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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Causes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Causes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Causes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Causes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Congenital" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Congenital"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Congenital</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Congenital-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Postnatal_onset" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Postnatal_onset"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Postnatal onset</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Postnatal_onset-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arbovirus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arbovirus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Arbovirus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arbovirus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Microlissencephaly" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Microlissencephaly"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Microlissencephaly</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Microlissencephaly-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_causes_of_microcephaly" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_causes_of_microcephaly"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Historical causes of microcephaly</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_causes_of_microcephaly-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Other relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pathophysiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pathophysiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Pathophysiology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pathophysiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treatment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Treatment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_cases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_cases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notable cases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_cases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" 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id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 41 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-41" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">41 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%BA%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A3%D8%B3" title="صغر الرأس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="صغر الرأس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrocefalija" title="Mikrocefalija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Mikrocefalija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcef%C3%A0lia" title="Microcefàlia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Microcefàlia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrocefalie" title="Mikrocefalie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mikrocefalie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microceffali" title="Microceffali – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Microceffali" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrocephali" title="Mikrocephali – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mikrocephali" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrozephalie" title="Mikrozephalie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mikrozephalie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BA%CE%B5%CF%86%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Μικροκεφαλία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μικροκεφαλία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcefalia" title="Microcefalia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Microcefalia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrocefalio" title="Mikrocefalio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mikrocefalio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrozefalia" title="Mikrozefalia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mikrozefalia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="میکروسفالی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="میکروسفالی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microc%C3%A9phalie" title="Microcéphalie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Microcéphalie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%86%8C%EB%91%90%EC%A6%9D" title="소두증 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="소두증" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%AF%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%81%D5%A5%D6%86%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Միկրոցեֆալիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Միկրոցեֆալիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrosefalus" title="Mikrosefalus – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mikrosefalus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcefalia" title="Microcefalia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Microcefalia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%94" title="מיקרוצפליה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מיקרוצפליה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Микроцефалия – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Микроцефалия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrocef%C4%81lija" title="Mikrocefālija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mikrocefālija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrokef%C3%A1lia" title="Mikrokefália – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mikrokefália" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcefalie" title="Microcefalie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Microcefalie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E9%A0%AD%E7%97%87" title="小頭症 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="小頭症" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrokefali" title="Mikrokefali – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mikrokefali" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrosefaliya" title="Mikrosefaliya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Mikrosefaliya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrocefalia" title="Mikrocefalia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mikrocefalia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcefalia" title="Microcefalia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Microcefalia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcefalie" title="Microcefalie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Microcefalie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Микроцефалия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Микроцефалия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BD_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B0%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA" title="ක්ෂුද්‍රකපාල ව්‍යාධිය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ක්ෂුද්‍රකපාල ව්‍යාධිය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrocef%C3%A1lia" title="Mikrocefália – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mikrocefália" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrocefalija" title="Mikrocefalija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mikrocefalija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Микроцефалија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Микроцефалија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrocefalija" title="Mikrocefalija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mikrocefalija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrokefalia" title="Mikrokefalia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mikrokefalia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrocefali" title="Mikrocefali – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mikrocefali" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88" title="குறுந்தலை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="குறுந்தலை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" title="ภาวะหัวเล็กเกิน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาวะหัวเล็กเกิน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Microcephalia&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Microcephalia">Microcephalia</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Condition in which the head is small due to an underdeveloped brain</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Microcephalus" redirects here. For the genus of beetle, see <a href="/wiki/Microcephalus_(beetle)" title="Microcephalus (beetle)">Microcephalus (beetle)</a>. For the genus of spider, see <a href="/wiki/Argyrodes" title="Argyrodes">Argyrodes</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical condition</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-medical-condition"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Microcephaly</th></tr><tr style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Microcephaly-comparison-500px.