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clear:right; border: 2px solid silver; margin: 0 0 .5em .5em; width: 200px;"> <div style="background-color: #e7ece6; font-size: 15px; text-align: center; padding: .3em;"><b>Republic of Korea</b> <b></b></div> <center><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_South_Korea.svg" class="image"><img alt="Flag of South Korea.svg" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/250px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="195" height="130" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/330px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/500px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></center> <table style="width: 200px;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: #e8e7f2;"><b>Demographics</b> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population" class="extiw" title="wp:List of countries by population" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: List of countries by population">Population</span></a>:<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> </td> <td>51,302,044 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" class="extiw" title="wp:List of countries by GDP (nominal)" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: List of countries by GDP (nominal)">GDP (million)</span></a>:<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> </td> <td>1,449,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" class="extiw" title="wp:List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">GDP p/cap.</span></a>:<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> </td> <td>28,738 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_life_expectancy" class="extiw" title="wp:List of countries by life expectancy" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: List of countries by life expectancy">Life expectancy</span></a>:<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> </td> <td>81 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" class="extiw" title="wp:List of countries by Human Development Index" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: List of countries by Human Development Index">Development Index</span></a>:<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> </td> <td>0.891 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="width: 200px;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: #e8e7f2;"><b>Government</b> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy_Index" class="extiw" title="wp:Democracy Index" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Democracy Index">Democracy Index</span></a>:<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> </td> <td>8.06 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption_Perceptions_Index" class="extiw" title="wp:Corruption Perceptions Index" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Corruption Perceptions Index">Corruption Index</span></a>:<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> </td> <td>5.5 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="width: 200px;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: #e8e7f2;"><b>More</b> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_Index" class="extiw" title="wp:Education Index" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Education Index">Education Index</span></a>:<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> </td> <td>0.988 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Importance_of_religion_by_country" class="extiw" title="wp:Importance of religion by country" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Importance of religion by country">Religiosity</span></a>:<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> </td> <td>32.5 </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <table style="margin: auto; border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="padding:4px 50px;position:relative;"><span style="position:absolute;left:10px;top:-6px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">“</span><span style="position:absolute;right:10px;bottom:-20px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">”</span>The twin obsessions of the foreign press corps in Seoul are a) <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[note 1]</a></sup> and b) K-Pop, K-Film, K-Anything-But-Politics.</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:4px 10px 8px;font-size:smaller;line-height:1.6em;text-align:right;"><cite style="font-style:normal;position:relative;z-index:2">—<a href="/wiki/Brian_Reynolds_Myers" title="Brian Reynolds Myers">Brian Reynolds Myers</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[1]</a></sup></cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>South Korea</b>, officially the <b>Republic of Korea</b> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangul" class="extiw" title="wp:Hangul" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Hangul">Hangul</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup>: <span lang="ko">대한민국</span>; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanja" class="extiw" title="wp:Hanja" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Hanja">Hanja</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup>: <span lang="ko">大韓民國</span>; <i>Daehan Minguk</i>), or <b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hell_Joseon" class="extiw" title="wp:Hell Joseon" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Hell Joseon">Hell Joseon</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup></b> by its people for the <a href="/wiki/Wealth_inequality_in_South_Korea" title="Wealth inequality in South Korea">widespread economic inequality</a>, is a country in East <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>, surprisingly enough located on the southern half of the <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korean</a> Peninsula. </p><p>South Korea suffered under a series of military <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">dictatorships</a> for decades — the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> wanted a strongman in place to counter <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a> — until successive protests eventually forced <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democratization</a> of the government.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[2]</a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[note 2]</a></sup> Starting in the 1970s, South Korea underwent a period of heavy industrialization, and today is a highly industrial nation like its neighbor <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>. This period occured under the <a href="/wiki/Authoritarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Authoritarian">authoritarian</a> rule of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_Chung-hee" class="extiw" title="wp:Park Chung-hee" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Park Chung-hee">Park Chung-hee</span></a>,<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> whose <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a> dehumanized the enemy in the North and any citizen suspected of being a leftist. Park was assassinated in 1979, after which the <a href="/wiki/Junta" title="Junta">military</a> ruled the country with more dictators: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chun_Doo-hwan" class="extiw" title="wp:Chun Doo-hwan" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Chun Doo-hwan">Chun Doo-hwan</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> (1979-'88) and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roh_Tae-woo" class="extiw" title="wp:Roh Tae-woo" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Roh Tae-woo">Roh Tae-woo</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> (1988-'93). </p><p>During Chun's rule, dissidents were falsely accused of being <a href="/wiki/Red_baiting" class="mw-redirect" title="Red baiting">pro-North Korean Communists or spies</a> and were imprisoned and tortured at various <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samchung_re-education_camp" class="extiw" title="wp:Samchung re-education camp" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Samchung re-education camp">"re-education camps"</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup>. In May 1980, Chun ordered his army, led by Roh, to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwangju_Uprising" class="extiw" title="wp:Gwangju Uprising" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Gwangju Uprising">kill hundreds of citizens of Gwangju</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> who were protesting against his rule.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[3]</a></sup> Only in 1987, after a decade of peaceful protests organized by students, intellectuals, and <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">unions</a>, was the first free presidential election held. A split among the democratic opposition ensured that Chun's ally Roh Tae-woo won the election with a plurality. It would not be until the election of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Dae-jung" class="extiw" title="wp:Kim Dae-jung" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Kim Dae-jung">Kim Dae-jung</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> in 1997 that the opposition would win its first election. </p><p>South Korea has one of the largest standing armies in the world (except in rare special cases, every male citizen is subject to <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">conscription</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[4]</a></sup> This measure is deemed necessary given relations with its northern neighbor (the two countries are still officially at <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">war</a>). Officially, the country maintains friendly ties with the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>. They frequently exchange slaps to the face with <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> and vice-versa. </p><p>South Korea sees the North’s perpetually "eventual"<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[5]</a></sup> collapse with some trepidation. Sure they would like to become a unified nation again;<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[6]</a></sup> however, they’ll be stuck with the bill and humanitarian crisis. <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a> at least had infrastructure, wasn't starving, was Eastern <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>'s second-largest economy, and that was expensive enough for <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="West Germany">West Germany</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[7]</a></sup> This is not even mentioning the task of deprogramming 25 million people who have now lived almost a century under the rule of the Kim family. