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<ul id="toc-Seven_names_of_God-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-YHWH" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#YHWH"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>YHWH</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-YHWH-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adonai" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adonai"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Adonai</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adonai-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-El" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#El"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>El</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-El-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elohim" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elohim"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Elohim</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elohim-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shaddai" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shaddai"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Shaddai</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shaddai-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tzevaot" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tzevaot"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Tzevaot</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tzevaot-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ehyeh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ehyeh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Ehyeh</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ehyeh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_names_and_titles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_names_and_titles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Other names and titles</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_names_and_titles-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Other names and titles subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Other_names_and_titles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Baal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Baal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Elah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-El_Roi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#El_Roi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>El Roi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-El_Roi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elyon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elyon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Elyon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elyon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eternal_One" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eternal_One"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Eternal One</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eternal_One-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-HaShem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#HaShem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>HaShem</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-HaShem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shalom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shalom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Shalom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shalom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shekhinah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shekhinah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Shekhinah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shekhinah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uncommon_or_esoteric_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uncommon_or_esoteric_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Uncommon or esoteric names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uncommon_or_esoteric_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing_divine_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing_divine_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Writing divine names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writing_divine_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kabbalistic_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kabbalistic_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Kabbalistic use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kabbalistic_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Erasing_the_name_of_God" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erasing_the_name_of_God"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Erasing the name of God</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Erasing_the_name_of_God-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Explanatory notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Names of God in Judaism</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naam_van_God_in_Juda%C3%AFsme" title="Naam van God in Judaïsme – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Naam van God in Judaïsme" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="أسماء الله في اليهودية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أسماء الله في اليهودية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%88%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="ইহুদিধর্মে ঈশ্বরের নাম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইহুদিধর্মে ঈশ্বরের নাম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noms_de_D%C3%A9u_en_el_judaisme" title="Noms de Déu en el judaisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Noms de Déu en el judaisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo%C5%BE%C3%AD_jm%C3%A9na_v_judaismu" title="Boží jména v judaismu – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Boží jména v judaismu" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottesnamen_im_Judentum" title="Gottesnamen im Judentum – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gottesnamen im Judentum" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nombres_de_Dios_en_el_juda%C3%ADsmo" title="Nombres de Dios en el judaísmo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nombres de Dios en el judaísmo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomoj_de_Dio_en_la_Biblio" title="Nomoj de Dio en la Biblio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nomoj de Dio en la Biblio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AE%D8%AF%D8%A7_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%DB%8C%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="نام‌های خدا در یهودیت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نام‌های خدا در یهودیت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9nomination_de_Dieu_dans_le_juda%C3%AFsme" title="Dénomination de Dieu dans le judaïsme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dénomination de Dieu dans le judaïsme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nama_Allah_(Ibrani)" title="Nama Allah (Ibrani) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Nama Allah (Ibrani)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomi_di_Dio_nella_Bibbia" title="Nomi di Dio nella Bibbia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nomi di Dio nella Bibbia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%94%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%94%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA" title="שמות של אלוהים ביהדות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שמות של אלוהים ביהדות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imiona_Boga_w_judaizmie" title="Imiona Boga w judaizmie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Imiona Boga w judaizmie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomes_de_Deus_no_Juda%C3%ADsmo" title="Nomes de Deus no Judaísmo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Nomes de Deus no Judaísmo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B8_%D1%8D%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Имена и эпитеты Бога в иудаизме – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Имена и эпитеты Бога в иудаизме" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Names of God in Judaism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ime_Boga_v_judovstvu" title="Ime Boga v judovstvu – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ime Boga v judovstvu" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jumalan_nimet_juutalaisuudessa" title="Jumalan nimet juutalaisuudessa – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jumalan nimet juutalaisuudessa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangalan_ng_Diyos_sa_Hudaismo" title="Pangalan ng Diyos sa Hudaismo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pangalan ng Diyos sa Hudaismo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahudilikte_Tanr%C4%B1%27n%C4%B1n_isimleri" title="Yahudilikte Tanrı'nın isimleri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yahudilikte Tanrı'nın isimleri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%B7%D0%BC%D1%96" title="Імена Бога в юдаїзмі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Імена Бога в юдаїзмі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%DB%81%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%BA_%D8%AE%D8%AF%D8%A7_%DA%A9%DB%92_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85" title="یہودیت میں خدا کے نام – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="یہودیت میں خدا کے نام" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tetragrammaton_Sefardi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Tetragrammaton_Sefardi.jpg/220px-Tetragrammaton_Sefardi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Tetragrammaton_Sefardi.jpg/330px-Tetragrammaton_Sefardi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Tetragrammaton_Sefardi.jpg/440px-Tetragrammaton_Sefardi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="662" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Tetragrammaton" title="Tetragrammaton">Tetragrammaton</a> (YHWH), the main Hebrew name of God inscribed on the page of a <a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Hebrew" title="Sephardi Hebrew">Sephardic</a> <a href="/wiki/Sefer_Torah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sefer Torah">manuscript</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> (1385)</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="border-collapse:collapse;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Judaism" title="Outline of Judaism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%;"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Star_of_David" title="Star of David"><img alt="Star of David" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/60px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/90px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/120px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments"><img alt="Ten Commandments" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Lukhot_Habrit.svg/60px-Lukhot_Habrit.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Lukhot_Habrit.svg/90px-Lukhot_Habrit.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Lukhot_Habrit.svg/120px-Lukhot_Habrit.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="205" data-file-height="243" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Temple_menorah" title="Menorah"><img alt="Menorah" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Menora.svg/70px-Menora.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Menora.svg/105px-Menora.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Menora.svg/140px-Menora.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="732" data-file-height="621" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">Movements</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservadox" title="Conservadox">Conservadox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a></li></ul> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Philosophy</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_principles_of_faith" title="Jewish principles of faith">Principles of faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">Messiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethics" title="Jewish ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_as_the_chosen_people" title="Jews as the chosen people">Chosenness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Names</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musar_movement" title="Musar movement">Musar movement</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Sifrei_Kodesh" title="Sifrei Kodesh">Texts</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh</a><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chumash_(Judaism)" title="Chumash (Judaism)">Ḥumash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddur" title="Siddur">Siddur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piyyut" title="Piyyut">Piyutim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar">Zohar</a></li></ul> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">Rabbinic</a><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tosefta" title="Tosefta">Tosefta</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Law</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishneh_Torah" title="Mishneh Torah">Mishneh Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arba%27ah_Turim" title="Arba'ah Turim">Tur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishnah_Berurah" title="Mishnah Berurah">Mishnah Berurah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruch_HaShulchan" title="Aruch HaShulchan">Aruch HaShulchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Kashrut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzniut" title="Tzniut">Tzniut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzedakah" title="Tzedakah">Tzedakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niddah" title="Niddah">Niddah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Laws_of_Noah" title="Seven Laws of Noah">Noahide laws</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Four_Holy_Cities" title="Four Holy Cities">Holy cities</a>/<a href="/wiki/Category:Jewish_holy_places" title="Category:Jewish holy places">places</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safed" title="Safed">Safed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebron" title="Hebron">Hebron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberias" title="Tiberias">Tiberias</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beth_midrash" title="Beth midrash">Beth midrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikveh" title="Mikveh">Mikveh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukkah" title="Sukkah">Sukkah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chevra_kadisha" title="Chevra kadisha">Chevra kadisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Holy Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabernacle" title="Tabernacle">Tabernacle</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_leadership" title="Jewish leadership">Important figures</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron" title="Aaron">Aaron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarah" title="Sarah">Sarah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebecca" title="Rebecca">Rebecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel" title="Rachel">Rachel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leah" title="Leah">Leah</a></li></ul> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_rabbis" title="List of rabbis">Rabbinic sages</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Chazal" title="Chazal">Chazal</a><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tannaim" title="Tannaim">Tannaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoraim" title="Amoraim">Amoraim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoraim" title="Savoraim">Savoraim</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geonim" title="Geonim">Geonim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rishonim" title="Rishonim">Rishonim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acharonim" title="Acharonim">Acharonim</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Category:Jewish_religious_occupations" title="Category:Jewish religious occupations">Religious roles</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebbe" title="Rebbe">Rebbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posek" title="Posek">Posek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazzan" title="Hazzan">Hazzan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beth_din" title="Beth din">Dayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosh_yeshiva" title="Rosh yeshiva">Rosh yeshiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohel" title="Mohel">Mohel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohen" title="Kohen">Kohen</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jewish_education" title="Jewish education">education</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brit_milah" title="Brit milah">Brit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeved_habat" title="Zeved habat">Zeved habat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pidyon_haben" title="Pidyon haben">Pidyon haben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_and_bat_mitzvah" title="Bar and bat mitzvah">Bar and bat mitzvah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_marriage" title="Jewish views on marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bereavement_in_Judaism" title="Bereavement in Judaism">Bereavement</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yeshiva" title="Yeshiva">Yeshiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollel" title="Kollel">Kollel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheder" title="Cheder">Cheder</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Ritual objects</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah_scroll" title="Torah scroll">Sefer Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallit" title="Tallit">Tallit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tefillin" title="Tefillin">Tefillin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzitzit" title="Tzitzit">Tzitzit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kippah" title="Kippah">Kippah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezuzah" title="Mezuzah">Mezuzah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah_menorah" title="Hanukkah menorah">Menorah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shofar" title="Shofar">Shofar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_species" title="Four species">Four species</a><br /> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Etrog" title="Etrog">Etrog</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lulav" title="Lulav">Lulav</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hadass" title="Hadass">Hadass</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aravah_(Sukkot)" title="Aravah (Sukkot)">Arava</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kittel" title="Kittel">Kittel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gartel" title="Gartel">Gartel</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_prayer" title="Jewish prayer">Prayers</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shema" title="Shema">Shema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amidah" title="Amidah">Amidah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleinu" title="Aleinu">Aleinu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaddish" title="Kaddish">Kaddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minyan" title="Minyan">Minyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birkat_Hamazon" title="Birkat Hamazon">Birkat Hamazon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shehecheyanu" title="Shehecheyanu">Shehecheyanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallel" title="Hallel">Hallel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havdalah" title="Havdalah">Havdalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachanun" title="Tachanun">Tachanun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kol_Nidre" title="Kol Nidre">Kol Nidre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selichot" title="Selichot">Selichot (S'lichot)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_holidays" title="Jewish holidays">Major holidays</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rosh_Hashanah" title="Rosh Hashanah">Rosh Hashanah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur" title="Yom Kippur">Yom Kippur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukkot" title="Sukkot">Sukkot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Pesach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shavuot" title="Shavuot">Shavuot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purim" title="Purim">Purim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah" title="Hanukkah">Hanukkah</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Category:Judaism_and_other_religions" title="Category:Judaism and other religions">Other religions</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Christianity and Judaism">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Islamic–Jewish relations">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_Mormonism" title="Judaism and Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samaritanism" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Christian" title="Judeo-Christian">Judeo-Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_religious_pluralism" title="Jewish views on religious pluralism">Pluralism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Related topics</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/21px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/28px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Judaism" title="Portal:Judaism">Judaism portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Judaism" title="Template:Judaism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Judaism" title="Template talk:Judaism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Judaism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Judaism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> has different names given to <a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God</a>, which are considered sacred: <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">יהוה</span></span> (<span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Tetragrammaton" title="Tetragrammaton">YHWH</a></i></span>), <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">אֲדֹנָי</span></span> (<i>Adonai</i> <abbr title="translation">transl.