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class="mw-page-title-main">Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deddfau%27r_Cyfreithiau_yng_Nghymru_1536_a_1542" title="Deddfau'r Cyfreithiau yng Nghymru 1536 a 1542 – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Deddfau'r Cyfreithiau yng Nghymru 1536 a 1542" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesetze_zur_Eingliederung_von_Wales_1535%E2%80%931542" title="Gesetze zur Eingliederung von Wales 1535–1542 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gesetze zur Eingliederung von Wales 1535–1542" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%B9_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%82_%CE%A0%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%BE%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%9F%CF%85%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Νόμοι στις Πράξεις της Ουαλίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νόμοι στις Πράξεις της Ουαλίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laws_in_Wales_Acts" title="Laws in Wales Acts – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Laws in Wales Acts" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undang-Undang_Hukum_di_Wales_1535_dan_1542" title="Undang-Undang Hukum di Wales 1535 dan 1542 – Indonesian" lang="id" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Acts passed during the reign of King Henry VIII to make Wales a part of the Kingdom of England</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">United Kingdom legislation</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Laws in Wales Act 1535</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight: bold;">Act of Parliament</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Coat_of_Arms_of_Henry_VIII_of_England_%281509-1547%29.svg/140px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Henry_VIII_of_England_%281509-1547%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Coat_of_Arms_of_Henry_VIII_of_England_%281509-1547%29.svg/210px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Henry_VIII_of_England_%281509-1547%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Coat_of_Arms_of_Henry_VIII_of_England_%281509-1547%29.svg/280px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Henry_VIII_of_England_%281509-1547%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="1550" /></span></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">Parliament of England</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Short_and_long_titles" title="Short and long titles">Long title</a></th><td class="infobox-data description">An Acte for Laws & Justice to be ministred in Wales in like fourme as it is in this Realme.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Citation_of_United_Kingdom_legislation" title="Citation of United Kingdom legislation">Citation</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/27_Hen._8" class="mw-redirect" title="27 Hen. 8">27 Hen. 8</a>. c. 26</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">Territorial extent </span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Marches" title="Welsh Marches">Marcher Lordships</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;">Dates</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">Royal assent</a></th><td class="infobox-data">14 April 1536</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Repealed</th><td class="infobox-data dtend">21 December 1993</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;">Other legislation</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Amended by</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Statute_Law_Revision_Act_1887" title="Statute Law Revision Act 1887">Statute Law Revision Act 1887</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sheriffs_Act_1887" title="Sheriffs Act 1887">Sheriffs Act 1887</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Statute_Law_Revision_Act_1888" title="Statute Law Revision Act 1888">Statute Law Revision Act 1888</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Repeal" title="Repeal">Repealed by</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Language_Act_1993" title="Welsh Language Act 1993">Welsh Language Act 1993</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;"><div style="background-color: #ffcccc;">Status: Repealed</div></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=do1KAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA243">Text of statute as originally enacted</a></th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">United Kingdom legislation</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Laws in Wales Act 1542</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight: bold;">Act of Parliament</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Coat_of_Arms_of_Henry_VIII_of_England_%281509-1547%29.svg/140px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Henry_VIII_of_England_%281509-1547%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Coat_of_Arms_of_Henry_VIII_of_England_%281509-1547%29.svg/210px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Henry_VIII_of_England_%281509-1547%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Coat_of_Arms_of_Henry_VIII_of_England_%281509-1547%29.svg/280px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Henry_VIII_of_England_%281509-1547%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="1550" /></span></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">Parliament of England</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Short_and_long_titles" title="Short and long titles">Long title</a></th><td class="infobox-data description">An Acte for certaine Ordinaunces in the Kinges Majesties Domynion and Principalitie of Wales.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Citation_of_United_Kingdom_legislation" title="Citation of United Kingdom legislation">Citation</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/34_%26_35_Hen._8" class="mw-redirect" title="34 & 35 Hen. 8">34 & 35 Hen. 8</a>. c. 26</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">Territorial extent </span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Marches" title="Welsh Marches">Marcher Lordships</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;">Dates</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">Royal assent</a></th><td class="infobox-data">12 May 1543</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Repealed</th><td class="infobox-data dtend">3 January 1995</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;">Other legislation</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Amended by</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Juries_Act_1825" title="Juries Act 1825">Juries Act 1825</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Statute_Law_Revision_and_Civil_Procedure_Act_1881" title="Statute Law Revision and Civil Procedure Act 1881">Statute Law Revision and Civil Procedure Act 1881</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Statute_Law_Revision_Act_1887" title="Statute Law Revision Act 1887">Statute Law Revision Act 1887</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sheriffs_Act_1887" title="Sheriffs Act 1887">Sheriffs Act 1887</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Coroners_Act_1887" title="Coroners Act 1887">Coroners Act 1887</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Repeal" title="Repeal">Repealed by</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sale_of_Goods_(Amendment)_Act_1994" class="mw-redirect" title="Sale of Goods (Amendment) Act 1994">Sale of Goods (Amendment) Act 1994</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;"><div style="background-color: #ffcccc;">Status: Repealed</div></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=do1KAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA407">Text of statute as originally enacted</a></th></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542</b> (<a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>: <i lang="cy">Y Deddfau Cyfreithiau yng Nghymru 1535 a 1542</i>) or the Acts of Union (<a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>: <i lang="cy">Y Deddfau Uno</i>), were <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of Parliament">Acts</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">Parliament of England</a> under King <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VIII of England">Henry VIII of England</a>, causing <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> to be incorporated into the realm of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/English_law" title="English law">legal system of England</a> and the norms of English administration including the use of the English language only were applied to a mainly Welsh-speaking Wales. This created a single <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a> and legal <a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction" title="Jurisdiction">jurisdiction</a>, which is now called <a href="/wiki/England_and_Wales" title="England and Wales">England and Wales</a>. </p><p>Before these Acts, Wales had already been <a href="/wiki/Annexation" title="Annexation">annexed</a> by England in 1284 and was excluded from parliamentary representation. Wales was divided between the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Wales" title="Principality of Wales">Principality of Wales</a> and many feudal statelets called the <a href="/wiki/Marcher_Lord" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcher Lord">marcher Lordships</a> which were effectively unified under the laws. The English county system was also extended across all of Wales. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laws_in_Wales_Acts_1535_and_1542&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After Henry VIII made himself the head of the Church of England in 1534, Wales was seen as a potential problem which included some ambitious men unhappy with <a href="/wiki/Penal_laws_against_the_Welsh" title="Penal laws against the Welsh">ethnic disadvantage in Wales</a> and frustrated with legal complexities. Wales had also been the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bosworth_Field" title="Battle of Bosworth Field">landing ground for Henry VII</a> and was close to Catholic Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnes201965–66_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnes201965–66-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chief administrator to the English crown <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cromwell" title="Thomas Cromwell">Thomas Cromwell</a>, brought forward Acts to unify Wales with England. The first of the Acts came in 1536 and was later strengthened by the Act of 1542/43.