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Politics"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Politics</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Society"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Society</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Seniority"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Seniority</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Views_and_traditions"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Views and traditions</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Korean_wave"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Korean wave</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Poor_welfare_and_labor_rights"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Poor welfare and labor rights</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Human_rights_situation"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Human rights situation</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Education"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Education</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Religion"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Religion</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Famous_South_Koreans"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Famous South Koreans</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Gallery"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Gallery</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Politics">Politics</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Korea&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Politics">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:182px;"><a href="/wiki/File:%EC%9C%A4%EC%84%9D%EC%97%B4_%EA%B2%80%EC%B0%B0%EC%B4%9D%EC%9E%A5.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/%EC%9C%A4%EC%84%9D%EC%97%B4_%EA%B2%80%EC%B0%B0%EC%B4%9D%EC%9E%A5.png/180px-%EC%9C%A4%EC%84%9D%EC%97%B4_%EA%B2%80%EC%B0%B0%EC%B4%9D%EC%9E%A5.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="239" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/%EC%9C%A4%EC%84%9D%EC%97%B4_%EA%B2%80%EC%B0%B0%EC%B4%9D%EC%9E%A5.png/270px-%EC%9C%A4%EC%84%9D%EC%97%B4_%EA%B2%80%EC%B0%B0%EC%B4%9D%EC%9E%A5.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/%EC%9C%A4%EC%84%9D%EC%97%B4_%EA%B2%80%EC%B0%B0%EC%B4%9D%EC%9E%A5.png/360px-%EC%9C%A4%EC%84%9D%EC%97%B4_%EA%B2%80%EC%B0%B0%EC%B4%9D%EC%9E%A5.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="797" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:%EC%9C%A4%EC%84%9D%EC%97%B4_%EA%B2%80%EC%B0%B0%EC%B4%9D%EC%9E%A5.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Yoon Suk-yeol, current president</div></div></div> <p>South Korea is a presidential country similar to the U.S. The president's single term only lasts for five years. Party systems are classified into multi-party systems; however, there are two main parties in South Korean politics: the <a href="/wiki/Minjoo_Party_of_Korea" title="Minjoo Party of Korea">Minjoo Party of Korea</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[note 3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[note 4]</a></sup>, a liberal party (by South Korean political standards), and the <a href="/wiki/United_Future_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="United Future Party">United Future Party</a>, an ultra-conservative party. Other minor parties exist in its National Assembly, including the <a href="/wiki/Justice_Party_(South_Korea)" title="Justice Party (South Korea)">Justice Party</a> (moderate social democrats), the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_Income_Party" class="extiw" title="wp:Basic Income Party" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Basic Income Party">Basic Income Party</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup>, and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transition_Korea" class="extiw" title="wp:Transition Korea" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Transition Korea">Transition Korea</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> (centrist). </p><p>All political parties in South Korea support <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a>, but each camp has a different direction. South Korean nationalism is divided mainly into "conservative nationalism" and "resistance nationalism", which is common among South Korean liberals and leftists. South Korea has historically suffered from imperialism in China and Japan and has been divided by the United States and Russia. South Korea's right-wing conservative vested interests have accepted hierarchical relations by complying with the powers, but they support discriminatory and racist views on minorities rather than South Korean liberals. Cultural nationalism mainly appears in South Korean right-wing conservatives, and diplomatic nationalism mainly appears in South Korean progressives and leftists. </p><p>After the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_South_Korean_legislative_election" class="extiw" title="wp:2020 South Korean legislative election" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: 2020 South Korean legislative election">2020 South Korean legislative election</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup>, the Democratic Party (Minjoo Party) won an election landslide (180 seats out of 300), the largest majority for any party since democracy was restored in 1987, while the conservatives suffered their worst defeat since 1960. This victory can largely be attributed to the government's successful handling of the COVID-19 outbreak, as political opinion polls were quite unfavorable of the Democratic Party until then due to a weak economy and some political scandals. </p><p>The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_South_Korean_presidential_election" class="extiw" title="wp:2022 South Korean presidential election" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: 2022 South Korean presidential election">2022 South Korean presidential election</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> saw the <a href="/wiki/Right-wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-wing">right-wing</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoon_Suk-yeol" class="extiw" title="wp:Yoon Suk-yeol" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Yoon Suk-yeol">Yoon Suk-yeol</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> narrowly winning the presidency with 48.56% of the votes against <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Jae-myung" class="extiw" title="wp:Lee Jae-myung" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Lee Jae-myung">Lee Jae-myung</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> with 47.83%. Yoon has pledged that as president, he will abolish the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Gender_Equality_and_Family" class="extiw" title="wp:Ministry of Gender Equality and Family" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Ministry of Gender Equality and Family">Ministry of Gender Equality and Family</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup>. He has explicitly publicly stated that he is an <a href="/wiki/Anti-feminist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-feminist">anti-feminist</a>, receiving a lot of support among the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idaenam" class="extiw" title="wp:Idaenam" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Idaenam">Idaenam</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> (이대남), which can be described as South Korea's 20's men.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[8]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[9]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[10]</a></sup> Yoon has also advocated for the redeployment of tactical nuclear weapons in South Korea and a possible pre-emptive strike against North Korea, a view criticized by <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. Some experts have identified Yoon's movement as akin to <a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[11]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Society">Society</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Korea&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Society">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>Under the influence of Confucian culture, South Korea has a conservative culture and society. Although much remains desired, women's rights have steadily improved since democratization. Still, the improvement of human rights for sexual minorities, the disabled, and ethnic/racial and cultural minorities is far from being seen. Human rights violations against mentally disabled people are often severe, likely because violence against mentally disabled people is often not punished significantly in a legal context, unlike other violence. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Seniority">Seniority</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Korea&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Seniority">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>One defining characteristic of South Korean culture is seniority. Younger people are expected to refer to older people respectfully, especially if the age difference is significant. Older women are referred to as "Nuna" by men and "Unni" by females. For males, older males are called "Hyeong", and for females, "Oppa". People considered too old to use mutual honorifics are often referred to by nonmutual honorifics - the older person gets to use normal modes of speech. It is considered unacceptable for the youngster to reciprocate. There are reports of murder incidents taking place because of age differences.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[12]</a></sup> There is also <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gapjil" class="extiw" title="wp:Gapjil" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Gapjil">Gapjil</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> (갑질), referring to the arrogant and authoritarian attitude or actions of South Koreans who have positions of power over others. Some notable incidents associated with Gapjil include the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nut_rage_incident" class="extiw" title="wp:Nut rage incident" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Nut rage incident">Korean Air Flight 086 Nut rage incident</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> involving the airline's vice president Heather Cho and K-pop singer <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irene_(singer)" class="extiw" title="wp:Irene (singer)" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Irene (singer)">Irene</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> with her fashion editors.