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Though an autonomous region exists in the Iraqi portion, an administrative region named Kurdistan exists in Iran and Kurdish fighters control most of the Syrian-Turkish border region in northeast Syria, there is no officially recognized fully independent Kurdish nation-state. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Iraqi_genocide_attempt"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Iraqi genocide attempt</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Fighting_against_Turkey"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Fighting against Turkey</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Syrian_Civil_War_and_ISIS"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Syrian Civil War and ISIS</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurdistan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>Kurds are themselves an Iranic people, related to the Persian people, with <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalists</a> claiming descent from various groups who had inhabited the area. The term "Kurd" itself only shows up with common usage starting in the Islamic period, with sporadic undefined uses dating to the 300's, and an organized Kurdish nationalist movement begins in the late 1800's in response to Ottoman centralization attempts and gained ground following the empire's collapse following <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. Unlike the Turks (who speak a Turkic language) and the majority of the Syrian population (who speak Arabic, a Semitic language), the Kurds speak the Kurdish languages, which form an <a href="/wiki/Indo-European" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-European">Indo-European</a> dialect continuum; they are part of the Iranian branch of the Indo-Aryan languages and thus related to Persian, somewhat more distantly related to <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, and loosely related to (among others) English, Russian, and <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Iraqi_genocide_attempt">Iraqi genocide attempt</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurdistan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Iraqi genocide attempt">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>In the late 80's, as his <a href="/wiki/Iran-Iraq_War" title="Iran-Iraq War">war against Iran stalled</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a> conducted a series of actions against Iraq's Kurdish population (amongst other non-Arab people) through the Halabja Chemical Attack and the Al-Anfal Campaign, in which over 100,000 Kurds were put in concentrations camps and killed through mass executions and other methods. Also, 4,000 villages, 1,754 schools, 270 hospitals, 2,450 mosques, and 27 churches were destroyed. If only Saddam's removal didn't go <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">so badly</a>.<sup>[<a href="/wiki/Help:References" title="Help:References"><i>citation needed</i></a>]</sup> </p><p>Only 4 nations officially recognize this as an attempted genocide - <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Fighting_against_Turkey">Fighting against Turkey</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurdistan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Fighting against Turkey">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Due to Turkey's <a href="/wiki/Turkish_nationalism" title="Turkish nationalism">refusal to acknowledge the Kurds as a distinct ethnic group,</a> there are few reliable statistics, but most estimates place Kurds between 25% and 30% of the population of Turkey.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup> Turkey has been in the middle of a slow assimilation of the Kurds for the past century or so. The Kurdish language has been banned in public at times, official records may only refer to the Kurds as "Mountain Turks", and hundreds of thousands of Kurds have been <s>ethnically cleansed</s> relocated.<sup>[<a href="/wiki/Help:References" title="Help:References"><i>citation needed</i></a>]</sup> One of the most infamous cases of ethnic cleansing was the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dersim_massacre" class="extiw" title="wp:Dersim massacre" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Dersim massacre">Dersim massacre</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> which resulted in the death of 50,000 to 80,000 Kurds<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup>; it is considered a genocide by Turkish scholar, İsmail Beşikçi. This has made Turkey <a href="/wiki/Understatement" title="Understatement">somewhat unpopular</a> among Kurds to say the least. </p><p>Leyla Zana, the first Kurdish woman elected to Turkey's parliament, spent 10 years in prison for "separatist speech". The speech that landed her in prison? She said, "I shall struggle so that the Kurdish and Turkish peoples may live together in a democratic framework."<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Syrian_Civil_War_and_ISIS">Syrian Civil War and ISIS</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurdistan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Syrian Civil War and ISIS">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>In 2013, the Syrian Kurdish Democratic Union Party (PYD) announced the end of Arab Ba'athist governance in northern Syrian Kurdish territories.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup> Over time, Kurds living in this area said they were their own autonomous region called <a href="/wiki/Communalism" title="Communalism">Rojava</a> (meaning 'west'). They formed their own effective military, called the YPG (meaning People's Protection Brigades).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup> As of 2015, it has 65,000 fighters<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup>, which have fought <a href="/wiki/ISIS" class="mw-redirect" title="ISIS">ISIS</a> extensively for the past few years. </p><p>In September 2014, ISIS launched an offensive against the Kurds, attempting to eliminate them through a genocide.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup> ISIS advanced towards the border city of Kobanî and fought a 134-day battle with the YPG there. The Kurds were vastly outnumbered by ISIS by a 1-to-3 ratio. Despite their numerical advantage, ISIS lost more than 2,000 fighters and 18 tanks, while the defending forces lost only about 700 by the highest estimates. The defenders had the luck of being backed by constant close air support from US bombers, which by the end of the battle, totaled over 900 airstrikes, leveling half the city. ISIS has since been pushed out of the city and all of its hundreds of surrounding villages. Several other important towns that ISIS previously held, namely Tell Abyad, Suluk, Ayn Issa, Sarrin, Hishah, and Tishrin were also all liberated in the following year, dealing a strategic blow to ISIS and its ability to <s>bus in fighters from Turkey</s> use the Turkish border as a transit to recruit foreign fighters.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurdistan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; font-size:90%;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2014/4/14/iraq-kurds-press-states-to-recognise-genocide">https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2014/4/14/iraq-kurds-press-states-to-recognise-genocide</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://ekurd.net/mismas/articles/misc2012/9/turkey4166.htm">http://ekurd.net/mismas/articles/misc2012/9/turkey4166.htm</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.pen-kurd.org/almani/haydar/Dersim-PresseerklC3A4rungEnglish.pdf">http://www.pen-kurd.org/almani/haydar/Dersim-PresseerklC3A4rungEnglish.pdf</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/ACT40/020/2001/en">Racism and the administration of justice</a>, Amnesty International.