</abbr><span> my Lord[s]</span>), <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">אֵל</span></span> (<i><a href="/wiki/El_(deity)" title="El (deity)">El</a></i> <abbr title="translation">transl.</abbr><span> God</span>), <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">אֱלֹהִים</span></span> (<span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Elohim" title="Elohim">Elohim</a></i></span> <abbr title="translation">transl.</abbr><span> God[s]</span>),<sup id="cite_ref-plural_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plural-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">שַׁדַּי</span></span> (<i><a href="/wiki/El_Shaddai" title="El Shaddai">Shaddai</a></i> <abbr title="translation">transl.</abbr><span> Almighty</span>), and <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">צְבָאוֹת</span></span> (<span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="#Tzevaot">Tzevaoth</a></i></span> <abbr title="translation">transl.</abbr><span> [Lord of] Hosts</span>); some also include <a href="/wiki/I_Am_that_I_Am" title="I Am that I Am">I Am that I Am</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early authorities considered other Hebrew names mere <a href="/wiki/Epithet#Religion" title="Epithet">epithets</a> or descriptions of God, and wrote that they and names in other languages may be written and erased freely.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some moderns advise special care even in these cases,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and many Orthodox Jews have adopted the <a href="/wiki/Chumra_(Judaism)" title="Chumra (Judaism)">chumras</a> of writing "G-d" instead of "God" in English or saying <a href="/wiki/Teth" title="Teth">Ṭēt</a>-<a href="/wiki/Waw_(letter)" title="Waw (letter)">Vav</a> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">טו</span></span>, <abbr title="literally">lit.</abbr> '9-6') instead of <a href="/wiki/Yodh" title="Yodh">Yōd</a>-<a href="/wiki/He_(letter)" title="He (letter)">Hē</a> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">יה</span></span>, '10-5', but also '<a href="/wiki/Jah" title="Jah">Jah</a>') for the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_numerals" title="Hebrew numerals">number</a> fifteen or Ṭēt-<a href="/wiki/Zayin" title="Zayin">Zayin</a> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">טז</span></span>, '9-7') instead of Yōd-Vav (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">יו</span></span>, '10-6') for the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_numerals" title="Hebrew numerals">Hebrew number</a> sixteen.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="7_names"></span> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Seven_names_of_God">Seven names of God</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Names_of_God_in_Judaism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Seven names of God"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The names of God that, once written, cannot be erased because of their holiness<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are the <a href="/wiki/Tetragrammaton" title="Tetragrammaton">Tetragrammaton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adonai" class="mw-redirect" title="Adonai">Adonai</a>, <a href="#El">El</a>, <a href="#Elohim">Elohim</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-plural_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plural-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="#Shaddai">Shaddai</a>, <a href="#Tzevaot">Tzevaot</a>; some also include <a href="/wiki/I_Am_that_I_Am" title="I Am that I Am">I Am that I Am</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the name <i><a href="/wiki/Jah" title="Jah">Jah</a></i>—because it forms part of the Tetragrammaton—is similarly protected.<sup id="cite_ref-moshe_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moshe-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tanna <a href="/wiki/Jose_ben_Halafta" title="Jose ben Halafta">Jose ben Halafta</a> considered "Tzevaot" a common name in the second century<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Rabbi_Ishmael" title="Rabbi Ishmael">Rabbi Ishmael</a> considered "Elohim" to be one.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All other names, such as "Merciful", "Gracious" and "Faithful", merely represent attributes that are also common to human beings.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Tetragrammaton"></span><span class="anchor" id="The_Tetragrammaton"></span><span class="anchor" id="Tetragrammaton_(YHWH)"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="YHWH">YHWH</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Names_of_God_in_Judaism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: YHWH"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Tetragrammaton" title="Tetragrammaton">Tetragrammaton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lord#Religion" title="Lord">Lord § Religion</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-right"><div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tetragrammaton_scripts.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Tetragrammaton_scripts.svg/260px-Tetragrammaton_scripts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Tetragrammaton_scripts.svg/390px-Tetragrammaton_scripts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Tetragrammaton_scripts.svg/520px-Tetragrammaton_scripts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="137" data-file-height="138" /></a><figcaption><span class="nowrap">The Tetragrammaton in <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew_alphabet" title="Paleo-Hebrew alphabet">Paleo-Hebrew</a></span> (<abbr title="floruit ('flourished' – known to have been active at a particular time or during a particular period)">fl.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1100 BCE</span> – 500 CE) (two forms), and <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic</a> (<abbr title="floruit ('flourished' – known to have been active at a particular time or during a particular period)">fl.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1100</span> BCE – 200 CE) or <a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">modern Hebrew</a> scripts</figcaption></figure> </div></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tetragrammaton_benediction.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Tetragrammaton_benediction.png/300px-Tetragrammaton_benediction.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Tetragrammaton_benediction.png/450px-Tetragrammaton_benediction.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/Tetragrammaton_benediction.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="210" /></a><figcaption>The Tetragrammaton in the <a href="/wiki/Ketef_Hinnom" title="Ketef Hinnom">Ketef Hinnom</a> silver scrolls with the <a href="/wiki/Priestly_Blessing" title="Priestly Blessing">Priestly Blessing</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Numbers" title="Book of Numbers">Book of Numbers</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 600</span> BCE)</figcaption></figure> <p>Also abbreviated <i>Jah</i>, the most common name of God in the Hebrew Bible is the Tetragrammaton, <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">יהוה</span></span>, which is usually transliterated as YHWH. The <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew script">Hebrew script</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad">abjad</a>, and thus vowels are often omitted in writing. YHWH is usually expanded to <i>Yahweh</i> in English.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern Rabbinical Jewish culture judges it forbidden to pronounce this name. In prayers it is replaced by the word <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">אֲדֹנָי</span></span> (<span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Adonai</i></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Hebrew pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="he-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hebrew" title="Help:IPA/Hebrew">[adoˈnaj]</a></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">My Lords</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>, <a href="/wiki/Pluralis_majestatis" class="mw-redirect" title="Pluralis majestatis">Pluralis majestatis</a> taken as singular), and in discussion by <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">HaShem</i></span> 'The Name'. Nothing in the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> explicitly prohibits speaking the name<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ruth" title="Book of Ruth">Book of Ruth</a> shows that it continued to be pronounced as late as the 5th century BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mark Sameth argues that only a pseudo name was pronounced, the four letters <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1094882035">.mw-parser-output .script-Cprt{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Cypriot",Code2001}.mw-parser-output .script-Hano{font-size:125%;font-family:"Noto Sans Hanunoo",FreeSerif,Quivira}.mw-parser-output .script-Latf,.mw-parser-output .script-de-Latf{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Breitkopf Fraktur",UnifrakturCook,UniFrakturMaguntia,MarsFraktur,"MarsFraktur OT",KochFraktur,"KochFraktur OT",OffenbacherSchwabOT,"LOB.AlteSchwabacher","LOV.AlteSchwabacher","LOB.AtlantisFraktur","LOV.AtlantisFraktur","LOB.BreitkopfFraktur","LOV.BreitkopfFraktur","LOB.FetteFraktur","LOV.FetteFraktur","LOB.Fraktur3","LOV.Fraktur3","LOB.RochFraktur","LOV.RochFraktur","LOB.PostFraktur","LOV.PostFraktur","LOB.RuelhscheFraktur","LOV.RuelhscheFraktur","LOB.RungholtFraktur","LOV.RungholtFraktur","LOB.TheuerbankFraktur","LOV.TheuerbankFraktur","LOB.VinetaFraktur","LOV.VinetaFraktur","LOB.WalbaumFraktur","LOV.WalbaumFraktur","LOB.WeberMainzerFraktur","LOV.WeberMainzerFraktur","LOB.WieynckFraktur","LOV.WieynckFraktur","LOB.ZentenarFraktur","LOV.ZentenarFraktur"}.mw-parser-output .script-en-Latf{font-size:1.25em;font-family:Cankama,"Old English Text MT","Textura Libera","Textura Libera Tenuis",London}.mw-parser-output .script-it-Latf{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Rotunda Pommerania",Rotunda,"Typographer Rotunda"}.mw-parser-output .script-Lina{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Noto Sans Linear A"}.mw-parser-output .script-Linb{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Noto Sans Linear B"}.mw-parser-output .script-Ugar{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Ugaritic",Aegean}.mw-parser-output .script-Xpeo{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Old Persian",Artaxerxes,Xerxes,Aegean}</style><span class="Unicode">יהוה</span> (YHVH, YHWH) being a cryptogram which the priests of ancient Israel read in reverse as <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">huhi</i></span>, 'he–she', signifying a dual-gendered deity, as earlier theorized by <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Postel" title="Guillaume Postel">Guillaume Postel</a> (16th century) and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michelangelo_Lanci&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michelangelo Lanci (page does not exist)">Michelangelo Lanci</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelangelo_Lanci" class="extiw" title="it:Michelangelo Lanci">it</a>]</sup> (19th century).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It had ceased to be spoken aloud by at least the 3rd century BCE, during <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_Judaism" title="Second Temple Judaism">Second Temple Judaism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Talmud relates, perhaps anecdotally, that this began with the death of <a href="/wiki/Simeon_the_Just" title="Simeon the Just">Simeon the Just</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Niqqud" title="Niqqud">Vowel points</a> began to be added to the Hebrew text only in the early medieval period. The <a href="/wiki/Masoretic_Text" title="Masoretic Text">Masoretic Text</a> adds to the Tetragrammaton the vowel points of Adonai or Elohim (depending on the context), indicating that these are the words to be pronounced in place of the Tetragrammaton (see <a href="/wiki/Qere_and_Ketiv" title="Qere and Ketiv">Qere and Ketiv</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as shown also by the pronunciation changes when combined with a preposition or a conjunction. This is in contrast to <a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite Jews</a>, who traditionally viewed pronouncing the Tetragrammaton as a <a href="/wiki/Mitzvah" title="Mitzvah">mitzvah</a> because the name appears some 6800 times throughout the Tanakh; however, most modern Karaites, under pressure and seeking acceptance from mainstream Rabbinical Jews, now also use the term <i>Adonai</i> instead.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a> pronounce the Tetragrammaton as <i>Yahu</i>, but also use the <a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez" title="Geʽez">Geʽez</a> term <span title="Ge'ez-language text"><i lang="gez-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Igziabeher" title="Igziabeher">Igziabeher</a></i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Tetragrammaton appears in <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and occurs 6,828 times in total in the <a href="/wiki/Biblia_Hebraica_Stuttgartensia" title="Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia">Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia</a> edition of the <a href="/wiki/Masoretic_Text" title="Masoretic Text">Masoretic Text</a>. It is thought to be an archaic <a href="/wiki/Third-person_singular" class="mw-redirect" title="Third-person singular">third-person singular</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Imperfective_aspect" title="Imperfective aspect">imperfective aspect</a><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the verb "to be" (i.e., "[He] is/was/will be"). This agrees with the passage in <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Exodus</a> where God names himself as "<a href="#Ehyeh_asher_ehyeh">I Will Be What I Will Be</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-ex314_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ex314-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> using the <a href="/wiki/First-person_singular" class="mw-redirect" title="First-person singular">first-person singular</a> imperfective aspect, open to interpretation as <a href="/wiki/Present_tense" title="Present tense">present</a> <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_tense" title="Grammatical tense">tense</a> ("I am what I am"), <a href="/wiki/Future_tense" title="Future tense">future</a> ("I shall be what I shall be"), or <a href="/wiki/Imperfect" title="Imperfect">imperfect</a> ("I used to be what I used to be").<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a> teaches that the name is forbidden to all except the <a href="/wiki/High_Priest_of_Israel" title="High Priest of Israel">High Priest of Israel</a>, who should only speak it in the <a href="/wiki/Holy_of_Holies" title="Holy of Holies">Holy of Holies</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Temple in Jerusalem</a> on <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur" title="Yom Kippur">Yom Kippur</a>. He then pronounces the name "just as it is written."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As each blessing was made, the people in the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Jerusalem#Physical_layout" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Jerusalem">courtyard</a> were to <a href="/wiki/Prostration" title="Prostration">prostrate themselves completely</a> as they heard it spoken aloud. As the Temple has not been rebuilt since its destruction in 70 CE, most modern Jews never pronounce YHWH but instead read <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">אֲדֹנָי</span></span> (<span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Adonai</i></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Hebrew pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="he-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hebrew" title="Help:IPA/Hebrew">[ʾăḏōnāy]</a></span>, <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">My Lords</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>, <a href="/wiki/Pluralis_majestatis" class="mw-redirect" title="Pluralis majestatis">Pluralis majestatis</a> taken as singular) during prayer and while reading the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> and as <a href="#HaShem">HaShem</a> 'The Name' at other times.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, the <a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a> used <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Dominus</i></span> ('The Lord') and most <a href="/wiki/English_translations_of_the_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="English translations of the Bible">English translations of the Bible</a> write "the L<span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">ORD</span>" for YHWH and "the L<span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">ORD</span> God", "the Lord G<span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">OD</span>" or "the Sovereign L<span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">ORD</span>" for Adonai YHWH instead of transcribing the name. The <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a> may have originally used the Hebrew letters themselves amid its Greek text,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but there is no scholarly consensus on this point. All surviving Christian-era manuscripts use <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kyrios" title="Kyrios">Kyrios</a></i></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Κυριος</span></span> 'Lord') or very occasionally <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Theos</i></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Θεος</span></span> 'God') to translate the many thousand occurrences of the Name.