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnes201965–66_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnes201965–66-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Acts aimed to integrate the legal, political and administrative systems of Wales with England and make English the language of the courts in Wales, which was a mainly Welsh speaking country at the time. The preamble of the Acts suggests that legal differences in Wales led to discontent, which the English establishment wished to end.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGower2013153–156_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGower2013153–156-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Acts were the result of a long process of assimilation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGower2013153–156_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGower2013153–156-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wales had been annexed by England, following the <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Wales_by_Edward_I" title="Conquest of Wales by Edward I">conquest by Edward I</a>, under the <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Rhuddlan" title="Statute of Rhuddlan">Statute of Rhuddlan of 1284</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnes201965–66_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnes201965–66-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Acts">Acts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laws_in_Wales_Acts_1535_and_1542&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Acts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The two acts have the long titles <i>An Act for Laws and Justice to be ministered in Wales in like Form as it is in this Realm</i> and <i>An Act for Certain Ordinances in the King's Majesty's Dominion and Principality of Wales</i>. Together they are known as the Acts of Union. The aim of the acts were to incorporate Wales into what Henry VIII of England saw as part of his Tudor Empire, with himself as sovereign ruler.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams1993124_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams1993124-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The acts were not popularly referred to as the "Acts of Union" until 1901, when historian <a href="/wiki/O._M._Edwards" class="mw-redirect" title="O. M. Edwards">Owen M. Edwards</a> assigned them that name.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies1990232_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies1990232-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This name is misleading and the legal short title of each Act has since 1948 been "The Laws in Wales Act". They are also often seen cited by the years they received <a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">royal assent</a>, 1536 and 1543 respectively, although the official citation uses the preceding years, as each of these Acts was passed between 1 January and <a href="/wiki/Lady_Day" title="Lady Day">25 March</a>, at a time when New Year's Day <a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">fell on 25 March</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-chronology_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chronology-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Deddf_Uno_1536_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deddf_Uno_1536-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Deddf_Uno_1543_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deddf_Uno_1543-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style 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.sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Wales" title="Category:History of Wales">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wales" title="History of Wales">History of <span class="fn org label">Wales</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Welsh_Dragon_(Y_Ddraig_Goch).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Red Dragon of Wales"><img alt="Red Dragon of Wales" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Welsh_Dragon_%28Y_Ddraig_Goch%29.svg/40px-Welsh_Dragon_%28Y_Ddraig_Goch%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Welsh_Dragon_%28Y_Ddraig_Goch%29.svg/60px-Welsh_Dragon_%28Y_Ddraig_Goch%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Welsh_Dragon_%28Y_Ddraig_Goch%29.svg/80px-Welsh_Dragon_%28Y_Ddraig_Goch%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="282" data-file-height="219" /></a></span><br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B11_031-WALLIA_PRINCIPATUS_Vulgo_WALES..jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="WALLIA PRINCIPATUS Vulgo WALES"><img alt="WALLIA PRINCIPATUS Vulgo WALES" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B11_031-WALLIA_PRINCIPATUS_Vulgo_WALES..jpeg/150px-Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B11_031-WALLIA_PRINCIPATUS_Vulgo_WALES..jpeg" decoding="async" width="150" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B11_031-WALLIA_PRINCIPATUS_Vulgo_WALES..jpeg/225px-Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B11_031-WALLIA_PRINCIPATUS_Vulgo_WALES..jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B11_031-WALLIA_PRINCIPATUS_Vulgo_WALES..jpeg/300px-Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B11_031-WALLIA_PRINCIPATUS_Vulgo_WALES..jpeg 2x" data-file-width="5500" data-file-height="4325" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Chronology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Welsh_history" title="Timeline of Welsh history">Timeline</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_British_history" title="Timeline of British history">British</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Welsh_history" title="Bibliography of Welsh history">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Wales" title="Prehistoric Wales">Prehistory</a> (<a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_Wales" title="Archaeology of Wales">archaeology</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_Britain" title="Roman conquest of Britain">Roman conquest</a> (<a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_Anglesey" title="Roman conquest of Anglesey">of Anglesey</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales_in_the_Roman_era" title="Wales in the Roman era">In the Roman era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Anglo-Welsh_wars" title="List of Anglo-Welsh wars">Anglo-Welsh wars</a> (<a href="/wiki/Welsh_rebellions_against_English_rule" title="Welsh rebellions against English rule">rebellions</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Wales in the Middle Ages">In the Middle Ages</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wales_in_the_early_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Wales in the early Middle Ages">early</a> • <a href="/wiki/Wales_in_the_High_Middle_Ages" title="Wales in the High Middle Ages">high</a> • <a href="/wiki/Wales_in_the_late_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Wales in the late Middle Ages">late</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_invasion_of_Wales" title="Norman invasion of Wales">Norman invasion</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cambro-Normans" title="Cambro-Normans">settlement</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Wales_by_Edward_I" title="Conquest of Wales by Edward I">Edwardian conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glynd%C5%B5r_rebellion" title="Glyndŵr rebellion">Glyndŵr rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_settlement_in_the_Americas" title="Welsh settlement in the Americas">Settlement in the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period_in_Wales" title="Early modern period in Wales">Early modern period</a> (<a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_early_modern_Wales" title="Witchcraft in early modern Wales">witchcraft</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution_in_Wales" title="Industrial Revolution in Wales">Industrial revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_history_of_Wales" title="Modern history of Wales">Modern history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales_in_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Wales in the World Wars">World Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_devolution" title="Welsh devolution">Devolution</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Template:Welsh_kingdoms" title="Template:Welsh kingdoms">Medieval kingdoms</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brycheiniog" title="Brycheiniog">Brycheiniog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ceredigion" title="Kingdom of Ceredigion">Ceredigion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deheubarth" title="Deheubarth">Deheubarth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dyfed" title="Kingdom of Dyfed">Dyfed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gwynedd" title="Kingdom of Gwynedd">Gwynedd</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_Gwynedd_during_the_High_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Gwynedd during the High Middle Ages">history</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Gwynedd_during_the_High_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Gwynedd during the High Middle Ages">culture</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Morgannwg" title="Kingdom of Morgannwg">Morgannwg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Powys" title="Kingdom of Powys">Powys</a> (<a href="/wiki/Powys_Wenwynwyn" title="Powys Wenwynwyn">Wenwynwyn</a> • <a href="/wiki/Powys_Fadog" title="Powys Fadog">Fadog</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhwng_Gwy_a_Hafren" title="Rhwng Gwy a Hafren">Rhwng Gwy a Hafren</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Rulers</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Britons" title="King of the Britons">King of the Britons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Welsh_royal_houses" title="Category:Welsh royal houses">Royal houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Wales" title="King of Wales">King of Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales" title="Prince of Wales">Prince of Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_in_Wales" title="List of rulers in Wales">List of rulers in Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Gwynedd" title="List of rulers of Gwynedd">Rulers of Gwynedd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Powys" title="List of monarchs of Powys">Rulers of Powys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifteen_Tribes_of_Wales" title="Fifteen Tribes of Wales">Fifteen Tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titles_of_the_Welsh_Court" title="Titles of the Welsh Court">Titles of