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Microcephaly-comparison-500px.jpg/220px-Microcephaly-comparison-500px.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Microcephaly-comparison-500px.jpg/330px-Microcephaly-comparison-500px.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Microcephaly-comparison-500px.jpg/440px-Microcephaly-comparison-500px.jpg 2x" data-file-width="905" data-file-height="521" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">A baby with microcephaly (left) compared to a baby with a typical head size</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span></span>/</a></span></span> </li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Medical_genetics" title="Medical genetics">Medical genetics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry">Psychiatry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neurology" title="Neurology">Neurology</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Signs_and_symptoms" title="Signs and symptoms">Symptoms</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Abnormally small head and brain, neurological impairments</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Complication_(medicine)" title="Complication (medicine)">Complications</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Neurological impairments</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Usual onset</th><td class="infobox-data">Congenital</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Duration</th><td class="infobox-data">Lifelong</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Causes</th><td class="infobox-data">Usually genetic or toxin exposure during pregnancy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Prevention</th><td class="infobox-data">Avoiding <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_consumption_while_pregnant" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol consumption while pregnant">alcohol consumption while pregnant</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Frequency</th><td class="infobox-data">2–12 per 10,000 births<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hold_Me_Mother,_2018_-_Wellcome_Photography_Prize_2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Hold_Me_Mother%2C_2018_-_Wellcome_Photography_Prize_2019.jpg/220px-Hold_Me_Mother%2C_2018_-_Wellcome_Photography_Prize_2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Hold_Me_Mother%2C_2018_-_Wellcome_Photography_Prize_2019.jpg/330px-Hold_Me_Mother%2C_2018_-_Wellcome_Photography_Prize_2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Hold_Me_Mother%2C_2018_-_Wellcome_Photography_Prize_2019.jpg/440px-Hold_Me_Mother%2C_2018_-_Wellcome_Photography_Prize_2019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>A mother holding her son who was born with microcephaly due to <a href="/wiki/Vertically_transmitted_infection" title="Vertically transmitted infection">vertically transmitted infection</a> with <a href="/wiki/Zika_virus" title="Zika virus">Zika virus</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Microcephaly</b> (from <a href="/wiki/Neo-Latin" title="Neo-Latin">Neo-Latin</a> <i>microcephalia</i>, from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> μικρός <i>mikrós</i> "small" and κεφαλή <i>kephalé</i> "head"<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is a medical condition involving a smaller-than-normal <a href="/wiki/Head" title="Head">head</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2015_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2015-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Microcephaly may be <a href="/wiki/Congenital" class="mw-redirect" title="Congenital">present at birth</a> or it may develop in the first few years of life.<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2015_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2015-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">Brain</a> development is often affected; people with this disorder often have an <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_disability" title="Intellectual disability">intellectual disability</a>, poor motor function, poor speech, abnormal facial features, <a href="/wiki/Seizures" class="mw-redirect" title="Seizures">seizures</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dwarfism" title="Dwarfism">dwarfism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2015_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2015-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The disorder is caused by a disruption to the genetic processes that <a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_nervous_system_in_humans" title="Development of the nervous system in humans">form the brain</a> early in pregnancy,<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2015_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2015-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though the cause is not identified in most cases.<sup id="cite_ref-CDC_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many <a href="/wiki/Genetic_syndromes" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic syndromes">genetic syndromes</a> can result in microcephaly, including <a href="/wiki/Chromosome_abnormality" title="Chromosome abnormality">chromosomal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Single-gene_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-gene disorder">single-gene</a> conditions, though almost always in combination with other symptoms. Mutations that result solely in microcephaly (primary microcephaly) exist but are less common.<sup id="cite_ref-BMC_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BMC-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> External toxins to the embryo, such as <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_during_pregnancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol during pregnancy">alcohol during pregnancy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Vertically_transmitted_infections" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertically transmitted infections">vertically transmitted infections</a>, can also result in microcephaly.<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2015_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2015-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Microcephaly serves as an important <a href="/wiki/Neurological" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurological">neurological</a> indication or warning sign, but no uniformity exists in its definition. It is usually defined as a <a href="/wiki/Human_head#Anthropometry" title="Human head">head circumference</a> (HC) more than two <a href="/wiki/Standard_deviation" title="Standard deviation">standard deviations</a> below the mean for age and sex.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some academics advocate defining it as head circumference more than three standard deviations below the mean for the age and sex.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is no specific treatment that returns the head size to normal.<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2015_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2015-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In general, life expectancy for individuals with microcephaly is reduced, and the <a href="/wiki/Prognosis" title="Prognosis">prognosis</a> for normal brain function is poor. Occasional cases develop normal intelligence and grow normally (apart from persistently small head circumference).<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2015_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2015-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stoler-Poria_Lev_Schweiger_Lerman-Sagie_pp._154–158_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stoler-Poria_Lev_Schweiger_Lerman-Sagie_pp._154–158-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is reported that in the United States, microcephaly occurs in 1 in 800-5,000 births.<sup id="cite_ref-CDC_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Signs_and_symptoms">Signs and symptoms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microcephaly&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Signs and symptoms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peterson_291-292.