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<div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Analysis and themes </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Analysis_and_themes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Analysis and themes subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Analysis_and_themes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Class_conflict" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Class_conflict"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Class conflict </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Class_conflict-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disability_and_eugenics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disability_and_eugenics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Disability and eugenics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disability_and_eugenics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Status_as_a_horror_film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Status_as_a_horror_film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Status as a horror film </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Status_as_a_horror_film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Production </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Production-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Production subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Development </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Casting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Casting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Casting </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Casting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Filming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Filming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Filming </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Filming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Release" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Release"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Release </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Release-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Release subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Release-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Censorship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Censorship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Censorship </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Censorship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Box_office" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Box_office"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Box office </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Box_office-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Critical_response" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Critical_response"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Critical response </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Critical_response-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Contemporaneous" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporaneous"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.1 Contemporaneous </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporaneous-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Retrospective" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retrospective"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.2 Retrospective </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Retrospective-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Home_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Home_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Home media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Home_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 In popular culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Explanatory notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 General sources </div> </a> <ul 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Available in 32 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" > 32 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%B3" title="فريكس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فريكس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freaks" title="Freaks – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Freaks" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freaks" title="Freaks – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Freaks" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freaks_(1932)" title="Freaks (1932) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Freaks (1932)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freaks" title="Freaks – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Freaks" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monstroj_(filmo)" title="Monstroj (filmo) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Monstroj (filmo)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freaks" title="Freaks – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Freaks" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%82%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7" title="عجیب‌الخلقه‌ها – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="عجیب‌الخلقه‌ها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Monstrueuse_Parade" title="La Monstrueuse Parade – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="La Monstrueuse Parade" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%A6%AD%EC%8A%A4_(1932%EB%85%84_%EC%98%81%ED%99%94)" title="프릭스 (1932년 영화) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="프릭스 (1932년 영화)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freaks" title="Freaks – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Freaks" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freaks_(film_1932)" title="Freaks (film 1932) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Freaks (film 1932)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%A1" title="פריקס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פריקס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freaks" title="Freaks – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Freaks" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C3%B6rnysz%C3%BCl%C3%B6ttek" title="Szörnyszülöttek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szörnyszülöttek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8_(%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BC_%D0%BE%D0%B4_1932)" title="Изроди (филм од 1932) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Изроди (филм од 1932)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%B3" title="فريكس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فريكس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filem_Freaks" title="Filem Freaks – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Filem Freaks" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freaks" title="Freaks – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Freaks" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9_(%E6%98%A0%E7%94%BB)" title="フリークス (映画) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フリークス (映画)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dziwol%C4%85gi" title="Dziwolągi – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dziwolągi" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freaks" title="Freaks – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Freaks" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freaks" title="Freaks – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Freaks" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%86%D1%8B" title="Уродцы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Уродцы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freaks" title="Freaks – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Freaks" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5" title="Наказе – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Наказе" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freaks" title="Freaks – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Freaks" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freaks_%E2%80%93_kummajaiset" title="Freaks – kummajaiset – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Freaks – kummajaiset" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freaks" title="Freaks – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Freaks" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freaks_(film,_1932)" title="Freaks (film, 1932) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Freaks (film, 1932)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8_(%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC,_1932)" title="Потвори (фільм, 1932) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Потвори (фільм, 1932)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%95%B8%E5%BD%A2%E4%BA%BA_(1932%E5%B9%B4%E7%94%B5%E5%BD%B1)" title="畸形人 (1932年电影) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="畸形人 (1932年电影)" data-language-autonym="中文" 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Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1932 American horror film by Tod Browning</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; font-style: italic;">Freaks</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Freaks_(1932)_original_one-sheet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Freaks_%281932%29_original_one-sheet.jpg/220px-Freaks_%281932%29_original_one-sheet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="338" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Freaks_%281932%29_original_one-sheet.jpg/330px-Freaks_%281932%29_original_one-sheet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Freaks_%281932%29_original_one-sheet.jpg/440px-Freaks_%281932%29_original_one-sheet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="745" data-file-height="1146" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">1932 theatrical release poster</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Directed by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tod_Browning" title="Tod Browning">Tod Browning</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Screenplay by</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Willis_Goldbeck" title="Willis Goldbeck">Willis Goldbeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Gordon_(playwright)" title="Leon Gordon (playwright)">Leon Gordon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Based on</th><td class="infobox-data">"<a href="/wiki/Spurs_(short_story)" title="Spurs (short story)">Spurs</a>" 1923 story by <a href="/wiki/Tod_Robbins" title="Tod Robbins">Tod Robbins</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Produced by</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Tod Browning</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Rapf" title="Harry Rapf">Harry Rapf</a> (uncredited)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Thalberg" title="Irving Thalberg">Irving Thalberg</a> (uncredited)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Starring</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wallace_Ford" title="Wallace Ford">Wallace Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leila_Hyams" title="Leila Hyams">Leila Hyams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olga_Baclanova" title="Olga Baclanova">Olga Baclanova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roscoe_Ates" title="Roscoe Ates">Roscoe Ates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Cinematography</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Merritt_B._Gerstad" title="Merritt B. Gerstad">Merritt B. Gerstad</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Edited by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Basil_Wrangell" title="Basil Wrangell">Basil Wrangell</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Production company</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer" title="Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer">Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Distributed by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Loews_Cineplex_Entertainment" title="Loews Cineplex Entertainment">Loew's Inc.</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Release date</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist film-date"> <ul><li>February 12, 1932 (1932-02-12)<a href="#cite_note-lat1932-1">[1]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Running time</div></th><td class="infobox-data">64 minutes<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Languages</th><td class="infobox-data">English German French</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Budget</th><td class="infobox-data">~ $310,000<a href="#cite_note-budget-6">[a]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Box office</th><td class="infobox-data">$341,000<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMank2005127-3">[3]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Freaks (also re-released as The Monster Story,<a href="#cite_note-publication-7">[6]</a>Forbidden Love, and Nature's Mistakes<a href="#cite_note-mf-8">[7]</a>) is a 1932 American <a href="/wiki/Pre-Code_Hollywood" title="Pre-Code Hollywood">pre-Code</a> <a href="/wiki/Drama" title="Drama">drama</a> <a href="/wiki/Horror_film" title="Horror film">horror film</a> produced and directed by <a href="/wiki/Tod_Browning" title="Tod Browning">Tod Browning</a>, starring <a href="/wiki/Wallace_Ford" title="Wallace Ford">Wallace Ford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leila_Hyams" title="Leila Hyams">Leila Hyams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olga_Baclanova" title="Olga Baclanova">Olga Baclanova</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Roscoe_Ates" title="Roscoe Ates">Roscoe Ates</a>. Freaks, originally intended as a vehicle for <a href="/wiki/Lon_Chaney" title="Lon Chaney">Lon Chaney</a>,<a href="#cite_note-mf-8">[7]</a> is set amongst the backdrop of a travelling French circus and follows a conniving trapeze artist who joins a group of <a href="/wiki/Traveling_carnival" title="Traveling carnival">carnival</a> <a href="/wiki/Sideshow" title="Sideshow">sideshow</a> performers with a plan to seduce and murder a <a href="/wiki/Dwarfism" title="Dwarfism">midget</a> in the troupe to gain his inheritance. However, her plot proves to have dangerous consequences. The film is based on elements from the short story "<a href="/wiki/Spurs_(short_story)" title="Spurs (short story)">Spurs</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Tod_Robbins" title="Tod Robbins">Tod Robbins</a>, first published in <a href="/wiki/Munsey%27s_Magazine" title="Munsey's Magazine">Munsey's Magazine</a> in February 1923, with the rights being purchased by <a href="/wiki/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer" title="Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer">Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer</a> (MGM). <a href="/wiki/Cedric_Gibbons" title="Cedric Gibbons">Cedric Gibbons</a>, a childhood friend of Robbins and MGM art department chief, was responsible for the purchase.<a href="#cite_note-publication-7">[6]</a> Filmed in <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a> in the fall of 1931, some employees at MGM were discomforted by the presence of the actors portraying the "freaks" on set, and, other than the so-called more normal looking "freaks", the <a href="/wiki/Siamese_twins" class="mw-redirect" title="Siamese twins">Siamese twins</a> and the Earles, the performers were not allowed to be on the studio lot, relegated instead to a specially-built tent.<a href="#cite_note-mf-8">[7]</a> The film had test screenings in January 1932, with many members of the audience reacting negatively, finding the film too grotesque. In response to this, MGM executive <a href="/wiki/Irving_Thalberg" title="Irving Thalberg">Irving Thalberg</a>, without consent of director Browning, edited the original 90-minute feature, which was significantly cut, with additional alternate footage incorporated to help increase the running time. The final abridged cut of the film, released in February 1932, was 64 minutes; the original version <a href="/wiki/Lost_film" title="Lost film">no longer exists</a>. Freaks made its world premiere at the Fox Theatre in San Diego, shown in full, without the subsequent cuts from January 28 and had a successful run. The theatre advertised the fact that it was the only place where the movie could be seen in the "original uncensored version".