the Welsh Court</a><hr /><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_monarchs" title="List of English monarchs">English monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">British monarchs</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_British_monarchs" title="List of British monarchs">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_peers_and_baronets" title="Welsh peers and baronets">Peers</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Law</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyfraith_Hywel" title="Cyfraith Hywel">Medieval Welsh law</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Cyfraith_Hywel_manuscripts" title="List of Cyfraith Hywel manuscripts">manuscripts</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Wales" title="Category:Treaties of Wales">Treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Constitutional_laws_of_Wales" title="Category:Constitutional laws of Wales">Constitutional laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_laws_against_the_Welsh" title="Penal laws against the Welsh">Penal laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Welsh_Poor_Laws" title="Category:Welsh Poor Laws">Poor laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Language_policy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Language policy in the United Kingdom">Language laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England_and_Wales" title="England and Wales">England and Wales</a> (<a href="/wiki/English_law" title="English law">English law</a> • <a href="/wiki/March_law_(Anglo-Welsh_border)" title="March law (Anglo-Welsh border)">former march law</a> • <a href="/wiki/Welsh_law" title="Welsh law">contemporary Welsh law</a> • <a href="/wiki/Wales-only_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Wales-only laws">Wales-only laws</a> • <a href="/wiki/Category:Acts_of_the_Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom_concerning_Wales" title="Category:Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom concerning Wales">Wales-only acts</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_courts_of_England_and_Wales" title="History of the courts of England and Wales">History of the courts</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Polities</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Wales" title="Principality of Wales">Principality of Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Marches" title="Welsh Marches">Welsh Marches</a><hr /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Council_of_Wales_and_the_Marches" title="Council of Wales and the Marches">Council of Wales and the Marches</a>)<hr /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a><hr /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom (1801–1922)</a><hr /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Council_for_Wales_and_Monmouthshire" title="Council for Wales and Monmouthshire">Council for Wales and Monmouthshire</a> • <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Office" title="Welsh Office">Welsh Office</a> • <a href="/wiki/Wales_Office" title="Wales Office">Wales Office</a> • <a href="/wiki/Welsh_devolution" title="Welsh devolution">Devolution</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Local history</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cardiff" title="History of Cardiff">Cardiff</a> (<a href="/wiki/Capital_of_Wales" title="Capital of Wales">as capital</a> • <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Cardiff_history" title="Timeline of Cardiff history">timeline</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Llanelli_history" title="Timeline of Llanelli history">Llanelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Milford_Haven" title="History of Milford Haven">Milford Haven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Monmouth,_Wales" title="Category:History of Monmouth, Wales">Monmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Newport,_Wales" title="Category:History of Newport, Wales">Newport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Swansea" title="History of Swansea">Swansea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wrexham" title="History of Wrexham">Wrexham</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Welsh_language" title="History of the Welsh language">Welsh language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_literature" title="Welsh literature">Welsh literature</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Medieval_Welsh_literature" title="Medieval Welsh literature">medieval</a> • <a href="/wiki/Welsh-language_literature" title="Welsh-language literature">in Welsh</a> • <a href="/wiki/Welsh_literature_in_English" title="Welsh literature in English">in English</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_historical_documents" title="List of Welsh historical documents">Historical documents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_Wales" title="Archaeology of Wales">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_local_government_in_Wales" title="History of local government in Wales">Local government</a> (<a href="/wiki/Historic_counties_of_Wales" title="Historic counties of Wales">historic counties</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Wales" title="Music of Wales">Music history</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_the_harp_in_Wales" title="History of the harp in Wales">harp</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Wales" title="History of the Jews in Wales">Jewish history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_in_Britain#Wales" title="History of Christianity in Britain">Christian history</a> (<a href="/wiki/1904%E2%80%931905_Welsh_revival" title="1904–1905 Welsh revival">1904–1905 Welsh revival</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Wales" title="Economic history of Wales">Economic history</a> (<a href="/wiki/Slate_industry_in_Wales" title="Slate industry in Wales">slate</a> • <a href="/wiki/Woollen_industry_in_Wales" title="Woollen industry in Wales">woollen industry</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_Wales" title="History of education in Wales">Education</a> (<a href="/wiki/Teaching_of_Welsh_history" title="Teaching of Welsh history">history-specific</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_NHS_Wales" title="History of NHS Wales">Health service</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_the_National_Health_Service" title="History of the National Health Service">UK-wide</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Plaid_Cymru" title="History of Plaid Cymru">Plaid Cymru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Wales" title="Geology of Wales">Geological history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic history of Wales">Genetic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Wales_national_football_team" title="History of the Wales national football team">Football team</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Wales_national_football_team_(1876%E2%80%931976)" title="History of the Wales national football team (1876–1976)">1876–1976</a> • <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Wales_national_football_team_(1977%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the Wales national football team (1977–present)">1977–present</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rugby_union_in_Wales" title="History of rugby union in Wales">Rugby union</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Wales_national_rugby_union_team_(2004%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the Wales national rugby union team (2004–present)">team since 2004</a> • <a href="/wiki/Category:Wales_national_rugby_union_team_matches" title="Category:Wales national rugby union team matches">with other teams</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cardiff_City_F.C." title="History of Cardiff City F.C.">History of Cardiff City F.C.</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/History_of_Cardiff_City_F.C._(1899%E2%80%931962)" title="History of Cardiff City F.C. (1899–1962)">1899–1962</a> • <a href="/wiki/History_of_Cardiff_City_F.C._(1962%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Cardiff City F.C. (1962–present)">1962–present</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Britain" title="Military history of Britain">British military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rent_control_in_England_and_Wales" title="History of rent control in England and Wales">Rent control</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rent_regulation_in_England_and_Wales" title="Rent regulation in England and Wales">regulation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_early_modern_Wales" title="Witchcraft in early modern Wales">Early modern Witchcraft</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/16px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/24px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/32px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History</a></li><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/16px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/24px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/32px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Wales" title="Portal:Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Wales" title="Template:History of Wales"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Wales" title="Template talk:History of Wales"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Wales" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Wales"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Laws in Wales Act 1535 was passed in 1536 in the 8th session of Henry VIII's 5th parliament, which began on 4 February 1535/36,<sup id="cite_ref-chronology_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chronology-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and repealed with effect from 21 December 1993. Meanwhile the act of 1542 was passed in 1543 in the second session of Henry VIII's 8th parliament, which began on 22 January 1542/43.