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adonai">Adonai</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Names_of_God_in_Judaism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Adonai"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shefa_Tal.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Shefa_Tal.png/300px-Shefa_Tal.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/Shefa_Tal.png 1.5x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="381" /></a><figcaption>Shefa Tal – A <a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalistic</a> explanation of the <a href="/wiki/Priestly_Blessing" title="Priestly Blessing">Priestly Blessing</a> with <i>Adonai</i> inscribed</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:He-Adonai.ogg" title="File:He-Adonai.ogg">Adonai</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="3" data-mwtitle="He-Adonai.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/He-Adonai.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f2/He-Adonai.ogg/He-Adonai.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"></div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">אֲדֹנָי</span></span> (<span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">ăḏōnāy</i></span>, <abbr title="literal translation">lit. transl.</abbr><span> My Lords</span>, <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Pluralis_majestatis" class="mw-redirect" title="Pluralis majestatis">pluralis majestatis</a></i></span> taken as singular) is the possessive form of <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Adon" title="Adon">adon</a></i></span> ('Lord'), along with the <a href="/wiki/First_person_singular" class="mw-redirect" title="First person singular">first-person singular</a> pronoun <a href="/wiki/Enclitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Enclitic">enclitic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As with <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Elohim</i></span>, Adonai's grammatical form is usually explained as a <a href="/wiki/Pluralis_excellentiae" title="Pluralis excellentiae">plural of majesty</a>. In the Hebrew Bible, the word is nearly always used to refer to God (approximately 450 occurrences). As pronunciation of the Tetragrammaton came to be avoided in the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a>, Jews may have begun to drop the Tetragrammaton when presented alongside Adonai and subsequently to expand it to cover for the Tetragrammaton in the forms of spoken prayer and written scripture. Owing to the expansion of <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Chumra" class="mw-redirect" title="Chumra">chumra</a></i></span> (the idea of "building a fence around the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a>"), the word <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Adonai</i></span> itself has come to be too holy to say for Orthodox Jews outside of prayer, leading to its replacement by <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="#HaShem">HaShem</a></i></span> ('The Name'). </p><p>The singular forms <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">adon</i></span> and <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">adoni</i></span> ('my lord') are used in the Hebrew Bible as royal titles,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as in the <a href="/wiki/First_Book_of_Samuel" class="mw-redirect" title="First Book of Samuel">First Book of Samuel</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and for distinguished persons. The <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenician religion">Phoenicians</a> used it as a title of <a href="/wiki/Tammuz_(deity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tammuz (deity)">Tammuz</a> (the origin of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Greek</a> <a href="/wiki/Adonis" title="Adonis">Adonis</a>). It is also used very occasionally in Hebrew texts to refer to God (e.g. Psalm 136:3.)<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Deuteronomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</a> 10:17 has the proper name <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Yahweh</i></span> alongside the superlative constructions "God of gods" (<span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">elōhê ha-elōhîm</i></span>, literally, "the gods of gods") and "Lord of lords" (<span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">adōnê ha-adōnîm</i></span>, "the lords of lords": <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">כִּי יְהוָה אֱלֹהֵיכֶם הוּא אֱלֹהֵי הָאֱלֹהִים וַאֲדֹנֵי הָאֲדֹנִים</span></span>; KJV: "For the L<span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">ORD</span> your God is God of gods, and Lord of lords").<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The final syllable of Adonai uses the vowel <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kamatz" title="Kamatz">kamatz</a></i></span>, rather than <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Patach" title="Patach">patach</a></i></span> which would be expected from the Hebrew for 'my lord(s)'. Professor Yoel Elitzur explains this as a normal transformation when a Hebrew word becomes a name, giving as other examples <a href="/wiki/Nathan_(given_name)" title="Nathan (given name)">Nathan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yitzchak" class="mw-redirect" title="Yitzchak">Yitzchak</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yigal" title="Yigal">Yigal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Adonai</i></span> became the most common reverent substitute for the Tetragrammaton, it too became considered un-erasable due to its holiness. As such, most prayer books avoid spelling out the word <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Adonai</i></span>, and instead write two <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Yodh" title="Yodh">yodhs</a></i></span> (<span style="font-size:120%"><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">יְיָ</span></span></span>) in its place.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The forms <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Adaunoi</i></span>, <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Adoinoi</i></span>, and <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Adonoi</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> represent <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Hebrew" title="Ashkenazi Hebrew">Ashkenazi Hebrew</a> variant pronunciations of the word <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Adonai</i></span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="El">El</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Names_of_God_in_Judaism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: El"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/El_(deity)#Hebrew_Bible" title="El (deity)">El (deity) § Hebrew Bible</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:He-El.ogg" title="File:He-El.ogg">El</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="3" data-mwtitle="He-El.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/He-El.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/16/He-El.ogg/He-El.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"></div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p><a href="/wiki/El_(deity)" title="El (deity)">El</a> appears in <a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugaritic</a>, Phoenician and other 2nd and 1st millennium BCE texts both as generic "god" and as the head of the divine pantheon.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Hebrew Bible, El (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">אל</span></span>, <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">ʾel</i></span>) appears very occasionally alone (e.g. Genesis 33:20, <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">el elohei yisrael</i></span>, 'Mighty God of Israel',<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Genesis 46:3, <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">ha'el elohei abika</i></span>, 'El the God of thy father'),<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but usually with some epithet or attribute attached (e.g. <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">El <a href="/wiki/Elyon" title="Elyon">Elyon</a></i></span>, 'Most High El', <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">El Shaddai</i></span>, 'El of <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Shaddai_(god)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaddai (god)">Shaddai</a></i></span>', <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">El 'Olam</i></span> 'Everlasting El', <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">El Hai</i></span>, 'Living El', <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">El Ro'i</i></span> 'El my Shepherd', and <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">El Gibbor</i></span> 'El of Strength'), in which cases it can be understood as the generic "god". In <a href="/wiki/Theophoric_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Theophoric names">theophoric names</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a> ("Strength of God"), <a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Michael</a> ("Who is like God?"), <a href="/wiki/Raphael_(angel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Raphael (angel)">Raphael</a> ("God healed"), <a href="/wiki/Ariel_(angel)" title="Ariel (angel)">Ariel</a> ("My lion is God"), <a href="/wiki/Daniel_(biblical_figure)" title="Daniel (biblical figure)">Daniel</a> ("My judgment is God"), <a href="/wiki/Ezekiel" title="Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a> ("God shall strengthen"), <a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Israel</a> ("one who has struggled with God"), <a href="/wiki/Immanuel" title="Immanuel">Immanuel</a> ("God is with us"), and <a href="/wiki/Ishmael" title="Ishmael">Ishmael</a> ("God hears/ will hear / listens/ will listen") it is usually interpreted and translated as "God", but it is not clear whether these "el"s refer to the deity in general or to the god El in particular.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>El also appears in the form <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">אֱלוֹהַּ</span></span> (<span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Eloah</i></span>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elohim">Elohim</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Names_of_God_in_Judaism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Elohim"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Elohim" title="Elohim">Elohim</a></div> <p>A common name of God in the Hebrew Bible is Elohim (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">אלהים</span></span>, <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">ʾĕlōhīm</i></span>), the plural of <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">אֱלוֹהַּ</span></span> (<span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Eloah</i></span>). When Elohim refers to God in the Hebrew Bible, singular verbs are used. The word is identical to <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">elohim</i></span> meaning gods and is cognate to the <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">'lhm</i></span> found in <a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugaritic</a>, where it is used for the pantheon of Canaanite gods, the children of El and conventionally vocalized as "Elohim" although the original Ugaritic vowels are unknown. When the Hebrew Bible uses <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">elohim</i></span> not in reference to God, it is plural (for example, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Exodus</a> 20:2). There are a few other such uses in Hebrew, for example <i><a href="/wiki/Behemoth" title="Behemoth">Behemoth</a></i>. In <a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern Hebrew</a>, the singular word <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">ba'alim</i></span> ('owner') looks plural, but likewise takes a singular verb. </p><p>A number of scholars have traced the etymology to the Semitic root <span title="Proto-Semitic-language text">*<i lang="sem">yl</i></span>, 'to be first, powerful', despite some difficulties with this view.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Elohim</i></span> is thus the plural construct 'powers'. <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_grammar" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew grammar">Hebrew grammar</a> allows for this form to mean "He is the Power (singular) over powers (plural)", just as the word <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Ba'alim</i></span> means 'owner' (see above). "He is lord (singular) even over any of those things that he owns that are lordly (plural)". </p><p>Theologians who dispute this claim cite the hypothesis that plurals of majesty came about in more modern times. Richard Toporoski, a classics scholar, asserts that plurals of majesty first appeared in the reign of <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a> (CE 284–305).<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Gesenius" title="Wilhelm Gesenius">Gesenius</a> states in his book <i>Hebrew Grammar</i> the following:<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>The Jewish grammarians call such plurals ... <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">plur. virium</i></span> or <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">virtutum</i></span>; later grammarians call them <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">plur. excellentiae</i></span>, <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">magnitudinis</i></span>, or <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">plur. maiestaticus</i></span>. This last name may have been suggested by the <i>we</i> used by kings when speaking of themselves (compare <a href="/wiki/1_Maccabees" title="1 Maccabees">1 Maccabees</a> 10:19 and 11:31); and the plural used by God in <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a> 1:26 and 11:7; <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Isaiah</a> 6:8 has been incorrectly explained in this way. It is, however, either <i>communicative</i> (including the attendant <a href="/wiki/Angels" class="mw-redirect" title="Angels">angels</a>: so at all events in Isaiah 6:8 and Genesis 3:22), or according to others, an indication of <i>the fullness of power and might</i> implied. It is best explained as a plural of <i>self-deliberation</i>. The use of the plural as a form of respectful address is quite foreign to Hebrew.</p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Mark_S._Smith" title="Mark S. Smith">Mark S. Smith</a> has cited the use of plural as possible evidence to suggest an evolution in the formation of early Jewish conceptions of <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">monotheism</a>, wherein references to "the gods" (plural) in earlier accounts of verbal tradition became either interpreted as multiple aspects of a single monotheistic God at the time of writing, or subsumed under a form of <a href="/wiki/Monolatry" title="Monolatry">monolatry</a>, wherein the god(s) of a certain city would be accepted after the fact as a reference to the God of Israel and the plural deliberately dropped.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The plural form ending in <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">-im</i></span> can also be understood as denoting abstraction, as in the Hebrew words <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">chayyim</i></span> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">חיים</span></span>, 'life') or <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">betulim</i></span> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">בתולים</span></span>, 'virginity'). If understood this way, <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Elohim</i></span> means 'divinity' or 'deity'. The word <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">chayyim</i></span> is similarly syntactically singular when used as a name but syntactically plural otherwise. In many of the passages in which <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">elohim</i></span> occurs in the Bible, it refers to non-Israelite deities, or in some instances to powerful men or judges, and even angels (Exodus 21:6, Psalms 8:5) as a simple plural in those instances. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Elohei"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shaddai">Shaddai</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Names_of_God_in_Judaism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Shaddai"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/El_Shaddai" title="El Shaddai">El Shaddai</a></div> <p><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">El Shaddai</i></span> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">אל שדי</span></span>, <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">ʾel šadday</i></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="he-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hebrew" title="Help:IPA/Hebrew">[ʃaˈdaj]</a></span>) is one of the names of God in Judaism, with its <a href="/wiki/Etymology" title="Etymology">etymology</a> coming from the influence of the <a href="/wiki/Ugaritic_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Ugaritic religion">Ugaritic religion</a> on modern Judaism. <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">El Shaddai</i></span> is <a href="/wiki/English_Bible_translations" class="mw-redirect" title="English Bible translations">conventionally translated</a> as "God Almighty". While the translation of <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">El</i></span> as '<a href="/wiki/God_(word)" title="God (word)">god</a>' in <a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugaritic</a>/<a href="/wiki/Canaanite_languages" title="Canaanite languages">Canaanite</a> languages is straightforward, the literal meaning of <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Shaddai</i></span> is the subject of debate. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tzevaot">Tzevaot</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Names_of_God_in_Judaism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Tzevaot"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Gnostic deity, see <a href="/wiki/Sabaoth_(Gnosticism)" title="Sabaoth (Gnosticism)">Sabaoth (Gnosticism)</a>.</div> <p>Tzevaot, Tzevaoth, Tsebaoth or Sabaoth (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">צבאות</span></span>, <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">ṣəḇāʾōṯ</i></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="he-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hebrew" title="Help:IPA/Hebrew">[tsvaot]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/8\/8d\/He-YhwhTzevaot.ogg\/He-YhwhTzevaot.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"He-YhwhTzevaot.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8d/He-YhwhTzevaot.ogg/He-YhwhTzevaot.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:He-YhwhTzevaot.ogg" title="File:He-YhwhTzevaot.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span>, <abbr title="literally">lit.