<a href="#cite_note-mf-8">[7]</a> Despite the cuts made to the film, Freaks still garnered notice for the portrayal of its eponymous characters by people who worked as sideshow performers and had real disabilities. These cast members included midget siblings <a href="/wiki/The_Doll_Family" title="The Doll Family">Harry and Daisy Earles</a>; <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Eck" title="Johnny Eck">Johnny Eck</a>, who had <a href="/wiki/Caudal_regression_syndrome" title="Caudal regression syndrome">sacral agenesis</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Conjoined_twin" class="mw-redirect" title="Conjoined twin">conjoined twin</a> sisters <a href="/wiki/Daisy_and_Violet_Hilton" title="Daisy and Violet Hilton">Daisy and Violet Hilton</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Schlitzie" title="Schlitzie">Schlitzie</a>, a man with <a href="/wiki/Microcephaly" title="Microcephaly">microcephaly</a>. Because of its controversial content, the film was banned in the United Kingdom for over 30 years, and was labelled as "brutal and grotesque" in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-telegraph-9">[8]</a> Though it received critical backlash and was a <a href="/wiki/Box-office_failure" class="mw-redirect" title="Box-office failure">box-office failure</a> upon initial release, Freaks was subject to public and critical reappraisal in the 1960s, as a long forgotten Hollywood classic, particularly in Europe, and was screened at the 1962 <a href="/wiki/Venice_Film_Festival" title="Venice Film Festival">Venice Film Festival</a>. In retrospect, numerous film critics have suggested that the film presents a starkly sympathetic portrait of its sideshow characters rather than an <a href="/wiki/Exploitation_film" title="Exploitation film">exploitative</a> one, with <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Sarris" title="Andrew Sarris">Andrew Sarris</a> declaring Freaks one of the "most compassionate" films ever made.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkal1995224-10">[9]</a> Nonetheless, critics have continued to take note of the film's horror elements; in 2009, <a href="/wiki/Joe_Morgenstern" title="Joe Morgenstern">Joe Morgenstern</a> proclaimed that Freaks contains some of the most terrifying scenes in film history. <a href="/wiki/Film_studies" title="Film studies">Film scholars</a> have interpreted the film as a metaphor for <a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">class conflict</a>, reflecting the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, and it has been studied for its portrayal of <a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">people with disabilities</a>, with theorists arguing that it presents an anti-<a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">eugenics</a> message. The film has been highly influential, has become a <a href="/wiki/Cult_classic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cult classic">cult classic</a>, and, in 1994, was selected for preservation by the United States <a href="/wiki/National_Film_Registry" title="National Film Registry">National Film Registry</a>, which seeks to preserve films that are "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".<a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Plot">Plot</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Freaks_(1932_film)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Plot">edit</a>]</div> A beautiful and conniving <a href="/wiki/Trapeze" title="Trapeze">trapeze</a> artist named Cleopatra seduces a <a href="/wiki/Traveling_carnival" title="Traveling carnival">carnival</a> <a href="/wiki/Sideshow" title="Sideshow">sideshow</a> dwarf named Hans after learning of his large inheritance. This is much to the chagrin of Frieda, his fiancée, also a dwarf. Cleopatra also conspires with circus strongman Hercules to kill Hans so she will inherit his wealth. Meanwhile, other romances flourish among the sideshow performers: the <a href="/wiki/Bearded_lady" title="Bearded lady">Bearded Lady</a>, who is in love with the Human Skeleton, gives birth to their daughter. The news is spread among the friends by <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Green_the_Stork_Woman" title="Elizabeth Green the Stork Woman">the Stork Woman</a>. Additionally, Violet, a <a href="/wiki/Conjoined_twins" title="Conjoined twins">conjoined twin</a> whose sister Daisy is married to Roscoe, the stuttering circus clown, becomes engaged to the circus's owner. Hans, enamored of Cleopatra, ultimately marries her. At their wedding, Cleopatra begins poisoning Hans's wine but drunkenly kisses Hercules in front of Hans, revealing her affair. Oblivious, the other "freaks" announce that they accept Cleopatra in spite of her being a "normal" outsider; they hold an initiation ceremony in which they pass a <a href="/wiki/Loving_cup" title="Loving cup">loving cup</a> around the table while chanting, "We accept her, one of us. We accept her, one of us. Gooble-gobble, gooble-gobble."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeterson2014239-13">[12]</a> However, Cleopatra's mean-spirited amusement at this ceremony soon turns into fear and anger after Hercules jokes that the rest of the entertainers plan to turn her into one of them. She mocks them, tosses the wine in their faces and drives them away before berating Hans and drunkenly parading him around on her shoulders like a child. The humiliated Hans realizes that he has been played for a fool and rejects Cleopatra's attempts to apologize, but then he falls ill from the poison. While bedridden, Hans "apologizes" to Cleopatra and also "takes" the poisoned medicine that she is giving him, but he secretly plots with the other entertainers to strike back at Cleopatra and Hercules. In the film's climax, Hans confronts Cleopatra with three of the entertainers as backup thugs. However, Hans's circus wagon is overturned in a storm, giving Cleopatra the chance to escape into the forest, closely pursued by them. At the same time Hercules goes to kill sea lion trainer Venus for knowing about the plot. Venus's boyfriend, Phroso the clown, attempts to stop Hercules but is nearly killed before the rest of them intervene and injure Hercules, saving Phroso. They all pursue an injured Hercules. The freaks then capture Cleopatra and sometime later, she is shown to be a grotesque, squawking "human <a href="/wiki/Duck" title="Duck">duck</a>" on display for carnival patrons; her tongue has been removed, one eye has been gouged out, the flesh of her hands has been melted and deformed to look like duck feet, her legs have been cut off, and what is left of her torso has been permanently <a href="/wiki/Tarring_and_feathering" title="Tarring and feathering">tarred and feathered</a>. In the original version of the film, it is revealed that after the freaks caught Hercules, they made him into a <a href="/wiki/Castrato" title="Castrato">castrato</a> singer. While some versions end on Cleopatra as the human duck, another ending shows Hans, now living in a mansion from his inheritance and still humiliated, visited by Phroso, Venus and Frieda. Frieda tells Hans she knows he just wanted to demand the bottle of poison from Cleopatra, not to mutilate her, and not to blame himself for what happened; and that she still loves him. The two then share a heartwarming hug. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cast">Cast</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Freaks_(1932_film)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Cast">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;min-width: min(25em, 100%);"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wallace_Ford" title="Wallace Ford">Wallace Ford</a> as Phroso</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leila_Hyams" title="Leila Hyams">Leila Hyams</a> as Venus</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olga_Baclanova" title="Olga Baclanova">Olga Baclanova</a> as Cleopatra</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roscoe_Ates" title="Roscoe Ates">Rosco Ates</a> as Roscoe</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Victor" title="Henry Victor">Henry Victor</a> as Hercules</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Doll_Family" title="The Doll Family">Harry Earles</a> as Hans</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daisy_Earles" title="Daisy Earles">Daisy Earles</a> as Frieda</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Dione" title="Rose Dione">Rose Dione</a> as Madame Tetrallini</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daisy_and_Violet_Hilton" title="Daisy and Violet Hilton">Daisy and Violet Hilton</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Siamese_twins" class="mw-redirect" title="Siamese twins">Siamese twins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schlitzie" title="Schlitzie">Schlitzie</a> as himself<a href="#cite_note-14">[b]</a><a href="#cite_note-mf-8">[7]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Whiskers" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel Whiskers">Samuel Whiskers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephine_Joseph" title="Josephine Joseph">Josephine Joseph</a> as <a href="/wiki/Intersex" title="Intersex">Half Woman-Half Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnny_Eck" title="Johnny Eck">Johnny Eck</a> as Half-Boy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_O%27Connor_(performer)" title="Frances O'Connor (performer)">Frances O'Connor</a> as <a href="/wiki/Armless_wonder" title="Armless wonder">Armless girl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Robinson_(sideshow_artist)" title="Peter Robinson (sideshow artist)">Peter Robinson</a> as Human skeleton</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Barnell" title="Jane Barnell">Olga Roderick</a> as <a href="/wiki/Bearded_lady" title="Bearded lady">Bearded lady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koo-Koo_the_Bird_Girl" title="Koo-Koo the Bird Girl">Koo Koo</a> as herself</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Randian" title="Prince Randian">Prince Randian</a> as The Living Torso</li> <li>Martha Morris as Angeleno's armless wife</li> <li>Elvira Snow as <a href="/wiki/Microcephaly" title="Microcephaly">Pinhead</a> Pip</li> <li>Jenny Lee Snow as Pinhead Zip</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Green_the_Stork_Woman" title="Elizabeth Green the Stork Woman">Elizabeth Green</a> as Bird Girl</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angelo_Rossitto" title="Angelo Rossitto">Angelo Rossitto</a> as Angeleno</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Brophy" title="Edward Brophy">Edward Brophy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Matt_McHugh" title="Matt McHugh">Matt McHugh</a> as the Rollo Brothers</li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Analysis_and_themes">Analysis and themes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Freaks_(1932_film)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Analysis and themes">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Class_conflict">Class conflict</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Freaks_(1932_film)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Class conflict">edit</a>]</div> Film critic Melvin Matthews has interpreted Freaks within the context of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, writing that it "is essentially a story of the little people (average Americans) versus the big people (the rich and businessmen). The film makes it clear that the big people, personified by Cleopatra and Hercules, scorn the Freaks. Such a disdainful attitude was reflected in the real-life social outlook of some business tycoons during the Depression."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthews200958-15">[13]</a> Film studies academic Jennifer Peterson similarly identifies Freaks as an example of an "outsider film".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeterson200937-16">[14]</a> Historian Jane Nicholas suggests that the film's conclusion, in which the circus performers mutilate Cleopatra whilst chanting "one of us", is reinforcing the freaks' social currency: "It is interesting that a statement that reads as one of inclusion is often cited as one that embodies horror in the film. What does it mean to be 'one of us'? The chilling horror of the chant 'one of us' reveals why the freak show persists."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholas2018204-17">[15]</a> In the book Midnight Movies (1991), critics J. Hoberman and <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Rosenbaum" title="Jonathan Rosenbaum">Jonathan Rosenbaum</a> compare Freaks to <a href="/wiki/Gold_Diggers_of_1933" title="Gold Diggers of 1933">Gold Diggers of 1933</a>, writing that the former is "almost literally dealing with the same thing [class disparity]... but more directly—because the end product isn't just putting on a show, but slaves breaking their chains and triumphing over their masters. Freaks is asking a Depression audience to identify not with the Beautiful People, but with sideshow mutations, a total underclass."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHobermanRosenbaum1991306-18">[16]</a> John Stanley, longtime publisher of the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Chronicle" title="San Francisco Chronicle">San Francisco Chronicle</a>, describes the film as "A Classic of the Grotesque" in Creature Features.<a href="#cite_note-19">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disability_and_eugenics">Disability and eugenics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Freaks_(1932_film)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Disability and eugenics">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wallace_Ford,_Johnny_Eck,_and_Leila_Hyams_in_Freaks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Wallace_Ford%2C_Johnny_Eck%2C_and_Leila_Hyams_in_Freaks.jpg/220px-Wallace_Ford%2C_Johnny_Eck%2C_and_Leila_Hyams_in_Freaks.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Wallace_Ford%2C_Johnny_Eck%2C_and_Leila_Hyams_in_Freaks.jpg/330px-Wallace_Ford%2C_Johnny_Eck%2C_and_Leila_Hyams_in_Freaks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Wallace_Ford%2C_Johnny_Eck%2C_and_Leila_Hyams_in_Freaks.jpg/440px-Wallace_Ford%2C_Johnny_Eck%2C_and_Leila_Hyams_in_Freaks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="892" data-file-height="649" /></a><figcaption>Critic Jon Towlson notes that the everyday interaction between the able-bodied and disabled circus performers serves to uphold an anti-<a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">eugenics</a> sentiment.</figcaption></figure> The film's depiction of <a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">people with disabilities</a> has been a significant point of analysis amongst film critics and scholars.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETowlson201422–25-20">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201288–92-21">[19]</a> In his book Subversive Horror Cinema: Countercultural Messages of Films from Frankenstein to the Present (2014), critic Jon Towlson proposes that Freaks exemplifies an anti-<a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">eugenics</a> sentiment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETowlson201422–25-20">[18]</a> In presenting this idea, Towlson cites vignette sequences that make up the beginning of the film, largely consisting of the freaks in the context of their sideshow, before Browning "begins to undercut the voyeuristic aspects of the traditional freakshow by showing the freaks engaged in the activities of everyday life, dispelling the initial shock and revulsion, and encouraging the viewer to see the freaks as individuals who have overcome their disabilities."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETowlson201425-22">[20]</a> Towlson also notes that the freaks' everyday interactions with the able-bodied sideshow performers, such as Phroso, Roscoe, and Venus, who treat the freaks as equals and friends, further blurs the distinction between the able-bodied and disabled members of the circus, and that the physically beautiful characters—such as trapeze artist Cleopatra—are the ones who are vindictive, supremacist, and immoral.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETowlson201425–26-23">[21]</a> He further argues that the implied sexuality in the film—such as the implication that the conjoined twin sisters (played by <a href="/wiki/Daisy_and_Violet_Hilton" title="Daisy and Violet Hilton">Daisy and Violet Hilton</a>) carry on their own separate sex lives<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartzman2006169-24">[22]</a>—is an affront to the eugenic stance against reproduction and sexual activity among the "physically unfit."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETowlson201429-25">[23]</a> Towlson ultimately concludes that this subversion of character exemplifies a stark opposition to the core belief of eugenics, which is that physical appearance is equated with internal worth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETowlson201425-22">[20]</a> Angela Smith, a scholar of film and disability, similarly notes that Freaks presents numerous scenes in which the freaks engage in routine and ordinary domestic behavior.