<sup id="cite_ref-chronology_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chronology-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Provisions">Provisions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laws_in_Wales_Acts_1535_and_1542&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Provisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The act declared King Henry's intentions, that because of differences in law and language:<sup id="cite_ref-LiWA1535_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LiWA1535-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-indent:-1.5em; padding-left: 1.5em">(4) some rude and ignorant People have made Distinction and Diversity between the King's Subjects of this Realm, and his Subjects of the said Dominion and Principality of Wales, whereby great Discord, Variance, Debate, Division, Murmur and Sedition hath grown between his said Subjects;</li><li style="text-indent:-1.5em; padding-left: 1.5em">(5) His Highness therefore of a singular Zeal, Love and Favour that he beareth towards his Subjects of his said Dominion of <i>Wales</i>, minding and intending to reduce them to the perfect Order, Notice and Knowledge of his Laws of this Realm, and utterly to extirp all and singular the sinister Usages and Customs differing from the same, and to bring the said Subjects of this his Realm, and of his said Dominion of <i>Wales</i>, to an amicable Concord and Unity...</li></ul></div></blockquote> <p>– and therefore: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>That his said Country or Dominion of <i>Wales</i> shall be, stand and continue for ever from henceforth incorporated, united and annexed to and with this his Realm of <i>England</i>;<sup id="cite_ref-LiWA1535_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LiWA1535-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The Laws in Wales Act 1535 imposed English law and the English language upon the Welsh people and allowed Welsh representation in the English parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These Acts also had many effects on the administration of Wales. The marcher lordships were abolished as political units, and five new counties were established on Welsh lands (<a href="/wiki/Monmouthshire_(historic)" title="Monmouthshire (historic)">Monmouthshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brecknockshire" title="Brecknockshire">Brecknockshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radnorshire" title="Radnorshire">Radnorshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montgomeryshire" title="Montgomeryshire">Montgomeryshire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Denbighshire_(historic)" title="Denbighshire (historic)">Denbighshire</a>), thus creating a Wales of <a href="/wiki/Historic_counties_of_Wales" title="Historic counties of Wales">13 counties</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other areas of the lordships were annexed to <a href="/wiki/Shropshire" title="Shropshire">Shropshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herefordshire" title="Herefordshire">Herefordshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gloucestershire" title="Gloucestershire">Gloucestershire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glamorgan" title="Glamorgan">Glamorgan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carmarthenshire" title="Carmarthenshire">Carmarthenshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pembrokeshire" title="Pembrokeshire">Pembrokeshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ceredigion" title="Ceredigion">Cardiganshire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Merionethshire" title="Merionethshire">Merionethshire</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/England%E2%80%93Wales_border" title="England–Wales border">borders of Wales</a> for administrative/government purposes were established and have remained the same since; this was unintentional as Wales was to be incorporated fully into England, but the status of <a href="/wiki/Monmouthshire_(historic)" title="Monmouthshire (historic)">Monmouthshire</a> was still ambiguous in the view of some people until confirmed by the <a href="/wiki/Local_Government_Act_1972" title="Local Government Act 1972">Local Government Act 1972</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each county or shire consisted of fewer than a dozen <a href="/wiki/Hundred_(county_division)" title="Hundred (county division)">hundreds</a> corresponding with varying degrees of accuracy to the former <a href="/wiki/Commote" title="Commote">commotes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wales elected members to the English (Westminster) Parliament,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Wales_and_the_Marches" title="Council of Wales and the Marches">Council of Wales and the Marches</a> was established on a legal basis.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Great_Sessions_in_Wales" title="Court of Great Sessions in Wales">Court of Great Sessions</a> was established, a system peculiar to Wales,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a Sheriff appointed in every county, and other county officers as in England.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The courts of the marcher lordships lost the power to try serious criminal cases,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> all courts in Wales were to be conducted in the English language, not Welsh,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the office of <a href="/wiki/Justice_of_the_peace" title="Justice of the peace">justice of the peace</a> was introduced, nine to every county.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effects">Effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laws_in_Wales_Acts_1535_and_1542&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Wales" title="Principality of Wales">Welsh Principality</a>, assimilation had already been greatly implemented and so the 1536 and 1542/43 acts in reality brought some legal consistency across Wales, effectively extending the Principality to the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Marches" title="Welsh Marches">Welsh Marches</a> and ending use of <a href="/wiki/Welsh_law" title="Welsh law">Welsh law</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnes201965–66_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnes201965–66-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The legal simplicity made it easier for the English crown to collect tax in Wales. After the <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Wales_by_Edward_I" title="Conquest of Wales by Edward I">conquest of Wales by Edward I</a>, the counties of Anglesey, Caernarfonshire, Cardiganshire, Carmarthenshire, Flintshire and Merionethshire were added to by the formerly Marcher counties of Brecknockshire, Denbighshire, Glamorgan, Montgomeryshire, Pembrokeshire and Radnorshire. This also formed a legal border with England.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnes201965–66_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnes201965–66-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the poor people of Wales may not have been aware of the laws, the measures were popular with the Welsh gentry who saw the acts as bringing legal equality with English citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnes201965–66_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnes201965–66-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnes2019_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnes2019-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 67">: 67 </span></sup> The Acts were also seen by the gentry as reducing the influence of the <a href="/wiki/Marcher_lord" title="Marcher lord">marcher lords</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGower2013153–156_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGower2013153–156-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>English was made the legal language in Wales, which was symbolically unjust for the majority Welsh monoglot population. Although the centre of political power was England, the Welsh language remained the language of the people and the land.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnes201965–66_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnes201965–66-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laws_in_Wales_Acts_1535_and_1542&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laws_in_Wales_Acts_1535_and_1542&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnes201965–66-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnes201965–66_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnes201965–66_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnes201965–66_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnes201965–66_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnes201965–66_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnes201965–66_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnes201965–66_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJohnes2019">Johnes 2019</a>, p. 65–66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGower2013153–156-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGower2013153–156_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGower2013153–156_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGower2013153–156_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGower2013">Gower 2013</a>, p. 153–156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams1993124-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams1993124_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams1993">Williams 1993</a>, p. 124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies1990232-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies1990232_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavies1990">Davies 1990</a>, p. 232.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chronology-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chronology_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chronology_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chronology_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFrydeGreenwayPorterRoy1986" class="citation book cs1">Fryde, E. B.; Greenway, D. E.; Porter, S.; Roy, L. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zcgxEvGAK_kC"><i>Handbook of British Chronology</i></a>. Royal Historical Society Guides & Handbooks. Vol. 2 (3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 573. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-56350-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-56350-5"><bdi>978-0-521-56350-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+British+Chronology&rft.series=Royal+Historical+Society+Guides+%26+Handbooks&rft.pages=573&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-521-56350-5&rft.aulast=Fryde&rft.aufirst=E.+B.&rft.au=Greenway%2C+D.+E.&rft.au=Porter%2C+S.&rft.au=Roy%2C+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzcgxEvGAK_kC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaws+in+Wales+Acts+1535+and+1542" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Deddf_Uno_1536-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Deddf_Uno_1536_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/aep/Hen8/27/26/contents">"Laws in Wales Act 1535"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Legislation.gov.uk" title="Legislation.gov.uk">Legislation.gov.uk</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)" title="The National Archives (United Kingdom)">The National Archives</a>. 