</abbr> "Armies"), usually translated "Hosts", appears in reference to armies or armed hosts of men but is not used as a divine epithet in the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joshua" title="Book of Joshua">Joshua</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judges" title="Book of Judges">Judges</a>. Starting in the <a href="/wiki/Books_of_Samuel" title="Books of Samuel">Books of Samuel</a>, the term "Lord of Hosts" appears hundreds of times throughout the <a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Prophetic books</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/Books_of_Chronicles" title="Books of Chronicles">Chronicles</a>. </p><p>The Hebrew word <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Sabaoth</i></span> was also absorbed in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">σαβαωθ</span></span>, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">sabaōth</i></span>) and <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Sabaoth</i></span>, with no declension). <a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Fathers_of_the_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Fathers of the Church">Fathers of the Church</a> used it with the meaning of "Army of angels of God".<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ehyeh">Ehyeh<span class="anchor" id="Ehyeh_Asher_Ehyeh"></span><span class="anchor" id="I_am_that_I_am"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Names_of_God_in_Judaism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ehyeh"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/I_Am_that_I_Am" title="I Am that I Am">I Am that I Am</a></div> <p><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Ehyeh asher ehyeh</i></span> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">אֶהְיֶה אֲשֶׁר אֶהְיֶה</span></span>) is the first of three responses given to <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a> when he asks for God's name in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Book of Exodus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ex314_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ex314-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Version</a> of the Bible translates the Hebrew as "<a href="/wiki/I_Am_that_I_Am" title="I Am that I Am">I Am that I Am</a>" and uses it as a proper name for God.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"></p><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:He-EhyehAsherEhyeh.ogg" title="File:He-EhyehAsherEhyeh.ogg">Ehyeh-Asher-Ehyeh</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_2" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="4" data-mwtitle="He-EhyehAsherEhyeh.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/He-EhyehAsherEhyeh.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/de/He-EhyehAsherEhyeh.ogg/He-EhyehAsherEhyeh.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHe-EhyehAsherEhyeh.ogg&lang=de&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="de" label="Deutsch ‪(de)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHe-EhyehAsherEhyeh.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHe-EhyehAsherEhyeh.ogg&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHe-EhyehAsherEhyeh.ogg&lang=he&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="he" label="עברית ‪(he)‬" data-dir="rtl" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHe-EhyehAsherEhyeh.ogg&lang=it&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="it" label="italiano ‪(it)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHe-EhyehAsherEhyeh.ogg&lang=ko&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ko" label="한국어 ‪(ko)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHe-EhyehAsherEhyeh.ogg&lang=pl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pl" label="polski ‪(pl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHe-EhyehAsherEhyeh.ogg&lang=pt&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt" label="português ‪(pt)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHe-EhyehAsherEhyeh.ogg&lang=ru&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ru" label="русский ‪(ru)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHe-EhyehAsherEhyeh.ogg&lang=sv&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="sv" label="svenska ‪(sv)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHe-EhyehAsherEhyeh.ogg&lang=tr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="tr" label="Türkçe ‪(tr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"></div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p>The word <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">ehyeh</i></span> is the <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">first-person</a> singular <a href="/wiki/Imperfect" title="Imperfect">imperfect</a> form of <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">hayah</i></span>, 'to be'. Biblical Hebrew does not distinguish between <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_tense" title="Grammatical tense">grammatical tenses</a>. It has instead an <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_aspect" title="Grammatical aspect">aspectual system</a> in which the imperfect denotes any actions that are not yet completed,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Accordingly, <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Ehyeh asher ehyeh</i></span> can be rendered in English not only as "I am that I am" but also as "I will be what I will be" or "I will be who I will be", or "I shall prove to be whatsoever I shall prove to be" or even "I will be because I will be". Other renderings include: Leeser, "I Will Be that I Will Be"; Rotherham, "I Will Become whatsoever I please", Greek, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Ego_eimi" title="Ego eimi">Ego eimi</a> ho on</i></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ ὤν</span></span>), "I am Being/the Existing One" in the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Philo" title="Philo">Philo</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>; <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">ego sum qui sum</i></span>, "I am Who I am." </p><p>The word <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">asher</i></span> is a <a href="/wiki/Relative_pronoun" title="Relative pronoun">relative pronoun</a> whose meaning depends on the immediate context, so that "that", "who", "which", or "where" are all possible translations of that word.<sup id="cite_ref-Seidner,_4_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seidner,_4-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_names_and_titles">Other names and titles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Names_of_God_in_Judaism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Other names and titles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baal">Baal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Names_of_God_in_Judaism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Baal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Baal" title="Baal">Baal</a></div> <p><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Baal" title="Baal">Baal</a></i></span> meant '<a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">owner</a>' and, by extension, 'lord',<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerrmann1999132_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrmann1999132-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> '<a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">master</a>', and 'husband' in Hebrew and the other <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Semitic_languages" title="Northwest Semitic languages">Northwest Semitic languages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPope2006_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPope2006-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''DULAT''2015"[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbh6oBgAAQBAJpgPA203_bʕl_(II)]"_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''DULAT''2015"[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbh6oBgAAQBAJpgPA203_bʕl_(II)]"-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some early contexts and <a href="/wiki/Theophoric_name" title="Theophoric name">theophoric names</a>, it and <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Baali</i></span> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span></span>/</a></span></span>; "My Lord") were treated as synonyms of <a href="/wiki/Adon" title="Adon">Adon</a> and Adonai.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''BEWR''2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddbibAAAAQBAJpgPA102_"Baal"]_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''BEWR''2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddbibAAAAQBAJpgPA102_"Baal"]-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the time of <a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a><sup id="cite_ref-EJ675_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EJ675-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and particularly after <a href="/wiki/Jezebel" title="Jezebel">Jezebel</a>'s attempt to promote the worship of the Lord of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Tyre" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Tyre">Tyre</a> <a href="/wiki/Melqart" title="Melqart">Melqart</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''BEWR''2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddbibAAAAQBAJpgPA102_"Baal"]_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''BEWR''2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddbibAAAAQBAJpgPA102_"Baal"]-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, the name became particularly associated with the <a href="/wiki/Canaanite_religion" title="Canaanite religion">Canaanite</a> <a href="/wiki/Storm_god" class="mw-redirect" title="Storm god">storm god</a> <a href="/wiki/Hadad" title="Hadad">Baʿal Haddu</a> and was gradually avoided as a title for Yahweh.<sup id="cite_ref-EJ675_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EJ675-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several names that included it were rewritten as <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">bosheth</i></span> ("shame").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''ZPBD''1963_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''ZPBD''1963-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Prophet_(Judaism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophet (Judaism)">prophet</a> <a href="/wiki/Hosea" title="Hosea">Hosea</a> in particular reproached the <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a> for continuing to use the term:<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"It will come about in that day," declares the <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style><span class="smallcaps"><a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Lord</a></span>, "That you will call Me Ishi<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> And will no longer call Me Baali."<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elah">Elah</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Names_of_God_in_Judaism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Elah"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Elah</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">אֱלָה</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">ʾelāh</i></span>, pl. <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Elim</i></span> or <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Elohim</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Aramaic language">Imperial Aramaic</a>: <span lang="arc" dir="rtl">אלהא</span>) is the <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a> word for God and the absolute singular form of <span title="Imperial Aramaic (700-300 BCE)-language text"><span lang="arc" dir="rtl">אלהא</span></span>, <span title="Imperial Aramaic (700-300 BCE)-language romanization"><i lang="arc-Latn">ʾilāhā</i></span>. The origin of the word is from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Semitic_language" title="Proto-Semitic language">Proto-Semitic</a> <span title="Proto-Semitic-language text">*<i lang="sem">ʔil</i></span> and is thus cognate to the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic languages</a>' words for god. <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Elah</i></span> is found in the <a href="/wiki/Tanakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanakh">Tanakh</a> in the books of <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezra" title="Book of Ezra">Ezra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jeremiah" title="Book of Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a> (Jeremiah 10:11,<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the only verse in the entire book written in Aramaic),<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Daniel</a>. <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Elah</i></span> is used to describe both pagan gods and the Abrahamic God. </p> <ul><li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Elah Yisrael</i></span>, God of Israel (Ezra 5:1)</li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Elah Yerushelem</i></span>, God of Jerusalem (Ezra 7:19)</li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Elah Shemaya</i></span>, God of Heaven (Ezra 7:23)</li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Elah-avahati</i></span>, God of my fathers, (Daniel 2:23)</li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Elah Elahin</i></span>, God of gods (Daniel 2:47)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="El_Roi">El Roi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Names_of_God_in_Judaism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: El Roi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/El_Roi" title="El Roi">El Roi</a></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Book of Genesis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hagar" title="Hagar">Hagar</a> uses this name for the God who spoke to her through his <a href="/wiki/Angel_of_the_Lord" title="Angel of the Lord">angel</a>. In Hebrew, her phrase <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/El_Roi" title="El Roi">El Roi</a></i></span>, literally, 'God of Seeing Me',<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is translated in the <a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Version</a> as "Thou God seest me."<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elyon">Elyon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Names_of_God_in_Judaism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Elyon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:He-Elyon.ogg" title="File:He-Elyon.ogg">`Elyon</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_3" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="3" data-mwtitle="He-Elyon.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/He-Elyon.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b2/He-Elyon.ogg/He-Elyon.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"></div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Elyon" title="Elyon">Elyon</a></div> <p>The name <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Elyon</i></span> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">עליון</span></span>) occurs in combination with <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">El</i></span>, <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">YHWH</i></span>, <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Elohim</i></span> and alone. It appears chiefly in poetic and later Biblical passages. The modern Hebrew adjective <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">'Elyon</i></span> means 'supreme' (as in "Supreme Court": <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">בית המשפט ה<b>עליון</b></span>) or 'Most High'. <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">El Elyon</i></span> has been traditionally translated into English as 'God Most High'. The <a href="/wiki/Phoenicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenicians">Phoenicians</a> used what appears to be a similar name for God, one that the Greeks wrote as <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Έλιονα</span></span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eternal_One">Eternal One</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Names_of_God_in_Judaism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Eternal One"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>The Eternal One</i> or <i>The Eternal</i> is increasingly used, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a> communities seeking to use <a href="/wiki/Gender-neutral_language" title="Gender-neutral language">gender-neutral language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Torah, <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">YHWH El Olam</i></span> ("the Everlasting God") is used at Genesis 21:33 to refer to God.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Ha_Shem"></span><span class="anchor" id="Ha-Shem"></span><span class="anchor" id="ha-Shem"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="HaShem">HaShem</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Names_of_God_in_Judaism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: HaShem"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hole%C5%A1ov,_%C5%BEidovsk%C3%BD_h%C5%99bitov.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Hole%C5%A1ov%2C_%C5%BEidovsk%C3%BD_h%C5%99bitov.JPG/220px-Hole%C5%A1ov%2C_%C5%BEidovsk%C3%BD_h%C5%99bitov.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Hole%C5%A1ov%2C_%C5%BEidovsk%C3%BD_h%C5%99bitov.JPG/330px-Hole%C5%A1ov%2C_%C5%BEidovsk%C3%BD_h%C5%99bitov.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Hole%C5%A1ov%2C_%C5%BEidovsk%C3%BD_h%C5%99bitov.JPG/440px-Hole%C5%A1ov%2C_%C5%BEidovsk%C3%BD_h%C5%99bitov.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Biblical text on a synagogue in <a href="/wiki/Hole%C5%A1ov" title="Holešov">Holešov</a>, Czech Republic: "HaShem (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">ה׳</span></span>) kills and makes alive; He brings down to Sheol and raises up." (<a href="/wiki/1_Samuel" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Samuel">1 Samuel</a> 2:6)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1929massacre-safed.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/1929massacre-safed.jpg/220px-1929massacre-safed.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/1929massacre-safed.jpg/330px-1929massacre-safed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/1929massacre-safed.jpg/440px-1929massacre-safed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Sign near the site of the <a href="/wiki/1929_Palestine_riots" title="1929 Palestine riots">Safed massacre</a>, reading <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">הי״ד</span></span> (<i>H.Y.D.</i>, abbreviation of <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">הַשֵּׁם יִנקּוֹם דָּמו</span></span> <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">HaShem yinkom damo</i></span>, 'may HaShem avenge his blood').</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"HaShem" redirects here. For people with similar names, see <a href="/wiki/Hashem" title="Hashem">Hashem</a>.</div> <p>It is common Jewish practice to restrict the use of the names of God to a <a href="/wiki/Jewish_liturgy" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish liturgy">liturgical</a> context. In casual conversation some Jews, even when not speaking Hebrew, will call God HaShem (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">השם</span></span>), which is Hebrew for 'the Name' (compare <a href="/wiki/Leviticus" class="mw-redirect" title="Leviticus">Leviticus</a> 24:11 and <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Deuteronomy" title="Book of Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</a> 28:58). When written, it is often abbreviated to <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">ה׳</span></span>. Likewise, when quoting from the Tanakh or prayers, some pious Jews will replace <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Adonai</i></span> with <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">HaShem</i></span>. For example, when making <a href="/wiki/Sound_recording_and_reproduction" title="Sound recording and reproduction">audio recordings</a> of prayer services, <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">HaShem</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> will generally be substituted for <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Adonai</i></span>. </p><p>A popular expression containing this phrase is <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Baruch HaShem</i></span>, meaning "Thank <a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God</a>" (literally, 'Blessed be the Name').