penguin</a> (tawaki)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weka" title="Weka">Weka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_penguin" title="Little penguin">Blue penguin</a> (kororā)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Endangered endemic birds (flying)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black-fronted_tern" title="Black-fronted tern">Black-fronted tern</a> (tarapiroe)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_stilt" title="Black stilt">Black stilt</a> (kakī)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_duck" title="Blue duck">Blue duck</a> (whio)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_fernbird" title="New Zealand fernbird">Fernbird</a> (mātātā)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foveaux_shag" title="Foveaux shag">Foveaux shag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%81k%C4%81" title="Kākā">Kākā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kea" title="Kea">Kea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Island_k%C5%8Dkako" title="North Island kōkako">North Island kōkako</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Island_k%C5%8Dkako" title="South Island kōkako">South Island kōkako</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_fairy_tern" title="New Zealand fairy tern">New Zealand fairy tern</a> (tara-iti)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_king_shag" title="New Zealand king shag">New Zealand king shag</a> (kawau tūī)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_storm_petrel" title="New Zealand storm petrel">New Zealand storm petrel</a> (takahikare)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_royal_albatross" title="Northern royal albatross">Northern royal albatross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otago_shag" title="Otago shag">Otago shag</a> (Matapo)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanoramphus_malherbi" title="Cyanoramphus malherbi">Orange-fronted parakeet</a> (kākāriki karaka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-billed_gull" title="Red-billed gull">Red-billed gull</a> (tarāpunga)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Island_saddleback" title="North Island saddleback">North Island saddleback</a> (tīeke)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Island_saddleback" title="South Island saddleback">South Island saddleback</a> (tīeke)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shore_plover" title="Shore plover">Shore plover</a> (tūturuatu)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stitchbird" title="Stitchbird">Stitchbird</a> (hihi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellowhead_(bird)" title="Yellowhead (bird)">Yellowhead</a> (mōhua)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chatham_Islands" title="Chatham Islands">Chatham Islands</a> birds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_robin" title="Black robin">Black robin</a> (karure)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatham_albatross" title="Chatham albatross">Chatham albatross</a> (toroa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatham_gerygone" class="mw-redirect" title="Chatham gerygone">Chatham gerygone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatham_oystercatcher" class="mw-redirect" title="Chatham oystercatcher">Chatham oystercatcher</a> (tōrea)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatham_parakeet" class="mw-redirect" title="Chatham parakeet">Chatham parakeet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatham_petrel" class="mw-redirect" title="Chatham petrel">Chatham petrel</a> (ranguru)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatham_pigeon" class="mw-redirect" title="Chatham pigeon">Chatham pigeon</a> (parea)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatham_shag" class="mw-redirect" title="Chatham shag">Chatham shag</a> (papua)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatham_snipe" class="mw-redirect" title="Chatham snipe">Chatham snipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magenta_petrel" title="Magenta petrel">Magenta petrel</a> (tāiko)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitt_shag" title="Pitt shag">Pitt shag</a> (kawau o rangihaute)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Subantarctic_Islands" title="New Zealand Subantarctic Islands">Subantarctic islands</a> birds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antipodean_albatross" title="Antipodean albatross">Antipodean albatross</a> (Toroa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auckland_rail" title="Auckland rail">Auckland rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auckland_shag" title="Auckland shag">Auckland shag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auckland_teal" title="Auckland teal">Auckland teal</a> (tētē kākāriki)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipodes_parakeet" title="Antipodes parakeet">Antipodes parakeet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bounty_shag" title="Bounty shag">Bounty shag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campbell_albatross" title="Campbell albatross">Campbell albatross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campbell_shag" title="Campbell shag">Campbell shag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campbell_teal" title="Campbell teal">Campbell teal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erect-crested_penguin" title="Erect-crested penguin">Erect-crested penguin</a> (tawaki nana hī)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reischek%27s_parakeet" title="Reischek's parakeet">Reischek's parakeet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snares_snipe" title="Snares snipe">Snares snipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snares_penguin" title="Snares penguin">Snares penguin</a> (pokotiwha)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subantarctic_snipe" title="Subantarctic snipe">Subantarctic snipe</a> (tutukiwi)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extinct birds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Island_piopio" title="South Island piopio">South Island piopio</a> (piopio)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_bittern" title="New Zealand bittern">New Zealand bittern</a> (kaoriki)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_quail" title="New Zealand quail">New Zealand quail</a> (koreke)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huia" title="Huia">Huia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haast%27s_eagle" title="Haast's eagle">Haast's eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moa" title="Moa">Moa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Island_adzebill" class="mw-redirect" title="North Island adzebill">North Island adzebill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Island_adzebill" class="mw-redirect" title="South Island adzebill">South Island adzebill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auckland_Island_merganser" title="Auckland Island merganser">Auckland Island merganser</a> (rakiraki maungahuka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatham_Island_merganser" title="Chatham Island merganser">Chatham Island merganser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushwren" title="Bushwren">Bushwren</a> (mātuhituhi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-billed_wren_(New_Zealand)" title="Long-billed wren (New Zealand)">Long-billed wren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Island_stout-legged_wren" class="mw-redirect" title="South Island stout-legged wren">South Island stout-legged wren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Island_stout-legged_wren" class="mw-redirect" title="North