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Legislation.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Laws+in+Wales+Act+1535&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.gov.uk%2Faep%2FHen8%2F27%2F26%2Fcontents&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaws+in+Wales+Acts+1535+and+1542" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Deddf_Uno_1543-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Deddf_Uno_1543_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/aep/Hen8/34-35/26/contents">"Laws in Wales Act 1542"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Legislation.gov.uk" title="Legislation.gov.uk">Legislation.gov.uk</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)" title="The National Archives (United Kingdom)">The National Archives</a>. 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Legislation.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Laws+in+Wales+Act+1542&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.gov.uk%2Faep%2FHen8%2F34-35%2F26%2Fcontents&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaws+in+Wales+Acts+1535+and+1542" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.parliament.uk/collections/getrecord/GB61_HL_PO_PU_1_1535_27H8n24#">"Public Act, 27 Henry VIII, c. 26"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Public+Act%2C+27+Henry+VIII%2C+c.+26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchives.parliament.uk%2Fcollections%2Fgetrecord%2FGB61_HL_PO_PU_1_1535_27H8n24%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaws+in+Wales+Acts+1535+and+1542" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/34_%26_35_Hen._8" class="mw-redirect" title="34 & 35 Hen. 8">34 & 35 Hen. 8</a> c. 26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/27_Hen._8" class="mw-redirect" title="27 Hen. 8">27 Hen. 8</a> c. 26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1972/70/schedule/4">"Local Government Act 1972"</a>. <i>www.legislation.gov.uk</i>. <a href="/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)" title="The National Archives (United Kingdom)">The National Archives</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.legislation.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Local+Government+Act+1972&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.gov.uk%2Fukpga%2F1972%2F70%2Fschedule%2F4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaws+in+Wales+Acts+1535+and+1542" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/34_%26_35_Hen._8" class="mw-redirect" title="34 & 35 Hen. 8">34 & 35 Hen. 8</a> c. 26 s. 50</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Marches_in_Wales_Act_1534" class="mw-redirect" title="Marches in Wales Act 1534">Marches in Wales Act 1534</a> (<a href="/wiki/26_Hen._8" class="mw-redirect" title="26 Hen. 8">26 Hen. 8</a> c. 6)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/34_%26_35_Hen._8" class="mw-redirect" title="34 & 35 Hen. 8">34 & 35 Hen. 8</a> c. 26 § 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Justice_of_the_Peace_(Chester_and_Wales)_Act_1535&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Justice of the Peace (Chester and Wales) Act 1535 (page does not exist)">Justice of the Peace (Chester and Wales) Act 1535</a> (<a href="/wiki/27_Hen._8" class="mw-redirect" title="27 Hen. 8">27 Hen. 8</a> c. 5)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/27_Hen._8" class="mw-redirect" title="27 Hen. 8">27 Hen. 8</a> c. 26 s. 17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnes2019-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnes2019_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJohnes2019">Johnes 2019</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laws_in_Wales_Acts_1535_and_1542&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-LiWA1535-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LiWA1535_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LiWA1535_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The Laws in Wales Act 1535 (<a href="/wiki/27_Hen._8" class="mw-redirect" title="27 Hen. 8">27 Hen. 8</a>. c. 26)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laws_in_Wales_Acts_1535_and_1542&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Davies_(historian)" title="John Davies (historian)">Davies, John</a> (1990). <i>A History of Wales</i>. <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: Penguin 1994. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-014581-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-014581-8"><bdi>0-14-014581-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Wales&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin+1994&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-14-014581-8&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaws+in+Wales+Acts+1535+and+1542" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGower2013" class="citation book cs1">Gower, Jon (2013). <i>The Story of Wales</i>. BBC Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8499-0373-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-8499-0373-8"><bdi>978-1-8499-0373-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+Wales&rft.pub=BBC+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-8499-0373-8&rft.aulast=Gower&rft.aufirst=Jon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaws+in+Wales+Acts+1535+and+1542" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnes2019" class="citation book cs1">Johnes, Martin (2019). <i>Wales: England's Colony?: The Conquest, Assimilation and Re-creation of Wales</i>. Parthian. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-912681-41-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-912681-41-9"><bdi>978-1-912681-41-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wales%3A+England%27s+Colony%3F%3A+The+Conquest%2C+Assimilation+and+Re-creation+of+Wales&rft.pub=Parthian&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-912681-41-9&rft.aulast=Johnes&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaws+in+Wales+Acts+1535+and+1542" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Glanmor_Williams" title="Glanmor Williams">Williams, Glanmor</a> (1993). <i>Renewal and reformation: Wales, c.1415–1642</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-285277-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-285277-9"><bdi>0-19-285277-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Renewal+and+reformation%3A+Wales%2C+c.1415%E2%80%931642&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-19-285277-9&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Glanmor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaws+in+Wales+Acts+1535+and+1542" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Williams, W. Ogwen (1971), "The union of England and Wales". In A. J. Roderick (Ed.), <i>Wales through the ages: volume II, Modern Wales, from 1485 to the beginning of the 20th century</i>, pp. 16–23. Llandybïe : Christopher Davies (Publishers) Ltd. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7154-0292-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7154-0292-7">0-7154-0292-7</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laws_in_Wales_Acts_1535_and_1542&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaithbyTomlins1811" class="citation book cs1">Raithby, John; <a href="/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Edlyne_Tomlins" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Thomas Edlyne Tomlins">Tomlins, Sir Thomas Edlyne</a> (1811). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/statutesatlarge00raitgoog"><i>The statutes at large, of England and of Great Britain: from Magna Carta to the union of the kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland, Volume 3: 1509–53</i></a>. London: Printed by George Eyre and Andrew Strahan<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+statutes+at+large%2C+of+England+and+of+Great+Britain%3A+from+Magna+Carta+to+the+union+of+the+kingdoms+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland%2C+Volume+3%3A+1509%E2%80%9353&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Printed+by+George+Eyre+and+Andrew+Strahan&rft.date=1811&rft.aulast=Raithby&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Tomlins%2C+Sir+Thomas+Edlyne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstatutesatlarge00raitgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaws+in+Wales+Acts+1535+and+1542" class="Z3988"></span> (Full text of the Acts as passed, from <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a> scan) <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=do1KAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA243">27 Hen. 8. c. 26</a> An Act for Laws and Justice to be ministered in Wales in like Form as it is in this Realm</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=do1KAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA407">34 & 35 Hen. 8. c. 26</a> An Act for certain Ordinances in the King's Majesty's Dominion and Principality of Wales</li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.parliament.uk/collections/getrecord/GB61_HL_PO_PU_1_1535_27H8n24">Digital Reproduction of the Original 1535 Act on the Parliamentary Archives catalogue</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.parliament.uk/collections/getrecord/GB61_HL_PO_PU_1_1542_34and35H8n25">Digital Reproduction of the Original 1542 Act on the Parliamentary Archives catalogue</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Constitutional_law_of_Wales" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Constitutional_law_of_Wales" title="Template:Constitutional law of Wales"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Constitutional_law_of_Wales" title="Template talk:Constitutional law of Wales"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Constitutional_law_of_Wales" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Constitutional law of Wales"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Constitutional_law_of_Wales" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Constitutional law of Wales</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Welsh pre-parliamentary legislation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyfraith_Hywel" title="Cyfraith Hywel">Cyfraith Hywel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Welsh pre-parliamentary Treaties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Gwerneigron" title="Treaty of Gwerneigron">Treaty of Gwerneigron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Pipton" title="Treaty of Pipton">Treaty of Pipton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Montgomery" title="Treaty of Montgomery">Treaty of Montgomery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Aberconwy" title="Treaty of