<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a> use the <a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Samaritan Aramaic language">Aramaic</a> equivalent <span title="Samaritan Aramaic-language text"><i lang="sam-Latn">Shema</i></span> (<span title="Samaritan Aramaic-language text"><span lang="sam" dir="rtl">שמא</span></span>, 'the name') in much the same situations as Jews use <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">HaShem</i></span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shalom">Shalom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Names_of_God_in_Judaism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Shalom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Shalom" title="Shalom">Shalom</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmudic</a> authors,<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ruling on the basis of <a href="/wiki/Gideon" title="Gideon">Gideon</a>'s name for an altar (<span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">YHVH-Shalom</i></span>, according to <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judges" title="Book of Judges">Judges</a> 6:24), write that "the name of God is 'Peace<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>" (<span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Pereq ha-Shalom</i></span>, Shabbat 10b); consequently, a <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmudic</a> opinion (<span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Shabbat</i></span>, 10b) asserts that one would greet another with the word <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">shalom</i></span> in order for the word not to be forgotten in the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">exile</a>. But one is not permitted to greet another with the word <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Shalom</i></span> in unholy places such as a bathroom, because of the holiness of the name. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shekhinah">Shekhinah</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Names_of_God_in_Judaism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Shekhinah"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Shekhinah" title="Shekhinah">Shekhinah</a></div> <p><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Shekhinah" title="Shekhinah">Shekhinah</a></i></span> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">שכינה</span></span>) is the presence or manifestation of God which has descended to "dwell" among humanity. The term never appears in the Hebrew Bible; later rabbis used the word when speaking of God dwelling either in the <a href="/wiki/Tabernacle" title="Tabernacle">Tabernacle</a> or amongst the people of Israel. The root of the word means "dwelling". Of the principal names of God, it is the only one that is of the feminine gender in Hebrew grammar. Some believe that this was the name of a female counterpart of God, but this is unlikely as the name is always mentioned in conjunction with an article (e.g.: "the Shekhina descended and dwelt among them" or "He removed Himself and His Shekhina from their midst"). This kind of usage does not occur in Semitic languages in conjunction with proper names.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The term, however, may not be a name, as it may merely describe the presence of God, and not God Himself. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uncommon_or_esoteric_names">Uncommon or esoteric names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Names_of_God_in_Judaism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Uncommon or esoteric names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Abir</i></span> – 'Strong One'<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Adir</i></span> – 'Great One'<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Adon Olam</i></span> – 'Master of the World'</li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Aleim</i></span> – sometimes seen as an alternative transliteration of Elohim, <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">A'lim</i></span> <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">عليم</span></span> in Arabic means 'who intensively knows', <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">A'alim</i></span> <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85" class="mw-redirect" title="عالم">عالم</a></span></span> means 'who knows', the verb is <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">A'lima</i></span> <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">علم</span></span> means 'knew', while <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Allahumma" title="Allahumma">Allahumma</a></i></span> <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">اللهم</span></span> in Arabic equals to <i>O'God</i> and used to supplicate him for something.</li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Ani Sh'ani</i></span> - 'I am that I am': another modern Hebrew form of "<span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/I_Am_that_I_Am" title="I Am that I Am">Ehyeh asher Ehyeh</a></i></span>"</li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Aravat</i></span> (or <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Avarat</i></span>) – 'Father of Creation'; mentioned once in <a href="/wiki/2_Enoch" title="2 Enoch">2 Enoch</a>, "On the tenth heaven is God, in the Hebrew tongue he is called <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Aravat</i></span>".</li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Av Harachamim</i></span> – 'Father of Mercy'</li> <li><i><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/f\/f9\/He-AvinuMalkeinu.ogg\/He-AvinuMalkeinu.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"Avinu Malkeinu"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"He-AvinuMalkeinu.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f9/He-AvinuMalkeinu.ogg/He-AvinuMalkeinu.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">Avinu Malkeinu</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:He-AvinuMalkeinu.ogg" title="File:He-AvinuMalkeinu.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></i> – 'Our Father, Our King'</li> <li><i><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-3" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/f\/f9\/He-Boreh.ogg\/He-Boreh.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"Bore"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"He-Boreh.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f9/He-Boreh.ogg/He-Boreh.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">Bore</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:He-Boreh.ogg" title="File:He-Boreh.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></i> – 'The Creator'</li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Bore Olam</i></span> – 'Creator of the World'</li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Dibbura</i></span> or <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Dibbera</i></span> – 'The Word (The Law)' – used primarily in the Palestinian Targums of the Pentateuch (Aramaic); e.g. Num 7:89, The Word spoke to Moses from between the cherubim in the holy of holies.</li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Ehiyeh sh'Ehiyeh</i></span> – 'I Am That I Am': a modern Hebrew version of "<span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/I_Am_that_I_Am" title="I Am that I Am">Ehyeh asher Ehyeh</a></i></span>"</li> <li><span title="Yiddish-language romanization"><i lang="yi-Latn">Eibishter/Aybishter</i></span> – 'The One Above' (<a href="/wiki/Yiddish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish language">Yiddish</a>: <span lang="yi" dir="rtl">אײבערשטער</span>)</li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Ein_Sof" title="Ein Sof">Ein Sof</a></i></span> – 'Endless, Infinite', Kabbalistic name of God</li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">El ha-<a href="/wiki/Gibborim_(biblical)" title="Gibborim (biblical)">Gibbor</a></i></span> – 'God the Hero', 'God the Strong' or 'God the Warrior'. <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Allah jabbar</i></span>, <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الله جبار</span></span> in Arabic means "the God is formidable and invincible"</li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Emet</i></span> – 'Truth' (the "<a href="/wiki/Seal_(emblem)" title="Seal (emblem)">Seal</a> of God".<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> [Cf.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>] The word is composed of the first, middle, and last letters of the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew alphabet</a>. See also <a href="/wiki/Alpha_and_Omega#Judaism" title="Alpha and Omega">Alpha and Omega#Judaism</a>)</li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">HaKadosh, Barukh Hu</i></span> (Hebrew); <span title="Imperial Aramaic (700-300 BCE)-language romanization"><i lang="arc-Latn">Kudsha, Brikh Hu</i></span> (Aramaic); <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">تبارك القدوس</span></span> (Arabic) – 'The Holy One, Blessed Be He'</li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Hayah, Hoveh, v'Yihye</i></span> – 'Was, Is, and Will be'</li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Kadosh Israel</i></span> – 'Holy One of Israel'</li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Magen Avraham</i></span> – 'Shield of Abraham'</li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Makom</i></span> or <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">HaMakom</i></span> – literally 'The Place', perhaps meaning 'The Omnipresent' (see <a href="/wiki/Tzimtzum" title="Tzimtzum">Tzimtzum</a>)</li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Malbish Arumim</i></span> – 'Clother of the Naked'</li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Matir Asurim</i></span> – 'Freer of the Captives'</li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Mechayeh HaKol</i></span>; In Arabic <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-Muhyi al-Kull</i></span> <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">محيي الكل</span></span> – 'Life giver to All' (Reform version of <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Mechayeh Metim</i></span>)</li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Mechayeh Metim</i></span> – 'Life giver to the Dead'</li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Melech HaMelachim</i></span> – 'The <a href="/wiki/King_of_Kings" title="King of Kings">King of Kings</a>' or <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Melech Malchei HaMelachim</i></span> 'The King, King of Kings', to express superiority to the earthly ruler's title. The Arabic version of this is <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">مالك الملك</span></span> (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Malik al-Mulk</i></span>).</li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Melech HaOlam</i></span> – 'The King of the World'</li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Memra d'Adonai</i></span> – 'The Word of the L<span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">ORD</span>' (plus variations such as 'My Word') – restricted to the Aramaic Targums (the written Tetragrammaton is represented in various ways such as YYY, YWY, YY, but pronounced as the Hebrew <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Adonai</i></span>)</li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Mi She'amar V'haya Ha`olam</i></span> – 'He who spoke, and the world came into being'.</li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Netzakh Yisrael</i></span> – 'The Glory of Israel' (1 Samuel 15:29)</li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Oseh Shalom</i></span> – 'Maker of Peace'</li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Pokeach Ivrim</i></span> – 'Opener of Blind Eyes'</li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">HaRachaman</i></span> – 'The Merciful One'; <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Rahman</i></span>, <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">رحمن</span></span> (Arabic)</li> <li><span title="Imperial Aramaic (700-300 BCE)-language romanization"><i lang="arc-Latn">Rachmana</i></span> – 'The Merciful One' (Aramaic)</li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Ribon Kol HaOlamim</i></span> – 'Master of all Worlds'</li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Ribono shel'Olam</i></span> – 'Master of the World'. The Arabic version of this is <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">رب العلمين</span></span> (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Rabb al-'Alamin</i></span>)</li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Ro'eh Yisra'el</i></span> – 'Shepherd of Israel'</li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Rofeh Cholim</i></span> – 'Healer of the Sick'</li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Shomer Yisrael</i></span> – 'Guardian of Israel'<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Somech Noflim</i></span> – 'Supporter of the Fallen'</li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Tzur Israel</i></span> – '<a href="/wiki/Rock_of_Israel" title="Rock of Israel">Rock of Israel</a>'</li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">YHWH-Yireh</i></span> (<span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Adonai-jireh</i></span>) – 'The L<span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">ORD</span> Will Provide'<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">YHWH-Rapha</i></span> – 'The L<span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">ORD</span> that Healeth'<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">YHWH-Niss'i</i></span> (<span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Adonai-<a href="/wiki/Jehovah-nissi" title="Jehovah-nissi">Nissi</a></i></span>) – 'The L<span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">ORD</span> Our Banner'<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">YHWH-Shalom</i></span> – 'The L<span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">ORD</span> Our Peace'<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">YHWH-Tzevaot</i></span> – 'The L<span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">ORD</span> of Hosts'<sup id="cite_ref-:1_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">YHWH-Ro'i</i></span> – 'The L<span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">ORD</span> My Shepherd'<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">YHWH-Tsidkenu</i></span> – 'The L<span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">ORD</span> Our Righteousness'<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">YHWH-Shammah</i></span> (<span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Adonai-shammah</i></span>) – 'The L<span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">ORD</span> Is Present'<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Yotsehr 'Or</i></span> – 'Fashioner of Light'</li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Zokef kefufim</i></span> – 'Straightener of the Bent'</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writing_divine_names">Writing divine names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Names_of_God_in_Judaism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Writing divine names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Polyglot_Psalter.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/df/Polyglot_Psalter.png/200px-Polyglot_Psalter.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/df/Polyglot_Psalter.png/300px-Polyglot_Psalter.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/df/Polyglot_Psalter.png/400px-Polyglot_Psalter.png 2x" data-file-width="574" data-file-height="841" /></a><figcaption>The Psalms in Hebrew and <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>. Manuscript on <a href="/wiki/Parchment" title="Parchment">parchment</a>, 12th century.</figcaption></figure> <p>In Jewish tradition the sacredness of the divine name or titles must be recognized by the professional <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Sofer" title="Sofer">sofer</a></i></span> (scribe) who writes <a href="/wiki/Sefer_Torah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sefer Torah">Torah scrolls</a>, or <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Tefillin" title="Tefillin">tefillin</a></i></span> and <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Mezuzah" title="Mezuzah">mezuzah</a></i></span>. Before transcribing any of the divine titles or name, they prepare mentally to sanctify them. Once they begin a name, they do not stop until it is finished, and they must not be interrupted while writing it, even to greet a king. If an error is made in writing it may not be erased, but a line must be drawn round it to show that it is canceled, and the whole page must be put in a <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Genizah" title="Genizah">genizah</a></i></span> (burial place for scripture) and a new page begun. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kabbalistic_use">Kabbalistic use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Names_of_God_in_Judaism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Kabbalistic use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Special:EditPage/Names of God in Judaism">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>One of the most important names is that of the <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Ein_Sof" title="Ein Sof">Ein Sof</a></i></span> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">אין סוף</span></span> 'Endless'), which first came into use after 1300 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another name is derived from the names <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">אהיה יהוה אדוני הויה</span></span>. By spelling these four names out with the names of the Hebrew letters (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl"><b>א</b>לף, <b>ה</b>א, <b>ו</b>ו, <b>י</b>וד, <b>ד</b>לת</span></span> and <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl"><b>נ</b>ון</span></span>)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (January 2020)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> this new forty-five letter long name is produced. Spelling the letters in <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">יהוה</span></span> (YHWH) by itself gives <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">יוד הא ואו הא</span></span>. Each letter in Hebrew is given a value, according to <a href="/wiki/Gematria" title="Gematria">gematria</a>, and the value of <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">יוד הא ואו הא</span></span> is also 45.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The 72-fold name is derived from three verses in <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Exodus</a> 14:19–21. Each of the verses contains 72 letters. When the verses are read <a href="/wiki/Boustrophedon" title="Boustrophedon">boustrophedonically</a> 72 names, three letters each, are produced (the <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Niqqud" title="Niqqud">niqqud</a></i></span> of the source verses is disregarded in respect to pronunciation). Some regard this name as the <a href="/wiki/Shem_HaMephorash" title="Shem HaMephorash">Shem HaMephorash</a>. The Proto-<a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalistic</a> book <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Sefer_Yetzirah" title="Sefer Yetzirah">Sefer Yetzirah</a></i></span> describes how the creation of the world was achieved by manipulation of these 216 sacred letters that form the names of God. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Erasing_the_name_of_God">Erasing the name of God</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Names_of_God_in_Judaism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Erasing the name of God"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>3 And ye shall break down their altars, and dash in pieces their pillars, and burn their Asherim with fire; and ye shall hew down the graven images of their gods; and ye shall destroy their name out of that place. 4 Ye shall not do so unto the L<span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">ORD</span> your God.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Deuteronomy 12:3–4<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>From this it is understood by the rabbis that one should not erase or blot out the name of God. The general <a href="/wiki/Halacha" class="mw-redirect" title="Halacha">halachic</a> opinion is that this only applies to the sacred Hebrew names of God, not to other euphemistic references; there is a dispute as to whether the word "God" in English or other languages may be erased or whether Jewish law and/or Jewish custom forbids doing so, directly or as a precautionary "fence" about the law.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The words <i>God</i> and <i>Lord</i> are written by <a href="/wiki/Chumra" class="mw-redirect" title="Chumra">some</a> Jews as <i>G-d</i> and <i>L-rd</i> as a way of avoiding writing any name of God out in full. The hyphenated version of the English name (<i>G-d</i>) can be destroyed, so by writing that form, religious Jews prevent documents in their possession with the unhyphenated form from being destroyed later. Alternatively, a euphemistic reference such as <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Hashem</i></span> (literally, 'the Name') may be substituted, or an abbreviation thereof, such as in <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">B<span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>H</i></span> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">בְּעֶזרַת הַשֵׁם</span></span> <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">B'ezrat Hashem</i></span> 'with the help of the Name').<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Tetragrammaton#Written_prohibitions" title="Tetragrammaton">Tetragrammaton § Written prohibitions</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Names_of_God_in_Judaism&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/24px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/36px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/48px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Judaism" title="Portal:Judaism">Judaism portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_of_Days" title="Ancient of Days">Ancient of Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baal_Shem" title="Baal Shem">Baal Shem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Besiyata_Dishmaya" title="Besiyata Dishmaya">Besiyata Dishmaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God" title="Names of God">Names of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Zoroastrianism" title="Names of God in Zoroastrianism">Names of God in Zoroastrianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Names of God in Christianity">Names of God in Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Islam" title="Names of God in Islam">Names of God in Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Sikhism" title="Names of God in Sikhism">Names of God in Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_taboo" title="Naming taboo">Naming taboo</a> (a similar prohibition in China)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Name_Bibles" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred Name Bibles">Sacred Name Bibles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments">Ten Commandments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Sahasranama" title="Vishnu Sahasranama">Vishnu Sahasranama</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Names_of_God_in_Judaism&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-plural-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-plural_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-plural_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Including variations such as <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">אֱלוֹהַּ</span></span> (<span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Eloah</i></span>, the singular), <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">אֱלהֵי</span></span> (<span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Elohei</i></span>, the construct plural), <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">אֱלֹהֶיךָ</span></span> (<span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Elohekha</i></span>), <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">אֱלֹהֵיכֶם</span></span> (<span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">eloheikhem</i></span>), etc.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/World_English_Bible" title="World English Bible">World English Bible</a> translation: "Behold, <a href="/wiki/Boaz" title="Boaz">Boaz</a> came from <a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a>, and said to the reapers, 'Yahweh be with you.' They answered him, "Yahweh bless you.<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>"<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The book is traditionally ascribed to the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_prophet" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish prophet">prophet</a> <a href="/wiki/Samuel" title="Samuel">Samuel</a>, who lived in the 11th and 10th centuries BCE; but a date of the 6th or 5th century BCE for the passage is more common among subscribers to the Documentary Hypothesis regarding the <a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Hebrew_Bible_canon" title="Development of the Hebrew Bible canon">development of the Hebrew Bible canon</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Biblical Hebrew did not have strictly defined past, present, or future tenses, but merely perfective and imperfective aspects, with past, present, or future connotation depending on context: see <a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew_verb_conjugation#Present_tense" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Hebrew verb conjugation">Modern Hebrew verb conjugation#Present tense</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Gesenius" title="Wilhelm Gesenius">Gesenius</a>, <i>Hebrew Grammar</i>, §124i (on <a href="/wiki/Pluralis_majestatis" class="mw-redirect" title="Pluralis majestatis">pluralis majestatis</a>): "Further, <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">אֲדֹנִים</span></span>, as well as the singular <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">אָדוֹן</span></span>, (lordship) lord, e.g. <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">אֲדֹנִים קָשֶׁה</span></span> a cruel lord, Is 19:4; <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">אֲדֹנֵי הָאָרֶץ</span></span> the lord of the land, Gn 42:30, cf. Gn 32:19; so especially with the suffixes of the 2nd and 3rd persons <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">אֲדֹנֶיךָ, אֲדֹנַיִךְ</span></span> ψ 45:12, <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">אֲדֹנָיו</span></span>, &c., also <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">אֲדֹנֵינוּ</span></span> (except 1 S 16:16); but in 1st sing. always <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">אֲדֹנִי</span></span>. So also <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">בְּעָלִים</span></span> (with suffixes) lord, master (of slaves, cattle, or inanimate things; but in the sense of <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">maritus</i></span>, always in the singular), e.g. <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">בְּעָלָיו</span></span> Ex 21:29, Is 1:3, &c."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Literally, "my husband".<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Names_of_God_in_Judaism&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Names_of_God_in_Judaism&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">This is the formulation of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Karo" title="Joseph Karo">Joseph Karo</a> (SA YD 276:9). <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a> (MT Yesodei haTorah 6:2), <a href="/wiki/Jacob_ben_Asher" title="Jacob ben Asher">Jacob ben Asher</a> (AT YD 276), and <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Alfasi" title="Isaac Alfasi">Isaac Alfasi</a> (HK Menachot 3b) also included <a href="/wiki/I_Am_that_I_Am" title="I Am that I Am">I Am that I Am</a>, as do many later authorities, including <a href="/wiki/Moses_Isserles" title="Moses Isserles">Moses Isserles</a> (SA YD 276:9). The original lists are found in y. Megillah 1:9 and b. Shavuot 35a, with some MSs agreeing with each authority. Maimonides and followers give the number of names as seven; however, manuscript inconsistency makes it difficult to judge which are included. Authorities including <a href="/wiki/Asher_ben_Jehiel" title="Asher ben Jehiel">Asher ben Jehiel</a> (<i>Responsa</i> 3:15), the <a href="/wiki/Tosafot" title="Tosafot">Tosafists</a> (b. Sotah 10a), <a href="/wiki/Yechiel_of_Paris" title="Yechiel of Paris">Yechiel of Paris</a> (cited <i>Birkei Yosef, Oraḥ Hayyim</i> 85:8), <a href="/wiki/Simeon_ben_Zemah_Duran" title="Simeon ben Zemah Duran">Simeon ben Zemah Duran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yaakov_ben_Moshe_Levi_Moelin" title="Yaakov ben Moshe Levi Moelin">Yaakov ben Moshe Levi Moelin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Moses_Isserles" title="Moses Isserles">Moses Isserles</a> (SA YD 276:13), include the term <a href="/wiki/Shalom" title="Shalom">Shalom</a> as well.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">e.g. <a href="/wiki/Akiva_Eiger" title="Akiva Eiger">Akiva Eiger</a> (Hagahot to SA YD 276:9) and <a href="/wiki/Shabbatai_HaKohen" title="Shabbatai HaKohen">Shabbatai HaKohen</a> (SK YD 179:11). <a href="/wiki/Yechiel_Michel_Epstein" title="Yechiel Michel Epstein">Yechiel Michel Epstein</a> (AH HM 27) was the first major authority to explicitly disagree. See also <a href="/wiki/J._David_Bleich" title="J. David Bleich">J. David Bleich</a>, <i>Contemporary Halakhic Problems</i> Vol. I ch. IX.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Epstein, <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Eybeschutz" title="Jonathan Eybeschutz">Jonathan Eybeschutz</a>, <i>Urim veTumim</i> 27:2, <a href="/wiki/Yaakov_Lorberbaum" title="Yaakov Lorberbaum">Yaakov Lorberbaum</a>, <i>Netivot ha-Mishpat</i> 27:2, etc.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRich1996" class="citation cs2">Rich, Tracey R. (1996), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190603002018/http://www.jewfaq.org/">"The Name of G-d"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewfaq.org"><i>Judaism 101</i></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewfaq.org/name.htm">the original</a> on 3 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 Aug</span> 2015</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Name+of+G-d&rft.btitle=Judaism+101&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Rich&rft.aufirst=Tracey+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewfaq.org%2Fname.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANames+of+God+in+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/11305-names-of-god">"If an error is made in writing it, it may not be erased, but a line must be drawn round it to show that it is canceled..."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111114234306/http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/11305-names-of-god">Archived</a> 2011-11-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, "Names of God", 1906 <i>Jewish Encyclopedia</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-moshe-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-moshe_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaimonides" class="citation book cs2">Maimonides, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/904982/jewish/Chapter-Six.htm">"Yesodei ha-Torah - Chapter 6"</a>, <i>Mishneh Torah - Sefer Madda</i>, translated by Touger, Eliyahu, Chabad.org, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170811000049/http://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/904982/jewish/Chapter-Six.htm">archived</a> from the original on 2017-08-11<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-08-10</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Yesodei+ha-Torah+-+Chapter+6&rft.btitle=Mishneh+Torah+-+Sefer+Madda&rft.pub=Chabad.org&rft.au=Maimonides&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chabad.org%2Flibrary%2Farticle_cdo%2Faid%2F904982%2Fjewish%2FChapter-Six.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANames+of+God+in+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jose_ben_Halafta" title="Jose ben Halafta">Jose ben Halafta</a>, <i>Soferim</i>, 4:1, <i>Yer. R. H.</i>, 1:1; <i>Ab. R. N.</i>, 34.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (September 2015)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Rabbi_Ishmael" title="Rabbi Ishmael">Rabbi Ishmael</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin_(tractate)" title="Sanhedrin (tractate)">Sanhedrin</a></i>, 66a.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Sheb.</i> 35a.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (September 2015)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0406.htm#23">Num. 6:23–27</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlter2018" class="citation cs2">Alter, Robert (2018), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S75SDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT696"><i>The Hebrew Bible: A Translation with Commentary</i></a>, vol. 3, W. W. Norton, p. 696, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-29250-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-29250-3"><bdi>978-0-393-29250-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-31</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hebrew+Bible%3A+A+Translation+with+Commentary&rft.pages=696&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-393-29250-3&rft.aulast=Alter&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS75SDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT696&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANames+of+God+in+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByrne2011" class="citation cs2">Byrne, Máire (2011), <i>The Names of God in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam: A Basis for Interfaith Dialogue</i>, A&C Black, p. 24</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Names+of+God+in+Judaism%2C+Christianity%2C+and+Islam%3A+A+Basis+for+Interfaith+Dialogue&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Byrne&rft.aufirst=M%C3%A1ire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANames+of+God+in+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt2902.htm#4">Ruth 2:4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biblehub.com/web/ruth/2.htm">Ruth 2:4</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151011193012/http://biblehub.com/web/ruth/2.htm">Archived</a> 2015-10-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (<a href="/wiki/World_English_Bible" title="World English Bible">WEB</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSameth2020" class="citation cs2">Sameth, Mark (2020), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ozzpDwAAQBAJ&q=%22The+Name:+A+History+of+the+Dual-Gendered+Hebrew+Name+for+God%22"><i>The Name: A History of the Dual-Gendered Hebrew Name for God</i></a>, Wipf & Stock, p. 25, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5326-9384-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5326-9384-7"><bdi>978-1-5326-9384-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-19</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Name%3A+A+History+of+the+Dual-Gendered+Hebrew+Name+for+God&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Wipf+%26+Stock&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-5326-9384-7&rft.aulast=Sameth&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DozzpDwAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522The%2BName%3A%2BA%2BHistory%2Bof%2Bthe%2BDual-Gendered%2BHebrew%2BName%2Bfor%2BGod%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANames+of+God+in+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"At one point he [Guillaume Postel] observes that the <a href="/wiki/Tetragrammaton" title="Tetragrammaton">Tetragrammaton</a> יהוה‎ yhwh contains both feminine and masculine pro-nouns — וה‎ wh, and יה yh. He then finds this discovery is corroborated in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Kings%2017:15&version=nrsv">1 Kings 17:15</a>, when the Prophet <a href="/wiki/Elijah" title="Elijah">Elijah</a> sits down with the Widow of Zarephath and the Hebrew says "she ate, she and he" וַתֹּאכַל הוא-והיא הִיא-וָהוּא. What is striking here in Kings is that the vowels of the pronouns are swapped around: הוא hw' (he) is vocalized as היא hy' (she), and vice versa. This was exactly the sort of divine gender-bending he was after." — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson2015" class="citation book cs2">Wilkinson, Robert (2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1xyoBgAAQBAJ&dq=%22earlier+form+1551;+final+state+1566%22&pg=PA337"><i>Tetragrammaton: Western Christians and the Hebrew Name of God</i></a>, Boston: Brill, p. 337, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-28817-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-28817-1"><bdi>978-90-04-28817-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-19</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tetragrammaton%3A+Western+Christians+and+the+Hebrew+Name+of+God&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=337&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-90-04-28817-1&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1xyoBgAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522earlier%2Bform%2B1551%3B%2Bfinal%2Bstate%2B1566%2522%26pg%3DPA337&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANames+of+God+in+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPostel1969" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Postel" title="Guillaume Postel">Postel, Guillaume</a> (1969), Secret, François (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EmkytAEACAAJ"><i>Le thrésor des prophéties de l'univers</i></a> (in French), Springer, p. 211, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-247-0203-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-247-0203-9"><bdi>978-90-247-0203-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-19</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+thr%C3%A9sor+des+proph%C3%A9ties+de+l%27univers&rft.pages=211&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-90-247-0203-9&rft.aulast=Postel&rft.aufirst=Guillaume&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEmkytAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANames+of+God+in+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLanci1845" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lanci, Michelangelo (1845), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-q4WAAAAQAAJ&dq=Paralipomeni+Alla+Illustrazione+Della+Sagra+Scrittura&pg=PR15"><i>Paralipomeni alla illustrazione della sagra Scrittura</i></a> (in Italian) (Facsmile of the 1st ed.), Dondey-Dupre, pp. <span class="nowrap">100–</span>113, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-274-01691-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-274-01691-1"><bdi>978-1-274-01691-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-19</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paralipomeni+alla+illustrazione+della+sagra+Scrittura&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E100-%3C%2Fspan%3E113&rft.edition=Facsmile+of+the+1st&rft.pub=Dondey-Dupre&rft.date=1845&rft.isbn=978-1-274-01691-1&rft.aulast=Lanci&rft.aufirst=Michelangelo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-q4WAAAAQAAJ%26dq%3DParalipomeni%2BAlla%2BIllustrazione%2BDella%2BSagra%2BScrittura%26pg%3DPR15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANames+of+God+in+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris1985" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_L._Harris" title="Stephen L. Harris">Harris, Stephen L.