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Peterson_291-292.jpg/220px-Peterson_291-292.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Peterson_291-292.jpg/330px-Peterson_291-292.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Peterson_291-292.jpg/440px-Peterson_291-292.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1685" data-file-height="895" /></a><figcaption>Microcephaly (left) vs. normocephaly (right)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Microcephaly.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Microcephaly.png/220px-Microcephaly.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Microcephaly.png/330px-Microcephaly.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Microcephaly.png/440px-Microcephaly.png 2x" data-file-width="648" data-file-height="237" /></a><figcaption>Neural scans of a normal-sized skull (left) and a case of microcephaly (right)</figcaption></figure> <p>There are a variety of symptoms that can occur in children. <a href="/wiki/Infant" title="Infant">Infants</a> with microcephaly are born with either a normal or reduced head size.<sup id="cite_ref-Stanford_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanford-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequently, the head fails to grow, while the face continues to develop at a normal rate, producing a child with a small head and a receding forehead, and a loose, often wrinkled <a href="/wiki/Scalp" title="Scalp">scalp</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the child grows older, the smallness of the <a href="/wiki/Human_skull" class="mw-redirect" title="Human skull">skull</a> becomes more obvious, although the entire body also is often underweight and <a href="/wiki/Dwarfism" title="Dwarfism">dwarfed</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stanford_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanford-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Severely impaired <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/intellectual" class="extiw" title="wikt:intellectual">intellectual</a> development is common, but disturbances in <a href="/wiki/Motor_function" class="mw-redirect" title="Motor function">motor functions</a> may not appear until later in life.<sup id="cite_ref-Stanford_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanford-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Affected newborns generally have striking <a href="/wiki/Neurological" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurological">neurological</a> defects and <a href="/wiki/Seizure" title="Seizure">seizures</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stanford_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanford-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Development of motor functions and <a href="/wiki/Speech_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Speech communication">speech</a> may be delayed. <a href="/wiki/Hyperactive" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperactive">Hyperactivity</a> and intellectual disability are common occurrences, although the degree of each varies. <a href="/wiki/Convulsion" title="Convulsion">Convulsions</a> may also occur. Motor ability varies, ranging from <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/clumsy" class="extiw" title="wikt:clumsy">clumsiness</a> in some to <a href="/wiki/Spastic_quadriplegia" title="Spastic quadriplegia">spastic quadriplegia</a> in others.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microcephaly&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Causes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Microcephaly is a type of <a href="/wiki/Cephalic_disorder" title="Cephalic disorder">cephalic disorder</a>. It has been classified in two types based on the onset:<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Congenital">Congenital</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microcephaly&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Congenital"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Microcephaly" title="Special:EditPage/Microcephaly">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Isolated <ol><li>Familial (<a href="/wiki/Autosomal_recessive" class="mw-redirect" title="Autosomal recessive">autosomal recessive</a>) microcephaly<sup id="cite_ref-Health_Encyclopedia_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Health_Encyclopedia-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autosomal_dominant" class="mw-redirect" title="Autosomal dominant">Autosomal dominant</a> microcephaly<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-linked" class="mw-redirect" title="X-linked">X-linked</a> microcephaly<sup id="cite_ref-Health_Encyclopedia_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Health_Encyclopedia-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Chromosomal (balanced rearrangements and ring chromosome)</li></ol></li> <li>Syndromes <ul><li>Chromosomal <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Poland_syndrome" title="Poland syndrome">Poland syndrome</a><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Down_syndrome" title="Down syndrome">Down syndrome</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward syndrome">Edward syndrome</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patau_syndrome" title="Patau syndrome">Patau syndrome</a><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Unbalanced rearrangements</li></ol></li> <li>Contiguous gene deletion <ol><li>4p deletion (<a href="/wiki/Wolf%E2%80%93Hirschhorn_syndrome" title="Wolf–Hirschhorn syndrome">Wolf–Hirschhorn syndrome</a>)</li> <li>5p deletion (<a href="/wiki/Cri-du-chat" class="mw-redirect" title="Cri-du-chat">Cri-du-chat</a>)</li> <li>7q11.23 deletion (<a href="/wiki/Williams_syndrome" title="Williams syndrome">Williams syndrome</a>)</li> <li>22q11 deletion (<a href="/wiki/DiGeorge_syndrome" title="DiGeorge syndrome">DiGeorge syndrome</a>)</li></ol></li></ul></li> <li>Single gene defects <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Smith%E2%80%93Lemli%E2%80%93Opitz_syndrome" title="Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome">Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seckel_syndrome" title="Seckel syndrome">Seckel syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelia_de_Lange_syndrome" title="Cornelia de Lange syndrome">Cornelia de Lange syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydropteridine_reductase_deficiency" title="Dihydropteridine reductase deficiency">Dihydropteridine reductase deficiency</a> - in up to 25% of patients<sup id="cite_ref-pmid32456656_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid32456656-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate_synthetase_deficiency" title="5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate synthetase deficiency">5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate synthetase deficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holoprosencephaly" title="Holoprosencephaly">Holoprosencephaly</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Primary_microcephaly&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Primary microcephaly (page does not exist)">Primary microcephaly</a><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiedemann-Steiner_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiedemann-Steiner syndrome">Wiedemann-Steiner syndrome</a></li></ol></li> <li>Acquired <ul><li>Disruptive injuries <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Ischemic_stroke" class="mw-redirect" title="Ischemic stroke">Ischemic stroke</a><sup id="cite_ref-UpToDate_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UpToDate-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemorrhagic_stroke" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemorrhagic stroke">Hemorrhagic stroke</a><sup id="cite_ref-UpToDate_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UpToDate-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Death of a monozygotic twin</li></ol></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertically_transmitted_infection" title="Vertically transmitted infection">Vertically transmitted infections</a> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Congenital_cytomegalovirus_infection" title="Congenital cytomegalovirus infection">Congenital cytomegalovirus infection</a><sup id="cite_ref-Mayo_Clinic_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mayo_Clinic-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxoplasmosis" title="Toxoplasmosis">Toxoplasmosis</a><sup