Aberconwy">Treaty of Aberconwy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">English pre-parliamentary legislation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Rhuddlan" title="Statute of Rhuddlan">Statute of Rhuddlan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England">Acts of English Parliament</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Act_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Act of Parliament (United Kingdom)">UK Acts of Parliament</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wales_and_Berwick_Act_1746" title="Wales and Berwick Act 1746">Wales and Berwick Act 1746</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Church_Act_1914" title="Welsh Church Act 1914">Welsh Church Act 1914</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Language_Act_1967" title="Welsh Language Act 1967">Welsh Language Act 1967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales_Act_1978" title="Wales Act 1978">Wales Act 1978</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Wales_Act_1998" title="Government of Wales Act 1998">Government of Wales Act 1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Wales_Act_2006" title="Government of Wales Act 2006">Government of Wales Act 2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales_Act_2014" title="Wales Act 2014">Wales Act 2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales_Act_2017" title="Wales Act 2017">Wales Act 2017</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Act_of_Senedd_Cymru" title="Act of Senedd Cymru">Acts of the Senedd</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senedd_and_Elections_(Wales)_Act_2020" title="Senedd and Elections (Wales) Act 2020">Senedd and Elections (Wales) Act 2020</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Balance,_by_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/30px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/46px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/61px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="558" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Law" title="Portal:Law">Law portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/32px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/48px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/64px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Wales" title="Portal:Wales">Wales portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Welsh_language" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Welsh_language" title="Template:Welsh language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Welsh_language" title="Template talk:Welsh language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Welsh_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Welsh language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Welsh_language" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh language</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Welsh_language" title="History of the Welsh language">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_Brittonic" title="Common Brittonic">Common Brittonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Welsh" title="Old Welsh">Old Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Welsh" title="Middle Welsh">Middle Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Welsh" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Welsh">Modern Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treachery_of_the_Blue_Books" title="Treachery of the Blue Books">Treachery of the Blue Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Not" title="Welsh Not">Welsh Not</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Linguistics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_grammar" title="Welsh grammar">Grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_phonology" title="Welsh phonology">Phonology</a></li> <li>Morphology <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colloquial_Welsh_morphology" title="Colloquial Welsh morphology">colloquial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_Welsh_morphology" title="Literary Welsh morphology">literary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_syntax" title="Welsh syntax">Syntax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_numerals" title="Welsh numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singulative_number" title="Singulative number">Singulative number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_orthography" title="Welsh orthography">Orthography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Braille" title="Welsh Braille">Welsh Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%BB%BC" title="Ỽ">Ỽ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y_with_loop" title="Y with loop">Y with loop</a></li></ul></li> <li>Dictionaries <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Geiriadur_Prifysgol_Cymru" title="Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru">Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Academy_English%E2%80%93Welsh_Dictionary" title="Welsh Academy English–Welsh Dictionary">Welsh Academy English–Welsh Dictionary</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_toponymy" title="Welsh toponymy">Toponymy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_place_names_in_other_countries" title="Welsh place names in other countries">outside Wales</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_place_names_of_Welsh_origin_in_the_United_States" title="List of place names of Welsh origin in the United States">in the United States</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Wales" title="Road signs in Wales">on road signage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_words_of_Welsh_origin" title="List of English words of Welsh origin">in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_exonyms" title="Welsh exonyms">Exonyms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Welsh-language_literature" title="Welsh-language literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh-language_authors" title="List of Welsh-language authors">Authors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Welsh_literature" title="Medieval Welsh literature">Medieval Welsh literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_mythology" title="Welsh mythology">Welsh mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Triads" title="Welsh Triads">Welsh Triads</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mabinogion" title="Mabinogion">Mabinogion</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh-medium_education" title="Welsh-medium education">Welsh-medium education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mudiad_Ysgolion_Meithrin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mudiad Ysgolion Meithrin">Mudiad Ysgolion Meithrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wlpan" title="Wlpan">Wlpan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_Welsh" title="Bible translations into Welsh">Bible translations into Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh-language_comics" title="Welsh-language comics">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Welsh-language_magazines" title="Category:Welsh-language magazines">Magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Welsh-language_newspapers" title="Category:Welsh-language newspapers">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Welsh-language_novels" title="Category:Welsh-language novels">Novels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Poems_in_Welsh" title="Category:Poems in Welsh">Poetry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Demographics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welsh-speaking_population" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh-speaking population">Welsh-speaking population</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Y_Fro_Gymraeg" title="Y Fro Gymraeg">Y Fro Gymraeg</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_areas_by_percentage_of_Welsh-speakers" title="List of Welsh areas by percentage of Welsh-speakers">by county or county borough in Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landsker_Line" title="Landsker Line">Landsker Line</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Y_Wladfa" title="Y Wladfa">Y Wladfa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Tract" title="Welsh Tract">Welsh Tract</a> (historical)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Welsh-language_surnames" title="Category:Welsh-language surnames">Surnames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh-speaking_politicians" title="List of Welsh-speaking politicians">Politicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Welsh-speaking_people_by_occupation" title="Category:Welsh-speaking people by occupation">Other occupations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh-language_media" title="List of Welsh-language media">Media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh-language_programmes" title="List of Welsh-language programmes">Programming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S4C" title="S4C">S4C</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_S4C" title="Timeline of S4C">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_Cymru" title="BBC Radio Cymru">BBC Radio Cymru</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_Cymru_2" title="BBC Radio Cymru 2">Cymru 2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_Cymru" title="Capital Cymru">Capital Cymru</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Golwg" title="Golwg">Golwg</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Golwg360" title="Golwg360">Golwg360</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maes-e" title="Maes-e">Maes-e</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tafod_y_Ddraig" title="Tafod y Ddraig">Tafod y Ddraig</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Y_Cymro" title="Y Cymro">Y Cymro</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Barn_(Welsh_magazine)" title="Barn (Welsh magazine)">Barn</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Welsh-language_music" title="Category:Welsh-language music">Music</a> and festivals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Media_Festival" title="Celtic Media Festival">Celtic Media Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Eisteddfod_of_Wales" title="National Eisteddfod of Wales">National Eisteddfod of Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdd_National_Eisteddfod" title="Urdd National Eisteddfod">Urdd National Eisteddfod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesiwn_Fawr_Dolgellau" title="Sesiwn Fawr Dolgellau">Sesiwn Fawr Dolgellau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shwmae_Sumae_Day" title="Shwmae Sumae Day">Shwmae