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[13]</a></sup> </p><p>Many people in South Korea are positive toward its own branch of <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine" title="Traditional Chinese medicine">Traditional Chinese medicine</a>, which is called 한의학 (<i>Haneuihak</i>) in Korean. It's also home to some of the best online gamers in the world, particularly competitive <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/StarCraft_(video_game)" class="extiw" title="wp:StarCraft (video game)" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: StarCraft (video game)">StarCraft</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> players. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Views_and_traditions">Views and traditions</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Korea&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Views and traditions">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Traditional <a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">family values</a> are intense in South Korea. For example, corporal punishment in the home used to be common in Korea. Younger couples tend to be opposed to corporal punishment. However, because the legal ramifications for physically abusing a child are still startlingly low, incidents of spates of physical violence lashed out against a child still sporadically pop up across the social strata. </p><p>South Korea's culture heavily values sociability concerning sudden changes in behavior. In South Korea, many people with Asperger's and other forms of autism suffer from severe discrimination and prejudice. Unlike others, they are often exposed to abuse, harassment, and sexual violence. <a href="/wiki/Neurodiversity" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurodiversity">Neurodiversity</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Autism_rights_movement" title="Autism rights movement">Autism rights movement</a> have not even been discussed in South Korea, and autism is often referred to as a treatment target. No criticism of <a href="/wiki/Applied_behavior_analysis" title="Applied behavior analysis">Applied behavior analysis</a> is raised.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[14]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[15]</a></sup> Furthermore, in South Korea, people with disabilities cannot file a lawsuit alone without a guardian. </p><p>Social and institutional discrimination against LGBT in South Korea is severe. The "ILGA-Europe Rainbow Map" evaluates that the human rights level of LGBT in South Korea is lower than that of <a href="/wiki/Russia#LGBT_rights" title="Russia">Russia</a> (Russia is infamous for gay "propaganda" laws). In fact, many sexual minorities in South Korea are openly exposed to much hate and violence and suffer considerable disadvantages in socioeconomic activities.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[16]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Korean_wave">Korean wave</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Korea&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Korean wave">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>South Korea's entertainment industry (i.e., <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-pop" class="extiw" title="wp:K-pop" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: K-pop">K-pop</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-dramas" class="extiw" title="wp:K-dramas" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: K-dramas">K-dramas</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup>) has developed greatly over the late 20th and early 21st centuries. Its pop culture has been exported worldwide, heavily backed by government funding to improve the country's image. This is a part of a phenomenon known as the Korean wave, with such content being the object of either much love or loathing by non-South Koreans, in particular drawing the ire of Chinese and Japanese nationalists,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[17]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[18]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[19]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[20]</a></sup> eventually culminating in the de facto ban of Korean cultural products by China in 2016<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[21]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[22]</a></sup> and the creation of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga_Kenkanryu" class="extiw" title="wp:Manga Kenkanryu" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Manga Kenkanryu">Manga Kenkanryu</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> (literally "Hating the Korean Wave" or "Hating the Korean Boom") in Japan. </p><p>However, the Korean wave has also been criticized for its <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism">sexism</a> and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slave_contract" class="extiw" title="wp:Slave contract" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Slave contract">exploitation and treatment of artists and musicians</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> within the Korean entertainment industry.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[23]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[24]</a></sup> Such pressures have led to high-profile suicides such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_Yoo-jung" class="extiw" title="wp:Song Yoo-jung" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Song Yoo-jung">Song Yoo-jung</span></a>,<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choi_Jin-sil" class="extiw" title="wp:Choi Jin-sil" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Choi Jin-sil">Choi Jin-sil</span></a>,<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Jong-hyun" class="extiw" title="wp:Kim Jong-hyun" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Kim Jong-hyun">Kim Jong-hyun</span></a>,<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goo_Hara" class="extiw" title="wp:Goo Hara" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Goo Hara">Goo Hara</span></a>,<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cha_In-ha" class="extiw" title="wp:Cha In-ha" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Cha In-ha">Cha In-ha</span></a>,<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulli" class="extiw" title="wp:Sulli" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Sulli">Sulli</span></a>,<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oh_In-hye" class="extiw" title="wp:Oh In-hye" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Oh In-hye">Oh In-hye</span></a>,<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> among others.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[25]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[26]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[27]</a></sup> In 2019, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burning_Sun_scandal" class="extiw" title="wp:Burning Sun scandal" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Burning Sun scandal">Burning Sun scandal</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> highlighted the widespread <a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex trafficking">sex trafficking</a> involving Korean celebrities and idols that had been going on for years and the resulting cover-up attempts.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[28]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[29]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34">[30]</a></sup> Various Korean dramas have also been accused of their its attempts to take advantage of the Korean wave to distort, rewrite or whitewash Korea's history, especially during South Korea's dictatorship era or the nation's historical periods.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35">[31]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[32]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37">[33]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Poor_welfare_and_labor_rights">Poor welfare and labor rights</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Korea&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Poor welfare and labor rights">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>Labor rights remain at horrendous levels. While a recent law forbidding more than 52 hours of labor per week has been passed by the Moon administration, many small companies outside the sphere of public monitoring engage in working practices that haven't been seen in the West since the industrial revolution. Forstalling of wages, refusing to transfer payment for extra hours worked, forced participation in "Hwaesik" (회식), a company meeting after work that almost always entails involuntary consumption of large quantities of alcohol, verbal and physical abuse, sexual harassment, and absence of welfare plagues South Korea's industrial landscape. </p><p>What's more horrific is that many of the malpractices above are frequently observed in other industry segments. The situation is even worse for foreign workers from developing countries as judicial protection for these people is absent. This is by large due to the compressed modernity experienced by South Korea during its rapid development under military dictatorships. Combined with Confucianist Korean hierarchical worldviews, it led to the general acceptance of abuse as a sort of rite of passage into true adulthood. The generation who considered this rite 'normal' hadn't relinquished such beliefs even when Korean society started to more strongly desire improved standards in labor. Many in their 40~60s do not even understand why such human rights violations should be taken seriously. That is a mindset shared even by the policymakers of modern-day South Korea. </p><p>Unlike the United States, South Korea has pursued economic interventionism regardless of left and right, but apart from that, social welfare is known to be very weak. According to OECD's "Social Spending" statistics in 2016 and 2019, the OECD average is 20.0, slightly lower is 18.7 in the U.S., but 12.2 in South Korea, much lower than in the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">[34]</a></sup> In South Korea, all social welfare systems are worse than in the United States, except for the health insurance system. </p><p>Economic right-wing media, such as the Wall Street Journal, see the Moon Jae-in administration's aggressive market intervention policy and misunderstand it as a radical left.