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201289-26">[24]</a> Among them, Smith cites the freaks' celebration of the birth of the Bearded Lady's baby, and the film's key dinner party sequence in which Cleopatra grows enraged when the freaks sing "We accept her, we accept her, one of us, one of us" as a welcoming song.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201289–90-27">[25]</a> Film scholars Martin Norden and Madeleine Cahill, however, question Browning's intention of the film's final revenge sequence, in which the freaks mutilate the able-bodied, morally cruel Cleopatra.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENordenCahill2000163–165-28">[26]</a> "The implications of the violence against [Cleopatra] are far from clear," they write. "Members of a traditionally disempowered minority use their collective force to disempower a majority member—turn her into one of them, in effect—leading us to wonder if she is truly disempowered or empowered in a new way. Browning's ambiguity on this point only enhances the film's unsettling properties."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENordenCahill2000164-29">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Status_as_a_horror_film">Status as a horror film</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Freaks_(1932_film)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Status as a horror film">edit</a>]</div> Some critics, such as John Thomas and <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Durgnat" title="Raymond Durgnat">Raymond Durgnat</a>, have noted that Freaks does not fully embody the genre.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawkins2000150-30">[28]</a> Thomas wrote in <a href="/wiki/Film_Quarterly" title="Film Quarterly">Film Quarterly</a> that Freaks would "disappoint no one but the mindless children who consume most horror films... Certainly it is macabre... But the point is that Freaks is not really a horror film at all, though it contains some horrifying sequences."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas196459-31">[29]</a> Durgnat made a similar observation, writing that, like the films of <a href="/wiki/Luis_Bu%C3%B1uel" title="Luis Buñuel">Luis Buñuel</a>, its shock value "mingles with moments which seem shallow, but by the end of the film one begins to catch their mood, a calm, cold combination of <a href="/wiki/Grand_Guignol" title="Grand Guignol">guignol</a> and eerily matter-of-fact."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawkins2000150-30">[28]</a> Film-studies scholar Joan Hawkins describes the evolution of how the film's genre was perceived, noting that it "started as a mainstream horror film that migrated into the <a href="/wiki/Exploitation_film" title="Exploitation film">exploitation</a> arena before finally being recuperated as an <a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">avant-garde</a> or art project."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawkins2000167-32">[30]</a> Hawkins notes that Browning inverts the audience's expectations, demonstrating that it is "the ordinary, the apparently normal, the beautiful which horrify—the monstrous and distorted which compel our respect, our sympathy, ultimately our affection."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawkins1996267-33">[31]</a> Smith writes that the inclusion of Freaks within the horror genre "forces our reconsideration of the genre's status [and] challenges readings in which all horror movies are seen to use monstrous bodies to the same effects."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2012117-34">[32]</a> Film theorist Eugenie Brinkema suggests that Freaks functions as a horror film "not because Cleo is mutilated and Hercules killed, all lightning and dark shadows—no, Freaks is a horror film because the gaze itself is horrific, because locating the gaze is a work in terror."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrinkema2008166-35">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Freaks_(1932_film)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Production">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development">Development</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Freaks_(1932_film)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Development">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer" title="Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer">Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer</a> (MGM) had purchased the rights to <a href="/wiki/Tod_Robbins" title="Tod Robbins">Tod Robbins</a>'s short story "<a href="/wiki/Spurs_(short_story)" title="Spurs (short story)">Spurs</a>" in the mid-1920s at <a href="/wiki/Tod_Browning" title="Tod Browning">Tod Browning</a>'s urging for a reported $8,000.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMank2005124-36">[34]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Doll_Family" title="The Doll Family">Harry Earles</a>, a dwarf who had appeared in Browning's <a href="/wiki/The_Unholy_Three_(1925_film)" title="The Unholy Three (1925 film)">The Unholy Three</a> (1925)—and who would ultimately star as Hans in Freaks—had originally proposed the idea of making a film version of "Spurs" to Browning.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartzman2006139-37">[35]</a> The studio agreed to hire Browning to direct the project based on his past success at <a href="/wiki/Universal_Pictures" title="Universal Pictures">Universal Pictures</a> with <a href="/wiki/Dracula_(1931_English-language_film)" title="Dracula (1931 English-language film)">Dracula</a> (1931) and for his collaborations with <a href="/wiki/Lon_Chaney" title="Lon Chaney">Lon Chaney</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMank2005123-38">[36]</a> In June 1931, MGM production supervisor <a href="/wiki/Irving_Thalberg" title="Irving Thalberg">Irving Thalberg</a> offered Browning the opportunity to direct <a href="/wiki/Ars%C3%A8ne_Lupin_(1932_film)" title="Arsène Lupin (1932 film)">Arsène Lupin</a> with <a href="/wiki/John_Barrymore" title="John Barrymore">John Barrymore</a>. Browning declined, preferring to develop Freaks, a project he had started as early as 1927; Browning had worked with a traveling carnival prior to becoming a filmmaker.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201286-39">[37]</a> Screenwriters <a href="/wiki/Willis_Goldbeck" title="Willis Goldbeck">Willis Goldbeck</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elliott_Clawson" class="mw-redirect" title="Elliott Clawson">Elliott Clawson</a> were assigned to the project at Browning's request.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJensen2012201-40">[38]</a> Leon Gordon, Edgar Allan Woolf, <a href="/wiki/Al_Boasberg" title="Al Boasberg">Al Boasberg</a> and an uncredited <a href="/wiki/Charles_MacArthur" title="Charles MacArthur">Charles MacArthur</a> would also contribute to the script.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJensen2012201-40">[38]</a> The script was shaped over five months.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJensen2012201-40">[38]</a> Little of the original story was retained beyond the marriage between a dwarf and an average-sized woman and their wedding feast, and the setting—originally France—was relocated to the United States.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJensen2012201-40">[38]</a> Both Thalberg and <a href="/wiki/Harry_Rapf" title="Harry Rapf">Harry Rapf</a> served as uncredited co-producers on the film.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeterson200936-41">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Casting">Casting</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Freaks_(1932_film)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Casting">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Johnny_Eck-Angelo_Rossitto_in_Freaks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Johnny_Eck-Angelo_Rossitto_in_Freaks.jpg/170px-Johnny_Eck-Angelo_Rossitto_in_Freaks.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Johnny_Eck-Angelo_Rossitto_in_Freaks.jpg/255px-Johnny_Eck-Angelo_Rossitto_in_Freaks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Johnny_Eck-Angelo_Rossitto_in_Freaks.jpg/340px-Johnny_Eck-Angelo_Rossitto_in_Freaks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="826" data-file-height="896" /></a><figcaption>Johnny Eck as Half-Boy and Angelo Rossitto as Angeleno</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Victor_McLaglen" title="Victor McLaglen">Victor McLaglen</a> was considered for the role of Hercules, while <a href="/wiki/Myrna_Loy" title="Myrna Loy">Myrna Loy</a> was initially slated to star as Cleopatra, with <a href="/wiki/Jean_Harlow" title="Jean Harlow">Jean Harlow</a> as Venus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMank2005124-36">[34]</a> Ultimately, Thalberg decided not to cast any major stars in the picture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMank2005123–125-42">[40]</a> Instead, Russian actress <a href="/wiki/Olga_Baclanova" title="Olga Baclanova">Olga Baclanova</a> was cast as Cleopatra, based on her success in a Los Angeles-produced stage production of The Silent Witness.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMank2005124-36">[34]</a> Harry Earles was cast as Hans, the carnival sideshow performer whom Cleopatra attempts to murder for his estate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMank2005124-36">[34]</a> Earles' real-life sister, <a href="/wiki/The_Doll_Family" title="The Doll Family">Daisy</a>, portrayed his dwarf love interest, Frieda.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMank2005124-36">[34]</a> Among the supporting characters featured as "freaks", casting agent Ben Piazza scoured the East Coast for over a month and put out advertisements for photographs and screen tests, scouting carnivals and sideshows for Browning; amongst others, a girl with "Elephant skin", "a boy with dog legs", "a giant", "a bunch of pygmies" and the legendary dwarf performer "Mega Mite" didn't make the cut.<a href="#cite_note-mf-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-dfr-43">[41]</a> The cast that would included Peter Robinson ("The Human Skeleton"); Olga Roderick ("The <a href="/wiki/Bearded_Lady" class="mw-redirect" title="Bearded Lady">Bearded Lady</a>");<a href="#cite_note-sedalia-44">[42]</a> Frances O'Connor and Martha Morris ("<a href="/wiki/Armless_wonder" title="Armless wonder">armless wonders</a>");<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthews200954-45">[43]</a> and the conjoined twins Daisy and Violet Hilton.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMank2005124-36">[34]</a> Among the <a href="/wiki/Microcephaly" title="Microcephaly">microcephalic</a> characters who appear in the film (and are referred to as "pinheads" throughout) were Zip and Pip (Elvira and Jenny Lee Snow) and Schlitzie, a man named Simon Metz who wore a dress.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholas2018236-46">[44]</a> Also featured were the <a href="/wiki/Intersex" title="Intersex">intersex</a> Josephine Joseph, with her left-right divided gender;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBombaci2006101-47">[45]</a> Johnny Eck, the legless man, who was scouted for the role while performing in <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholas2018136-48">[46]</a> the completely limbless Prince Randian (also known as The Human Torso and miscredited as "Rardion");<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMank2005118-49">[47]</a> <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Green_the_Stork_Woman" title="Elizabeth Green the Stork Woman">Elizabeth Green the Stork Woman</a>; and Koo-Koo the Bird Girl, who had <a href="/wiki/Virchow-Seckel_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Virchow-Seckel syndrome">Virchow-Seckel syndrome</a> or bird-headed dwarfism and is most remembered for the scene wherein she dances on the table.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMank2005124-36">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Filming">Filming</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Freaks_(1932_film)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Filming">edit</a>]</div> Freaks began <a href="/wiki/Principal_photography" title="Principal photography">principal photography</a> in November 1931,<a href="#cite_note-51">[c]</a> with a 24-day shooting schedule.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMank2005124-36">[34]</a> At the time of the production's beginning, the film had a budget of approximately $209,000,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMank2005124-36">[34]</a> though it would eventually expand to more than $300,000.<a href="#cite_note-budget-6">[a]</a> The film was shot on the MGM studio lot in <a href="/wiki/Culver_City,_California" title="Culver City, California">Culver City, California</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoherty199911-50">[48]</a> Baclanova recalled her time first meeting her co-stars on the set: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Tod Browning, I loved him. He say, "I want to make a picture with you, Olga Baclanova...  Now I show you with whom you are going to play. But don't faint." I say, "Why should I faint?" So he takes me and shows me all the freaks there. First I meet the midget and he adores me because we speak German and he's from Germany. Then he shows me the girl that's like an orangutan; then a man who has a head but no legs, no nothing, just a head and a body like an egg. Then he shows me a boy who walks on his hands because he was born without feet. He shows me little by little and I could not look. I wanted to cry when I saw them. They have such nice faces, but it is so terrible...  Now, after we start the picture, I like them all so much.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMank2005125-52">[49]</a></blockquote> During the shoot, the film had already begun to draw disgusted reactions, resulting in MGM segregating the film's cast and crew to a separate cafeteria so that "people could get to eat in the commissary without throwing up."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201293-53">[50]</a> Filming was completed on December 16, 1931, and Browning began retakes on December 23.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMank2005125-52">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Release">Release</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Freaks_(1932_film)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Release">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Censorship">Censorship</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Freaks_(1932_film)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Censorship">edit</a>]</div> In January 1932, MGM held <a href="/wiki/Test_screening" title="Test screening">test screenings</a> of the film, which proved disastrous: Art director <a href="/wiki/Merrill_Pye" title="Merrill Pye">Merrill Pye</a> recalled that "Halfway through the preview, a lot of people got up and ran out. They didn't walk out. They ran out."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthews200953-54">[51]</a> Others reportedly became ill, or fainted; one woman who attended the screening threatened to sue MGM, claiming the film had caused her to suffer a <a href="/wiki/Miscarriage" title="Miscarriage">miscarriage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201293-53">[50]</a> Due to the extremely unfavorable response, the studio cut the picture down from its original 90-minute running time to just over an hour.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthews200953-54">[51]</a> Much of the sequence of the circus entertainers attacking Cleopatra as she lies under a lightning-struck tree was removed, as well as a sequence showing Hercules being castrated and made into a <a href="/wiki/Castrato" title="Castrato">castrato</a>, a number of comedy sequences, and most of the film's original epilogue, which included Hercules singing in a <a href="/wiki/Falsetto" title="Falsetto">falsetto</a> (a reference to his castration) with Cleopatra quacking along.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMank2005125-52">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-bmd-55">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthews200953–55-56">[53]</a> These excised sequences are considered <a href="/wiki/Lost_film" title="Lost film">lost</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bmd-55">[52]</a> In order to pad the running time after these cuts, a new prologue featuring a <a href="/wiki/Barker_(occupation)" title="Barker (occupation)">carnival barker</a> was added, as was the alternate epilogue featuring the reconciliation of the dwarf lovers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2012267-57">[54]</a> The truncated version—now only 64 minutes long—had its premiere at the Fox Criterion in <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a> on February 12, 1932.