id="cite_ref-Mayo_Clinic_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mayo_Clinic-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congenital_rubella_syndrome" title="Congenital rubella syndrome">Congenital rubella syndrome</a><sup id="cite_ref-Mayo_Clinic_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mayo_Clinic-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congenital_varicella_syndrome" title="Congenital varicella syndrome">Congenital varicella syndrome</a><sup id="cite_ref-Mayo_Clinic_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mayo_Clinic-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zika_virus" title="Zika virus">Zika virus</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Zika_fever#Microcephaly" title="Zika fever">Zika fever#Microcephaly</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol></li> <li>Drugs <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Fetal_hydantoin_syndrome" title="Fetal hydantoin syndrome">Fetal hydantoin syndrome</a><sup id="cite_ref-Mayo_Clinic_24-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mayo_Clinic-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetal_alcohol_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Fetal alcohol syndrome">Fetal alcohol syndrome</a><sup id="cite_ref-Mayo_Clinic_24-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mayo_Clinic-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol></li></ul></li> <li>Other <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Radiation" title="Radiation">Radiation</a> exposure to mother</li> <li>Maternal <a href="/wiki/Malnutrition" title="Malnutrition">malnutrition</a><sup id="cite_ref-Mayo_Clinic_24-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mayo_Clinic-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Maternal <a href="/wiki/Phenylketonuria" title="Phenylketonuria">phenylketonuria</a><sup id="cite_ref-Mayo_Clinic_24-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mayo_Clinic-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Poorly controlled <a href="/wiki/Gestational_diabetes" title="Gestational diabetes">gestational diabetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperthermia" title="Hyperthermia">Hyperthermia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal_hypothyroidism" title="Maternal hypothyroidism">Maternal hypothyroidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placental_insufficiency" title="Placental insufficiency">Placental insufficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craniosynostosis" title="Craniosynostosis">Craniosynostosis</a><sup id="cite_ref-Mayo_Clinic_24-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mayo_Clinic-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Postnatal_onset">Postnatal onset</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microcephaly&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Postnatal onset"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Microcephaly" title="Special:EditPage/Microcephaly">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Genetic <ul><li>Inborn errors of metabolism <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Congenital_disorder_of_glycosylation" title="Congenital disorder of glycosylation">Congenital disorder of glycosylation</a><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitochondrial disorders">Mitochondrial disorders</a><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peroxisomal_disorder" title="Peroxisomal disorder">Peroxisomal disorder</a><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glucose_transporter" title="Glucose transporter">Glucose transporter</a> defect<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menkes_disease" title="Menkes disease">Menkes disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congenital_disorders_of_amino_acid_metabolism" title="Congenital disorders of amino acid metabolism">Congenital disorders of amino acid metabolism</a><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_acidemia" title="Organic acidemia">Organic acidemia</a><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol></li></ul></li> <li>Syndromes <ul><li>Contiguous gene deletion <ol><li>17p13.3 deletion (<a href="/wiki/Miller%E2%80%93Dieker_syndrome" title="Miller–Dieker syndrome">Miller–Dieker syndrome</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol></li> <li>Single gene defects <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Rett_syndrome" title="Rett syndrome">Rett syndrome</a> (primarily girls)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nijmegen_breakage_syndrome" title="Nijmegen breakage syndrome">Nijmegen breakage syndrome</a></li> <li>X-linked <a href="/wiki/Lissencephaly" title="Lissencephaly">lissencephaly</a> with abnormal genitalia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aicardi%E2%80%93Gouti%C3%A8res_syndrome" title="Aicardi–Goutières syndrome">Aicardi–Goutières syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ataxia_telangiectasia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ataxia telangiectasia">Ataxia telangiectasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cohen_syndrome" title="Cohen syndrome">Cohen syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cockayne_syndrome" title="Cockayne syndrome">Cockayne syndrome</a></li></ol></li></ul></li> <li>Acquired <ul><li>Disruptive injuries <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Traumatic_brain_injury" title="Traumatic brain injury">Traumatic brain injury</a><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoxic-ischemic_encephalopathy" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy">Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy</a><sup id="cite_ref-Mayo_Clinic_24-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mayo_Clinic-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ischemic_stroke" class="mw-redirect" title="Ischemic stroke">Ischemic stroke</a><sup id="cite_ref-UpToDate_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UpToDate-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemorrhagic_stroke" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemorrhagic stroke">Hemorrhagic stroke</a><sup id="cite_ref-UpToDate_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UpToDate-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol></li> <li>Infections <ol><li>Congenital <a href="/wiki/HIV_encephalopathy" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV encephalopathy">HIV encephalopathy</a><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meningitis" title="Meningitis">Meningitis</a><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encephalitis" title="Encephalitis">Encephalitis</a><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol></li> <li>Toxins <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_kidney_failure" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronic kidney failure">Chronic kidney failure</a><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>Deprivation <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Hypothyroidism" title="Hypothyroidism">Hypothyroidism</a><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anemia" title="Anemia">Anemia</a><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congenital_heart_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Congenital heart disease">Congenital heart disease</a><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malnutrition" title="Malnutrition">Malnutrition</a><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol></li></ul></li></ul> <p>Genetic mutations cause most cases of microcephaly.<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2015_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2015-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Relationships have been found between <a href="/wiki/Autism" title="Autism">autism</a>, duplications of genes and <a href="/wiki/Macrocephaly" title="Macrocephaly">macrocephaly</a> on one side. On the other side, a relationship has been found between <a href="/wiki/Schizophrenia" title="Schizophrenia">schizophrenia</a>, deletions of genes and microcephaly.