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39">[35]</a></sup> Moon Jae-in's government's economic intervention is to support large companies. Almost all regimes in South Korea have never shown much interest in the problem of poverty.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">[36]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">[37]</a></sup> </p><p>In addition, the 2020 Global workers’ rights Index released by the ITUC shows that the reality of South Korea is very disastrous. Statistics show that labor rights in South Korea are much worse than in the United States. In other words, the United States is more progressive than South Korea regarding socio-cultural, welfare, and labor rights.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42">[38]</a></sup> </p><p>South Korea's medical system is more conservative than the United States. Their system lacks various levels of healthcare professionals such as Physician Assistants, leading to more burdens on nurses, several specialist doctors, and guardians. It leads to longer working hours for doctors, about 13 hours per day in the case of cardiac surgeons, often being an excuse for medical accidents.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43">[39]</a></sup> Of course, the healthcare system is more progressive in South Korea than in the United States, for the majority of the cost is covered by the National Health Insurance (국민건강보험). However, in the United States, the proportion of public hospitals is <b>22%</b> of all hospitals, but in South Korea, the proportion of South Korea is only <b>5.6%</b>. According to the OECD national average, the proportion of public hospitals in all hospitals is as high as <b>70%</b>. Regardless of the foundation of the healthcare institution, the majority of the cost, which is already controlled by the Health Insurance Review & Assessment Service (건강보험심사평가원), is covered by the National Health Insurance. Still, the low proportion of public hospitals caused issues during the pandemic, for most private hospitals lacked infrastructures for COVID patient care.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44">[40]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Human_rights_situation">Human rights situation</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Korea&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Human rights situation">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>For much of its history, South Korea has had quite an abysmal situation with human rights that was swept under the carpet due to the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> and its proximity to the North. From its founding as a state shortly after the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> until the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_Struggle" class="extiw" title="wp:June Struggle" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: June Struggle">June Struggle</span></a>,<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> South Korea was highly <a href="/wiki/Autocracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Autocracy">autocratic</a> and high amounts of political and civil rights <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_repression" class="extiw" title="wp:Political repression" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Political repression">repression</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> existed under a military dictatorship. South Koreans for decades have lived under successive authoritarian military regimes, under the leadership of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syngman_Rhee" class="extiw" title="wp:Syngman Rhee" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Syngman Rhee">Syngman Rhee</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_Chung-hee" class="extiw" title="wp:Park Chung-hee" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Park Chung-hee">Park Chung-hee</span></a>,<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chun_Doo-hwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Chun Doo-hwan">Chun Doo-hwan</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roh_Tae-woo" class="extiw" title="wp:Roh Tae-woo" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Roh Tae-woo">Roh Tae-woo</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup>. Civil liberties, especially freedoms of expression and association, were severely curtailed, and opponents of the regime risked torture, imprisonment, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/summary_executions" class="extiw" title="wp:summary executions" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: summary executions">summary executions</span></a>.<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45">[41]</a></sup> </p><p>Uprisings such as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeju_uprising" class="extiw" title="wp:Jeju uprising" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Jeju uprising">Jeju uprising</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> were violently crushed, wiping out more than 10% of the island's population, and massacres orchestrated by the regime such as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mungyeong_massacre" class="extiw" title="wp:Mungyeong massacre" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Mungyeong massacre">Mungyeong massacre</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodo_League_massacre" class="extiw" title="wp:Bodo League massacre" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Bodo League massacre">Bodo League massacre</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> resulted in up to 200,000 citizens being killed in total.<sup id="cite_ref-apphoto_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apphoto-46">[42]</a></sup> In 1980, demonstrations against <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_of_May_Eighteenth#Martial_law_of_1980s_South_Korea" class="extiw" title="wp:Coup d'état of May Eighteenth" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Coup d'état of May Eighteenth#Martial law of 1980s South Korea">martial law</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> and authoritarianism in general by the citizens in the city of Gwangju, as part of the wider <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minjung" class="extiw" title="wp:Minjung" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Minjung">Minjung</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> movement, were fired upon, killed, raped, and beaten by government troops, now known as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwangju_Uprising" class="extiw" title="wp:Gwangju Uprising" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Gwangju Uprising">Gwangju Uprising</span></a>.<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47">[43]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48">[44]</a></sup> </p><p>Today, significant limitations still remain to outright discrimination and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_on_salt_farms_in_Sinan_County" class="extiw" title="wp:Slavery on salt farms in Sinan County" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Slavery on salt farms in Sinan County">slavery</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> against certain groups and individuals, as well as for those with different political ideologies. Groups that have been certified as at-risk comprise women, <a href="/wiki/LGBT" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT">LGBT</a>, racial and ethnic minorities such as from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeju_Island" class="extiw" title="wp:Jeju Island" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Jeju Island">Jeju</span></a>,<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> refugees, migrants including former North Korean citizens, young <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slave_contract" class="extiw" title="wp:Slave contract" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Slave contract">K-pop</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> idols and trainees, the homeless, people with <a href="/wiki/Disabilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Disabilities">disabilities</a>, as well as those who publicly espouse <a href="/wiki/Leftist" class="mw-redirect" title="Leftist">leftist</a> ideals, where they can be prosecuted under the controversial <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Act" title="National Security Act">National Security Act</a>, the same law that was previously used to imprison and execute political prisoners.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49">[45]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-.EA.B5.AD.EB.B3.B4.EB.B2.95_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-.EA.B5.AD.EB.B3.B4.EB.B2.95-50">[46]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Education">Education</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Korea&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>South Korea is much more socially conservative than the United States, and politics, similar to the United States, has some negative aspects. However, South Korea is much more advanced regarding public perception of education. Due to the influence of traditional Confucian culture, the enthusiasm for education is very high. It has the second-highest university enrollment rate in the OECD due to the high educational line. That's why, unlike the United States, liberals criticize South Korea for its excessive enthusiasm for education (at this level of education, non-scientific nonsense such as vaccine conspiracy theory does not spread as popular as in the United States). However, there are criticisms that South Korea's education system is uniform and lacks respect for minority groups.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51">[47]</a></sup> </p><p>South Korea's educational environment and institutions are not similar to those of Northern Europe and are based on Confucian conservatism, so they cannot be considered progressive. South Korea is known for having a highly competitive educational environment, which is often credited as the reason suicide is the leading cause of death for young people in the country. According to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programme_for_International_Student_Assessment" class="extiw" title="wp:Programme for International Student Assessment" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Programme for International Student Assessment">Programme for International Student Assessment</span></a>,<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> students in South Korea are among the most unhappy of all students around the globe. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Religion">Religion</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Korea&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>A majority of South Koreans have no official religion (56.1%). The largest religion in South Korea is Christianity, with around 27.6% of the population adhering to Christianity. The second largest religion is Buddhism, with about 23% of South Koreans being Buddhists in 2005 and 15.5% in 2015. Less than 20% of the population adheres to Protestantism, but the <a href="/wiki/Christian_right" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian right">religion is heavily</a> <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Korea_Party" title="Liberty Korea Party">politicized</a> and controversial in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52">[48]</a></sup> </p><p>Roughly 10% of the population is Catholic. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Famous_South_Koreans">Famous South Koreans</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Korea&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Famous South Koreans">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:167px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ban_Ki-moon_February_2016.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Ban_Ki-moon_February_2016.jpg/165px-Ban_Ki-moon_February_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="228" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Ban_Ki-moon_February_2016.jpg/248px-Ban_Ki-moon_February_2016.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Ban_Ki-moon_February_2016.jpg/330px-Ban_Ki-moon_February_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="1520" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Ban_Ki-moon_February_2016.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Ban Ki-Moon, former UN Secretary General. Note that Ki-Moon is his <i>given name</i>--he is absolutely unrelated to the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Unification_Church" title="Unification Church">Unification Church</a>.</div></div></div> <ul><li>It is the adoptive country of the <a href="/wiki/Unification_Church" title="Unification Church">Reverend Moon</a> (he was born in the North)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fun:F%C3%BAtbol" title="Fun:Fútbol">Footballer</a> Ahn Jung-Hwan (안정환) scored the winning goal against <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> in the 2002 World Cup. Unfortunately, he was signed to an Italian club at the time — they fired him.</li> <li>Kim Yu-Na (김연아), a famous female ice skater.</li> <li>John Cho, a Korean-American actor. You may know him as Harold from <i>Harold and Kumar</i> or as <a href="/wiki/George_Takei" title="George Takei">Hikaru Sulu</a> from the 2009 <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek" title="Star Trek">Star Trek</a></i> reboot.</li> <li>Rain (비), a singer, dancer, actor (in both South Korea and the US), and a well-known humanitarian. Had a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LqNNrQbOn48">dance-off</a> with <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Colbert" title="Stephen Colbert">Stephen Colbert</a>.</li> <li>BoA (권보아), a Korean singer</li> <li>Kendrick Kang-Joh "Ken" Jeong" (정강조), a Korean-American physician, comedian, and actor. He is known for his role as Ben Chang in the comedy series <i>Community</i> and for his other movie roles such as Leslie Chow in <i>The Hangover</i>, Dr. Kuni in <i>Knocked Up</i>, and Ken in <i>The Pineapple Express</i>.</li> <li>Park Chan-wook (박찬욱) directed the 2003 film <i>Oldboy</i>.</li> <li>PSY, the guy with billions of <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a> hits.</li> <li>Ban Ki-moon, Secretary General of the United Nations (2007-2016).</li> <li>BTS, an internationally famous Korean band.</li> <li>Bong Joon-ho, director of <i>Snowpiercer</i> and <i>Parasite</i>.</li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Gallery">Gallery</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Korea&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Gallery">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <center><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 260px"><div style="width: 260px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255px;"><div style="margin:64px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Helicopter_view_of_Seoul.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Helicopter_view_of_Seoul.jpg/250px-Helicopter_view_of_Seoul.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="127" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Helicopter_view_of_Seoul.jpg/500px-Helicopter_view_of_Seoul.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="2340" /></a></div></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <p>View of Lotte World Tower in Seoul. </p> </div> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 260px"><div style="width: 260px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255px;"><div style="margin:43px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Korean.cuisine-Ganjang_gejang_and_banchan-01.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Korean.cuisine-Ganjang_gejang_and_banchan-01.jpg/225px-Korean.cuisine-Ganjang_gejang_and_banchan-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="169" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Korean.cuisine-Ganjang_gejang_and_banchan-01.jpg/338px-Korean.cuisine-Ganjang_gejang_and_banchan-01.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Korean.cuisine-Ganjang_gejang_and_banchan-01.jpg/450px-Korean.cuisine-Ganjang_gejang_and_banchan-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></div></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <p>Gejang, a Korean seafood meal with raw fermented crab, with banchan, small side dishes. </p> </div> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 260px"><div style="width: 260px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255px;"><div style="margin:43px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Korean_food-Packed_kimchi-01.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Korean_food-Packed_kimchi-01.jpg/250px-Korean_food-Packed_kimchi-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="169" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Korean_food-Packed_kimchi-01.jpg/500px-Korean_food-Packed_kimchi-01.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></div></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <p>Packed kimchi (salted and fermented vegetables involving napa cabbage and Korean radish) in a supermarket </p> </div> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 260px"><div style="width: 260px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255px;"><div style="margin:62.5px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Haeundae_Beach_in_Busan.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Haeundae_Beach_in_Busan.jpg/250px-Haeundae_Beach_in_Busan.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="130" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Haeundae_Beach_in_Busan.jpg/500px-Haeundae_Beach_in_Busan.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="4640" data-file-height="2683" /></a></div></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <p>Haeundae Beach in Busan. </p> </div> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 260px"><div style="width: 260px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255px;"><div style="margin:43px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Kayagumplayer2.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Kayagumplayer2.jpg/250px-Kayagumplayer2.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="169" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Kayagumplayer2.jpg/500px-Kayagumplayer2.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="703" data-file-height="528" /></a></div></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <p>Korean musician playing the <i>gayageum</i>. </p> </div> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 260px"><div style="width: 260px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255px;"><div style="margin:63px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:KOCIS_Korea_YeonDeungHoe_20130511_05_(8733836165).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/KOCIS_Korea_YeonDeungHoe_20130511_05_%288733836165%29.jpg/250px-KOCIS_Korea_YeonDeungHoe_20130511_05_%288733836165%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="129" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/KOCIS_Korea_YeonDeungHoe_20130511_05_%288733836165%29.jpg/500px-KOCIS_Korea_YeonDeungHoe_20130511_05_%288733836165%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="4925" data-file-height="2829" /></a></div></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <p>Buddha's Birthday celebration in Seoul. </p> </div> </div></li> </ul></center> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Korea&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">The more northern <i>Democratic People's Republic</i> of Korea</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hwandan_Gogi" title="Hwandan Gogi">Hwandan Gogi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recipe:Kimchi_jiggae" title="Recipe:Kimchi jiggae">Yummy!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mugyo" title="Mugyo">Mugyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moonie" class="mw-redirect" title="Moonie">Moonie</a></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Korea&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="references-small" style="font-size:90%;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">I mean. Why not, when the country right next to you is derailing more and more by the day.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> However, <a href="/wiki/Tankies" title="Tankies">some people</a> still think South Korea is a US puppet even though that has long since passed, and thus label the entire existence of the ROK as "US imperialism."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">However, unlike the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party" title="Democratic Party">Democratic Party</a> of the United States, which encompasses progressives, democratic socialists, and social democrats within the party, the Minjoo Party in South Korea is in a more conservative political position.