<a href="#cite_note-lat1932-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[55]</a> It subsequently opened in New York City that summer, premiering on July 8, 1932.<a href="#cite_note-afi-59">[56]</a> Regionally, the film attracted controversy upon its theatrical release, and was pulled from screenings in <a href="/wiki/Atlanta,_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlanta, Georgia">Atlanta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201294-60">[57]</a> In the United Kingdom, the film was <a href="/wiki/List_of_banned_films" title="List of banned films">banned</a> by the British censors,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201294-60">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-smithmark-61">[58]</a> and remained as so for more than 30 years before being passed with an <a href="/wiki/X_rating" title="X rating">X rating</a> in August 1963.<a href="#cite_note-afi-59">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Box_office">Box office</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Freaks_(1932_film)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Box office">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Poster_-_Freaks_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Poster_-_Freaks_02.jpg/220px-Poster_-_Freaks_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Poster_-_Freaks_02.jpg/330px-Poster_-_Freaks_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Poster_-_Freaks_02.jpg/440px-Poster_-_Freaks_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1043" data-file-height="817" /></a><figcaption>Freaks lobby card</figcaption></figure> Freaks was a <a href="/wiki/Box-office_bomb" title="Box-office bomb">box-office bomb</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthews200959-62">[59]</a> recording a total loss of $164,000.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMank2005127-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEyman2005152-4">[4]</a> It grossed $289,000 in the United States, and $52,000 internationally.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMank2005127-3">[3]</a> Though not a financial success, the film had greater earnings in smaller cities such as <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati" title="Cincinnati">Cincinnati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul,_Minnesota" title="Saint Paul, Minnesota">Saint Paul</a> than it did in larger metropolitan cities such as Los Angeles or <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201293-53">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Critical_response">Critical response</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Freaks_(1932_film)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Critical response">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Contemporaneous">Contemporaneous</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Freaks_(1932_film)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Contemporaneous">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:22%; ; color: #202122;background-color: #FAFAD2;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> What about the Siamese twins—have they no right to love? The pin-heads, the half-man, half-woman, the dwarfs! They have the same passions, joys, sorrows, laughter as normal human beings. Is such a subject untouchable? </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">–1932 press release from MGM responding to accusations that the film exploited its subjects<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthews200957-63">[60]</a></cite> </div> Despite the extensive cuts, the film was still negatively received by moviegoers, and remained an object of extreme controversy amongst the public upon initial release.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201294–96-64">[61]</a> Critics' responses were also divided.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawkins2000141–142-65">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawkins1996265-66">[63]</a> MGM attempted to address criticisms of <a href="/wiki/Exploitation_film" title="Exploitation film">exploitation</a> by promoting the film as one compassionate toward its subjects, with tagline such as "What about abnormal people? They have their lives, too!"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthews200957-63">[60]</a> At the time of its release, the film was regarded by numerous critics as marking the end of Browning's career.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201294–95-67">[64]</a> Freaks became the only MGM film ever to be pulled from release before completing its domestic engagements,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVieira200349-68">[65]</a> and it was pulled from distribution after its New York engagements concluded in the summer of 1932.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthews200957-63">[60]</a> Disillusioned by the backlash the film received, MGM studio head <a href="/wiki/Louis_B._Mayer" title="Louis B. Mayer">Louis B. Mayer</a> sold the distribution rights to <a href="/wiki/Dwain_Esper" title="Dwain Esper">Dwain Esper</a> for a 25-year period for $50,000.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthews200957–58-69">[66]</a> A number of reviews were not only highly critical of the film, but expressed outrage and revulsion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthews200956–58-70">[67]</a> <a href="/wiki/Harrison%27s_Reports" title="Harrison's Reports">Harrison's Reports</a> wrote that "Any one who considers this entertainment should be placed in the pathological ward in some hospital."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2012209-71">[68]</a> In <a href="/wiki/The_Kansas_City_Star" title="The Kansas City Star">The Kansas City Star</a>, John C. Moffitt wrote, "There is no excuse for this picture. It took a weak mind to produce it and it takes a strong stomach to look at it."<a href="#cite_note-TCM-72">[69]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter" title="The Hollywood Reporter">The Hollywood Reporter</a> called the film an "outrageous onslaught upon the feelings, the senses, the brains and the stomachs of an audience."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2012209-71">[68]</a> <a href="/wiki/Variety_(magazine)" title="Variety (magazine)">Variety</a> also published an unfavorable review, writing that the film was "sumptuously produced, admirably directed, and no cost was spared, but Metro heads failed to realize that even with a different sort of offering the story is still important. Here the story is not sufficiently strong to get and hold the interest, partly because interest cannot easily be gained for too fantastic a romance." The review went on to state that the story "does not thrill and at the same time does not please, since it is impossible for the normal man or woman to sympathize with the aspiring dwarf. And only in such a case will the story appeal."<a href="#cite_note-73">[70]</a> While a significant number of reviews were unfavorable, the film was well-received by some: <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> called it "excellent at times and horrible, in the strict meaning of the word, at others" as well as "a picture not to be easily forgotten."<a href="#cite_note-nyt-74">[71]</a> The <a href="/wiki/New_York_Herald_Tribune" title="New York Herald Tribune">New York Herald Tribune</a> wrote that it was "obviously an unhealthy and generally disagreeable work," but that "in some strange way, the picture is not only exciting, but even occasionally touching."<a href="#cite_note-TCM-72">[69]</a> Columnist <a href="/wiki/Louella_Parsons" title="Louella Parsons">Louella Parsons</a> wrote an enthusiastic report on the film, noting that "for pure sensationalism, Freaks tops any pictures yet produced...  In Freaks there are monstrosities such as never before have been known. If you are normal go and see them for yourself, if not, well, use your own judgment."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthews200956-75">[72]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Mosher_(writer)" title="John Mosher (writer)">John Mosher</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a> wrote a favorable review, calling it "a little gem" that "stands in a class by itself, and probably won't be forgotten in a hurry by those who see it." He found its "perfectly plausible story" a key to the effectiveness of its horror, writing that "It's a chilling notion to imagine these weird beings, with their own lives and vanities and passions, all allied in a bitter enmity against us." Addressing the controversial subject matter, Mosher stated: "if the poor things themselves can be displayed in the basement of <a href="/wiki/Madison_Square_Garden_(1925)" title="Madison Square Garden (1925)">Madison Square Garden</a>, pictures of them might as well be shown in the <a href="/wiki/Rialto_Theatre_(New_York_City)" title="Rialto Theatre (New York City)">Rialto</a>. They may hereafter even be regarded in the flesh with a new dread bordering on respect."<a href="#cite_note-76">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Retrospective">Retrospective</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Freaks_(1932_film)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Retrospective">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joe_Morgenstern.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Joe_Morgenstern.jpg/170px-Joe_Morgenstern.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Joe_Morgenstern.jpg/255px-Joe_Morgenstern.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Joe_Morgenstern.jpg/340px-Joe_Morgenstern.jpg 2x" data-file-width="531" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Critic <a href="/wiki/Joe_Morgenstern" title="Joe Morgenstern">Joe Morgenstern</a> considers Freaks to feature some of the most terrifying scenes in film history.<a href="#cite_note-morgenstern-77">[74]</a></figcaption></figure> In the mid/late 20th century, Freaks began to garner critical reassessment after developing a <a href="/wiki/Cult_following" title="Cult following">cult following</a> in Europe, and was subject to renewed praise by critics and audiences.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2012113-78">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawkins2000164-79">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-newman-80">[77]</a> The film's growing popularity abroad led to a renewed interest in it among American audiences, and it was subject of a retrospective review in <a href="/wiki/Film_Quarterly" title="Film Quarterly">Film Quarterly</a> by John Thomas in 1964, in which he deemed it "a minor masterpiece."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas196459–61-81">[78]</a> Critic <a href="/wiki/Kim_Newman" title="Kim Newman">Kim Newman</a> suggests that the film's warmer reception amongst mid/late-20th-century audiences was partly due to the term "freak" having taken on a more positive connotation, as something to be celebrated rather than reviled; Newman also adds that the film "shows obvious fondness for its carny cast."<a href="#cite_note-newman-80">[77]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>'s Mark Chalon Smith declared in a 1995 retrospective review: "Freaks is a wild ride, but it's not the monster-trip some say it is. It is macabre and disturbing, but Browning chose to humanize the deformed characters at the movie's shadowy center, not to demonize them."<a href="#cite_note-smithmark-61">[58]</a> Nonetheless, the film has still been noted for its stark horror imagery in the 21st century, with <a href="/wiki/Joe_Morgenstern" title="Joe Morgenstern">Joe Morgenstern</a> writing in 2009 that it boasts "some of the most terrifying scenes ever consigned to film."<a href="#cite_note-morgenstern-77">[74]</a> Jamie Russell of the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> similarly observed in 2002: "It's easy to see why reactions to the film have been so strong—it's a catalogue of the abnormal, the bizarre, and the grotesque that's still as unsettling today as it was 70 years ago."<a href="#cite_note-82">[79]</a> Film critic <a href="/wiki/Mark_Kermode" title="Mark Kermode">Mark Kermode</a> awarded the film four out of five stars in a 2015 review, noting that, "today, Browning's sympathies are clear; if there are 'freaks' on display here, they are not the versatile performers to whom the title seems to allude."<a href="#cite_note-83">[80]</a> Film theorist and critic <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Sarris" title="Andrew Sarris">Andrew Sarris</a> echoed this sentiment, proclaiming Freaks "one of the most compassionate films ever made."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkal1995224-10">[9]</a> Ed Gonzalez of <a href="/wiki/Slant_Magazine" title="Slant Magazine">Slant Magazine</a> wrote in a 2003 retrospective that the film's moral significance has often been obscured by critical attention to its more shocking elements, noting that this "seriously underplay[s] the film's blistering humanity and the audacious aesthetic and philosophical lengths to which Browning goes to challenge the way we define beauty and abnormality."<a href="#cite_note-84">[81]</a> As of 2021<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Freaks_(1932_film)&action=edit">[update]</a>, Freaks holds an approval rating of 94% on the internet review aggregator <a href="/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes" title="Rotten Tomatoes">Rotten Tomatoes</a>, based on 53 reviews, and boasts an average rating of 8.48/10. Its consensus reads, "Time has been kind to this horror legend: Freaks manages to frighten, shock, and even touch viewers in ways that contemporary viewers missed."<a href="#cite_note-rottomatoes-85">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Home_media">Home media</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Freaks_(1932_film)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Home media">edit</a>]</div> Freaks was first issued on Beta, VHS, and <a href="/wiki/LaserDisc" title="LaserDisc">LaserDisc</a> by MGM/UA Home Video in 1986,<a href="#cite_note-86">[83]</a> and was rereleased on <a href="/wiki/VHS" title="VHS">VHS</a> by <a href="/wiki/MGM/UA_Home_Video" class="mw-redirect" title="MGM/UA Home Video">MGM/UA Home Video</a> in 1990.<a href="#cite_note-slant-87">[84]</a> MGM/UA then issued a remastered LaserDisc in 1993. <a href="/wiki/David_J._Skal" title="David J. Skal">David J. Skal</a>, a documentary entitled Freaks: The Sideshow Cinema, and a shorter documentary on the film’s various alternate endings. This disc went out of print in 2016. Interviews include film sideshow performers and film historians <a href="/wiki/Todd_Robbins" title="Todd Robbins">Todd Robbins</a> and Johnny Meah, and sideshow performer <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Miller" title="Jennifer Miller">Jennifer Miller</a> and actors <a href="/wiki/Mark_Povinelli" title="Mark Povinelli">Mark Povinelli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Maren" title="Jerry Maren">Jerry Maren</a> Films Around The World (FAT-W) released Freaks on DVD in 2016, and Frolic Pictures released Freaks on a double feature DVD with Browning’s 1931 film Dracula in 2018. However, neither of these discs were authorized releases of either film. In 2023, <a href="/wiki/The_Criterion_Collection" title="The Criterion Collection">The Criterion Collection</a> announced the release of Tod Browning’s Sideshow Shockers, a set which contains new <a href="/wiki/2K_resolution" title="2K resolution">2K</a> restorations of Freaks, <a href="/wiki/The_Unknown_(1927_film)" title="The Unknown (1927 film)">The Unknown</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Mystic" title="The Mystic">The Mystic</a>. It was released on <a href="/wiki/Blu-ray" title="Blu-ray">Blu-ray</a> and DVD on October 17, 2023.<a href="#cite_note-fangoria_2023-88">[85]</a> David J. Skal recorded a new commentary for this release of Freaks.<a href="#cite_note-89">[86]</a> The Criterion release features all of the extras included in the original Warner DVD Home Video release, in addition to an audio recording of David J. Skal reading Tod Robbins' "Spurs," film stills, a segment called One of Us: Portraits From Freaks, an episode from critic Kristen Lopez's podcast on the film's disability representation, and a booklet containing photos, credits, and critical essays.<a href="#cite_note-fcc-90">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Freaks_(1932_film)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> Freaks is now widely considered among director Browning's best films.