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several genes have been designated "MCPH" genes, after <a href="/wiki/Microcephalin" title="Microcephalin">microcephalin</a> (<i>MCPH1</i>), based on their role in brain size and primary microcephaly syndromes when mutated. In addition to microcephalin, these include <i><a href="/wiki/WDR62" title="WDR62">WDR62</a></i> (<i>MCPH2</i>), <i><a href="/wiki/CDK5RAP2" title="CDK5RAP2">CDK5RAP2</a></i> (<i>MCPH3</i>), <i><a href="/wiki/KNL1" title="KNL1">KNL1</a></i> (<i>MCPH4</i>), <a href="/wiki/ASPM_(gene)" title="ASPM (gene)"><i>ASPM</i></a> (<i>MCPH5</i>), <i><a href="/wiki/CENPJ" title="CENPJ">CENPJ</a></i> (<i>MCPH6</i>), <i><a href="/wiki/STIL" title="STIL">STIL</a></i> (<i>MCPH7</i>), <i><a href="/wiki/CEP135" title="CEP135">CEP135</a></i> (<i>MCPH8</i>), <i><a href="/wiki/CEP152" title="CEP152">CEP152</a></i> (<i>MCPH9</i>), <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=ZNF335&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ZNF335 (page does not exist)">ZNF335</a></i> (<i>MCPH10</i>), <i><a href="/wiki/PHC1" title="PHC1">PHC1</a></i> (<i>MCPH11</i>) and <i><a href="/wiki/CDK6" class="mw-redirect" title="CDK6">CDK6</a></i> (<i>MCPH12</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-BMC_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BMC-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, an association has been established between common genetic variants within known microcephaly genes (such as <i>MCPH1</i> and <i>CDK5RAP2</i>) and normal variation in brain structure as measured with <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Magnetic resonance imaging">magnetic resonance imaging</a> (MRI)‍—‌i.e., primarily brain <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_cortex" title="Cerebral cortex">cortical</a> surface area and total brain volume.<sup id="cite_ref-Rimol_2010_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rimol_2010-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arbovirus">Arbovirus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microcephaly&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Arbovirus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Arthropod_bites_and_stings" title="Arthropod bites and stings">Bites and stings from Arthropods</a> can often be a cause of <a href="/wiki/Disease_vector" title="Disease vector">vector-borne diseases</a>. These include <a href="/wiki/Mosquitoes" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosquitoes">mosquitoes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fleas" class="mw-redirect" title="Fleas">fleas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sand_flies" class="mw-redirect" title="Sand flies">sand flies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lice" class="mw-redirect" title="Lice">lice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ticks" class="mw-redirect" title="Ticks">ticks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mites" class="mw-redirect" title="Mites">mites</a> that are <a href="/wiki/Hematophagous" class="mw-redirect" title="Hematophagous">hematophagous</a> vectors. The <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control" class="mw-redirect" title="Centers for Disease Control">Centers for Disease Control</a> (CDC) stated that "mosquitoes kill more people than any other creature and considers that mosquitoes are "the most dangerous animals on earth".<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The spread of <a href="/wiki/Aedes" title="Aedes">Aedes</a> mosquito-borne <a href="/wiki/Zika_virus" title="Zika virus">Zika virus</a> has been implicated in increasing levels of congenital microcephaly by the <a href="/wiki/International_Society_for_Infectious_Diseases" title="International Society for Infectious Diseases">International Society for Infectious Diseases</a> and the US <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zika can spread from a pregnant woman to her fetus. This can result in other severe brain malformations and birth defects.<sup id="cite_ref-NEJM201604_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NEJM201604-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A study published in The New England Journal of Medicine has documented a case in which they found evidence of the Zika virus in the brain of a fetus that displayed the morphology of microcephaly.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Microlissencephaly">Microlissencephaly</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microcephaly&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Microlissencephaly"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Microlissencephaly" title="Microlissencephaly">Microlissencephaly</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Microlissencephaly" title="Microlissencephaly">Microlissencephaly</a> is microcephaly combined with <a href="/wiki/Lissencephaly" title="Lissencephaly">lissencephaly</a> (smooth brain surface due to absent <a href="/wiki/Sulcus_(neuroanatomy)" title="Sulcus (neuroanatomy)">sulci</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gyri" class="mw-redirect" title="Gyri">gyri</a>). Most cases of microlissencephaly are described in consanguineous families, suggesting an <a href="/wiki/Autosomal_recessive_inheritance" class="mw-redirect" title="Autosomal recessive inheritance">autosomal recessive inheritance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cavallin_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cavallin-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_causes_of_microcephaly">Historical causes of microcephaly</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microcephaly&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Historical causes of microcephaly"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the dropping of <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombs" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic bombs">atomic bombs</a> "Little Boy" on <a href="/wiki/Hiroshima" title="Hiroshima">Hiroshima</a> and "Fat Man" on <a href="/wiki/Nagasaki" title="Nagasaki">Nagasaki</a>, several women close to <a href="/wiki/Ground_zero" class="mw-redirect" title="Ground zero">ground zero</a> who had been pregnant at the time gave birth to children with microcephaly.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Microcephaly was present in 7 children from a group of 11 pregnant women at 11–17 weeks of <a href="/wiki/Gestation" title="Gestation">gestation</a> who survived the blast at less than 1.2 km (0.75 mi) from ground zero.<sup id="cite_ref-Kalter10_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kalter10-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to their proximity to the bomb, the pregnant women's <i><a href="/wiki/Uterus" title="Uterus">in utero</a></i> children received a <a href="/wiki/Relative_biological_effectiveness" title="Relative biological effectiveness">biologically significant radiation dose</a> that was relatively high due to the massive <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutron</a> output of the lower explosive-yielding <a href="/wiki/Little_Boy" title="Little Boy">Little Boy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kalter10_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kalter10-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Researchers studied 286 additional children who were in utero during the atomic bombings, and after a year they found these children had a higher incidence of microcephaly and mental retardation.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kalter10_57-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kalter10-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_relations">Other relations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microcephaly&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Other relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Intracranial volume also affects this pathology, as it is related with the size of the brain.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pathophysiology">Pathophysiology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microcephaly&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Pathophysiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Microcephaly generally is due to the diminished size of the largest part of the human brain, the <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_cortex" title="Cerebral cortex">cerebral cortex</a>, and the condition can arise during embryonic and fetal development due to insufficient <a href="/wiki/Neural_stem_cell" title="Neural stem cell">neural stem cell</a> proliferation, impaired or premature <a href="/wiki/Neurogenesis" title="Neurogenesis">neurogenesis</a>, the death of neural <a href="/wiki/Stem_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Stem cells">stem cells</a> or <a href="/wiki/Neurons" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurons">neurons</a>, or a combination of these factors.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research in animal models such as rodents has found many genes that are required for normal brain growth. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Notch_pathway" class="mw-redirect" title="Notch pathway">Notch pathway</a> genes regulate the balance between stem cell proliferation and <a href="/wiki/Neurogenesis" title="Neurogenesis">neurogenesis</a> in the stem cell layer known as the <a href="/wiki/Ventricular_zone" title="Ventricular zone">ventricular zone</a>, and experimental mutations of many genes can cause microcephaly in mice,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> similar to human microcephaly.