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namuwiki" class="extiw" title="wp:Namuwiki" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Namuwiki">Namuwiki</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup>, the most popular wiki in South Korea, mentions (socially) conservative politicians in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://namu.wiki/w/%EB%8D%94%EB%B6%88%EC%96%B4%EB%AF%BC%EC%A3%BC%EB%8B%B9#s-2">Democratic Party of Korea</a> articles, but the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://namu.wiki/w/%EB%AF%BC%EC%A3%BC%EB%8B%B9(%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD)/%EA%B3%84%ED%8C%8C#s-3.1">U.S. Democratic Party</a> article does not recognize 'conservative wing' as conservative, it is described as a historical faction (역사적 계파). Moreover, even the most leftist Justice Party in South Korea is distancing itself from socialism (사회주의), unlike the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party#Progressives" title="Democratic Party">Congressional Progressive Caucus</a> in the United States. In the Korean <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ko:%EB%AF%BC%EC%A3%BC%EB%8B%B9(%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD)" class="extiw" title="wp:ko:민주당(미국)" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: :ko:민주당(미국)">U.S. Democratic Party</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> is categorized as a "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ko:%EB%B6%84%EB%A5%98:%EC%A7%84%EB%B3%B4%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98_%EC%A0%95%EB%8B%B9" class="extiw" title="wp:ko:분류:진보주의 정당" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: :ko:분류:진보주의 정당">progressive political party</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup>" (진보주의 정당), but <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ko:%EB%8D%94%EB%B6%88%EC%96%B4%EB%AF%BC%EC%A3%BC%EB%8B%B9" class="extiw" title="wp:ko:더불어민주당" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: :ko:더불어민주당">Democratic Party of Korea</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> is not.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Korea&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; font-size:80%;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Politics_of_South_Korea">Wikiquote</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/south-koreans-win-mass-campaign-democracy-1986-87">South Koreans win mass campaign for democracy, 1986-87</a>, Swarthmore College</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/752055.stm">Flashback: The Kwangju massacre</a>, BBC</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://icenter.ucsd.edu/ispo/current/forms-guides/guides/korean-military.html">Information on South Korean Military Service</a>, UC San Diego</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nknews.org/2014/03/when-north-korea-may-collapse/">At this point it's basically primed to</a>, simply a matter of when.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/28/world/asia/koreas-olympics-reunification.html?partner=rss&emc=rss">Although this is increasingly seen as an unwanted outcome, especially among younger Koreans</a>, for the reasons detailed above</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">If <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2014/10/31/the-berlin-wall-fell-25-years-ago-but-germany-is-still-divided/">this is the situation after two decades</a>, just imagine a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.voanews.com/content/south-korea-forming-committee-to-prepare-for-reunifcation-with-north-korea/1858571.html">reunified</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/northkorea/2010/09/14/38/0401000000AEN20100914002600320F.HTML">Korea.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2708880">/* Errors processing stylesheet [[:Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css]] (rev 2708880): • Invalid or unsupported value for property ⧼code⧽background⧼/code⧽ at line 44 character 14. • Invalid or unsupported value for property ⧼code⧽background⧼/code⧽ at line 50 character 14. • Invalid or 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.id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREF.EC.B0.A82022" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">차, 은지 (January 8, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hankyung.com/politics/article/2022010844607">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'여성가족부 폐지' 일곱 글자 남긴 윤석열…이대남 '폭발적 반응'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Kyunghyang Shinmun</i> (in 한국어)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 19 March, 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kyunghyang+Shinmun&rft.atitle=%27%EC%97%AC%EC%84%B1%EA%B0%80%EC%A1%B1%EB%B6%80+%ED%8F%90%EC%A7%80%27+%EC%9D%BC%EA%B3%B1+%EA%B8%80%EC%9E%90+%EB%82%A8%EA%B8%B4+%EC%9C%A4%EC%84%9D%EC%97%B4%E2%80%A6%EC%9D%B4%EB%8C%80%EB%82%A8+%27%ED%8F%AD%EB%B0%9C%EC%A0%81+%EB%B0%98%EC%9D%91%27&rft.date=2022-01-08&rft.aulast=%EC%B0%A8&rft.aufirst=%EC%9D%80%EC%A7%80&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hankyung.com%2Fpolitics%2Farticle%2F2022010844607&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Frationalwiki.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Check date values in: <code class="cs1-code">|access-date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_date" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2708880"/><cite id="CITEREF.EC.9C.A0.EC.9C.A0.EB.AC.B82022" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">유, 정인; 유, 선희; 문, 광호 (January 7, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.khan.co.kr/politics/politics-general/article/202201072022001">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'여성가족부 폐지' 일곱 글자 남긴 윤석열…이대남 '폭발적 반응'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Kyunghyang Shinmun</i> (in 한국어)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 19 March, 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kyunghyang+Shinmun&rft.atitle=%27%EC%97%AC%EC%84%B1%EA%B0%80%EC%A1%B1%EB%B6%80+%ED%8F%90%EC%A7%80%27+%EC%9D%BC%EA%B3%B1+%EA%B8%80%EC%9E%90+%EB%82%A8%EA%B8%B4+%EC%9C%A4%EC%84%9D%EC%97%B4%E2%80%A6%EC%9D%B4%EB%8C%80%EB%82%A8+%27%ED%8F%AD%EB%B0%9C%EC%A0%81+%EB%B0%98%EC%9D%91%27&rft.date=2022-01-07&rft.aulast=%EC%9C%A0&rft.aufirst=%EC%A0%95%EC%9D%B8&rft.au=%EC%9C%A0%2C+%EC%84%A0%ED%9D%AC&rft.au=%EB%AC%B8%2C+%EA%B4%91%ED%98%B8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.khan.co.kr%2Fpolitics%2Fpolitics-general%2Farticle%2F202201072022001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Frationalwiki.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Check date values in: <code class="cs1-code">|access-date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_date" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2708880"/><cite id="CITEREFMcCurry2022" class="citation news cs1">McCurry, Justin (March 11, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/mar/11/south-korea-gender-equality-anti-feminist-president-yoon-suk-yeol">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Devastated': gender equality hopes on hold as 'anti-feminist' voted South Korea's president"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 19,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%E2%80%98Devastated%E2%80%99%3A+gender+equality+hopes+on+hold+as+%E2%80%98anti-feminist%E2%80%99+voted+South+Korea%E2%80%99s+president&rft.date=2022-03-11&rft.aulast=McCurry&rft.aufirst=Justin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2022%2Fmar%2F11%2Fsouth-korea-gender-equality-anti-feminist-president-yoon-suk-yeol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Frationalwiki.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20220228000935">https://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20220228000935</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.khan.co.kr/article/201101021911275">미묘한 호칭 갈등</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2708880"/><cite id="CITEREFSang-Hun2018" class="citation news cs1">Sang-Hun, Choe (2018-04-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/13/world/asia/nut-rage-sister-korean-air.html">"Sister of Korean 'Nut Rage' Heiress Accused of Throwing Her Own Tantrum"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Sister+of+Korean+%E2%80%98Nut+Rage%E2%80%99+Heiress+Accused+of+Throwing+Her+Own+Tantrum&rft.date=2018-04-13&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Sang-Hun&rft.aufirst=Choe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F04%2F13%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fnut-rage-sister-korean-air.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Frationalwiki.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Even the Hankyoreh, a leading progressive journalist in South Korea, publishes an article advocating ABA, or follows the view of American social conservatives that the <a href="/wiki/Autism_rights_movement" title="Autism rights movement">autism rights movement</a> is only for high-functional autistic people. <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hani.co.kr/arti/society/health/571708.html">Motivating the treatment of autistic children is important...Appropriate compensation changes behavior.</a> (2013-01-28)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hani.co.kr/arti/science/science_general/915978.html">The controversy over "gaze violence"...The problem is the gaze itself.</a> (2019-11-06)</li></ul> In addition, there are no autistic rights movement groups in South Korea, and there are few surveys or statistics related to autistic persons.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">The Kyunghyang Shinmun, a liberal journalist, also said BULLSHIT that autism can be treated with <i>"<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Korean_medicine" title="Traditional Korean medicine">Haneuihak</a>"</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.khan.co.kr/kh_news/khan_art_view.html?art_id=201602241547265">#</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.k-health.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=36036">#</a> Of course, not to mention the right-wing conservative media's inappropriate perception of autism. The human rights issue of autistic people in South Korea has not been properly discussed.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sogilaw.org/77">한국 LGBTI 인권현황 2019 (Korea LGBTI Human Rights Status)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/10/20/china-south-korea-bts-kpop-nationalism-soft-power/">China Backs Off From Fight With K-Pop Fans</a>, <i>Foreign Policy</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2016/03/16/descendants-of-the-sun-smash-hit-prompts-beijing-to-warn-on-south-korean-dramas.html">Descendants of the Sun smash hit prompts Beijing to warn on South Korean dramas</a>, <i>CNBC</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/bts-china-insult-kpop-south-korea-c4ba05d10dd6d415287ca2d1d8d3d29a">Korean boy band BTS faces uproar in China over war comments</a>, <i>AP</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.globaltimes.cn/features/metroshanghai/topnews/2010-06/540159.html">'Holy War' seeks revenge on SJ fans</a>, <i>Global Times</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/opinon/2016/11/202_218799.html">China's ban on hallyu</a>, <i>The Korea Times</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vox.com/latest-news/2017/3/3/14795636/china-south-korea-pop-culture-kpop-attacks-thaad">The surprising reason why China is blocking South Korean music videos and TV</a>, <i>Vox</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2708880"/><cite id="CITEREFStiles2017" class="citation web cs1">Stiles, Matt (19 December 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/world/asia/la-fg-south-korea-suicide-20171219-story.html">"Death of K-pop star shines a spotlight on South Korea's suicide problem"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Los_Angeles_Times&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Los Angeles Times (page does not exist)">Los Angeles Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Death+of+K-pop+star+shines+a+spotlight+on+South+Korea%27s+suicide+problem&rft.date=2017-12-19&rft.aulast=Stiles&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fla-fg-south-korea-suicide-20171219-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Frationalwiki.