</a> (1985), <i>Understanding the Bible: A Reader's Introduction</i> (2nd ed.), Palo Alto, CA: Mayfield, p. 21, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55934-083-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55934-083-0"><bdi>978-1-55934-083-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+the+Bible%3A+A+Reader%27s+Introduction&rft.place=Palo+Alto%2C+CA&rft.pages=21&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Mayfield&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-1-55934-083-0&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Stephen+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANames+of+God+in+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yoma; Tosefta Sotah 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohannes_BotterweckRinggrenFabry1974" class="citation encyclopaedia cs2">Johannes Botterweck, G.; Ringgren, Helmer; Fabry, Heinz-Josef (6 December 1974), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=znB4gOMlb3AC&dq=Tetragrammaton+%22came+to+be+pronounced%22&pg=PA71">"אדון ādhōn"</a>, <i>Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament</i>, vol. I, Eerdmans, p. 71, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2325-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2325-0"><bdi>978-0-8028-2325-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%D7%90%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9F+%C4%81dh%C5%8Dn&rft.btitle=Theological+Dictionary+of+the+Old+Testament&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=1974-12-06&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-2325-0&rft.aulast=Johannes+Botterweck&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.au=Ringgren%2C+Helmer&rft.au=Fabry%2C+Heinz-Josef&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DznB4gOMlb3AC%26dq%3DTetragrammaton%2B%2522came%2Bto%2Bbe%2Bpronounced%2522%26pg%3DPA71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANames+of+God+in+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBovon2009" class="citation cs2">Bovon, François (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JQKyfwYlQV4C&dq=%22Origen+on+Psalm+2%3A2%22&pg=PA20"><i>New Testament and Christian Apocrypha: Collected Studies II</i></a>, Mohr Siebeck, p. 20, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-16-149050-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-16-149050-7"><bdi>978-3-16-149050-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Testament+and+Christian+Apocrypha%3A+Collected+Studies+II&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Mohr+Siebeck&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-3-16-149050-7&rft.aulast=Bovon&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJQKyfwYlQV4C%26dq%3D%2522Origen%2Bon%2BPsalm%2B2%253A2%2522%26pg%3DPA20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANames+of+God+in+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"Pseudo-Qumisian Sermon to the Karaites", <i>American Academy for Jewish Research</i>, <b>XLIII</b>: <span class="nowrap">49–</span>105, 1976</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Academy+for+Jewish+Research&rft.atitle=Pseudo-Qumisian+Sermon+to+the+Karaites&rft.volume=XLIII&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E49-%3C%2Fspan%3E105&rft.date=1976&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANames+of+God+in+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaplan1992" class="citation cs2">Kaplan, Steven (1992), <i>The Beta Israel (Falasha) in Ethiopia</i>, NYU Press, p. 29, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8147-4848-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8147-4848-1"><bdi>0-8147-4848-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Beta+Israel+%28Falasha%29+in+Ethiopia&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-8147-4848-1&rft.aulast=Kaplan&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANames+of+God+in+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0102.htm#4">Gen. 2:4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ex314-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ex314_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ex314_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0203.htm#14">Exod. 3:14</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.laits.utexas.edu/hebrew/drupal/themes/hebrewgrid/bh/bhonline/grammar/aspect.pdf">"Biblical Hebrew Grammar for Beginners"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319043541/http://www.laits.utexas.edu/hebrew/drupal/themes/hebrewgrid/bh/bhonline/grammar/aspect.pdf">Archived</a> 2015-03-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin" title="University of Texas at Austin">University of Texas at Austin</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.myjewishlearning.com/beliefs/Theology/God/About_God/Speaking_about_God/Gods_Names/Tetragrammaton.shtml">"The Tetragrammaton—The Unpronounceable Four-Letter Name of God"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.myjewishlearning.com/"><i>My Jewish Learning</i></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140918070901/http://www.myjewishlearning.com/">archived</a> from the original on 18 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2014</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Tetragrammaton%E2%80%94The+Unpronounceable+Four-Letter+Name+of+God&rft.btitle=My+Jewish+Learning&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.myjewishlearning.com%2Fbeliefs%2FTheology%2FGod%2FAbout_God%2FSpeaking_about_God%2FGods_Names%2FTetragrammaton.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANames+of+God+in+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hebrew4christians.com/Names_of_G-d/Adonai/adonai.html">"Hebrew Name for God—Adonai"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hebrew4christians.com/"><i>Hebrew for Christians</i></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140517153725/http://hebrew4christians.com/">archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 May</span> 2014</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hebrew+Name+for+God%E2%80%94Adonai&rft.btitle=Hebrew+for+Christians&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hebrew4christians.com%2FNames_of_G-d%2FAdonai%2Fadonai.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANames+of+God+in+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theopedia.com/Adonai">"Adonai"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theopedia.com/"><i>Theopedia</i></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150329045246/http://www.theopedia.com/">archived</a> from the original on 2015-03-29<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-03-25</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Adonai&rft.btitle=Theopedia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theopedia.com%2FAdonai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANames+of+God+in+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a>, <i>Commentary on Psalms 2:2</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Prologus_Galeatus" title="Prologus Galeatus">Prologus Galeatus</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Larry W. Hurtado, "God or Jesus? Textual Ambiguity and Textual Variants in Acts of the Apostles", in <i>Texts and Traditions: Essays in Honour of J. Keith Elliott</i>, eds. Peter Doble and Jeffrey Kloha. Leiden/Boston: Brill, 2014. pp. 239–254.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"Lord", <i>International Standard Bible Encyclopedia</i>, p. 157</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lord&rft.btitle=International+Standard+Bible+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=157&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANames+of+God+in+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://focusonthekingdom.org/articles/adonai.htm">"Adonai and Adoni (Psalm 110:1)"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://focusonthekingdom.org/"><i>Focus on the Kingdom</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Restoration_Fellowship" class="mw-redirect" title="Restoration Fellowship">Restoration Fellowship</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150609164010/http://focusonthekingdom.org/">archived</a> from the original on 9 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2015</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Adonai+and+Adoni+%28Psalm+110%3A1%29&rft.btitle=Focus+on+the+Kingdom&rft.pub=Restoration+Fellowship&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffocusonthekingdom.org%2Farticles%2Fadonai.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANames+of+God+in+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt08a29.htm#8">1 Samuel 29:8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt26d6.htm#3">Psalm 136:3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0510.htm#17">Deuteronomy 10:17</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yoel Elitzur, <i>Shemot HaEl VeTaarichei Ketivat Sifrei HaMiqra</i>, published in <i>Be'einei Elohim VaAdam</i>, Beit Morasha Jerusalem: 2017, p. 407 footnote 24; see also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/27330839/%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%9C_%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%99_%D7%9B%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%91%D7%AA_%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%90">link</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826205735/https://www.academia.edu/27330839/%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%9C_%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%99_%D7%9B%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%91%D7%AA_%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%90">Archived</a> 2019-08-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_James_Victor_HiebertClaude_E._CoxPeter_John_Gentry2001" class="citation book cs2">Robert James Victor Hiebert; Claude E. Cox; Peter John Gentry (2001), <i>The Old Greek Psalter: Studies in Honour of Albert Pietersma</i>, Sheffield: Sheffield Acad. Press, p. 129, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84127-209-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-84127-209-4"><bdi>1-84127-209-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Old+Greek+Psalter%3A+Studies+in+Honour+of+Albert+Pietersma&rft.place=Sheffield&rft.pages=129&rft.pub=Sheffield+Acad.+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-84127-209-4&rft.au=Robert+James+Victor+Hiebert&rft.au=Claude+E.+Cox&rft.au=Peter+John+Gentry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANames+of+God+in+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalomon_Ibn_Gebirol1888" class="citation book cs2"><a href="/wiki/Solomon_ibn_Gabirol" title="Solomon ibn Gabirol">Salomon Ibn Gebirol</a> (1888), "Excerpts from the Zohar", in Myer, Isaac (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=96pb89Wg4X4C"><i>Qabbalah: The Philosophical Writings of Solomon Ben Yehudah Ibn Gebirol or Avicebron and their connection with the Hebrew Qabbalah and Sepher ha-Zohar, with remarks upon the antiquity and content of the latter, and translations of selected passages from the same [...]</i></a>, translated by Myer, Isaac, Philadelphia: Isaac Myer, p. 341, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230908045743/https://books.google.com/books?id=96pb89Wg4X4C">archived</a> from the original on 8 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2023</span>, <q>[...] the Perfect Name Adonoi or Adonai.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Excerpts+from+the+Zohar&rft.btitle=Qabbalah%3A+The+Philosophical+Writings+of+Solomon+Ben+Yehudah+Ibn+Gebirol+or+Avicebron+and+their+connection+with+the+Hebrew+Qabbalah+and+Sepher+ha-Zohar%2C+with+remarks+upon+the+antiquity+and+content+of+the+latter%2C+and+translations+of+selected+passages+from+the+same+%5B...%5D&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=341&rft.pub=Isaac+Myer&rft.date=1888&rft.au=Salomon+Ibn+Gebirol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D96pb89Wg4X4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANames+of+God+in+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToornBecking1999" class="citation book cs2">Toorn, Karel van der; Becking, Bob (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yCkRz5pfxz0C&q=Bene+elohim"><i>K. van der Toorn, Bob Becking, Pieter Willem van der Horst, </i>Dictionary of deities and demons in the Bible<i>, pp. 274-277</i></a>, Wm. B. Eerdmans, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2491-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2491-2"><bdi>978-0-8028-2491-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-12-05</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=K.+van+der+Toorn%2C+Bob+Becking%2C+Pieter+Willem+van+der+Horst%2C+Dictionary+of+deities+and+demons+in+the+Bible%2C+pp.+274-277&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-2491-2&rft.aulast=Toorn&rft.aufirst=Karel+van+der&rft.au=Becking%2C+Bob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyCkRz5pfxz0C%26q%3DBene%2Belohim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANames+of+God+in+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">KJV margin at Gen. 33:20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Genesis#46:3" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Genesis">Genesis 46:3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToornBeckingvan_der_Horst1999" class="citation book cs2">Toorn, Karel van der; Becking, Bob; van der Horst, Pieter Willem (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yCkRz5pfxz0C&q=Bene+elohim"><i>Dictionary of deities and demons in the Bible</i></a>, Wm. B. Eerdmans, pp. <span class="nowrap">277–</span>279, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2491-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2491-2"><bdi>978-0-8028-2491-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-12-05</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+deities+and+demons+in+the+Bible&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E277-%3C%2Fspan%3E279&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-2491-2&rft.aulast=Toorn&rft.aufirst=Karel+van+der&rft.au=Becking%2C+Bob&rft.au=van+der+Horst%2C+Pieter+Willem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyCkRz5pfxz0C%26q%3DBene%2Belohim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANames+of+God+in+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark_S._Smith2008" class="citation book cs2">Mark S. Smith (2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CmCVZ5mHsboC&q=elohim+etymology"><i>God in Translation: Deities in Cross-Cultural Discourse in the Biblical World</i></a>, Coronet Books Incorporated, p. 15, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-16-149543-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-16-149543-4"><bdi>978-3-16-149543-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-12-05</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God+in+Translation%3A+Deities+in+Cross-Cultural+Discourse+in+the+Biblical+World&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Coronet+Books+Incorporated&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-3-16-149543-4&rft.au=Mark+S.+Smith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCmCVZ5mHsboC%26q%3Delohim%2Betymology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANames+of+God+in+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. Toporoski, "What was the origin of the royal 'we' and why is it no longer used?", <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i>, May 29, 2002. Ed. F1, p. 32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar</i> (A. E. Cowley, ed., Oxford, 1976, p.398)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CmCVZ5mHsboC&q=Mark+S.+Smith,+God+in+translation">Mark S. Smith, <i>God in Translation: Deities in Cross-Cultural Discourse in the Biblical World</i>, vol. 57 of Forschungen zum Alten Testament, Mohr Siebeck, 2008</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605042607/https://books.google.com/books?id=CmCVZ5mHsboC&q=Mark+S.+Smith,+God+in+translation">Archived</a> 2023-06-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-16-149543-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-16-149543-4">978-3-16-149543-4</a>, p. 19.; Smith, Mark S. (2002), "The Early History of God: Yahweh and the Other Deities in Ancient Israel" (Biblical Resource Series)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ernst_Georges" title="Karl Ernst Georges">Georges</a>, O. Badellini, F. Calonghi, <i>Dizionario latino–italiano</i> [Latin-to-Italian Dictionary], Rosenberg & Sellier, <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a>, 17th edition, 1989, page 2431 of 2959</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblicalhebrew.org/hebrew-tenses.aspx">"Biblical Hebrew"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200812101010/https://biblicalhebrew.org/hebrew-tenses.aspx">archived</a> from the original on 2020-08-12<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-11-05</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Biblical+Hebrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiblicalhebrew.org%2Fhebrew-tenses.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANames+of+God+in+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://christian.net/pub/resources/text/m.sion/hebrtens.htm">"Hebrew Tenses"</a>, 31 January 2022, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308040500/https://christian.net/pub/resources/text/m.sion/hebrtens.htm">archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hebrew+Tenses&rft.date=2022-01-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchristian.net%2Fpub%2Fresources%2Ftext%2Fm.sion%2Fhebrtens.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANames+of+God+in+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hebrew.laits.utexas.edu/drupal/themes/hebrewgrid/bh/bhonline/grammar/aspect.pdf">"Biblical Hebrew Grammar do Beginners"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210227235230/https://hebrew.laits.utexas.edu/drupal/themes/hebrewgrid/bh/bhonline/grammar/aspect.pdf">archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2021-02-27<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-11-05</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Biblical+Hebrew+Grammar+do+Beginners&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhebrew.laits.utexas.edu%2Fdrupal%2Fthemes%2Fhebrewgrid%2Fbh%2Fbhonline%2Fgrammar%2Faspect.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANames+of+God+in+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110810013425/http://bibledatabase.net/html/septuagint/02_003.htm">"Exodus 3:14 LXX"</a>, Bibledatabase.net, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bibledatabase.net/html/septuagint/02_003.htm">the original</a> on 2011-08-10<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-05-21</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Exodus+3%3A14+LXX&rft.pub=Bibledatabase.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbibledatabase.net%2Fhtml%2Fseptuagint%2F02_003.