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Hastings</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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.infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Charles Sheldon Hastings</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Sheldon_Hastings.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Charles_Sheldon_Hastings.png/220px-Charles_Sheldon_Hastings.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Charles_Sheldon_Hastings.png/330px-Charles_Sheldon_Hastings.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Charles_Sheldon_Hastings.png/440px-Charles_Sheldon_Hastings.png 2x" data-file-width="934" data-file-height="1315" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1848-11-27</span>)</span>November 27, 1848<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Clinton,_Oneida_County,_New_York" title="Clinton, Oneida County, New York">Clinton</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">January 31, 1932<span style="display:none">(1932-01-31)</span> (aged 83)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Greenwich,_Connecticut" title="Greenwich, Connecticut">Greenwich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Geometrical_optics" title="Geometrical optics">Geometrical optics</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Elliott_Cresson_Medal" title="Elliott Cresson Medal">Elliott Cresson Medal</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1926)</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">Physics</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Scientific_School" title="Sheffield Scientific School">Sheffield Scientific School</a> at <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Johns Hopkins University">Johns Hopkins University</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Charles Sheldon Hastings</b> (November 27, 1848 – January 31, 1932) was an American physicist known for his work in optics.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father was Panet Marshall Hastings and his mother was Jane Sheldon Hastings. The father was a physician and anatomy teacher at <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_College" title="Hamilton College">Hamilton College</a>, where Charles was born. At the age of six the family moved to <a href="/wiki/Hartford,_Connecticut" title="Hartford, Connecticut">Hartford, Connecticut</a>, where Charles received his early education. Hastings entered <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>'s Sheffield School of Science in 1867 and received his bachelor's degree in 1870. His early interest in astronomy and telescopes were likely due to <a href="/wiki/Chester_Lyman" title="Chester Lyman">Chester Lyman</a>, Chair of Physics and Astronomy at the Sheffield School.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He then earned a PhD from Yale in 1873, and immediately was made an instructor in physics. In 1875 he resigned to study in Germany and France until being named an associate at the new <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Johns Hopkins University">Johns Hopkins University</a> in 1876.<sup id="cite_ref-page_155_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-page_155-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He became an associate professor of physics at <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Johns Hopkins University">Johns Hopkins University</a> and the first Chair of Professor of Physics of <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Scientific_School" title="Sheffield Scientific School">Sheffield Scientific School</a> at <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He collaborated with <a href="/wiki/John_A._Brashear" class="mw-redirect" title="John A. Brashear">John A. Brashear</a> on the optical design of large telescopes including the 72-inch (180 cm) reflector at <a href="/wiki/Dominion_Astrophysical_Observatory" title="Dominion Astrophysical Observatory">Dominion Astrophysical Observatory</a> and the 30-inch (76 cm) photographic refractor at <a href="/wiki/Allegheny_Observatory" title="Allegheny Observatory">Allegheny Observatory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His optical designs enabled much progress in astronomy at U.S. observatories.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <b>Hastings Triplet</b> magnifying glass design is based on his optical formulae.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1916, he was elected an Honorary Member of the <a href="/wiki/Optica_(society)" title="Optica (society)">Optical Society of Americ</a>a.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Elliott_Cresson_Medal" title="Elliott Cresson Medal">Elliott Cresson Medal</a> in 1926.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1878 Hastings married Elizabeth Tracy Smith and they remained together for more than fifty years, until Elizabeth died in 1930 after a long illness. After the death of his wife, Hastings himself declined rapidly and died in January 1932.<sup id="cite_ref-page_155_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-page_155-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences">Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences</a>, the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a>, and the United States <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1898, Hastings co-authored, with Frederick E. Beach, a textbook entitled <i>A Text-Book of General Physics</i>, which has been characterized as "difficult." It was considered an excellent text for those already enamored with physics but a bad one for those not so enthusiastic about the subject. One copy of this book, apparently once owned by a less enthusiastic student, reportedly contains the inscribed verse, "If we should have another flood | For safety hither fly | Although the earth would be submerged | This book would still be dry."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_S._Hastings&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Triplet_lens" title="Triplet lens">Triplet lens</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_S._Hastings&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBeach1932" class="citation journal cs1">Beach, Frederick E. (April 22, 1932). "Charles Sheldon Hastings". <i>Science</i>. <b>75</b> (1947): 428–430. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1932Sci....75..428B">1932Sci....75..428B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.75.1947.428">10.1126/science.75.1947.428</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17780155">17780155</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Charles+Sheldon+Hastings&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=1947&rft.pages=428-430&rft.date=1932-04-22&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17780155&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.75.1947.428&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1932Sci....75..428B&rft.aulast=Beach&rft.aufirst=Frederick+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+S.+Hastings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCameron2014" class="citation book cs1">Cameron, Gary L. (2014). "Hastings, Charles Sheldon". <i>Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers</i>. pp. 916–918. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4419-9917-7_9288">10.1007/978-1-4419-9917-7_9288</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4419-9916-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4419-9916-0"><bdi>978-1-4419-9916-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hastings%2C+Charles+Sheldon&rft.btitle=Biographical+Encyclopedia+of+Astronomers&rft.pages=916-918&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4419-9917-7_9288&rft.isbn=978-1-4419-9916-0&rft.aulast=Cameron&rft.aufirst=Gary+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+S.+Hastings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-page_155-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-page_155_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-page_155_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchlesinger1932" class="citation journal cs1">Schlesinger, Frank (1932). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/seri/ApJ../0076//0000155.000.html">"Charles Sheldon Hastings"</a>. <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>. <b>76</b>: 155. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1932ApJ....76..149S">1932ApJ....76..149S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F143411">10.1086/143411</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&rft.atitle=Charles+Sheldon+Hastings&rft.volume=76&rft.pages=155&rft.date=1932&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F143411&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1932ApJ....76..149S&rft.aulast=Schlesinger&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.adsabs.harvard.edu%2Ffull%2Fseri%2FApJ..%2F0076%2F%2F0000155.000.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+S.+Hastings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUhler1938" class="citation book cs1">Uhler, Horace S. (1938). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/hastings-charles.pdf"><i>Charles Sheldon Hastings</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Biographical Memoirs. Vol. 20. National Academy of Sciences. pp. 273–291<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charles+Sheldon+Hastings&rft.series=Biographical+Memoirs&rft.pages=273-291&rft.pub=National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.date=1938&rft.aulast=Uhler&rft.aufirst=Horace+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasonline.org%2Fpublications%2Fbiographical-memoirs%2Fmemoir-pdfs%2Fhastings-charles.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+S.+Hastings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchlesinger1932" class="citation journal cs1">Schlesinger, Frank (October 1932). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F143411">"Charles Sheldon Hastings"</a>. <i>Astrophysical Journal</i>. <b>76</b> (3): 149–155. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1932ApJ....76..149S">1932ApJ....76..149S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F143411">10.1086/143411</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astrophysical+Journal&rft.atitle=Charles+Sheldon+Hastings&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=149-155&rft.date=1932-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F143411&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1932ApJ....76..149S&rft.aulast=Schlesinger&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1086%252F143411&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+S.+Hastings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.osa.org/en-us/history/biographies/charles-s--hastings/">"Charles S. Hastings"</a>. <i>OSA History</i>. The Optical Society<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OSA+History&rft.atitle=Charles+S.+Hastings&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.osa.org%2Fen-us%2Fhistory%2Fbiographies%2Fcharles-s--hastings%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+S.+Hastings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IHk2AQAAMAAJ&q=charles%20Hastings%20Aplanatic%20Triplet&pg=PA137"><i>Microscopes, Microtomes, Colorimeters, Optical Measuring Instruments and Accessories</i></a>. Bausch & Lomb. 1922<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Microscopes%2C+Microtomes%2C+Colorimeters%2C+Optical+Measuring+Instruments+and+Accessories&rft.pub=Bausch+%26+Lomb&rft.date=1922&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIHk2AQAAMAAJ%26q%3Dcharles%2520Hastings%2520Aplanatic%2520Triplet%26pg%3DPA137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+S.+Hastings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.optica.org/History/Biographies/bios/Charles-S--Hastings">"Charles S. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=search.amphilsoc.org&rft.atitle=APS+Member+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.amphilsoc.org%2Fmemhist%2Fsearch%3Fcreator%3DCharles%2BS.%2BHastings%26title%3D%26subject%3D%26subdiv%3D%26mem%3D%26year%3D%26year-max%3D%26dead%3D%26keyword%3D%26smode%3Dadvanced&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+S.+Hastings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/deceased-members/20001138.html">"Charles Hastings"</a>. <i>www.nasonline.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nasonline.org&rft.atitle=Charles+Hastings&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasonline.org%2Fmember-directory%2Fdeceased-members%2F20001138.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+S.+Hastings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Uhler, Horace S., "Biographical Memoir of Charles Sheldon Hastings, 1848-1932," National Academy of Sciences, 1938</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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