Island stout-legged wren">North Island stout-legged wren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyall%27s_wren" title="Lyall's wren">Lyall's wren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatham_k%C4%81k%C4%81" title="Chatham kākā">Chatham kākā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laughing_owl" title="Laughing owl">Laughing owl</a> (whēkau)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudyptes_warhami" title="Eudyptes warhami">Chatham penguin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waitaha_penguin" class="mw-redirect" title="Waitaha penguin">Waitaha penguin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyles%27_harrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Eyles' harrier">Eyles' harrier</a> (kērangi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Island_little_spotted_kiwi" title="North Island little spotted kiwi">North Island little spotted kiwi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Island_snipe" title="North Island snipe">North Island snipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Island_snipe" title="South Island snipe">South Island snipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forbes%27s_snipe" title="Forbes's snipe">Forbes's snipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snipe-rail" title="Snipe-rail">Snipe-rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imber%27s_petrel" title="Imber's petrel">Imber's petrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scarlett%27s_shearwater" title="Scarlett's shearwater">Scarlett's shearwater</a> (ōiruki)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Island_takah%C4%93" title="North Island takahē">North Island takahē</a> (moho)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_goose" title="New Zealand goose">New Zealand goose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finsch%27s_duck" title="Finsch's duck">Finsch's duck</a> (manutahora)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_owlet-nightjar" title="New Zealand owlet-nightjar">New Zealand owlet-nightjar</a> (ruru hinapō)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_musk_duck" title="New Zealand musk duck">New Zealand musk duck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_swan" title="New Zealand swan">New Zealand swan</a> (poūwa)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Genera_of_parrots_and_their_extinct_allies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Psittacopasseres" title="Template:Psittacopasseres"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Psittacopasseres" title="Template talk:Psittacopasseres"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Psittacopasseres" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Psittacopasseres"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Genera_of_parrots_and_their_extinct_allies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Genera of <a href="/wiki/Psittaciformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Psittaciformes">parrots</a> and their extinct allies</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li> <li>Phylum: <a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a></li> <li>Class: <a href="/wiki/Birds" class="mw-redirect" title="Birds">Aves</a></li> <li>Clade: <a href="/wiki/Eufalconimorphae" title="Eufalconimorphae">Eufalconimorphae</a></li> <li>Clade: <a href="/wiki/Psittacopasseres" title="Psittacopasseres">Psittacopasseres</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Psittacopasseres" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Psittacopasseres" title="Psittacopasseres">Psittacopasseres</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Vastanavidae" title="Vastanavidae">Vastanavidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avolatavis" title="Avolatavis">Avolatavis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calcardea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Calcardea (page does not exist)">Calcardea</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurofluvioviridavis" title="Eurofluvioviridavis">Eurofluvioviridavis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vastanavis" title="Vastanavis">Vastanavis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psittacopedidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Psittacopedidae (page does not exist)">Psittacopedidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eofringillirostrum" title="Eofringillirostrum">Eofringillirostrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parapsittacopes" title="Parapsittacopes">Parapsittacopes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psittacomimus" title="Psittacomimus">Psittacomimus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psittacopes" title="Psittacopes">Psittacopes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parapasseres&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parapasseres (page does not exist)">Parapasseres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Minutornis" title="Minutornis">Minutornis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Zygodactylidae" title="Zygodactylidae">Zygodactylidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eozygodactylus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eozygodactylus (page does not exist)">Eozygodactylus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Primoscens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Primoscens (page does not exist)">Primoscens</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Primozygodactylus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Primozygodactylus (page does not exist)">Primozygodactylus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zygodactylus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zygodactylus (page does not exist)">Zygodactylus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Passeriformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Passeriformes">Passeriformes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>See <a href="/wiki/Template:Passeriformes" title="Template:Passeriformes">Passeriformes</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Halcyornithidae" title="Halcyornithidae">Halcyornithidae</a>?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyrilavis" title="Cyrilavis">Cyrilavis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halcyornis" title="Halcyornis">Halcyornis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudasturides" title="Pseudasturides">Pseudasturides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulchrapollia" title="Pulchrapollia">Pulchrapollia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serudaptus" title="Serudaptus">Serudaptus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Messelasturidae" title="Messelasturidae">Messelasturidae</a>?