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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Organization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Private_detectives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Private_detectives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Private detectives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Private_detectives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citizen_detectives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citizen_detectives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Citizen detectives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citizen_detectives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Techniques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Techniques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Techniques</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Techniques-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Techniques subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Techniques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Street_work" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Street_work"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Street work</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Street_work-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criminal_investigation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criminal_investigation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Criminal investigation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criminal_investigation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forensic_evidence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forensic_evidence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Forensic evidence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forensic_evidence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Records_investigation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Records_investigation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Records investigation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Records_investigation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Across_the_world" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Across_the_world"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Across the world</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Across_the_world-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Across the world subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Across_the_world-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vietnam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vietnam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Vietnam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vietnam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Detective</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 55 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-55" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">55 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%82" title="محقق – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="محقق" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE" title="গোয়েন্দা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গোয়েন্দা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheng-th%C3%A0m" title="Cheng-thàm – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Cheng-thàm" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2" title="Детектив – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Детектив" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detektiv" title="Detektiv – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Detektiv" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detectiu" title="Detectiu – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Detectiu" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detektiv" title="Detektiv – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Detektiv" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ditectif" title="Ditectif – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ditectif" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%AD%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%B2" title="Ντετέκτιβ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ντετέκτιβ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detective_(investigador)" title="Detective (investigador) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Detective (investigador)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detektibe" title="Detektibe – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Detektibe" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A2%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87" title="کارآگاه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کارآگاه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleachtaire" title="Bleachtaire – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Bleachtaire" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%98%95%EC%82%AC" title="형사 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="형사" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detektivo" title="Detektivo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Detektivo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detektif" title="Detektif – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Detektif" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detective" title="Detective – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Detective" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investigatore" title="Investigatore – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Investigatore" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0" title="ಪತ್ತೇದಾರ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪತ್ತೇದಾರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD-%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%83" title="Алдын-ала тергеу – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Алдын-ала тергеу" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detekt%C3%AEv" title="Detektîv – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Detektîv" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2" title="Детектив – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Детектив" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detekt%C4%ABvs_(profesija)" title="Detektīvs (profesija) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Detektīvs (profesija)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detektyvas_(profesija)" title="Detektyvas (profesija) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Detektyvas (profesija)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyomoz%C3%B3" title="Nyomozó – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nyomozó" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2" title="Детектив – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Детектив" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detektif" title="Detektif – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Detektif" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detective_(beroep)" title="Detective (beroep) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Detective (beroep)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%83%86%E3%82%AF%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%96" title="ディテクティブ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ディテクティブ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detektiv" title="Detektiv – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Detektiv" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qorataa_yakkaa" title="Qorataa yakkaa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Qorataa yakkaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detektiv" title="Detektiv – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Detektiv" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%BA_%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%DA%BA" title="سراغ رساں – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سراغ رساں" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detektyw" title="Detektyw – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Detektyw" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detetive" title="Detetive – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Detetive" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detectiv" title="Detectiv – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Detectiv" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Детектив (профессия) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Детектив (профессия)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detektivi" title="Detektivi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Detektivi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detective" title="Detective – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Detective" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detekt%C3%ADv" title="Detektív – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Detektív" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detektiv" title="Detektiv – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Detektiv" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%99" title="Истражитељ – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Истражитељ" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detektiv" title="Detektiv – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Detektiv" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiktik" title="Tiktik – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Tiktik" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%9A" title="นักสืบ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="นักสืบ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D2%B3" title="Корогоҳ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Корогоҳ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dedektif" title="Dedektif – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Dedektif" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2_(%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%85)" title="Детектив (фах) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Детектив (фах)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%BA_%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%DA%BA" title="سراغ رساں – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سراغ رساں" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A1m_t%E1%BB%AD" title="Thám tử – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thám tử" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%A2%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95" title="דעטעקטיוו – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="דעטעקטיוו" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Detective_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Detective (disambiguation)">Detective (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Detective" title="Special:EditPage/Detective">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Detective%22">"Detective"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Detective%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Detective%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Detective%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Detective%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Detective%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Investigator in law enforcement</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Detective</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Occupation</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Activity sectors</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Criminal_investigation" title="Criminal investigation">Criminal investigation</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Description</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Competencies</th><td class="infobox-data">Criminological knowledge, knowledge of the law, literacy and numeracy, reasoning skills and social skills</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Education required</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Secondary or tertiary education</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Fields of<br />employment</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement" title="Law enforcement">Law enforcement</a> or <a href="/wiki/Private_investigator" title="Private investigator">private investigation</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Related jobs</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Police_officer" title="Police officer">Police officer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Private_investigator" title="Private investigator">private investigator</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bounty_hunter" title="Bounty hunter">bounty hunter</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oklahoma_City_Police_Homicide_Detectives.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Oklahoma_City_Police_Homicide_Detectives.jpeg/220px-Oklahoma_City_Police_Homicide_Detectives.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Oklahoma_City_Police_Homicide_Detectives.jpeg/330px-Oklahoma_City_Police_Homicide_Detectives.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Oklahoma_City_Police_Homicide_Detectives.jpeg/440px-Oklahoma_City_Police_Homicide_Detectives.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="885" data-file-height="516" /></a><figcaption>Police detectives investigating a <a href="/wiki/Homicide" title="Homicide">homicide</a> in <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City" title="Oklahoma City">Oklahoma City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>, United States</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>detective</b> is an investigator, usually a member of a <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_agency" title="Law enforcement agency">law enforcement agency</a>. They often collect information to solve <a href="/wiki/Crime" title="Crime">crimes</a> by talking to witnesses and informants, collecting physical evidence, or searching records in databases. This leads them to arrest criminals and enable them to be convicted in court.<sup id="cite_ref-NYPD_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYPD-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A detective may work for the <a href="/wiki/Police" title="Police">police</a> or <a href="/wiki/Private_investigator" title="Private investigator">privately</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Detective&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leman_Street_detectives.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Leman_Street_detectives.jpg/170px-Leman_Street_detectives.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Leman_Street_detectives.jpg/255px-Leman_Street_detectives.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/Leman_Street_detectives.jpg 2x" data-file-width="338" data-file-height="636" /></a><figcaption>H Division, of police detectives, including <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Abberline" title="Frederick Abberline">Frederick Abberline</a> (left, with cane), at Leman Street police station, of the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Police" title="Metropolitan Police">London Metropolitan Police</a>, two years before the <a href="/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper" title="Jack the Ripper">Jack the Ripper</a> <a href="/wiki/Serial_killer" title="Serial killer">serial killer murders</a> of 1888. Photograph circa 1886</figcaption></figure> <p>Informally, and primarily in <a href="/wiki/Fiction" title="Fiction">fiction</a>, a detective is a licensed or unlicensed person who solves <a href="/wiki/Crime" title="Crime">crimes</a>, including historical crimes, by examining and evaluating clues and personal records in order to uncover the identity and/or whereabouts of criminals. </p><p>In some <a href="/wiki/Police" title="Police">police departments</a>, a detective position is obtained by passing a written test after a person completes the requirements for being a <a href="/wiki/Police_officer" title="Police officer">police officer</a>. In many other police systems, detectives are college graduates who join directly from <a href="/wiki/Civilian" title="Civilian">civilian</a> life without first serving as uniformed officers. Some argue that detectives do a completely different job and therefore require completely different training, qualifications, qualities, and abilities than uniformed officers.