Sumae Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tafwyl" title="Tafwyl">Tafwyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y_Selar_Awards" title="Y Selar Awards">Y Selar Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Language_Music_Day" title="Welsh Language Music Day">Welsh Language Music Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Learner_of_the_Year" title="Welsh Learner of the Year">Welsh Learner of the Year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nant_Gwrtheyrn" title="Nant Gwrtheyrn">Nant Gwrtheyrn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Welsh-language_films" title="Category:Welsh-language films">Films</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dialects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dyfedeg" title="Dyfedeg">Dyfedeg</a> (south-western)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwenhwyseg" title="Gwenhwyseg">Gwenhwyseg</a> (south-eastern)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwyndodeg" title="Gwyndodeg">Gwyndodeg</a> (north-western) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cofi_dialect" title="Cofi dialect">Cofi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powyseg" title="Powyseg">Powyseg</a> (north/central-eastern)<br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patagonian_Welsh" title="Patagonian Welsh">Patagonian Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_Secretary_for_Economy,_Energy_and_Welsh_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinet Secretary for Economy, Energy and Welsh Language">Cabinet Secretary for Economy, Energy and Welsh Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Language_Commissioner" title="Welsh Language Commissioner">Welsh Language Commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Language_Board" title="Welsh Language Board">Welsh Language Board</a> (defunct)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arfor" title="Arfor">Arfor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coleg_Cymraeg_Cenedlaethol" title="Coleg Cymraeg Cenedlaethol">Coleg Cymraeg Cenedlaethol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cymdeithas_y_Dysgwyr" title="Cymdeithas y Dysgwyr">Cymdeithas y Dysgwyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cymreigyddion_y_Fenni" title="Cymreigyddion y Fenni">Cymreigyddion y Fenni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Language_Society" title="Welsh Language Society">Welsh Language Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cymuned" title="Cymuned">Cymuned</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyfodol_i%27r_Iaith" title="Dyfodol i'r Iaith">Dyfodol i'r Iaith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menter_Iaith" title="Menter Iaith">Menter Iaith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudiad_Adfer" title="Mudiad Adfer">Mudiad Adfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdd_Gobaith_Cymru" title="Urdd Gobaith Cymru">Urdd Gobaith Cymru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Welsh_Translators_and_Interpreters" title="Association of Welsh Translators and Interpreters">Association of Welsh Translators and Interpreters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales_Interpretation_and_Translation_Service" title="Wales Interpretation and Translation Service">Wales Interpretation and Translation Service</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Crachach" title="Crachach">Crachach</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Courts_Act_1942" title="Welsh Courts Act 1942">Welsh Courts Act 1942</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Language_Act_1967" title="Welsh Language Act 1967">Welsh Language Act 1967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Language_Act_1993" title="Welsh Language Act 1993">Welsh Language Act 1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Language_(Wales)_Measure_2011" title="Welsh Language (Wales) Measure 2011">Welsh Language (Wales) Measure 2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_for_Wales_(Official_Languages)_Act_2012" title="National Assembly for Wales (Official Languages) Act 2012">National Assembly for Wales (Official Languages) Act 2012</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Globe_of_letters.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/16px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/24px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/32px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Language" title="Portal:Language">Language</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/16px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/24px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/32px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Wales" title="Portal:Wales">Wales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wales_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wales_topics" title="Template:Wales topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wales_topics" title="Template talk:Wales topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wales_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wales topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wales_articles" class="adr" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Wales" title="Outline of Wales">List of topics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wales" title="History of Wales">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Welsh_history" title="Timeline of Welsh history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Welsh_history" title="Bibliography of Welsh history">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Wales" title="Prehistoric Wales">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales_in_the_Roman_era" title="Wales in the Roman era">Roman Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Anglo-Welsh_wars" title="List of Anglo-Welsh wars">Anglo-Welsh Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales_in_the_early_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Wales in the early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gwynedd" title="Kingdom of Gwynedd">Kingdom of Gwynedd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Powys" title="Kingdom of Powys">Kingdom of Powys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deheubarth" title="Deheubarth">Deheubarth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyfraith_Hywel" title="Cyfraith Hywel">Medieval Welsh law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_invasion_of_Wales" title="Norman invasion of Wales">Norman invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Wales_by_Edward_I" title="Conquest of Wales by Edward I">Edwardian conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales_in_the_late_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Wales in the late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Rhuddlan" title="Statute of Rhuddlan">Statute of Rhuddlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glynd%C5%B5r_rebellion" title="Glyndŵr rebellion">Glyndŵr rebellion</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_settlement_in_the_Americas" title="Welsh settlement in the Americas">Colonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Wales" title="Geography of Wales">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_Wales" title="Biodiversity of Wales">Biodiversity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Wales" title="Fauna of Wales">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Wales" title="Flora of Wales">Flora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Wales" title="Climate of Wales">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Wales" title="Geology of Wales">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Wales" title="List of islands of Wales">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Wales" title="List of lakes of Wales">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_mountains_and_hills_in_the_British_Isles" title="Lists of mountains and hills in the British Isles">Mountains and hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Wales" title="Protected areas of Wales">Protected areas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_Wales" title="National parks of Wales">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Areas_of_Outstanding_Natural_Beauty_in_Wales" title="Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty in Wales">AONBs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Wales" title="List of rivers of Wales">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England%E2%80%93Wales_border" title="England–Wales border">Wales–England border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_waterfalls_in_Wales" title="List of waterfalls in Wales">Waterfalls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Wales" title="Politics of Wales">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Government" title="Welsh Government">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Wales" title="Politics of Wales">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_devolution" title="Welsh devolution">Devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Wales" title="Elections in Wales">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Minister_of_Wales" title="First Minister of Wales">First Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Government" title="Welsh Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Wales" title="Local government in Wales">Local government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_local_government_in_Wales" title="History of local government in Wales">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Wales" title="List of cities in Wales">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayors_in_Wales" title="Mayors in Wales">Mayors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_in_Wales" title="List of rulers in Wales">Local rulers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_nationalism" title="Welsh nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Wales" title="List of political parties in Wales">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_republicanism" title="Welsh republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Wales" title="Secretary of State for Wales">Secretary of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senedd" title="Senedd">Senedd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_Wales" title="Unionism in Wales">Unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales_Office" title="Wales Office">Wales Office</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_law" title="Welsh law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counsel_General_for_Wales" title="Counsel General for Wales">Counsel General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courts_of_England_and_Wales" title="Courts