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://rudaw.net/english/middleeast/syria/13112013">http://rudaw.net/english/middleeast/syria/13112013</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Protection_Units">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Protection_Units</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.todayszaman.com/op-ed_will-the-islamic-state-last-through-2015_368806.html">http://www.todayszaman.com/op-ed_will-the-islamic-state-last-through-2015_368806.html</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Kurdish%E2%80%93Islamist_conflict_(2013%E2%80%93present)">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Kurdish%E2%80%93Islamist_conflict_(2013%E2%80%93present)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Koban%C3%AE">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Koban%C3%AE</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="Nations_of_the_world-navigationbox" class="toccolours" style="clear:both; margin:0.5em 3.5%; 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href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a> — <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> — <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> — <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> — <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a> — <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a> — <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a> <p><span style="float:left;"><big><a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia"><b>Asia</b></a>:</big></span> <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a> — <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> — <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a> — <a href="/wiki/Burma" title="Burma">Burma</a> — <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a> — <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> — <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> — <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> — <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> — <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> — <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> — <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> — <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> — <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a> — <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a> — <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> — <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a> — <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> — <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> — <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a> — <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Palestine" title="Palestine">Palestine</a> — <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> — <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a> — <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> — <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> — <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> — <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> — <a href="/wiki/Timor-Leste" title="Timor-Leste">Timor-Leste</a> — <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> — <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a> — <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a> — <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> — <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> <br /> </p><p><span style="float:left;"><big><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe"><b>Europe</b></a>:</big></span> <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> — <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> — <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> — <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> — <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> — <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> — <a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands" title="Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a> — <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> — <a href="/wiki/Czechia" title="Czechia">Czechia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> — <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> — <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> — <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> — <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> — <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> — <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> — <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> — <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a> — <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> — <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> — <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a> — <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> — <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> — <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> — <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> — <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> — <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> — <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> — <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> — <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> — <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> — <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (<a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>) — <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a> <br /> </p><p><span style="float:left;"><big><a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America"><b>North America</b></a>:</big></span> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> — <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a> — <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> — <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a> — <a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a> — <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a> — <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a> — <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> — <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a> — <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a> — <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (<a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>) <br /> </p><p><span style="float:left;"><big><a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania"><b>Oceania</b></a>:</big></span> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a> — <a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a> — <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> — <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a> — <a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a> <br /> </p><p><span style="float:left;"><big><a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America"><b>South America</b></a>:</big></span><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> — <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> — <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui" title="Rapa Nui">Rapa Nui</a>) — <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a> — <a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a> (<a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands"><small>Malvinas</small></a>)— <a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a> — <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> — <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a> — <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> <br /> </p><p><span style="float:left;"><big><b>Separatist or disputed</b>:</big></span><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a> —<a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a> — <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a> — <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a> — <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kurdistan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Micronation" title="Micronation">Micronation</a> — <a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a> — <a href="/wiki/Sealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Sealand">Sealand</a> — <a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a> — <a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> — <a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a> — <a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a> </p> <span style="float:left;"><big><b>Historical</b>:</big></span><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a> — <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Congo" title="Belgian Congo">Belgian Congo</a> — <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> — <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States of America</a> — <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a> — <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French colonial empire</a> — <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> — <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> — <a href="/wiki/Imperial_China" title="Imperial 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