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mutations of the <a href="/wiki/ASPM_(gene)" title="ASPM (gene)">abnormal spindle-like microcephaly-associated (ASPM) gene</a> are associated with microcephaly in humans and a knockout model has been developed in <a href="/wiki/Ferret" title="Ferret">ferrets</a> that exhibits severe microcephaly.<sup id="cite_ref-JohnsonSun2018_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JohnsonSun2018-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, viruses such as <a href="/wiki/Cytomegalovirus" title="Cytomegalovirus">cytomegalovirus</a> (CMV) or <a href="/wiki/Zika" class="mw-redirect" title="Zika">Zika</a> have been shown to infect and kill the primary stem cell of the brain—the <a href="/wiki/Radial_glial_cell" title="Radial glial cell">radial glial cell</a>, resulting in the loss of future daughter neurons.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The severity of the condition may depend on the timing of infection during pregnancy.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Microcephaly is a feature common to several different genetic disorders arising from a deficiency in the cellular <a href="/wiki/DNA_damage_(naturally_occurring)" title="DNA damage (naturally occurring)">DNA damage</a> response.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Individuals with the following DNA damage response disorders exhibit microcephaly: <a href="/wiki/Nijmegen_breakage_syndrome" title="Nijmegen breakage syndrome">Nijmegen breakage syndrome</a>, ATR-<a href="/wiki/Seckel_syndrome" title="Seckel syndrome">Seckel syndrome</a>, <a href="/wiki/MCPH1" class="mw-redirect" title="MCPH1">MCPH1</a>-dependent primary microcephaly disorder, <a href="/wiki/XPA" title="XPA">xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group A</a> deficiency, <a href="/wiki/Fanconi_anemia" title="Fanconi anemia">Fanconi anemia</a>, <a href="/wiki/LIG4_syndrome" title="LIG4 syndrome">ligase 4 deficiency syndrome</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bloom_syndrome" title="Bloom syndrome">Bloom syndrome</a>. These findings suggest that a normal DNA damage response is critical during <a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_nervous_system" title="Development of the nervous system">brain development</a>, perhaps to protect against induction of <a href="/wiki/Apoptosis" title="Apoptosis">apoptosis</a> by DNA damage occurring in <a href="/wiki/Neuron" title="Neuron">neurons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treatment">Treatment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microcephaly&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Treatment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beb%C3%AA_com_microcefalia_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Beb%C3%AA_com_microcefalia_01.jpg/220px-Beb%C3%AA_com_microcefalia_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Beb%C3%AA_com_microcefalia_01.jpg/330px-Beb%C3%AA_com_microcefalia_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Beb%C3%AA_com_microcefalia_01.jpg/440px-Beb%C3%AA_com_microcefalia_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Baby with microcephaly during a <a href="/wiki/Physical_therapy" title="Physical therapy">physical therapy</a> session</figcaption></figure> <p>There is no known cure for microcephaly.<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2015_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2015-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Treatment is <a href="/wiki/Symptom" class="mw-redirect" title="Symptom">symptomatic</a> and supportive.<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2015_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2015-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because some cases of microcephaly and its associated symptoms may be a result of amino acid deficiencies, treatment with amino acids in these cases has been shown to improve symptoms such as seizures and motor function delays.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microcephaly&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>People with small heads were displayed as a public spectacle in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">ancient Rome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>People with microcephaly were sometimes sold to <a href="/wiki/Freak_shows" class="mw-redirect" title="Freak shows">freak shows</a> in North America and Europe in the 19th and early 20th centuries, where they were known by the name "pinheads". Many of them were presented as different species (e.g., "monkey man") and described as being the <a href="/wiki/Transitional_fossil" title="Transitional fossil">missing link</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Famous examples include <a href="/wiki/Zip_the_Pinhead" title="Zip the Pinhead">Zip the Pinhead</a> (although he may not have had microcephaly), <a href="/wiki/Maximo_and_Bartola" title="Maximo and Bartola">Maximo and Bartola</a> and <a href="/wiki/Schlitzie" title="Schlitzie">Schlitzie the Pinhead</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stars of the 1932 film <a href="/wiki/Freaks_(1932_film)" title="Freaks (1932 film)">Freaks</a> were cited as influences on the development of the long-running <a href="/wiki/Comic_strip" title="Comic strip">comic strip</a> character <a href="/wiki/Zippy_the_Pinhead" title="Zippy the Pinhead">Zippy the Pinhead</a>, created by <a href="/wiki/Bill_Griffith" title="Bill Griffith">Bill Griffith</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Triboulet.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Triboulet, a French court jester, 1461"><img alt="Triboulet, a French court jester, 1461" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Triboulet.png/120px-Triboulet.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Triboulet.png/180px-Triboulet.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Triboulet.png/240px-Triboulet.png 2x" data-file-width="381" data-file-height="374" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Triboulet_(playwright)" title="Triboulet (playwright)">Triboulet</a>, a French court <a href="/wiki/Jester" title="Jester">jester</a>, 1461</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Die_Gartenlaube_(1868)_b_204.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="18-year-old Emil R., 1868"><img alt="18-year-old Emil R., 1868" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Die_Gartenlaube_%281868%29_b_204.jpg/105px-Die_Gartenlaube_%281868%29_b_204.jpg" decoding="async" width="105" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Die_Gartenlaube_%281868%29_b_204.jpg/158px-Die_Gartenlaube_%281868%29_b_204.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Die_Gartenlaube_%281868%29_b_204.jpg/211px-Die_Gartenlaube_%281868%29_b_204.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1784" data-file-height="2033" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">18-year-old Emil R., 1868</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Idiotie_-_Microc%C3%A9phalie.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Elderly female, 1888/89"><img alt="Elderly female, 1888/89" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Idiotie_-_Microc%C3%A9phalie.jpg/91px-Idiotie_-_Microc%C3%A9phalie.jpg" decoding="async" width="91" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Idiotie_-_Microc%C3%A9phalie.jpg/137px-Idiotie_-_Microc%C3%A9phalie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Idiotie_-_Microc%C3%A9phalie.jpg/183px-Idiotie_-_Microc%C3%A9phalie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1134" data-file-height="1487" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Elderly female, 1888/89</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Microcephalic_high-grade_idiot.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="52-year-old female, 1900"><img alt="52-year-old female, 1900" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Microcephalic_high-grade_idiot.jpg/107px-Microcephalic_high-grade_idiot.jpg" decoding="async" width="107" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Microcephalic_high-grade_idiot.jpg/161px-Microcephalic_high-grade_idiot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Microcephalic_high-grade_idiot.jpg/214px-Microcephalic_high-grade_idiot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1007" data-file-height="1128" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">52-year-old female, 1900</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Microcephalus_A.