of England and Wales">Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_law" title="Welsh law">Modern Welsh law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_forces_of_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Police forces of Wales">Police forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_forces_in_Wales" title="Armed forces in Wales">British Armed Forces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Wales" title="Economy of Wales">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Wales" title="Agriculture in Wales">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_and_finance_in_Wales" title="Banking and finance in Wales">Banking and finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_industry_in_Wales" title="Coal industry in Wales">Coal mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Wales" title="List of companies of Wales">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Wales" title="Forestry in Wales">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_and_construction_in_Wales" title="Housing and construction in Wales">Housing and construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Wales" title="List of power stations in Wales">Power stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slate_industry_in_Wales" title="Slate industry in Wales">Slate quarrying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Wales" title="Tourism in Wales">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Wales" title="Transport in Wales">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Wales" title="Category:Society of Wales">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Wales" title="Culture of Wales">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_art" title="Welsh art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Wales" title="List of castles in Wales">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Wales" title="Education in Wales">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisteddfod" title="Eisteddfod">Eisteddfod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorsedd_Cymru" title="Gorsedd Cymru">Gorsedd Cymru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh-language_literature" title="Welsh-language literature">Literature in Welsh</a> / <a href="/wiki/Welsh_literature_in_English" title="Welsh literature in English">in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Wales" title="Media of Wales">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Wales" title="Music of Wales">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Wales" title="List of museums in Wales">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_scheduled_monuments_in_Wales" title="Lists of scheduled monuments in Wales">Scheduled monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Wales" title="Sport in Wales">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Wales" title="Theatre of Wales">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Wales" title="Demographics of Wales">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Wales" title="Languages of Wales">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Wales" title="Languages of Wales">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_English" title="Welsh English">Welsh English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Sign_Language" title="British Sign Language">British Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_people" title="Welsh people">People</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_people" title="List of Welsh people">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_people#Actors" title="List of Welsh people">Actors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_Americans" title="List of Welsh Americans">Welsh Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_architects" title="List of Welsh architects">Architects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_artists" title="List of Welsh artists">Artists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women_artists_associated_with_Wales" title="List of women artists associated with Wales">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_inventors" title="List of Welsh inventors">Inventors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_musicians" title="List of Welsh musicians">Musicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh-language_poets_(6th_century_to_c._1600)" title="List of Welsh-language poets (6th century to c. 1600)">Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_people#Monarchs_and_princes" title="List of Welsh people">Royalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_scientists" title="List of Welsh scientists">Scientists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_women" title="List of Welsh women">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_writers" title="List of Welsh writers">Writers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh-language_authors" title="List of Welsh-language authors">in Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_women_writers" title="List of Welsh women writers">Women</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Wales" title="Health in Wales">Health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Wales" title="Healthcare in Wales">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NHS_Wales" title="NHS Wales">Healthcare service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_health_board" title="Local health board">Boards</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Wales" title="Religion in Wales">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Wales" title="Christianity in Wales">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_in_Wales" title="Church in Wales">Anglicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_England_and_Wales" title="Catholic Church in England and Wales">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_in_Wales" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Wales">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_of_Wales" title="Presbyterian Church of Wales">Presbyterianism</a></li></ul></li> <li>Non-Christian belief systems <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_Wales" title="Baháʼí Faith in Wales">Bahá'ís</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Wales" title="Buddhism in Wales">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Wales" title="Hinduism in Wales">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Wales" title="Islam in Wales">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Wales" title="History of the Jews in Wales">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druidry_(modern)" title="Druidry (modern)">Druidry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Wales" title="Sikhism in Wales">Sikhism</a></li></ul></li> <li>History <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_David" title="Saint David">Saint David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Methodist_revival" title="Welsh Methodist revival">Welsh Methodist revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1904%E2%80%931905_Welsh_revival" title="1904–1905 Welsh revival">1904–1905 Welsh revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Church_Act_1914" title="Welsh Church Act 1914">Welsh Church Act 1914</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Wales" title="National symbols of Wales">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hen_Wlad_Fy_Nhadau" title="Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_flags" title="List of Welsh flags">Flags</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Wales" title="Flag of Wales">national flag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales%27s_feathers" title="Prince of Wales's feathers">Prince of Wales's feathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Badge_of_Wales" title="Royal Badge of Wales">Royal Badge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Dragon" title="Welsh Dragon">Welsh Dragon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/32px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/48px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/64px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Wales" title="Portal:Wales">Wales portal</a></i></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laws_in_Wales_Acts_1535_and_1542&oldid=1257388900">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laws_in_Wales_Acts_1535_and_1542&oldid=1257388900</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Constitutional_laws_of_Wales" title="Category:Constitutional laws of Wales">Constitutional laws of Wales</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Legal_history_of_Wales" title="Category:Legal history of Wales">Legal history of Wales</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_(1485%E2%80%931603)" title="Category:Acts of the Parliament of England (1485–1603)">Acts of the Parliament of England (1485–1603)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Annexation" title="Category:Annexation">Annexation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:16th_century_in_Wales" title="Category:16th century in Wales">16th century in Wales</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1535_in_law" title="Category:1535 in law">1535 in law</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1542_in_law" title="Category:1542 in law">1542 in law</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1535_in_England" title="Category:1535 in England">1535 in England</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1542_in_England" title="Category:1542 in England">1542 in England</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1543_in_law" title="Category:1543 in law">1543 in law</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1543_in_England" title="Category:1543 in England">1543 in England</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1535_in_Wales" title="Category:1535 in Wales">1535 in Wales</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1542_in_Wales" title="Category:1542 in Wales">1542 in Wales</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1543_in_Wales" title="Category:1543 in Wales">1543 in Wales</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Repealed_English_legislation" title="Category:Repealed English legislation">Repealed English legislation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:England%E2%80%93Wales_relations" title="Category:England–Wales relations">England–Wales relations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Church_in_Wales" title="Category:Church in Wales">Church in Wales</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Principality_of_Wales" title="Category:Principality of Wales">Principality of 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