<a href="#cite_note-freaksfilmsite-91">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[89]</a> The film's growing esteem among critics traces back to the early 1960s, when it was rediscovered as a <a href="/wiki/Counterculture" title="Counterculture">counterculture</a> cult film, particularly among European audiences.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2012113-78">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawkins2000164-79">[76]</a> It was screened at the 1962 <a href="/wiki/Venice_Film_Festival" title="Venice Film Festival">Venice Film Festival</a>, and shortly after was shown for the first time in the United Kingdom, having been banned there since 1932.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2012113-78">[75]</a> Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, the film was regularly shown at <a href="/wiki/Midnight_movie" title="Midnight movie">midnight movie</a> screenings in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2012113-78">[75]</a> It also enjoyed a critical reappraisal in France during this period,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2012113-78">[75]</a> as, according to Hawkins, Browning had achieved a "certain <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe">Poe</a>-esque stature among French intellectuals."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawkins2000148-93">[90]</a> Critic <a href="/wiki/Derek_Malcolm" title="Derek Malcolm">Derek Malcolm</a> noted in 1999 that the film is "one of the masterpieces of <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">baroque</a> cinema," and a "damning antidote to the cult of physical perfection and an extraordinary tribute to the community of so-called freaks who made up its cast."<a href="#cite_note-malcolm-94">[91]</a> In 1994, Freaks was selected for preservation in the United States <a href="/wiki/National_Film_Registry" title="National Film Registry">National Film Registry</a>, which preserves "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" films.<a href="#cite_note-95">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[93]</a> Film scholar Jennifer Peterson cites Freaks as one of the 50 most important American films ever made.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeterson200936–37-97">[94]</a> In a 2018 retrospective on Browning's career, Martyn Conterio of the <a href="/wiki/British_Film_Institute" title="British Film Institute">British Film Institute</a> assesses the film as "best approached with a fuller understanding of Browning's work, specifically, the director's emotionally complicated interest in human abnormality and the severely disabled," and considers it among Browning's films that "are pioneering and boundary-pushing, amounting to repeat attacks on Hollywood's standardised images of beauty and glamour."<a href="#cite_note-98">[95]</a> It is also listed in the film reference book <a href="/wiki/1001_Movies_You_Must_See_Before_You_Die" title="1001 Movies You Must See Before You Die">1001 Movies You Must See Before You Die</a>, which says "No mere plot summary can do justice to this alarming yet profound movie, which truly must be seen to be believed. It is a supreme oddity (freak?) of world cinema considered by many to be the most remarkable film in the career of a director whose credits include the original version of <a href="/wiki/Dracula_(1931_English-language_film)" title="Dracula (1931 English-language film)">Dracula</a> (1931)."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScheider201399-99">[96]</a> Several sequences in the film have been noted for their lasting cultural impact, particularly the freaks' climactic revenge sequence, which was ranked 15th on <a href="/wiki/Bravo_(US_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bravo (US TV channel)">Bravo TV</a>'s list of the <a href="/wiki/100_Scariest_Movie_Moments" class="mw-redirect" title="100 Scariest Movie Moments">100 Scariest Movie Moments</a>.<a href="#cite_note-100">[97]</a> The banquet sequence in which the freaks chant "We accept her, we accept her, one of us" has also been noted, with Mike D'Angelo of <a href="/wiki/The_A.V._Club" title="The A.V. Club">The A.V. Club</a> describing it as "the film's greatest cultural legacy...  "One of us, one of us, one of us" reliably gets trotted out in situations involving an individual being forced to conform by the masses—I can recall seeing homages on both <a href="/wiki/The_Simpsons" title="The Simpsons">The Simpsons</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Park" title="South Park">South Park</a>, and there are probably dozens of others out there."<a href="#cite_note-101">[98]</a> Freaks has inspired two unofficial remakes: <a href="/wiki/She_Freak" title="She Freak">She Freak</a> (1967) and <a href="/wiki/Freakshow_(film)" title="Freakshow (film)">Freakshow</a> (2007).<a href="#cite_note-freaksfilmsite-91">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESenn2015138-102">[99]</a> It also served as a major inspiration for the fourth season of the television series <a href="/wiki/American_Horror_Story" title="American Horror Story">American Horror Story</a>, titled <a href="/wiki/American_Horror_Story:_Freak_Show" title="American Horror Story: Freak Show">Freak Show</a> (2014–2015).<a href="#cite_note-103">[100]</a> Freaks was adapted into a 1992 comic book series, published by <a href="/wiki/Fantagraphics" title="Fantagraphics">Fantagraphics</a>, written by <a href="/wiki/Jim_Woodring" title="Jim Woodring">Jim Woodring</a> and illustrated by <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Solano_L%C3%B3pez_(comics)" title="Francisco Solano López (comics)">Francisco Solano Lopez</a>.<a href="#cite_note-104">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Freaks_(1932_film)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: In popular culture">edit</a>]</div> Browning and the film are mentioned in the 1974 <a href="/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie">David Bowie</a> song "<a href="/wiki/Diamond_Dogs_(song)" title="Diamond Dogs (song)">Diamond Dogs</a>".<a href="#cite_note-105">[102]</a> The song "Pinhead" (1977) by the punk-rock band <a href="/wiki/Ramones" title="Ramones">Ramones</a> was inspired by Freaks, which the band saw in <a href="/wiki/Cleveland,_Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleveland, Ohio">Cleveland, Ohio</a>, after their gig was cancelled. <a href="/wiki/Joey_Ramone" title="Joey Ramone">Joey Ramone's</a> brother <a href="/wiki/Mickey_Leigh" title="Mickey Leigh">Mickey Leigh</a> said that the line "Gabba Gabba, we accept you, we accept you one of us" was specifically taken from the scene in which "the midget groom does a dance on the banquet table and sings 'Gooble gobble, we accept you, one of us' to his bride." The song is an audience participation song, and during live performances, Leigh used to run out on stage with a big sign that bore the text "Gabba Gabba, Hey" and pass it to Joey who'd hold it up urging the crowd to join in. The song was featured on their album <a href="/wiki/Leave_Home" title="Leave Home">Leave Home</a>.<a href="#cite_note-106">[103]</a> The song "Separated Out" (2001) from the album <a href="/wiki/Anoraknophobia" title="Anoraknophobia">Anoraknophobia</a> by the UK band <a href="/wiki/Marillion" title="Marillion">Marillion</a> features several samples from the movie. In <a href="/wiki/The_Wolf_of_Wall_Street_(2013_film)" title="The Wolf of Wall Street (2013 film)">The Wolf of Wall Street</a>, Jordan Belfort and associates chant 'Gooble gobble, we accept you, one of us' while making plans for a darts tournament that involves throwing little people at a target.<a href="#cite_note-107">[104]</a> The film was mentioned in the third season episode of <a href="/wiki/The_Sopranos" title="The Sopranos">The Sopranos</a>, "<a href="/wiki/University_(The_Sopranos)" title="University (The Sopranos)">University</a>," when the character Caitlin expresses disgust at her classmates' callous reaction to characters in the film.<a href="#cite_note-108">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Freaks_(1932_film)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_horror_films" title="Disability in horror films">Disability in horror films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carny_(1980_film)" title="Carny (1980 film)">Carny</a> - another film featuring legitimate sideshow performers</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Freaks_(1932_film)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-budget-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-budget_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-budget_6-1">b</a> Sources regarding the budget of Freaks vary: According to film scholar Gregory William Mank, the final budget, down to cents, was $310,607.37.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMank2005127-3">[3]</a> However, <a href="/wiki/Louis_B._Mayer" title="Louis B. Mayer">Louis B. Mayer</a> biographer Scott Eyer notes a $316,000 budget for the film.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEyman2005152-4">[4]</a> A report from <a href="/wiki/Variety_(magazine)" title="Variety (magazine)">Variety</a> in October 1947 lists a higher budget, claiming $350,000.<a href="#cite_note-variety-5">[5]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> alternate spelling Schlitze </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Film historian Gregory William Mank states production began on November 9, 1931,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMank2005124-36">[34]</a> though Thomas Doherty in Pre-Code Hollywood: Sex, Immorality, and Insurrection in American Cinema, 1930–1934 (1999) writes that principal photography began November 2, the same day as <a href="/wiki/Tarzan_the_Ape_Man_(1932_film)" title="Tarzan the Ape Man (1932 film)">Tarzan the Ape Man</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoherty199911-50">[48]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Freaks_(1932_film)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-lat1932-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lat1932_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lat1932_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/38717889/the_los_angeles_times/">"Circus Freaks Invade Field of Film Work"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>. Los Angeles, California. February 7, 1932. p. 49 – via Newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Circus+Freaks+Invade+Field+of+Film+Work&rft.pages=49&rft.date=1932-02-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F38717889%2Fthe_los_angeles_times%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreaks+%281932+film%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/freaks-2001-0">"FREAKS (12)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/British_Board_of_Film_Classification" title="British Board of Film Classification">British Board of Film Classification</a>. August 13, 2001. 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October 1947. p. 5 – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Variety&rft.atitle=Metro%27s+%27Freaks%27+Going+Out+As+Exploitation+Special+In+First+Outside+Sale&rft.pages=5&rft.date=1947-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fvariety168-1947-10%23page%2Fn4%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreaks+%281932+film%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-publication-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-publication_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-publication_7-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElias_Savada2004" class="citation web cs1">Elias Savada (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221221072956/http://www.olgabaclanova.com/the_making_of_freaks.htm">"The Making of "Freaks": The events leading up to the creation of Tod Browning's classic film"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcm.com/essentials/article.html?cid=581452&mainArticleId=581107">the original</a> on December 30, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Turner+Classic+Movies&rft.atitle=The+Critic%27s+Corner+%E2%80%93+Freaks&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tcm.com%2Fessentials%2Farticle.html%3Fcid%3D581452%26mainArticleId%3D581107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreaks+%281932+film%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVariety_Staff1932" class="citation journal cs1">Variety Staff (July 12, 1932). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160916164210/http://variety.com/1931/film/reviews/freaks-1200410603/">"Film Reviews: Freaks"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Variety_(magazine)" title="Variety (magazine)">Variety</a>: 16. 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July 9, 1932. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9E07E6D61031E333A2575AC0A9619C946394D6CF">the original</a> on October 7, 2014. Retrieved June 21, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Freaks&rft.date=1932-07-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fmovie%2Freview%3Fres%3D9E07E6D61031E333A2575AC0A9619C946394D6CF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreaks+%281932+film%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthews200956-75"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthews200956_75-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMatthews2009">Matthews 2009</a>, p. 56. </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMosher1932" class="citation magazine cs1">Mosher, John C. (July 16, 1932). 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Retrieved July 18, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fangoria&rft.atitle=Here%27s+All+The+Horror+Headed+To+The+Criterion+Collection+This+October&rft.date=2023-07-17&rft.aulast=T&rft.aufirst=Amber&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fangoria.com%2Foriginal%2Fheres-all-the-horror-headed-to-the-criterion-collection-this-october%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreaks+%281932+film%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.criterion.com/boxsets/6911-freaks-the-unknown-the-mystic-tod-brownings-sideshow-shockers">"Freaks / The Unknown / The Mystic: Tod Browning's Sideshow Shockers | The Criterion Collection"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Freaks+%2F+The+Unknown+%2F+The+Mystic%3A+Tod+Browning%27s+Sideshow+Shockers+%26%23124%3B+The+Criterion+Collection&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.criterion.com%2Fboxsets%2F6911-freaks-the-unknown-the-mystic-tod-brownings-sideshow-shockers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreaks+%281932+film%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-fcc-90"><a href="#cite_ref-fcc_90-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dvdmg.com/freaksbr.shtml">"Freaks Criterion Collection"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Freaks+Criterion+Collection&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdvdmg.com%2Ffreaksbr.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreaks+%281932+film%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-freaksfilmsite-91">^ <a href="#cite_ref-freaksfilmsite_91-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-freaksfilmsite_91-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.filmsite.org/freaks.html">"Freaks (1932)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Filmsite.org" class="mw-redirect" title="Filmsite.org">Filmsite.org</a>. <a href="/wiki/AMC_Networks" title="AMC Networks">AMC Networks</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20200330201517/https://www.filmsite.org/freaks.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 30, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Filmsite.org&rft.atitle=Freaks+%281932%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.filmsite.org%2Ffreaks.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreaks+%281932+film%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarke" class="citation news cs1">Clarke, Donald. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/film/freaks-tod-browning-s-greatest-film-still-has-the-power-to-shock-1.2249914">"Freaks: Tod Browning's greatest film still has the power to shock"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Irish_Times" title="The Irish Times">The Irish Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20200330201622/https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/film/freaks-tod-browning-s-greatest-film-still-has-the-power-to-shock-1.2249914">Archived</a> from the original on March 30, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Freaks%3A+Tod+Browning%27s+greatest+film+still+has+the+power+to+shock&rft.aulast=Clarke&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fculture%2Ffilm%2Ffreaks-tod-browning-s-greatest-film-still-has-the-power-to-shock-1.2249914&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreaks+%281932+film%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawkins2000148-93"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawkins2000148_93-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHawkins2000">Hawkins 2000</a>, p. 148. </li> <li id="cite_note-malcolm-94"><a href="#cite_ref-malcolm_94-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalcolm1999" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Derek_Malcolm" title="Derek Malcolm">Malcolm, Derek</a> (April 15, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/film/1999/apr/15/derekmalcolmscenturyoffilm.derekmalcolm">"Tod Browning: Freaks"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20200215004119/https://www.theguardian.com/film/1999/apr/15/derekmalcolmscenturyoffilm.derekmalcolm">Archived</a> from the original on February 15, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Tod+Browning%3A+Freaks&rft.date=1999-04-15&rft.aulast=Malcolm&rft.aufirst=Derek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ffilm%2F1999%2Fapr%2F15%2Fderekmalcolmscenturyoffilm.derekmalcolm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreaks+%281932+film%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/programs/national-film-preservation-board/film-registry/complete-national-film-registry-listing/">"Complete National Film Registry Listing"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>. Retrieved January 15, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress&rft.atitle=Complete+National+Film+Registry+Listing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fprograms%2Fnational-film-preservation-board%2Ffilm-registry%2Fcomplete-national-film-registry-listing%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreaks+%281932+film%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/programs/national-film-preservation-board/about-this-program/mission/">"Mission – National Film Preservation Board"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>. Retrieved January 15, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress&rft.atitle=Mission+%E2%80%93+National+Film+Preservation+Board&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fprograms%2Fnational-film-preservation-board%2Fabout-this-program%2Fmission%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreaks+%281932+film%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeterson200936–37-97"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeterson200936–37_97-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPeterson2009">Peterson 2009</a>, pp. 36–37. </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConterio2018" class="citation news cs1">Conterio, Martyn (July 12, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bfi.org.uk/features/where-begin-tod-browning">"Where to begin with Tod Browning"</a>. <a href="/wiki/British_Film_Institute" title="British Film Institute">British Film Institute</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20200330201125/https://www.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/news-bfi/features/where-begin-tod-browning">Archived</a> from the original on March 30, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Film+Institute&rft.atitle=Where+to+begin+with+Tod+Browning&rft.date=2018-07-12&rft.aulast=Conterio&rft.aufirst=Martyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bfi.org.uk%2Ffeatures%2Fwhere-begin-tod-browning&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreaks+%281932+film%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScheider201399-99"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScheider201399_99-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFScheider2013">Scheider 2013</a>, p. 99. </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDirks" class="citation web cs1">Dirks, Tim. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.filmsite.org/scariestscenes8.html">"Greatest Scariest Movie Moments and Scenes: F"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Filmsite.org" class="mw-redirect" title="Filmsite.org">Filmsite.org</a>. <a href="/wiki/AMC_Networks" title="AMC Networks">AMC Networks</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130415024610/http://www.filmsite.org/scariestscenes8.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 15, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Filmsite.org&rft.atitle=Greatest+Scariest+Movie+Moments+and+Scenes%3A+F&rft.aulast=Dirks&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.filmsite.org%2Fscariestscenes8.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreaks+%281932+film%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD'Angelo2010" class="citation web cs1">D'Angelo, Mike (March 29, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.avclub.com/freaks-1798219485">"Freaks"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_A.V._Club" title="The A.V. Club">The A.V. Club</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191103130759/https://film.avclub.com/freaks-1798219485">Archived</a> from the original on November 3, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+A.V.+Club&rft.atitle=Freaks&rft.date=2010-03-29&rft.aulast=D%27Angelo&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.avclub.com%2Ffreaks-1798219485&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreaks+%281932+film%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESenn2015138-102"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESenn2015138_102-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSenn2015">Senn 2015</a>, p. 138. </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStack2014" class="citation magazine cs1">Stack, Tim (September 15, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ew.com/article/2014/09/15/american-horror-story-freak-show-ryan-murphy/">"Ryan Murphy on 'Freak Show': 'This season, once you die, you're dead'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly" title="Entertainment Weekly">Entertainment Weekly</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200112070623/https://ew.com/article/2014/09/15/american-horror-story-freak-show-ryan-murphy/">Archived</a> from the original on January 12, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Entertainment+Weekly&rft.atitle=Ryan+Murphy+on+%27Freak+Show%27%3A+%27This+season%2C+once+you+die%2C+you%27re+dead%27&rft.date=2014-09-15&rft.aulast=Stack&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Few.com%2Farticle%2F2014%2F09%2F15%2Famerican-horror-story-freak-show-ryan-murphy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreaks+%281932+film%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131022161913/http://www.comicbookdb.com/title.php?ID=21728">"Freaks (1992)"</a>. The Comic Book Database. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.comicbookdb.com/title.php?ID=21728">the original</a> on October 22, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Comic+Book+Database&rft.atitle=Freaks+%281992%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.comicbookdb.com%2Ftitle.php%3FID%3D21728&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreaks+%281932+film%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChapman2015" class="citation book cs1">Chapman, Ian (September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zaMlCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA95">Experiencing David Bowie: A Listener's Companion</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781442237520" title="Special:BookSources/9781442237520"><bdi>9781442237520</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Experiencing+David+Bowie%3A+A+Listener%27s+Companion&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2015-09&rft.isbn=9781442237520&rft.aulast=Chapman&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzaMlCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreaks+%281932+film%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeighMcNeil2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mickey_Leigh" title="Mickey Leigh">Leigh, Mickey</a>; <a href="/wiki/Legs_McNeil" title="Legs McNeil">McNeil, Legs</a> (2009). I Slept With Joey Ramone: A Punk Rock Family Memoir. New York City: Touchstone Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1439159750" title="Special:BookSources/978-1439159750"><bdi>978-1439159750</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I+Slept+With+Joey+Ramone%3A+A+Punk+Rock+Family+Memoir&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Touchstone+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1439159750&rft.aulast=Leigh&rft.aufirst=Mickey&rft.au=McNeil%2C+Legs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreaks+%281932+film%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OWKlcSs9yEk">Wolf of Wall Street - Freaks , "One of us" Scenes compared</a>. Retrieved December 31, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wolf+of+Wall+Street+-+Freaks+%2C+%22One+of+us%22+Scenes+compared&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DOWKlcSs9yEk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreaks+%281932+film%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeitzSepinwall2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Matt_Zoller_Seitz" title="Matt Zoller Seitz">Seitz, Matt Zoller</a>; <a href="/wiki/Alan_Sepinwall" title="Alan Sepinwall">Sepinwall, Alan</a> (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fh5zDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT208">The Sopranos Sessions: A Conversation with David Chase</a>. <a href="/wiki/Abrams_Books" title="Abrams Books">Abrams</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781683355267" title="Special:BookSources/9781683355267"><bdi>9781683355267</bdi></a>. Retrieved May 13, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sopranos+Sessions%3A+A+Conversation+with+David+Chase&rft.pub=Abrams&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781683355267&rft.aulast=Seitz&rft.aufirst=Matt+Zoller&rft.au=Sepinwall%2C+Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dfh5zDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT208&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreaks+%281932+film%29" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_sources">General sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Freaks_(1932_film)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: General sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBombaci2006" class="citation book cs1">Bombaci, Nancy (2006). Freaks in Late Modernist American Culture: Nathanael West, Djuna Barnes, Tod Browning, and Carson McCullers. New York: Peter Lang. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-820-47832-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-820-47832-6"><bdi>978-0-820-47832-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freaks+in+Late+Modernist+American+Culture%3A+Nathanael+West%2C+Djuna+Barnes%2C+Tod+Browning%2C+and+Carson+McCullers&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-820-47832-6&rft.aulast=Bombaci&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreaks+%281932+film%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrinkema2008" class="citation book cs1">Brinkema, Eugenie (2008). "Browning. Freak. Woman. Stain.". In Herzogenrath, Bernd (ed.). The Cinema of Tod Browning: Essays of the Macabre and Grotesque. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. pp. 158–173. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-786-43447-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-786-43447-3"><bdi>978-0-786-43447-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Browning.+Freak.+Woman.+Stain.&rft.btitle=The+Cinema+of+Tod+Browning%3A+Essays+of+the+Macabre+and+Grotesque&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pages=158-173&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-786-43447-3&rft.aulast=Brinkema&rft.aufirst=Eugenie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreaks+%281932+film%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoherty1999" class="citation book cs1">Doherty, Thomas (1999). Pre-Code Hollywood: Sex, Immorality, and Insurrection in American Cinema, 1930–1934. New York: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-50012-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-50012-8"><bdi>978-0-231-50012-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pre-Code+Hollywood%3A+Sex%2C+Immorality%2C+and+Insurrection+in+American+Cinema%2C+1930%E2%80%931934&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-231-50012-8&rft.aulast=Doherty&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreaks+%281932+film%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEyman2005" class="citation book cs1">Eyman, Scott (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lionofhollywoodl00eyma">Lion of Hollywood: The Life and Legend of Louis B. Mayer</a>. New York: Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-743-20481-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-743-20481-1"><bdi>978-0-743-20481-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lion+of+Hollywood%3A+The+Life+and+Legend+of+Louis+B.+Mayer&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-743-20481-1&rft.aulast=Eyman&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flionofhollywoodl00eyma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreaks+%281932+film%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartzman2006" class="citation book cs1">Hartzman, Marc (2006). American Sideshow: An Encyclopedia of History's Most Wondrous and Curiously Strange Performers. New York: Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-585-42530-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-585-42530-3"><bdi>978-1-585-42530-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Sideshow%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+History%27s+Most+Wondrous+and+Curiously+Strange+Performers&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-585-42530-3&rft.aulast=Hartzman&rft.aufirst=Marc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreaks+%281932+film%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawkins1996" class="citation book cs1">Hawkins, Joan (1996). "'One of Us': Tod Browning's Freaks". In Thomson, Rosemarie Garland (ed.). Freakery: Cultural Spectacles of the Extraordinary Body. New York: New York University Press. pp. 265–276. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-814-78222-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-814-78222-4"><bdi>978-0-814-78222-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27One+of+Us%27%3A+Tod+Browning%27s+Freaks&rft.btitle=Freakery%3A+Cultural+Spectacles+of+the+Extraordinary+Body&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=265-276&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-814-78222-4&rft.aulast=Hawkins&rft.aufirst=Joan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreaks+%281932+film%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawkins2000" class="citation book cs1">Hawkins, Joan (2000). Cutting Edge: Art-Horror and the Horrific Avant-Garde. Minneapolis, Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-452-90430-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-452-90430-6"><bdi>978-1-452-90430-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cutting+Edge%3A+Art-Horror+and+the+Horrific+Avant-Garde&rft.place=Minneapolis%2C+Minnesota&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-452-90430-6&rft.aulast=Hawkins&rft.aufirst=Joan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreaks+%281932+film%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHobermanRosenbaum1991" class="citation book cs1">Hoberman, J.; <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Rosenbaum" title="Jonathan Rosenbaum">Rosenbaum, Jonathan</a> (1991). Midnight Movies. New York: Da Capo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80433-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80433-5"><bdi>978-0-306-80433-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Midnight+Movies&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-306-80433-5&rft.aulast=Hoberman&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Rosenbaum%2C+Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreaks+%281932+film%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJensen2012" class="citation book cs1">Jensen, Dean (2012). The Lives and Loves of Daisy and Violet Hilton: A True Story of Conjoined Twins. Berkeley, California: Ten Speed Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-81477-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-81477-7"><bdi>978-0-307-81477-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lives+and+Loves+of+Daisy+and+Violet+Hilton%3A+A+True+Story+of+Conjoined+Twins&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+California&rft.pub=Ten+Speed+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-307-81477-7&rft.aulast=Jensen&rft.aufirst=Dean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreaks+%281932+film%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMank2005" class="citation book cs1">Mank, Gregory William (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CyuSCgAAQBAJ&q=978-0-786-42335-4">Women in Horror Films, 1940s</a>. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-2335-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-2335-4"><bdi>978-0-7864-2335-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+in+Horror+Films%2C+1940s&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-2335-4&rft.aulast=Mank&rft.aufirst=Gregory+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCyuSCgAAQBAJ%26q%3D978-0-786-42335-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreaks+%281932+film%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthews2009" class="citation book cs1">Matthews, Melvin E Jr. (2009). Fear Itself: Horror on Screen and in Reality During the Depression and World War II. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-786-44313-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-786-44313-0"><bdi>978-0-786-44313-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fear+Itself%3A+Horror+on+Screen+and+in+Reality+During+the+Depression+and+World+War+II&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-786-44313-0&rft.aulast=Matthews&rft.aufirst=Melvin+E+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreaks+%281932+film%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholas2018" class="citation book cs1">Nicholas, Jane (2018). Canadian Carnival Freaks and the Extraordinary Body, 1900-1970s. Toronto, Ontario: University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-487-52208-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-487-52208-7"><bdi>978-1-487-52208-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canadian+Carnival+Freaks+and+the+Extraordinary+Body%2C+1900-1970s&rft.place=Toronto%2C+Ontario&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-487-52208-7&rft.aulast=Nicholas&rft.aufirst=Jane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreaks+%281932+film%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNordenCahill2000" class="citation book cs1">Norden, Martin F.; Cahill, Madeleine (2000). "Violence, Women and Disability in Tod Browning's Freaks and The Devil Doll". In Silver, Alain; Ursini, James (eds.). The Horror Film Reader. New York: Limelight Editions. pp. 151–166. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-879-10297-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-879-10297-5"><bdi>978-0-879-10297-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Violence%2C+Women+and+Disability+in+Tod+Browning%27s+Freaks+and+The+Devil+Doll&rft.btitle=The+Horror+Film+Reader&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=151-166&rft.pub=Limelight+Editions&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-879-10297-5&rft.aulast=Norden&rft.aufirst=Martin+F.&rft.au=Cahill%2C+Madeleine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreaks+%281932+film%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeterson2009" class="citation book cs1">Peterson, Jennifer (2009). "Freaks". In White, John; Haenni, Sabine (eds.). Fifty Key American Films. New York: Routledge. pp. 36–41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-97932-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-97932-4"><bdi>978-1-135-97932-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Freaks&rft.btitle=Fifty+Key+American+Films&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=36-41&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-135-97932-4&rft.aulast=Peterson&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreaks+%281932+film%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeterson2014" class="citation book cs1">Peterson, Jennifer (2014). "Freaks (1932)". In Haenni, Sabine; Barrow, Sarah; White, John (eds.). The Routledge Encyclopedia of Films. New York: Routledge. pp. 234–240. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-68261-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-68261-5"><bdi>978-1-317-68261-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Freaks+%281932%29&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Encyclopedia+of+Films&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=234-240&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-317-68261-5&rft.aulast=Peterson&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreaks+%281932+film%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScheider2013" class="citation book cs1">Scheider, Steven Jay (2013). <a href="/wiki/1001_Movies_You_Must_See_Before_You_Die" title="1001 Movies You Must See Before You Die">1001 Movies You Must See Before You Die</a>. Hauppauge, New York: B.E.S. Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7641-6613-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7641-6613-6"><bdi>978-0-7641-6613-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1001+Movies+You+Must+See+Before+You+Die&rft.place=Hauppauge%2C+New+York&rft.pub=B.E.S.+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-7641-6613-6&rft.aulast=Scheider&rft.aufirst=Steven+Jay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreaks+%281932+film%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSenn2015" class="citation book cs1">Senn, Bryan (2015). A Year of Fear: A Day-by-Day Guide to 366 Horror Films. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-476-61090-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-476-61090-0"><bdi>978-1-476-61090-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Year+of+Fear%3A+A+Day-by-Day+Guide+to+366+Horror+Films&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-476-61090-0&rft.aulast=Senn&rft.aufirst=Bryan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreaks+%281932+film%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkal1995" class="citation book cs1">Skal, David J. (1995). Dark Carnival: The Secret World of Tod Browning—Hollywood's Master of the Macabre. New York: Anchor Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-47406-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-47406-1"><bdi>978-0-385-47406-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dark+Carnival%3A+The+Secret+World+of+Tod+Browning%E2%80%94Hollywood%27s+Master+of+the+Macabre&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Anchor+Books&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-385-47406-1&rft.aulast=Skal&rft.aufirst=David+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreaks+%281932+film%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2012" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Angela (2012). Hideous Progeny: Disability, Eugenics, and Classic Horror Cinema. New York: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-52785-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-52785-9"><bdi>978-0-231-52785-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hideous+Progeny%3A+Disability%2C+Eugenics%2C+and+Classic+Horror+Cinema&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-231-52785-9&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Angela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreaks+%281932+film%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas1964" class="citation journal cs1">Thomas, John (Spring 1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220327065155/https://fq.ucpress.edu/content/17/3/59.full.pdf+html">"Freaks"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Film_Quarterly" title="Film Quarterly">Film Quarterly</a>. 17 (3). Berkeley, California: University of California Press: 59–61. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1210917">10.2307/1210917</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1210917">1210917</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fq.ucpress.edu/content/17/3/59.full.pdf+html">the original</a> on March 27, 2022. Retrieved March 30, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Film+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Freaks&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=59-61&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1210917&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1210917%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffq.ucpress.edu%2Fcontent%2F17%2F3%2F59.full.pdf%2Bhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreaks+%281932+film%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTowlson2014" class="citation book cs1">Towlson, Jon (2014). Subversive Horror Cinema: Countercultural Messages of Films from Frankenstein to the Present. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-476-61533-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-476-61533-2"><bdi>978-1-476-61533-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Subversive+Horror+Cinema%3A+Countercultural+Messages+of+Films+from+Frankenstein+to+the+Present&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-476-61533-2&rft.aulast=Towlson&rft.aufirst=Jon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreaks+%281932+film%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVieira2003" class="citation book cs1">Vieira, Mark A. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hollywoodhorrorf0000viei">Hollywood Horror: From Gothic to Cosmic</a>. New York: Harry N. Abrams. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8109-4535-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8109-4535-5"><bdi>0-8109-4535-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hollywood+Horror%3A+From+Gothic+to+Cosmic&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harry+N.+Abrams&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-8109-4535-5&rft.aulast=Vieira&rft.aufirst=Mark+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhollywoodhorrorf0000viei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreaks+%281932+film%29" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Freaks_(1932_film)&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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film)">Freaks (1932 film)</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Freaks_(1932_film)" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Freaks (1932 film)">Freaks (1932 film)</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/moviedetails/3996">Freaks</a> at the <a href="/wiki/AFI_Catalog_of_Feature_Films" title="AFI Catalog of Feature Films">AFI Catalog of Feature Films</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133723#P3593" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmovie.com/movie/am4493">Freaks</a> at <a href="/wiki/AllMovie" title="AllMovie">AllMovie</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133723#P1562" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0022913/">Freaks</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133723#P345" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/freaks">Freaks</a> at <a href="/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes" title="Rotten Tomatoes">Rotten Tomatoes</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133723#P1258" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/163/enwp">Freaks</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Turner_Classic_Movies" title="Turner Classic Movies">TCM Movie Database</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133723#P2631" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lumiere.net.nz/index.php/beyond-freaks-kookoo-the-birdgirl/">"Beyond 'Freaks': Kookoo the Bird Girl"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160818094448/http://lumiere.net.nz/index.php/beyond-freaks-kookoo-the-birdgirl/">Archived</a> August 18, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>—Interview with Sarah Houbolt, Paralympian and circus performer</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=deq3xI8OmCkC&pg=PA190">Freaks essay</a> by Daniel Eagan in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=deq3xI8OmCkC">America's Film Legacy: The Authoritative Guide to the Landmark Movies in the National Film Registry</a>, A&C Black, 2010, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0826429777" title="Special:BookSources/0826429777">0826429777</a>, pp. 190–192</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Freaks" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Freaks" title="Template:Freaks"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Freaks" title="Template talk:Freaks"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Freaks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Freaks"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Freaks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Freaks</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Based on "<a href="/wiki/Spurs_(short_story)" title="Spurs (short story)">Spurs</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Tod_Robbins" title="Tod Robbins">Tod Robbins</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Freaks</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/She_Freak" title="She Freak">She Freak</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freakshow_(film)" title="Freakshow (film)">Freakshow</a> (2007)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Films_directed_by_Tod_Browning" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tod_Browning" title="Template:Tod Browning"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tod_Browning" title="Template talk:Tod Browning"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tod_Browning" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tod Browning"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Films_directed_by_Tod_Browning" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Films directed by <a href="/wiki/Tod_Browning" title="Tod Browning">Tod Browning</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1910s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Lucky_Transfer" title="The Lucky Transfer">The Lucky Transfer</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Slave_Girl_(1915_film)" title="The Slave Girl (1915 film)">The Slave Girl</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Image_of_the_Past" title="An Image of the Past">An Image of the Past</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Highbinders" title="The Highbinders">The Highbinders</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_a_Story" title="The Story of a Story">The Story of a Story</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Spell_of_the_Poppy" title="The Spell of the Poppy">The Spell of the Poppy</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Electric_Alarm" title="The Electric Alarm">The Electric Alarm</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Living_Death_(film)" title="The Living Death (film)">The Living Death</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Burned_Hand" title="The Burned Hand">The Burned Hand</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Woman_from_Warren%27s" title="The Woman from Warren's">The Woman from Warren's</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Marie" title="Little Marie">Little Marie</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fatal_Glass_of_Beer_(1916_film)" title="The Fatal Glass of Beer (1916 film)">The Fatal Glass of Beer</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everybody%27s_Doing_It_(1916_film)" title="Everybody's Doing It (1916 film)">Everybody's Doing It</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puppets_(1916_film)" title="Puppets (1916 film)">Puppets</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Bludso" title="Jim Bludso">Jim Bludso</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Love_Sublime" title="A Love Sublime">A Love Sublime</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hands_Up!_(1917_film)" title="Hands Up! (1917 film)">Hands Up!</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peggy,_the_Will_O%27_the_Wisp" title="Peggy, the Will O' the Wisp">Peggy, the Will O' the Wisp</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Jury_of_Fate" title="The Jury of Fate">The Jury of Fate</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Legion_of_Death" title="The Legion of Death">The Legion of Death</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Eyes_of_Mystery" title="The Eyes of Mystery">The Eyes of Mystery</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenge_(1918_film)" title="Revenge (1918 film)">Revenge</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Which_Woman%3F" title="Which Woman?">Which Woman?