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The other side says that a detective who has worked as a uniformed officer will excel as a private detective due to their knowledge about standard police procedures, their contact network and their own experience with typical problems.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some are not public officials, and may be known as a <a href="/wiki/Private_investigator" title="Private investigator">private investigator</a>, colloquially referred to, especially in fiction, as a "PI" or "private eye", "private ducky" or "shamus". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organization">Organization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Detective&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Organization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The detective branch in most large police agencies is organized into several squads and departments, each of which specializes in <a href="/wiki/Criminal_investigation" title="Criminal investigation">investigation</a> into a particular type of crime or a particular type of undercover operation, which may include: <a href="/wiki/Homicide" title="Homicide">homicide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robbery" title="Robbery">robbery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burglary" title="Burglary">burglary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Motor_vehicle_theft" title="Motor vehicle theft">auto theft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organized_crime" title="Organized crime">organized crimes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Missing_person" title="Missing person">missing persons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juvenile_delinquency" title="Juvenile delinquency">juvenile crime</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fraud" title="Fraud">fraud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Narcotic" title="Narcotic">narcotics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vice_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice unit">vice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Criminal_intelligence" title="Criminal intelligence">criminal intelligence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aggravated_assault" class="mw-redirect" title="Aggravated assault">aggravated assault</a>/<a href="/wiki/Battery_(crime)" title="Battery (crime)">battery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sexual_assault" title="Sexual assault">sexual assault</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computer_crime" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer crime">computer crime</a>, <a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">domestic violence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surveillance" title="Surveillance">surveillance</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arson" title="Arson">arson</a>, among others. </p><p>In police departments of the United States, a regular detective typically holds the rank of "Detective". The rank structure of the officers who supervise them (who may or may not be detectives themselves) varies considerably by department. In some Commonwealth police forces, detectives have equivalent ranks to uniformed officers but with the word "Detective" prepended to it; e.g. "Detective Constable" (DC) or "<a href="/wiki/Detective_Sergeant" class="mw-redirect" title="Detective Sergeant">Detective Sergeant</a>" (DS).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Private_detectives">Private detectives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Detective&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Private detectives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Private_investigator" title="Private investigator">Private investigator</a></div> <p>In some countries<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (April 2019)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup>, courts and judicial processes have yet to recognize the practice of private detectives. In Portugal, presented proof loses significance when private detectives collect it.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (December 2015)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Even under these circumstances, the practice is in demand and governed by a code of conduct.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citizen_detectives">Citizen detectives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Detective&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Citizen detectives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A citizen detective, also known as an amateur detective, is an individual who devotes his or her time and expertise to aid in the <a href="/wiki/Criminal_Investigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Criminal Investigation">solving of crime</a>, without compensation or expectation of reward.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Citizen detectives are <a href="/wiki/Private_citizen" title="Private citizen">private citizens</a> that have no real professional relationship with law enforcement and lack any <a href="/wiki/Rational-legal_authority" title="Rational-legal authority">rational-legal authority</a> whatsoever. The reasons why a private citizen might try to solve a crime vary from trying to ensure justice for a friend or relative, a strong dislike for crime and support for <a href="/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics)" title="Law and order (politics)">law and order</a>, or just recreational enjoyment. </p><p>As with other kinds of detectives, citizen detectives try to solve crimes in multiple ways such as <a href="/wiki/Search_and_seizure" title="Search and seizure">searching a crime scene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interview" title="Interview">interviewing</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Interrogation" title="Interrogation">interrogating</a> <a href="/wiki/Suspect" title="Suspect">suspects</a> and witnesses, doing <a href="/wiki/Surveillance" title="Surveillance">surveillance</a> on <a href="/wiki/Person_of_interest" title="Person of interest">persons of interest</a>, collecting <a href="/wiki/Evidence_(law)" title="Evidence (law)">evidence</a>, acting as <a href="/wiki/Source_(journalism)" title="Source (journalism)">sources</a> for <a href="/wiki/News_broadcasting" title="News broadcasting">local news</a>, giving anonymous tips to the police and at times even making <a href="/wiki/Citizen%27s_arrest" title="Citizen's arrest">citizens’ arrests</a> while a crime is being committed. Citizen detectives can also help law enforcement by becoming <a href="/wiki/Witness" title="Witness">witnesses</a> for <a href="/wiki/Prosecutor" title="Prosecutor">prosecutors</a>, participating in local <a href="/wiki/Neighborhood_watch" title="Neighborhood watch">neighborhood watch</a> groups, acting as <a href="/wiki/Citizen_observer" title="Citizen observer">citizen observers</a> for law enforcement, or even aiding the police in searching for and arresting suspects as a <a href="/wiki/Posse_comitatus" title="Posse comitatus">posse</a>. However, there have been cases of citizen detectives unintentionally compromising investigations if they lack real crime solving skills or even committing acts against suspected criminals that could be deemed <a href="/wiki/Vigilantism" title="Vigilantism">vigilantism</a> in nature. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Detective&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_criminal_justice" title="History of criminal justice">History of criminal justice</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Allan_Pinkerton-retouch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Allan_Pinkerton-retouch.jpg/220px-Allan_Pinkerton-retouch.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Allan_Pinkerton-retouch.jpg/330px-Allan_Pinkerton-retouch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Allan_Pinkerton-retouch.jpg/440px-Allan_Pinkerton-retouch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1661" data-file-height="1933" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Allan_Pinkerton" title="Allan Pinkerton">Allan Pinkerton</a> (pictured here circa 1861) was, in 1850, a detective of the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Police_Department" title="Chicago Police Department">Chicago Police Department</a> and, in 1851, the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Pinkerton_(detective_agency)" title="Pinkerton (detective agency)">Pinkerton Detective Agency</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Before the 19th century, there were few municipal police departments, though the first had been created in Paris as long ago as 1667. As police work went from being done by appointed people with help from volunteers to being done by professionals, the idea of dedicated detectives did not come up right away. The first <a href="/wiki/Private_detective_agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Private detective agency">private detective agency</a> was founded in Paris in 1833 by <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Fran%C3%A7ois_Vidocq" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugène François Vidocq">Eugène François Vidocq</a>, who had headed a police agency in addition to being a criminal himself. Police detective activities were pioneered in England by the <a href="/wiki/Bow_Street_Runners" title="Bow Street Runners">Bow Street Runners</a> and later by the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Police_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan Police Service">Metropolitan Police Service</a> in Greater London.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first police detective unit in the United States was formed in 1846 in Boston.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Techniques">Techniques</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Detective&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Techniques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Street_work">Street work</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Detective&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Street work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edward_Bonney.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Edward_Bonney.jpg/170px-Edward_Bonney.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Edward_Bonney.jpg/255px-Edward_Bonney.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/Edward_Bonney.jpg 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="414" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bonney" title="Edward Bonney">Edward Bonney</a>, an American <a href="/wiki/Bounty_hunter" title="Bounty hunter">bounty hunter</a> and amateur detective from <a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a> who in 1845 infiltrated the "<a href="/wiki/Banditti_of_the_Prairie" title="Banditti of the Prairie">Banditti of the Prairie</a>", wrote the 1850 book <i>The Banditti of the Prairies: or, The murderer's doom, a tale of Mississippi Valley and the Far West</i>; woodcut from 1850.</figcaption></figure> <p>Detectives have a wide variety of techniques available in conducting investigations. However, the majority of cases are solved by the interrogation of suspects and the interviewing of witnesses,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which takes time. Detectives may also use their network of informants, which they have built up over the years. Informants often have connections with people a detective would not be able to approach formally. Evidence collection and preservation can also help in identifying a potential suspect(s). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criminal_investigation">Criminal investigation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Detective&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Criminal investigation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Day_293_-_West_Midlands_Police_-_Child_Online_Safeguarding_Team_(8102352763).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Day_293_-_West_Midlands_Police_-_Child_Online_Safeguarding_Team_%288102352763%29.jpg/220px-Day_293_-_West_Midlands_Police_-_Child_Online_Safeguarding_Team_%288102352763%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Day_293_-_West_Midlands_Police_-_Child_Online_Safeguarding_Team_%288102352763%29.jpg/330px-Day_293_-_West_Midlands_Police_-_Child_Online_Safeguarding_Team_%288102352763%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Day_293_-_West_Midlands_Police_-_Child_Online_Safeguarding_Team_%288102352763%29.jpg/440px-Day_293_-_West_Midlands_Police_-_Child_Online_Safeguarding_Team_%288102352763%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="619" /></a><figcaption>Detectives of the <a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_Police" title="West Midlands Police">West Midlands Police</a> in the United Kingdom surrounded by electronic devices seized as evidence</figcaption></figure> <p>Investigation of criminal activity is conducted by the police. Criminal activity can relate to road use such as speeding, drunk driving, or to matters such as theft, drug distribution, assault, fraud, etc. When the police have concluded their investigation, a decision on whether to charge somebody with a criminal offence will (depending on legal jurisdiction) often be made by prosecuting counsel having considered the evidence produced by the police. </p><p>In criminal investigations, once a detective has suspects in mind, the next step is to produce evidence that will stand up in a court of law. One way is to obtain a confession from the suspect; usually, this is done by developing rapport and, at times, by seeking information in exchange for potential perks available through the attorney's office, such as entering for a lesser sentence in exchange for usable information. In some countries, detectives may lie, mislead and psychologically pressure a suspect into an admission or confession as long as they do this within procedural boundaries and without the threat of violence or promises outside their control. This is not permitted in <a href="/wiki/England_and_Wales" title="England and Wales">England and Wales</a>, where interview of suspects and witnesses is governed by the <a href="/wiki/Police_and_Criminal_Evidence_Act_1984" title="Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984">Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984</a> and its extensive Codes of Practice. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forensic_evidence">Forensic evidence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Detective&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Forensic evidence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Physical <a href="/wiki/Forensic_identification" title="Forensic identification">forensic evidence</a> in an investigation may provide leads to closing a case. <a href="/wiki/Forensic_science" title="Forensic science">Forensic science</a> (often shortened to forensics) is the application of a broad spectrum of sciences to answer questions of interest to the legal system. This may be in relation to a crime or to a civil action. Many major police stations in a city, county, or state, maintain their own forensic laboratories while others contract out the services. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Records_investigation">Records investigation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Detective&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Records investigation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Detectives may use public and private records to provide background information on a subject. Police detectives can search through files of fingerprint records. Police maintain records of people who have committed <a href="/wiki/Felony" title="Felony">felonies</a> and some <a href="/wiki/Misdemeanor" title="Misdemeanor">misdemeanors</a>. Detectives may search through records of criminal arrests and convictions, photographs or "<i>mug shots</i>" of persons arrested, hotel registration information, credit reports, <a href="/wiki/Answering_machine" title="Answering machine">answering machine</a> messages, phone conversations, surveillance camera footage, and technology used for communication. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Across_the_world">Across the world</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Detective&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Across the world"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Detective&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before 2017, prospective <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> police detectives must have completed at least two years as a uniformed officer before applying to join the <a href="/wiki/Criminal_Investigation_Department" title="Criminal Investigation Department">Criminal Investigation Department</a>. Since 2017, applicants from outside the police force have been able to apply directly for positions as trainee detectives.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Law enforcement in the United Kingdom">UK Police</a> must also pass the National Investigators' Examination in order to progress to subsequent stages of the Initial Crime Investigators Development Program in order to qualify as a detective.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Detective&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meyer_Lansky_NYWTS_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Meyer_Lansky_NYWTS_3.jpg/170px-Meyer_Lansky_NYWTS_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Meyer_Lansky_NYWTS_3.jpg/255px-Meyer_Lansky_NYWTS_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Meyer_Lansky_NYWTS_3.jpg/340px-Meyer_Lansky_NYWTS_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Detective escorting <a href="/wiki/Gangster" title="Gangster">gangster</a> <a href="/wiki/Meyer_Lansky" title="Meyer Lansky">Meyer Lansky</a> to the 54th Street police station in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> in 1958</figcaption></figure> <p>Before becoming a police detective, one must attend a law enforcement academy, which provides the officer with a foundation of education with 16 to 24 <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Unit_and_Student_Hour" title="Carnegie Unit and Student Hour">college units</a>. After graduation from the law enforcement academy, the officer undergoes job training with a field training officer for a period specified by the law enforcement agency and continues to work while on a probationary period, ranging from one to two years. </p><p>During the probationary period, the officer is assigned to look for evidence. During this time, the officer is supervised and mentored by a sergeant with years of experience. Some police officers go to a two-year or four-year college or university to get a degree in criminal justice or the management of criminal justice. You can get a concentration or a certificate in a specialized field of criminal investigation at some colleges. </p><p>Through years of on-the-job training or college education, officers may participate in a competitive examination, testing their knowledge, skills and abilities regarding criminal investigation, criminal procedure, interview and interrogation, search and seizure, collection and preservation of evidence, investigative report writing, criminal law, court procedure, and providing testimony in court. Competitive examinations are conducted by selected senior law enforcement officials. Following testing, a list of results is provided by the department. At the department's discretion, some or all of the officers on the list are promoted to the rank of detective. Some departments have classes of detectives which increase the detective's rank after successful experience. </p><p>Private investigators are licensed by the state in which they work (some states do not require licensing, but most do). In addition to the state examination, applicants testing for a private investigation license must also meet stringent requirements, which include college education, a range of two to four years of full-time investigation experience and the successful adjudication of a criminal and civil background check conducted by state investigators. Private investigators are licensed to conduct civil and criminal investigations in the state in which they are licensed, and are protected by statutes of that state. In states requiring licensing, statutes make it unlawful for any person to conduct a criminal investigation without a license, unless exempted by the statute (i.e., law enforcement officers or agents, attorneys, <a href="/wiki/Paralegals" class="mw-redirect" title="Paralegals">paralegals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claims_adjuster" class="mw-redirect" title="Claims adjuster">claims adjusters</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vietnam">Vietnam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Detective&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Vietnam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, private detective work is not yet officially recognized by law but is developing due to the demands of <a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">modern society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Detective service companies primarily offer investigation and surveillance services for <a href="/wiki/Individual" title="Individual">individuals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Business" title="Business">businesses</a> in matters such as <a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">marriage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fraud" title="Fraud">business fraud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Information_retrieval" title="Information retrieval">information retrieval</a>, or tracking subjects.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The detective profession in <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> still lacks a clear legal framework and can easily fall into legal grey areas.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, many detective companies have made efforts to provide <a href="/wiki/Professional_services" title="Professional services">professional services</a>, adhering to ethical standards and legal regulations to build trust with clients. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Detective&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Balance,_by_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/30px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/46px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/61px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="558" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Law" title="Portal:Law">law portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hotel_detective" title="Hotel detective">Hotel detective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inspector" title="Inspector">Inspector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investigator_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Investigator (disambiguation)">Investigator (disambiguation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_agency" title="Law 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href="/w/index.php?title=Detective&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-NYPD-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYPD_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output 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