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Messelastur" title="Messelastur">Messelastur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tynskya" title="Tynskya">Tynskya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Quercypsittidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Quercypsittidae">Quercypsittidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palaeopsittacus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palaeopsittacus (page does not exist)">Palaeopsittacus</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quercypsitta" title="Quercypsitta">Quercypsitta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Morsoravidae" title="Morsoravidae">Morsoravidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Morsoravis" title="Morsoravis">Morsoravis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumiliornis" title="Pumiliornis">Pumiliornis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sororavis" title="Sororavis">Sororavis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Psittaciformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Psittaciformes">Psittaciformes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>See below ↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Psittaciformes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Psittaciformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Psittaciformes">Psittaciformes</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Incertae sedis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Mogontiacopsitta" title="Mogontiacopsitta">Mogontiacopsitta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Namapsittidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Namapsittidae (page does not exist)">Namapsittidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/w/index.php?title=Namapsitta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Namapsitta (page does not exist)">Namapsitta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Strigopoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Strigopoidea">Strigopoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Strigopidae" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Strigopidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Strigopidae">Strigopidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Heracles_inexpectatus" title="Heracles inexpectatus">Heracles</a></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Nelepsittacus" title="Nelepsittacus">Nelepsittacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestor_(genus)" title="Nestor (genus)">Nestor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strigops" class="mw-redirect" title="Strigops">Strigops</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cacatuoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Cacatuoidea">Cacatuoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Cacatuidae" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cacatuidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cacatuidae">Cacatuidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cacatua" title="Cacatua">Cacatua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callocephalon" class="mw-redirect" title="Callocephalon">Callocephalon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calyptorhynchus" title="Calyptorhynchus">Calyptorhynchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eolophus" class="mw-redirect" title="Eolophus">Eolophus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lophochroa" class="mw-redirect" title="Lophochroa">Lophochroa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphicus" class="mw-redirect" title="Nymphicus">Nymphicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probosciger" class="mw-redirect" title="Probosciger">Probosciger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanda_(bird)" title="Zanda (bird)">Zanda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Psittacoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Psittacoidea">Psittacoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Psittacidae" title="Psittacidae">Psittacidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">incertae sedis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Archaeopsittacus" title="Archaeopsittacus">Archaeopsittacus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Arinae">Arinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brotogeris" title="Brotogeris">Brotogeris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deroptyus" class="mw-redirect" title="Deroptyus">Deroptyus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hapalopsittaca" title="Hapalopsittaca">Hapalopsittaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myiopsitta" title="Myiopsitta">Myiopsitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pionites" class="mw-redirect" title="Pionites">Pionites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amoropsittacini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amoropsittacini (page does not exist)">Amoropsittacini</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolborhynchus" title="Bolborhynchus">Bolborhynchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nannopsittaca" title="Nannopsittaca">Nannopsittaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psilopsiagon" title="Psilopsiagon">Psilopsiagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touit" title="Touit">Touit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Androglossini" title="Androglossini">Androglossini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alipiopsitta" class="mw-redirect" title="Alipiopsitta">Alipiopsitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazona" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazona">Amazona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graydidascalus" class="mw-redirect" title="Graydidascalus">Graydidascalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pionopsitta" class="mw-redirect" title="Pionopsitta">Pionopsitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pionus" title="Pionus">Pionus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrilia" title="Pyrilia">Pyrilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triclaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Triclaria">Triclaria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arini_(tribe)" title="Arini (tribe)">Arini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anodorhynchus" title="Anodorhynchus">Anodorhynchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ara_(bird)" title="Ara (bird)">Ara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aratinga" title="Aratinga">Aratinga</a></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Conuropsis" class="mw-redirect" title="Conuropsis">Conuropsis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanoliseus" title="Cyanoliseus">Cyanoliseus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanopsitta" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyanopsitta">Cyanopsitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diopsittaca" class="mw-redirect" title="Diopsittaca">Diopsittaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enicognathus" title="Enicognathus">Enicognathus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eupsittula" title="Eupsittula">Eupsittula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guaruba" class="mw-redirect" title="Guaruba">Guaruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leptosittaca" class="mw-redirect" title="Leptosittaca">Leptosittaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ognorhynchus" class="mw-redirect" title="Ognorhynchus">Ognorhynchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthopsittaca" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthopsittaca">Orthopsittaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primolius" title="Primolius">Primolius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psittacara" title="Psittacara">Psittacara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrrhura" title="Pyrrhura">Pyrrhura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhynchopsitta" title="Rhynchopsitta">Rhynchopsitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thectocercus" class="mw-redirect" title="Thectocercus">Thectocercus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">"<a href="/wiki/Forpini" class="mw-redirect" title="Forpini">Forpini</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forpus" title="Forpus">Forpus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Psittacinae" title="Psittacinae">Psittacinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Bavaripsitta" title="Bavaripsitta">Bavaripsitta</a></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khwenena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khwenena (page does not exist)">Khwenena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poicephalus" title="Poicephalus">Poicephalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psittacus" title="Psittacus">Psittacus</a></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Xenopsitta" title="Xenopsitta">Xenopsitta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Psittrichasiidae" title="Psittrichasiidae">Psittrichasiidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coracopsinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Coracopsinae">Coracopsinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coracopsis" class="mw-redirect" title="Coracopsis">Coracopsis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coracopsinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Coracopsinae">Coracopsinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psittrichas" class="mw-redirect" title="Psittrichas">Psittrichas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Psittaculidae" title="Psittaculidae">Psittaculidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Agapornithinae" title="Agapornithinae">Agapornithinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agapornis" class="mw-redirect" title="Agapornis">Agapornis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolbopsittacus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolbopsittacus">Bolbopsittacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loriculus" class="mw-redirect" title="Loriculus">Loriculus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Loriinae" title="Loriinae">Loriinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cyclopsittini" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyclopsittini">Cyclopsittini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyclopsitta" title="Cyclopsitta">Cyclopsitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psittaculirostris" title="Psittaculirostris">Psittaculirostris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Loriini" title="Loriini">Loriini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chalcopsitta" title="Chalcopsitta">Chalcopsitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charminetta" class="mw-redirect" title="Charminetta">Charminetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charmosyna" title="Charmosyna">Charmosyna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charmosynoides" class="mw-redirect" title="Charmosynoides">Charmosynoides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charmosynopsis" title="Charmosynopsis">Charmosynopsis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eos_(bird)" title="Eos (bird)">Eos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossopsitta" class="mw-redirect" title="Glossopsitta">Glossopsitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossoptilus" class="mw-redirect" title="Glossoptilus">Glossoptilus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypocharmosyna" title="Hypocharmosyna">Hypocharmosyna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorius" title="Lorius">Lorius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neopsittacus" title="Neopsittacus">Neopsittacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oreopsittacus" class="mw-redirect" title="Oreopsittacus">Oreopsittacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvipsitta" title="Parvipsitta">Parvipsitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudeos" title="Pseudeos">Pseudeos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psitteuteles" class="mw-redirect" title="Psitteuteles">Psitteuteles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudareos" title="Saudareos">Saudareos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synorhacma" class="mw-redirect" title="Synorhacma">Synorhacma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichoglossus" title="Trichoglossus">Trichoglossus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vini_(bird)" title="Vini (bird)">Vini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Melopsittacini" class="mw-redirect" title="Melopsittacini">Melopsittacini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Melopsittacus" class="mw-redirect" title="Melopsittacus">Melopsittacus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Platycercinae" title="Platycercinae">Platycercinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pezoporini" title="Pezoporini">Pezoporini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neophema" title="Neophema">Neophema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neopsephotus" class="mw-redirect" title="Neopsephotus">Neopsephotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pezoporus" title="Pezoporus">Pezoporus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Platycercini" class="mw-redirect" title="Platycercini">Platycercini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barnardius" class="mw-redirect" title="Barnardius">Barnardius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanoramphus" title="Cyanoramphus">Cyanoramphus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunymphicus" title="Eunymphicus">Eunymphicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lathamus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lathamus">Lathamus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northiella" class="mw-redirect" title="Northiella">Northiella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platycercus" class="mw-redirect" title="Platycercus">Platycercus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosopeia" class="mw-redirect" title="Prosopeia">Prosopeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psephotellus" title="Psephotellus">Psephotellus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psephotus" class="mw-redirect" title="Psephotus">Psephotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purpureicephalus" class="mw-redirect" title="Purpureicephalus">Purpureicephalus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Psittacellinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Psittacellinae">Psittacellinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psittacella" class="mw-redirect" title="Psittacella">Psittacella</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Psittaculinae" title="Psittaculinae">Psittaculinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Micropsittini" class="mw-redirect" title="Micropsittini">Micropsittini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Micropsitta" class="mw-redirect" title="Micropsitta">Micropsitta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polytelini" title="Polytelini">Polytelini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alisterus" title="Alisterus">Alisterus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aprosmictus" title="Aprosmictus">Aprosmictus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytelis" title="Polytelis">Polytelis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Psittaculini" title="Psittaculini">Psittaculini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eclectus" title="Eclectus">Eclectus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffroyus" title="Geoffroyus">Geoffroyus</a></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Lophopsittacus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lophopsittacus">Lophopsittacus</a></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Mascarinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Mascarinus">Mascarinus</a></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Necropsittacus" class="mw-redirect" title="Necropsittacus">Necropsittacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prioniturus" class="mw-redirect" title="Prioniturus">Prioniturus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