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="10-year-old male, 1904"><img alt="10-year-old male, 1904" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Microcephalus_A.jpg/76px-Microcephalus_A.jpg" decoding="async" width="76" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Microcephalus_A.jpg/114px-Microcephalus_A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Microcephalus_A.jpg/153px-Microcephalus_A.jpg 2x" data-file-width="380" data-file-height="597" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">10-year-old male, 1904</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Microcephalic_idiot.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="20-year-old female, 1906/07"><img alt="20-year-old female, 1906/07" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Microcephalic_idiot.jpg/117px-Microcephalic_idiot.jpg" decoding="async" width="117" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Microcephalic_idiot.jpg/176px-Microcephalic_idiot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Microcephalic_idiot.jpg/234px-Microcephalic_idiot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="616" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">20-year-old female, 1906/07</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Microcephalic_idiots.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="3 relatives, 1913"><img alt="3 relatives, 1913" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Microcephalic_idiots.jpg/89px-Microcephalic_idiots.jpg" decoding="async" width="89" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Microcephalic_idiots.jpg/133px-Microcephalic_idiots.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Microcephalic_idiots.jpg/177px-Microcephalic_idiots.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1652" data-file-height="2233" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">3 relatives, 1913</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Microcephaly_sister_and_brother.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="18-year-old sister and 9-year-old brother, 1917"><img alt="18-year-old sister and 9-year-old brother, 1917" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Microcephaly_sister_and_brother.jpg/98px-Microcephaly_sister_and_brother.jpg" decoding="async" width="98" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Microcephaly_sister_and_brother.jpg/147px-Microcephaly_sister_and_brother.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Microcephaly_sister_and_brother.jpg/195px-Microcephaly_sister_and_brother.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1226" data-file-height="1505" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">18-year-old sister and 9-year-old brother, 1917</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Various_types_1_(detail_A,_microcephaly).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="55-year-old female, 1920 (linear descendant of Pocahontas)"><img alt="55-year-old female, 1920 (linear descendant of Pocahontas)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Various_types_1_%28detail_A%2C_microcephaly%29.jpg/71px-Various_types_1_%28detail_A%2C_microcephaly%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="71" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Various_types_1_%28detail_A%2C_microcephaly%29.jpg/107px-Various_types_1_%28detail_A%2C_microcephaly%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Various_types_1_%28detail_A%2C_microcephaly%29.jpg/142px-Various_types_1_%28detail_A%2C_microcephaly%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="457" data-file-height="770" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">55-year-old female, 1920 (linear descendant of <a href="/wiki/Pocahontas" title="Pocahontas">Pocahontas</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Microcephalics_(2nd_image,_EFGHIJ).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="6 siblings, 1920"><img alt="6 siblings, 1920" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Microcephalics_%282nd_image%2C_EFGHIJ%29.jpg/120px-Microcephalics_%282nd_image%2C_EFGHIJ%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Microcephalics_%282nd_image%2C_EFGHIJ%29.jpg/180px-Microcephalics_%282nd_image%2C_EFGHIJ%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Microcephalics_%282nd_image%2C_EFGHIJ%29.jpg/240px-Microcephalics_%282nd_image%2C_EFGHIJ%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="997" data-file-height="814" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">6 siblings, 1920</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_cases">Notable cases</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microcephaly&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notable cases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>A 'dwarf' of Punt (ancient Somalia) was given by the Chief clans as partial tribute to the last ruler of Ancient Egypt's Old Kingdom, <a href="/wiki/Pepi_II_Neferkare" title="Pepi II Neferkare">Pepi II Neferkare</a> (6th Dynasty, circa 2125–2080 BC); it could be inferred that this person was also microcephalic. In a letter preserved at the British Museum, the young king gives instructions by letter, "<a href="/wiki/Harkhuf" class="mw-redirect" title="Harkhuf">Harkhuf</a>! The men in your service [escorts; soldiers; sailors; guards, etc.] ought pay sincere care with the dwarf's head while sleeping during the voyage to the palace" (so that it does not fall off). At the same time, it could be for other reasons unrelated to microcephaly, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Triboulet_(playwright)" title="Triboulet (playwright)">Triboulet</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Jester" title="Jester">jester</a> of duke <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_of_Anjou" title="René of Anjou">René of Anjou</a> (not to be confused with the slightly later <a href="/wiki/Triboulet" title="Triboulet">Triboulet</a> at the French court).</li> <li>Jenny Lee Snow and Elvira Snow, whose stage names were Pip and Flip, respectively, were sisters with microcephaly who acted in the 1932 film <i><a href="/wiki/Freaks_(1932_film)" title="Freaks (1932 film)">Freaks</a></i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schlitzie" title="Schlitzie">Schlitze "Schlitzie" Surtees</a>, possibly born Simon Metz, was a widely known sideshow performer and actor, who also appeared in <i><a href="/wiki/Freaks_(1932_film)" title="Freaks (1932 film)">Freaks</a></i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beetlejuice_(entertainer)" title="Beetlejuice (entertainer)">Lester "Beetlejuice" Green</a>, a member of radio host Howard Stern's Wack Pack.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microcephaly&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/12px-WHO_Rod.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/18px-WHO_Rod.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/24px-WHO_Rod.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="107" data-file-height="250" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Medicine" title="Portal:Medicine">Medicine portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anencephaly" title="Anencephaly">Anencephaly</a> (Usually rapidly fatal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerebral_rubicon" title="Cerebral rubicon">Cerebral rubicon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrocephalus" title="Hydrocephalus">Hydrocephaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrocephaly" title="Macrocephaly">Macrocephaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seckel_syndrome" title="Seckel syndrome">Seckel syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achalasia_microcephaly" title="Achalasia microcephaly">Achalasia microcephaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oropouche_orthobunyavirus" title="Oropouche orthobunyavirus">Oropouche orthobunyavirus</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microcephaly&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9843-microcephaly">"Microcephaly"</a>. <i>Health Library: Diseases & Conditions</i>. 