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2708880"/><cite id="CITEREFWilliamson2011" class="citation web cs1">Williamson, Lucy (14 June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-13760064">"The dark side of South Korean pop music"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" class="mw-redirect" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=The+dark+side+of+South+Korean+pop+music&rft.date=2011-06-14&rft.aulast=Williamson&rft.aufirst=Lucy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-pacific-13760064&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Frationalwiki.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2708880"/><cite id="CITEREFDae-o2020" class="citation web cs1">Dae-o, Kim (4 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/2020/jan/04/i-have-reported-on-30-korean-celebrity-suicides-the-blame-game-never-changes">"I have reported on 30 Korean celebrity suicides. The blame game never changes"</a>. <i>the Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=the+Guardian&rft.atitle=I+have+reported+on+30+Korean+celebrity+suicides.+The+blame+game+never+changes&rft.date=2020-01-04&rft.aulast=Dae-o&rft.aufirst=Kim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmusic%2F2020%2Fjan%2F04%2Fi-have-reported-on-30-korean-celebrity-suicides-the-blame-game-never-changes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Frationalwiki.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2708880"/><cite id="CITEREFTai2020" class="citation web cs1">Tai, Crystal (29 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/mar/29/behind-k-pops-perfect-smiles-and-dance-routines-are-tales-of-sexism-and-abuse">"Exploding the myths behind K-pop"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Exploding+the+myths+behind+K-pop&rft.date=2020-03-29&rft.aulast=Tai&rft.aufirst=Crystal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fglobal%2F2020%2Fmar%2F29%2Fbehind-k-pops-perfect-smiles-and-dance-routines-are-tales-of-sexism-and-abuse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Frationalwiki.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2708880"/><cite id="CITEREFL2021" class="citation web cs1">L, Sophia (17 February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emorywheel.com/underneath-the-glamour-of-k-pop-idols-a-tale-of-abuse-and-exploitation/">"Underneath the Glamour of K-Pop Idols: A Tale of Abuse and Exploitation"</a>. <i>The Emory Wheel</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Emory+Wheel&rft.atitle=Underneath+the+Glamour+of+K-Pop+Idols%3A+A+Tale+of+Abuse+and+Exploitation&rft.date=2021-02-17&rft.aulast=L&rft.aufirst=Sophia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Femorywheel.com%2Funderneath-the-glamour-of-k-pop-idols-a-tale-of-abuse-and-exploitation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Frationalwiki.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2708880"/><cite id="CITEREFCampbellKim2019" class="citation web cs1">Campbell, Matthew; Kim, Sohee (6 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2019-11-06/k-pop-s-dark-side-assault-prostitution-suicide-and-spycams">"The Dark Side of K-Pop: Assault, Prostitution, Suicide, and Spycams"</a>. <i>www.bloomberg.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bloomberg.com&rft.atitle=The+Dark+Side+of+K-Pop%3A+Assault%2C+Prostitution%2C+Suicide%2C+and+Spycams&rft.date=2019-11-06&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft.au=Kim%2C+Sohee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Ffeatures%2F2019-11-06%2Fk-pop-s-dark-side-assault-prostitution-suicide-and-spycams&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Frationalwiki.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2708880"/><cite id="CITEREFWilder2019" class="citation web cs1">Wilder, Gabriel (7 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/burning-sun-scandal-torched-south-korea-s-elites">"The Burning Sun scandal that torched South Korea's elites"</a>. <i>www.lowyinstitute.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.lowyinstitute.org&rft.atitle=The+Burning+Sun+scandal+that+torched+South+Korea%E2%80%99s+elites&rft.date=2019-06-07&rft.aulast=Wilder&rft.aufirst=Gabriel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lowyinstitute.org%2Fthe-interpreter%2Fburning-sun-scandal-torched-south-korea-s-elites&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Frationalwiki.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2708880"/><cite id="CITEREFBrown2019" class="citation web cs1">Brown, August (5 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/music/la-et-ms-burning-sun-20190319-story.html">"K-pop's innocent image is shattered by the 'Burning Sun' scandal"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=K-pop%E2%80%99s+innocent+image+is+shattered+by+the+%E2%80%98Burning+Sun%E2%80%99+scandal&rft.date=2019-04-05&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=August&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fentertainment%2Fmusic%2Fla-et-ms-burning-sun-20190319-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Frationalwiki.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2708880"/><cite id="CITEREFSmail" class="citation web cs1">Smail, Gretchen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bustle.com/entertainment/snowdrop-controversy-explained-disney">"This K-Drama Is One Of The Most Controversial Shows On Disney+"</a>. <i>Bustle</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bustle&rft.atitle=This+K-Drama+Is+One+Of+The+Most+Controversial+Shows+On+Disney%2B&rft.aulast=Smail&rft.aufirst=Gretchen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bustle.com%2Fentertainment%2Fsnowdrop-controversy-explained-disney&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Frationalwiki.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2708880"/><cite id="CITEREFJeong2021" class="citation web cs1">Jeong, Sho (21 December 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kstartrend.com/2021/12/21/4-korean-dramas-fiercely-criticized-for-distorting-history/">"4 Korean Dramas Fiercely Criticized For Distorting History"</a>. <i>KStarTrend</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=KStarTrend&rft.atitle=4+Korean+Dramas+Fiercely+Criticized+For+Distorting+History&rft.date=2021-12-21&rft.aulast=Jeong&rft.aufirst=Sho&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkstartrend.com%2F2021%2F12%2F21%2F4-korean-dramas-fiercely-criticized-for-distorting-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Frationalwiki.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2708880"/><cite id="CITEREFKoo2022" class="citation web cs1">Koo, Se-Woong (9 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://koreaexpose.com/korea-history-dramas-and-demands-for-factual-accuracy/">"History Becomes Unmentionable in Historical K-Dramas"</a>. <i>Korea Expose</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Korea+Expose&rft.atitle=History+Becomes+Unmentionable+in+Historical+K-Dramas&rft.date=2022-01-09&rft.aulast=Koo&rft.aufirst=Se-Woong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkoreaexpose.com%2Fkorea-history-dramas-and-demands-for-factual-accuracy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Frationalwiki.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://data.oecd.org/socialexp/social-spending.htm">https://data.oecd.org/socialexp/social-spending.htm</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bird, Mike (February 20, 2019) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/asias-most-radical-left-wing-economic-program-faces-a-harsh-reality-11550652596">"Asia's Most Radical Left-Wing Economic Program Faces a Harsh Reality"</a>. <i>The Wall Street Journal</i>. Retrieved February 23, 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">박정도 (October 23, 2019) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infostockdaily.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=75193">문재인 정부 친기업 행보, ‘경제 올인’ 드라이브 거나 (Moon Jae-in government pro-business move, Is to all focus on economic issues.)</a> 인포스탁. Retrieved June 17, 2021</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">곽정수 (July 27, 2018) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hani.co.kr/arti/economy/economy_general/855175.html?_fr=mt0">문재인 정부의 규제개혁은 이명박·박근혜와 달라야 한다. (Moon Jae-in the government's regulatory reform must differ from Lee Myung-bak and Park Geun-hye.)</a> <i>The Hankyoreh</i> Retrieved June 17, 2021</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.ituc-csi.org/IMG/pdf/ituc_globalrightsindex_2020_en.pdf">https://www.ituc-csi.org/IMG/pdf/ituc_globalrightsindex_2020_en.pdf</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.monews.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=213530">http://www.monews.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=213530</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-44">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://omn.kr/1w96f">http://omn.kr/1w96f</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-45">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2708880"/><cite id="CITEREFPark1991" class="citation journal cs1">Park, Chong-Min (1 August 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2645227">"Authoritarian Rule in South Korea: Political Support and Governmental Performance"</a>. <i>Asian Survey</i>. <b>31</b> (8): <span class="nowrap">743–</span>761. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2645227">10.2307/2645227</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Survey&rft.atitle=Authoritarian+Rule+in+South+Korea%3A+Political+Support+and+Governmental+Performance&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E743-%3C%2Fspan%3E761&rft.date=1991-08-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2645227&rft.aulast=Park&rft.aufirst=Chong-Min&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2645227&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Frationalwiki.