psittacula" title="Psittacula">Psittacula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psittinus" title="Psittinus">Psittinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanygnathus" title="Tanygnathus">Tanygnathus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Eagle_01.svg/16px-Eagle_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Eagle_01.svg/24px-Eagle_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Eagle_01.svg/32px-Eagle_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="317" data-file-height="381" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Birds" title="Portal:Birds">Birds</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg/21px-Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg/32px-Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg/42px-Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2064" data-file-height="1413" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Animals" title="Portal:Animals">Animals</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Issoria_lathonia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/21px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/32px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/42px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="629" data-file-height="445" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Biology" title="Portal:Biology">Biology</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/21px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/32px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/42px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:New_Zealand" title="Portal:New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Strigops habroptila</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179959" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q179959">Q179959</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Strigops_habroptilus" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Strigops habroptilus">Strigops habroptilus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">ADW</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Strigops_habroptila/">Strigops_habroptila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARKive" title="ARKive">ARKive</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.arkive.org/wd/strigops-habroptila/">strigops-habroptila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avibase" title="Avibase">Avibase</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?avibaseid=16804FAF5DCCB288">16804FAF5DCCB288</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_Heritage_Library" title="Biodiversity Heritage Library">BHL</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/43661632">43661632</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BirdLife_International" title="BirdLife International">BirdLife</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/22685245">22685245</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=114188">114188</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birds_of_the_World" title="Birds of the World">BOW</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/kakapo2">kakapo2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EBird" title="EBird">eBird</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ebird.org/species/kakapo2">kakapo2</a></li> <li>ECOS: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ecos.fws.gov/ecp/species/7263">7263</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/45517890">45517890</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/2479237">2479237</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/73446">73446</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=714021">714021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/22685245">22685245</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=2489341">2489341</a></li> <li>NZBO: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nzbirdsonline.org.nz/species/kakapo">kakapo</a></li> <li>NZOR: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/fe75f168-ec2f-4995-83c8-e159254efb39">fe75f168-ec2f-4995-83c8-e159254efb39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observation.org" title="Observation.org">Observation.org</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observation.org/species/71481/">71481</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=372521">372521</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CITES" title="CITES">Species+</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://speciesplus.net/#/taxon_concepts/4179">4179</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xeno-canto" title="Xeno-canto">Xeno-canto</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://xeno-canto.org/species/Strigops-habroptila">Strigops-habroptila</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Strigops</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10821959" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q10821959">Q10821959</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Strigops" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Strigops">Strigops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=3316">3316</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/45517889">45517889</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/2479235">2479235</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/19013">19013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1296816">1296816</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=177602">177602</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=35547">35547</a></li> <li>NZOR: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/8b202d5a-cd67-4e08-be74-ebd5ef208e12">8b202d5a-cd67-4e08-be74-ebd5ef208e12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=512918">512918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=334630">334630</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Strigopidae</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788544" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q788544">Q788544</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Strigopidae" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Strigopidae">Strigopidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=743433">743433</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/13030591">13030591</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/6101197">6101197</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/200965">200965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=123259">123259</a></li> <li>NZOR: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/4210f89d-52a3-4f42-b45d-209c2f23debb">4210f89d-52a3-4f42-b45d-209c2f23debb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=3600447">3600447</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=333964">333964</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179959#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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move-protected pages">Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_June_2023" title="Category:Use dmy dates from June 2023">Use dmy dates from June 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_%27species%27_microformats" title="Category:Articles with 'species' microformats">Articles with 'species' microformats</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_M%C4%81ori_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Māori IPA">Pages with Māori IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_M%C4%81ori-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Māori-language text">Articles containing Māori-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with 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