</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Deciding_Kiss" title="The Deciding Kiss">The Deciding Kiss</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Brazen_Beauty" title="The Brazen Beauty">The Brazen Beauty</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Set_Free_(1918_film)" title="Set Free (1918 film)">Set Free</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Wicked_Darling" title="The Wicked Darling">The Wicked Darling</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Exquisite_Thief" title="The Exquisite Thief">The Exquisite Thief</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Unpainted_Woman" title="The Unpainted Woman">The Unpainted Woman</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Petal_on_the_Current" title="The Petal on the Current">The Petal on the Current</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonnie,_Bonnie_Lassie" title="Bonnie, Bonnie Lassie">Bonnie, Bonnie Lassie</a> (1919)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1920s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Virgin_of_Stamboul" title="The Virgin of Stamboul">The Virgin of Stamboul</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outside_the_Law_(1920_film)" title="Outside the Law (1920 film)">Outside the Law</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Woman_Knows" title="No Woman Knows">No Woman Knows</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Wise_Kid" title="The Wise Kid">The Wise Kid</a> (1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_Under_Cover" title="Man Under Cover">Man Under Cover</a> (1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Under_Two_Flags_(1922_film)" title="Under Two Flags (1922 film)">Under Two Flags</a> (1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drifting_(1923_film)" title="Drifting (1923 film)">Drifting</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Day_of_Faith" title="The Day of Faith">The Day of Faith</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Tiger_(1923_film)" title="White Tiger (1923 film)">White Tiger</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dangerous_Flirt" title="The Dangerous Flirt">The Dangerous Flirt</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Stocking_Sal" title="Silk Stocking Sal">Silk Stocking Sal</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Unholy_Three_(1925_film)" title="The Unholy Three (1925 film)">The Unholy Three</a> (1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Mystic" title="The Mystic">The Mystic</a> (1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dollar_Down" title="Dollar Down">Dollar Down</a> (1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Blackbird" title="The Blackbird">The Blackbird</a> (1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Mandalay_(1926_film)" title="The Road to Mandalay (1926 film)">The Road to Mandalay</a> (1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Show_(1927_film)" title="The Show (1927 film)">The Show</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Unknown_(1927_film)" title="The Unknown (1927 film)">The Unknown</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_After_Midnight_(film)" title="London After Midnight (film)">London After Midnight</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Big_City_(1928_film)" title="The Big City (1928 film)">The Big City</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_of_Zanzibar_(1928_film)" title="West of Zanzibar (1928 film)">West of Zanzibar</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Where_East_Is_East" title="Where East Is East">Where East Is East</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Thirteenth_Chair_(1929_film)" title="The Thirteenth Chair (1929 film)">The Thirteenth Chair</a> (1929)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1930s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outside_the_Law_(1930_film)" title="Outside the Law (1930 film)">Outside the Law</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dracula_(1931_English-language_film)" title="Dracula (1931 English-language film)">Dracula</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Man_(1931_film)" title="Iron Man (1931 film)">Iron Man</a> (1931)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Freaks</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_Workers" title="Fast Workers">Fast Workers</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_of_the_Vampire" title="Mark of the Vampire">Mark of the Vampire</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Devil-Doll" title="The Devil-Doll">The Devil-Doll</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_for_Sale" title="Miracles for Sale">Miracles for Sale</a> (1939)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Irving_Thalberg" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Irving_Thalberg" title="Template:Irving Thalberg"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Irving_Thalberg" title="Template talk:Irving Thalberg"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Irving_Thalberg" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Irving Thalberg"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Irving_Thalberg" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Irving_Thalberg" title="Irving Thalberg">Irving Thalberg</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Producer</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Hunchback_of_Notre_Dame_(1923_film)" title="The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1923 film)">The Hunchback of Notre Dame</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merry-Go-Round_(1923_film)" title="Merry-Go-Round (1923 film)">Merry-Go-Round</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/His_Hour" title="His Hour">His Hour</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Who_Gets_Slapped_(film)" title="He Who Gets Slapped (film)">He Who Gets Slapped</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Unholy_Three_(1925_film)" title="The Unholy Three (1925 film)">The Unholy Three</a> (1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Merry_Widow_(1925_film)" title="The Merry Widow (1925 film)">The Merry Widow</a> (1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Tower_of_Lies" title="The Tower of Lies">The Tower of Lies</a> (1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Big_Parade" title="The Big Parade">The Big Parade</a> (1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben-Hur:_A_Tale_of_the_Christ_(1925_film)" title="Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ (1925 film)">Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ</a> (1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torrent_(1926_film)" title="Torrent (1926 film)">Torrent</a> (1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Boh%C3%A8me_(1926_film)" title="La Bohème (1926 film)">La Bohème</a> (1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_of_Harvard_(1926_film)" title="Brown of Harvard (1926 film)">Brown of Harvard</a> (1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Mandalay_(1926_film)" title="The Road to Mandalay (1926 film)">The Road to Mandalay</a> (1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Temptress" title="The Temptress">The Temptress</a> (1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valencia_(1926_film)" title="Valencia (1926 film)">Valencia</a> (1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flesh_and_the_Devil" title="Flesh and the Devil">Flesh and the Devil</a> (1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Miles_Out" title="Twelve Miles Out">Twelve Miles Out</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Student_Prince_in_Old_Heidelberg" title="The Student Prince in Old Heidelberg">The Student Prince in Old Heidelberg</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_After_Midnight_(film)" title="London After Midnight (film)">London After Midnight</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Crowd_(1928_film)" title="The Crowd (1928 film)">The Crowd</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laugh,_Clown,_Laugh" title="Laugh, Clown, Laugh">Laugh, Clown, Laugh</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Shadows_in_the_South_Seas" title="White Shadows in the South Seas">White Shadows in the South Seas</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Show_People" title="Show People">Show People</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_of_Zanzibar_(1928_film)" title="West of Zanzibar (1928 film)">West of Zanzibar</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Broadway_Melody" title="The Broadway Melody">The Broadway Melody</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Trial_of_Mary_Dugan_(1929_film)" title="The Trial of Mary Dugan (1929 film)">The Trial of Mary Dugan</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_of_the_City" title="Voice of the City">Voice of the City</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Where_East_Is_East" title="Where East Is East">Where East Is East</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Last_of_Mrs._Cheyney_(1929_film)" title="The Last of Mrs. Cheyney (1929 film)">The Last of Mrs. Cheyney</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hollywood_Revue" title="The Hollywood Revue">The Hollywood Revue</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallelujah_(film)" title="Hallelujah (film)">Hallelujah</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/His_Glorious_Night" title="His Glorious Night">His Glorious Night</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Kiss_(1929_film)" title="The Kiss (1929 film)">The Kiss</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Christie_(1930_English-language_film)" title="Anna Christie (1930 English-language film)">Anna Christie</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redemption_(1930_film)" title="Redemption (1930 film)">Redemption</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Divorcee" title="The Divorcee">The Divorcee</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rogue_Song" title="The Rogue Song">The Rogue Song</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Big_House_(1930_film)" title="The Big House (1930 film)">The Big House</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Unholy_Three_(1930_film)" title="The Unholy Three (1930 film)">The Unholy Three</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Let_Us_Be_Gay" title="Let Us Be Gay">Let Us Be Gay</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_the_Kid_(1930_film)" title="Billy the Kid (1930 film)">Billy the Kid</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Way_for_a_Sailor" title="Way for a Sailor">Way for a Sailor</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Lady%27s_Morals" title="A Lady's Morals">A Lady's Morals</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inspiration_(1931_film)" title="Inspiration (1931 film)">Inspiration</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trader_Horn_(1931_film)" title="Trader Horn (1931 film)">Trader Horn</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Secret_Six" title="The Secret Six">The Secret Six</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Free_Soul" title="A Free Soul">A Free Soul</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_a_Gigolo_(1931_film)" title="Just a Gigolo (1931 film)">Just a Gigolo</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sin_of_Madelon_Claudet" title="The Sin of Madelon Claudet">The Sin of Madelon Claudet</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Guardsman" title="The Guardsman">The Guardsman</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Champ_(1931_film)" title="The Champ (1931 film)">The Champ</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possessed_(1931_film)" title="Possessed (1931 film)">Possessed</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_Lives_(1931_film)" title="Private Lives (1931 film)">Private Lives</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mata_Hari_(1931_film)" title="Mata Hari (1931 film)">Mata Hari</a> (1931)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Freaks</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarzan_the_Ape_Man_(1932_film)" title="Tarzan the Ape Man (1932 film)">Tarzan the Ape Man</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Hotel_(1932_film)" title="Grand Hotel (1932 film)">Grand Hotel</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letty_Lynton" title="Letty Lynton">Letty Lynton</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/As_You_Desire_Me_(film)" title="As You Desire Me (film)">As You Desire Me</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-Headed_Woman" title="Red-Headed Woman">Red-Headed Woman</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smilin%27_Through_(1932_film)" title="Smilin' Through (1932 film)">Smilin' Through</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Dust_(1932_film)" title="Red Dust (1932 film)">Red Dust</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasputin_and_the_Empress" title="Rasputin and the Empress">Rasputin and the Empress</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strange_Interlude_(film)" title="Strange Interlude (film)">Strange Interlude</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tugboat_Annie" title="Tugboat Annie">Tugboat Annie</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombshell_(1933_film)" title="Bombshell (1933 film)">Bombshell</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskimo_(1933_film)" title="Eskimo (1933 film)">Eskimo</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riptide_(1934_film)" title="Riptide (1934 film)">Riptide</a> (1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Barretts_of_Wimpole_Street_(1934_film)" title="The Barretts of Wimpole Street (1934 film)">The Barretts of Wimpole Street</a> (1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Merry_Widow_(1934_film)" title="The Merry Widow (1934 film)">The Merry Widow</a> (1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/What_Every_Woman_Knows_(1934_film)" title="What Every Woman Knows (1934 film)">What Every Woman Knows</a> (1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_More_Ladies" title="No More Ladies">No More Ladies</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Seas_(film)" title="China Seas (film)">China Seas</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutiny_on_the_Bounty_(1935_film)" title="Mutiny on the Bounty (1935 film)">Mutiny on the Bounty</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Night_at_the_Opera_(film)" title="A Night at the Opera (film)">A Night at the Opera</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riffraff_(1936_film)" title="Riffraff (1936 film)">Riffraff</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romeo_and_Juliet_(1936_film)" title="Romeo and Juliet (1936 film)">Romeo and Juliet</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_(1936_film)" title="Camille (1936 film)">Camille</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maytime_(1937_film)" title="Maytime (1937 film)">Maytime</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Day_at_the_Races_(film)" title="A Day at the Races (film)">A Day at the Races</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadway_Melody_of_1938" title="Broadway Melody of 1938">Broadway Melody of 1938</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Good_Earth_(film)" title="The Good Earth (film)">The Good Earth</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Antoinette_(1938_film)" title="Marie Antoinette (1938 film)">Marie Antoinette</a> (1938)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writer</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Trap_(1922_film)" title="The Trap (1922 film)">The Trap</a> (1922)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norma_Shearer" title="Norma Shearer">Norma Shearer</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Thalberg_Jr." title="Irving Thalberg Jr.">Irving Thalberg Jr.</a> (son)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Love_of_the_Last_Tycoon" class="mw-redirect" title="The Love of the Last Tycoon">The Love of the Last Tycoon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133723#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133723#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133723#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/316751604">VIAF</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4473230-2">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2008019609">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15089128b">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15089128b">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX3893348">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058515799206706">Catalonia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/089772245">IdRef</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Freaks_(1932_film)&oldid=1259162468">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Freaks_(1932_film)&oldid=1259162468</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1932_films" title="Category:1932 films">1932 films</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1932_horror_films" title="Category:1932 horror films">1932 horror films</a></li><li><a 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