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-apphoto-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-apphoto_46-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2708880"/><cite id="CITEREFCharles_J._Hanley_.26_Hyung-Jin_Kim2010" class="citation news cs1">Charles J. Hanley & Hyung-Jin Kim (10 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/2010/jul/10/korea-bloodbath-probe-ends-us-escapes-much-blame/">"Korea bloodbath probe ends; US escapes much blame"</a>. San Diego Union Tribune. Associated Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-05-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Korea+bloodbath+probe+ends%3B+US+escapes+much+blame&rft.date=2010-07-10&rft.au=Charles+J.+Hanley+%26+Hyung-Jin+Kim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.signonsandiego.com%2Fnews%2F2010%2Fjul%2F10%2Fkorea-bloodbath-probe-ends-us-escapes-much-blame%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Frationalwiki.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-47">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2708880"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/east-asia/article/2172098/gwanju-apology-south-korea-sorry-rape-and-torture-committed">"Gwangju apology: South Korea sorry for 'rape and torture' by troops"</a>. <i>South China Morning Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181107185320/https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/east-asia/article/2172098/gwanju-apology-south-korea-sorry-rape-and-torture-committed">Archived</a> from the original on November 7, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-11-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=Gwangju+apology%3A+South+Korea+sorry+for+%27rape+and+torture%27+by+troops&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fnews%2Fasia%2Feast-asia%2Farticle%2F2172098%2Fgwanju-apology-south-korea-sorry-rape-and-torture-committed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Frationalwiki.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-48">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sallie Yea, "Rewriting Rebellion and Mapping Memory in South Korea: The (Re)presentation of the 1980 Kwangju Uprising through Mangwol-dong Cemetery," <i>Urban Studies</i>, Vol. 39, no. 9, (2002): 1556–1557</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-49">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2708880"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2020/country-chapters/south-korea">"World Report 2020: Rights Trends in South Korea"</a>. <i>Human Rights Watch</i>. 2020-01-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-05-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.atitle=World+Report+2020%3A+Rights+Trends+in+South+Korea&rft.date=2020-01-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fworld-report%2F2020%2Fcountry-chapters%2Fsouth-korea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Frationalwiki.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-.EA.B5.AD.EB.B3.B4.EB.B2.95-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-.EA.B5.AD.EB.B3.B4.EB.B2.95_50-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.law.go.kr/lsInfoP.do?lsiSeq=116750&efYd=20120701#0000">국가보안법</a>, Korea Ministry of Government Legislation Accessed 6 Oct, 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-51">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.mk.co.kr/news/society/view/2021/01/46266/">https://www.mk.co.kr/news/society/view/2021/01/46266/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-52">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2016/12/20/2016122000155.html">Official stats from Statistics Korea, 2015.</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="Nations_of_the_world-navigationbox" class="toccolours" style="clear:both; margin:0.5em 3.5%; text-align:center;"> <div style="margin:0.15em; padding:0.1em; background:#ccccff; font-weight:bold;"><span id="Nations_of_the_world-navigationbox"><a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">Nations</a> of the world</span> </div> <div class="hlist" style="font-size: 90%; margin: 0.15em 1.425em;"><span style="float:left;"><big><a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa"><b>Africa</b></a>:</big></span><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> — <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> — <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> — <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a> — <a href="/wiki/ESwatini" title="ESwatini">eSwatini</a> — <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a> — <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> — <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> — <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a> — <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> — <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> — <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> — <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a> — <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a> — <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a> <p><span style="float:left;"><big><a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia"><b>Asia</b></a>:</big></span> <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a> — <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> — <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a> — <a href="/wiki/Burma" title="Burma">Burma</a> — <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a> — <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> — <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> — <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> — <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> — <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> — <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> — <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> — <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> — <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a> — <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a> — <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> — <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a> — <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> — <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> — <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a> — <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Palestine" title="Palestine">Palestine</a> — <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> — <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a> — <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> — <a class="mw-selflink selflink">South Korea</a> — <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> — <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> — <a href="/wiki/Timor-Leste" title="Timor-Leste">Timor-Leste</a> — <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> — <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a> — <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a> — <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> — <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> <br /> </p><p><span style="float:left;"><big><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe"><b>Europe</b></a>:</big></span> <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> — <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> — <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> — <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> — <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> — <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> — <a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands" title="Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a> — <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> — <a href="/wiki/Czechia" title="Czechia">Czechia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> — <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> — <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> — <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> — <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> — <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> — <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> — <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> — <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a> — <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> — <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> — <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a> — <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> — <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> — <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> — <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> — <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> — <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> — <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> — <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> — <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> — <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> — <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (<a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>) — <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a> <br /> </p><p><span style="float:left;"><big><a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America"><b>North America</b></a>:</big></span> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> — <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a> — <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> — <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a> — <a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a> — <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a> — <a 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America</b></a>:</big></span><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> — <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> — <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui" title="Rapa Nui">Rapa Nui</a>) — <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a> — <a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a> (<a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands"><small>Malvinas</small></a>)— <a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a> — <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> — <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a> — <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> <br /> </p><p><span style="float:left;"><big><b>Separatist or disputed</b>:</big></span><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a> —<a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a> — <a 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