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April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Health+Library%3A+Diseases+%26+Conditions&rft.atitle=Microcephaly&rft.date=2023-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmy.clevelandclinic.org%2Fhealth%2Fdiseases%2F9843-microcephaly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicrocephaly" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/microcephaly">"Microcephaly - Definition of Microcephaly by Merriam-Webster"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140914001123/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/microcephaly">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-09-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Microcephaly+-+Definition+of+Microcephaly+by+Merriam-Webster&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fmicrocephaly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicrocephaly" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NIH2015-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2015_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2015_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2015_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2015_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2015_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2015_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2015_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2015_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2015_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2015_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160311132503/http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/Microcephaly/microcephaly.htm">"NINDS Microcephaly Information Page"</a>. <i>NINDS</i>. 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="position:relative; float:right; font-size:0.8em;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q431643" class="extiw" title="d:Q431643">D</a></div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-11" title="ICD-11">11</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#179350437">LA05.0</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">10</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/Q02">Q02</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/List_of_ICD-9_codes" title="List of ICD-9 codes">9-CM</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=742.1">742.1</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Online_Mendelian_Inheritance_in_Man" title="Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man">OMIM</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omim.org/entry/251200">251200</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D008831">D008831</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Diseases_Database" title="Diseases Database">DiseasesDB</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diseasesdatabase.com/ddb22629.htm">22629</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">External resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003272.htm">003272</a></li><li><b>Scholia</b>: <a class="external text" href="https://tools.wmflabs.org/scholia/topic/Q431643">Q431643</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style 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0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right mw-collapsible sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow" style="clear: both"> <b>Microcephaly</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex mw-collapsible-content"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Microcephaly" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Microcephaly">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Microcephaly" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Microcephaly">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Microcephaly" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Microcephaly">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Microcephaly" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Microcephaly">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Microcephaly" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Microcephaly">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Microcephaly" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Microcephaly">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Microcephaly" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Microcephaly">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q431643" class="extiw" title="d:Q431643">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/Microcephaly">Microcephaly</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Neurological_Disorders_and_Stroke" title="National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke">NINDS</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190727155215/https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/Patient-Caregiver-Education/Fact-Sheets/Cephalic-Disorders-Fact-Sheet">NINDS Overview</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Congenital_malformations_and_deformations_of_nervous_system" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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title="Template:Congenital malformations and deformations of nervous system"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Congenital_malformations_and_deformations_of_nervous_system" title="Template talk:Congenital malformations and deformations of nervous system"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Congenital_malformations_and_deformations_of_nervous_system" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Congenital malformations and deformations of nervous system"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Congenital_malformations_and_deformations_of_nervous_system" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Congenital_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Congenital disorder">Congenital</a> malformations and deformations of <a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">nervous system</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_brain" title="Human brain">Brain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neural_tube_defect" title="Neural tube defect">Neural tube defect</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anencephaly" title="Anencephaly">Anencephaly</a> <ul><li>Acephaly</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acrania" title="Acrania">Acrania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acalvaria" title="Acalvaria">Acalvaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iniencephaly" title="Iniencephaly">Iniencephaly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encephalocele" title="Encephalocele">Encephalocele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiari_malformation" title="Chiari malformation">Chiari malformation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Microcephaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrocephalus" title="Hydrocephalus">Congenital hydrocephalus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dandy%E2%80%93Walker_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Dandy–Walker syndrome">Dandy–Walker syndrome</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i>other reduction deformities</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holoprosencephaly" title="Holoprosencephaly">Holoprosencephaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lissencephaly" title="Lissencephaly">Lissencephaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microlissencephaly" title="Microlissencephaly">Microlissencephaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pachygyria" title="Pachygyria">Pachygyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydranencephaly" title="Hydranencephaly">Hydranencephaly</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agenesis_of_the_corpus_callosum" title="Agenesis of the corpus callosum">Agenesis of the corpus callosum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septo-optic_dysplasia" title="Septo-optic dysplasia">Septo-optic dysplasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalencephaly" title="Megalencephaly">Megalencephaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemimegalencephaly" title="Hemimegalencephaly">Hemimegalencephaly</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system_cyst" title="Central nervous system cyst">CNS cyst</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Porencephaly" title="Porencephaly">Porencephaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schizencephaly" title="Schizencephaly">Schizencephaly</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polymicrogyria" title="Polymicrogyria">Polymicrogyria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bilateral_frontoparietal_polymicrogyria" title="Bilateral frontoparietal polymicrogyria">Bilateral frontoparietal polymicrogyria</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spinal_cord" title="Spinal cord">Spinal cord</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neural_tube_defect" title="Neural tube defect">Neural tube defect</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spina_bifida" title="Spina bifida">Spina bifida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachischisis" title="Rachischisis">Rachischisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" 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