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANames+of+God+in+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yonge. Philo Life Of Moses Vol.1 :75</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Life of Moses I 75, Life of Moses II 67,99,132,161 in F.H. Colson Philo Works Vol. VI, Loeb Classics, Harvard 1941</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rev.1:4,1:8.4:8 UBS Greek Text Ed.4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Seidner,_4-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Seidner,_4_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Seidner, 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrmann1999132-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerrmann1999132_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHerrmann1999">Herrmann (1999)</a>, p. 132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPope2006-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPope2006_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPope2006">Pope (2006)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''DULAT''2015"[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbh6oBgAAQBAJpgPA203_bʕl_(II)]"-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''DULAT''2015"[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbh6oBgAAQBAJpgPA203_bʕl_(II)]"_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDULAT2015"><i>DULAT</i> (2015)</a>, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bh6oBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA203">bʕl (II)</a>".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''BEWR''2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddbibAAAAQBAJpgPA102_"Baal"]-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''BEWR''2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddbibAAAAQBAJpgPA102_"Baal"]_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''BEWR''2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddbibAAAAQBAJpgPA102_"Baal"]_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBEWR2006"><i>BEWR</i> (2006)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dbibAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA102">"Baal"</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EJ675-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EJ675_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EJ675_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><i>Encyclopaedia Judaica, </i>2nd ed.<i><span></span></i>, vol. VII, p. 675</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Judaica%2C+2nd+ed.&rft.pages=675&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANames+of+God+in+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''ZPBD''1963-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''ZPBD''1963_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZPBD1963"><i>ZPBD</i> (1963)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1302.htm#16">Hos. 2:16</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUittenbogaard" class="citation cs2">Uittenbogaard, Arie, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abarim-publications.com/Meaning/Ishi.html#.UWSk3ddv2aU"><i>Ishi | The amazing name Ishi: meaning and etymology</i></a>, Abarim Publications, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140508163208/http://www.abarim-publications.com/Meaning/Ishi.html#.UWSk3ddv2aU">archived</a> from the original on 8 May 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 May</span> 2014</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ishi+%26%23124%3B+The+amazing+name+Ishi%3A+meaning+and+etymology&rft.pub=Abarim+Publications&rft.aulast=Uittenbogaard&rft.aufirst=Arie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abarim-publications.com%2FMeaning%2FIshi.html%23.UWSk3ddv2aU&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANames+of+God+in+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Hosea+2:16&version=nasb">Hos. 2:16</a> (<a href="/wiki/New_American_Standard_Bible" title="New American Standard Bible">NASB</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1110.htm#11">Jeremiah 10:11</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Torrey 1945, 64; Metzger 1957, 96; Moore 1992, 704,</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0116.htm#13">Gen. 16:13</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Genesis#16:13" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Genesis">Gen. 16:13</a> <a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">KJV</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblehub.com/genesis/16-13.htm">"Genesis 16:13 So Hagar gave this name to the LORD who had spoken to her: "You are the God who sees me," for she said, "Here I have seen the One who sees me!"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923231338/https://www.biblehub.com/genesis/16-13.htm">archived</a> from the original on 2020-09-23<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-09-20</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Genesis+16%3A13+So+Hagar+gave+this+name+to+the+LORD+who+had+spoken+to+her%3A+%22You+are+the+God+who+sees+me%2C%22+for+she+said%2C+%22Here+I+have+seen+the+One+who+sees+me%21%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiblehub.com%2Fgenesis%2F16-13.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANames+of+God+in+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Matthew Berke, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.firstthings.com/article/1996/06/003-god-and-gender-in-judaism">GOD AND GENDER IN JUDAISM</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151222095315/http://www.firstthings.com/article/1996/06/003-god-and-gender-in-judaism">Archived</a> 2015-12-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/First_Things" title="First Things">First Things</a>, June 1995; Mel Scult, <i>The Radical American Judaism of Mordecai M. Kaplan</i>, <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Press" title="Indiana University Press">Indiana University Press</a>, 2013. p. 195.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0121.htm#33">Gen 21:33</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/hashem/">"What is HaShem?"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190417141826/https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/hashem/">archived</a> from the original on 2019-04-17<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span 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href="https://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?Strongs=H46&t=KJV">"H46 – 'abiyr – Strong's Hebrew Lexicon (KJV)"</a>, <i>Blue Letter Bible</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171206202559/https://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?t=kjv&strongs=h46">archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2017</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Blue+Letter+Bible&rft.atitle=H46+%E2%80%93+%27abiyr+%E2%80%93+Strong%27s+Hebrew+Lexicon+%28KJV%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.blueletterbible.org%2Flang%2Flexicon%2Flexicon.cfm%3FStrongs%3DH46%26t%3DKJV&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANames+of+God+in+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?Strongs=H117&t=WLC">"H117 – 'addiyr – Strong's Hebrew Lexicon (KJV)"</a>, <i>Blue Letter Bible</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201033218/https://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?Strongs=H117&t=WLC">archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2017</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Blue+Letter+Bible&rft.atitle=H117+%E2%80%93+%27addiyr+%E2%80%93+Strong%27s+Hebrew+Lexicon+%28KJV%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.blueletterbible.org%2Flang%2Flexicon%2Flexicon.cfm%3FStrongs%3DH117%26t%3DWLC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANames+of+God+in+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Yoma.69b.7-8">"Yoma 69b:7-8"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Sefaria" title="Sefaria">Sefaria</a></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210301074817/https://www.sefaria.org/Yoma.69b.7-8">archived</a> from the original on 2021-03-01<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-11-26</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sefaria&rft.atitle=Yoma+69b%3A7-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sefaria.org%2FYoma.69b.7-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANames+of+God+in+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Shabbat.55a.12">"Shabbat 55a:12"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Sefaria" title="Sefaria">Sefaria</a></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201203184838/https://www.sefaria.org/Shabbat.55a.12">archived</a> from the original on 2020-12-03<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-11-26</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sefaria&rft.atitle=Shabbat+55a%3A12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sefaria.org%2FShabbat.55a.12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANames+of+God+in+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Bereishit_Rabbah.81.2">"Bereishit Rabbah 81:2"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Sefaria" title="Sefaria">Sefaria</a></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201203185959/https://www.sefaria.org/Bereishit_Rabbah.81.2">archived</a> from the original on 2020-12-03<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-11-26</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sefaria&rft.atitle=Bereishit+Rabbah+81%3A2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sefaria.org%2FBereishit_Rabbah.81.2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANames+of+God+in+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Isaiah.44.6">"Isaiah 44:6"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Sefaria" title="Sefaria">Sefaria</a></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201206024315/https://www.sefaria.org/Isaiah.44.6">archived</a> from the original on 2020-12-06<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-11-26</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sefaria&rft.atitle=Isaiah+44%3A6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sefaria.org%2FIsaiah.44.6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANames+of+God+in+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt26c1.htm#4">Psalms 121:4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0122.htm#13">Genesis 22:13–14</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0215.htm#26">Exodus 15:26</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0217.htm#8">Exodus 17:8–15</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0706.htm#">"Judges 6 / Hebrew - English Bible / Mechon-Mamre"</a>, <i>mechon-mamre.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-08-25</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mechon-mamre.org&rft.atitle=Judges+6+%2F+Hebrew+-+English+Bible+%2F+Mechon-Mamre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmechon-mamre.org%2Fp%2Fpt%2Fpt0706.htm%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANames+of+God+in+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Samuel%201:11&version=nrsv">1 Samuel 1:11</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt2623.htm#1">Psalms 23:1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.redtext.com/resources/namesOFgod.asp">Names of God</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110413052031/http://www.redtext.com/resources/namesOFgod.asp">Archived</a> 2011-04-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1123.htm#6">Jeremiah 23:6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1248.htm#35">Ezekiel 48:35</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><i>Encyclopaedia Judaica, </i>2nd ed.<i><span></span></i>, vol. VI, Keter Publishing House, p. 232</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Judaica%2C+2nd+ed.&rft.pages=232&rft.pub=Keter+Publishing+House&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANames+of+God+in+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0512.htm#3">Deuteronomy 12:3–4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111227045319/http://www.shaimos.org/guidelines.htm">"Shaimos guidelines"</a>, Shaimos.org, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shaimos.org/guidelines.htm">the original</a> on 2011-12-27<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-12-05</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shaimos+guidelines&rft.pub=Shaimos.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shaimos.org%2Fguidelines.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANames+of+God+in+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidson2011" class="citation web cs2">Davidson, Baruch (2011-02-23), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/1443443/jewish/Why-Dont-Jews-Say-Gds-Name.htm">"Why Don't Jews Say G‑d's Name? - On the use of the word "Hashem" - Chabad.org"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Chabad.org" title="Chabad.org">Chabad.org</a></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230415162249/https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/1443443/jewish/Why-Dont-Jews-Say-Gds-Name.htm">archived</a> from the original on 2023-04-15<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-15</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chabad.org&rft.atitle=Why+Don%27t+Jews+Say+G%E2%80%91d%27s+Name%3F+-+On+the+use+of+the+word+%22Hashem%22+-+Chabad.org&rft.date=2011-02-23&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=Baruch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chabad.org%2Flibrary%2Farticle_cdo%2Faid%2F1443443%2Fjewish%2FWhy-Dont-Jews-Say-Gds-Name.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANames+of+God+in+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Names_of_God_in_Judaism&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBEWR2006" class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dbibAAAAQBAJ"><i>Britannica Encyclopedia of World Religions</i></a>, New York: Encyclopædia Britannica, 2006, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59339-491-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59339-491-2"><bdi>978-1-59339-491-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britannica+Encyclopedia+of+World+Religions&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-59339-491-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdbibAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANames+of+God+in+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDULAT2015" class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bh6oBgAAQBAJ"><i>Diccionario de la Lengua Ugarítica, </i>3rd ed.<i><span></span></i></a>, Leiden: translated from the Spanish for E.J. Brill as A Dictionary of the Ugaritic Language in the Alphabetic Tradition (Ser. Handbuch der Orientalistik [Handbook of Oriental Studies], Vol. 112), 2015, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-28864-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-28864-5"><bdi>978-90-04-28864-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diccionario+de+la+Lengua+Ugar%C3%ADtica%2C+3rd+ed.&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=translated+from+the+Spanish+for+E.J.+Brill+as+A+Dictionary+of+the+Ugaritic+Language+in+the+Alphabetic+Tradition+%28Ser.+Handbuch+der+Orientalistik+%5BHandbook+of+Oriental+Studies%5D%2C+Vol.+112%29&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-90-04-28864-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dbh6oBgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANames+of+God+in+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEJ2005" class="citation cs2">"Names of God", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z2cCZBDm8F8C"><i>Encyclopedia of Judaism</i></a>, Infobase Publishing, 2005, p. 179, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8160-6982-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8160-6982-4"><bdi>0-8160-6982-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Names+of+God&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Judaism&rft.pages=179&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-8160-6982-4&rft.aulast=Karesh&rft.aufirst=Sara+E.&rft.au=Hurvitz%2C+Mitchell+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ2cCZBDm8F8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANames+of+God+in+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZPBD1963" class="citation cs2"><i>The Zondervan Pictorial Bible Dictionary</i>, Grand Rapids: Zondervan Publishing House, 1963, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-23560-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-310-23560-6"><bdi>978-0-310-23560-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Zondervan+Pictorial+Bible+Dictionary&rft.place=Grand+Rapids&rft.pub=Zondervan+Publishing+House&rft.date=1963&rft.isbn=978-0-310-23560-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANames+of+God+in+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCleghorn_&_al.2011" class="citation cs2">Cleghorn, T. L.; et al. (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RJKZAwAAQBAJ"><i>Comprehensive Articulatory Phonetics: A Tool for Mastering the World's Languages, </i>2nd ed.<i><span></span></i></a>, N M Rugg, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4507-8190-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4507-8190-9"><bdi>978-1-4507-8190-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comprehensive+Articulatory+Phonetics%3A+A+Tool+for+Mastering+the+World%27s+Languages%2C+2nd+ed.&rft.pub=N+M+Rugg&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4507-8190-9&rft.aulast=Cleghorn&rft.aufirst=T.+L.&rft.au=Rugg%2C+N.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRJKZAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANames+of+God+in+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerrmann1999" class="citation cs2">Herrmann, Wolfgang (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yCkRz5pfxz0C&pg=PA132">"Baal"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Deities_and_Demons_in_the_Bible" title="Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible"><i>Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible, </i>2nd ed.<i><span></span></i></a>, Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, pp. <span class="nowrap">132–</span>139</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Baal&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Deities+and+Demons+in+the+Bible%2C+2nd+ed.&rft.place=Grand+Rapids&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E132-%3C%2Fspan%3E139&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Herrmann&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyCkRz5pfxz0C%26pg%3DPA132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANames+of+God+in+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPope2006" class="citation cs2">Pope, Marvin H. (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0003_0_01786.html">"Baal Worship"</a>, <i>Encyclopaedia Judaica, </i>2nd ed.<i><span></span></i>, vol. III, New York: Thomas Gale, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-865928-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-865928-2"><bdi>978-0-02-865928-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Baal+Worship&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Judaica%2C+2nd+ed.&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Thomas+Gale&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-02-865928-2&rft.aulast=Pope&rft.aufirst=Marvin+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fjsource%2Fjudaica%2Fejud_0002_0003_0_01786.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANames+of+God+in+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSameth2020" class="citation book cs2">Sameth, Mark (2020), <i>The Name: a history of the dual-gendered Hebrew name for God</i>, Eugene, Oregon: Wipf & Stock, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5326-9385-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5326-9385-4"><bdi>978-1-5326-9385-4</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1191710825">1191710825</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Name%3A+a+history+of+the+dual-gendered+Hebrew+name+for+God&rft.place=Eugene%2C+Oregon&rft.pub=Wipf+%26+Stock&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1191710825&rft.isbn=978-1-5326-9385-4&rft.aulast=Sameth&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANames+of+God+in+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Names_of_God_in_Judaism&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chabad.org/search/keyword.asp?scope=6198&kid=2276">God's names in Jewish thought and in the light of Kabbalah</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.exodus-314.com">The Name of God as Revealed in Exodus 3:14—an explanation of its meaning.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080111200434/http://www.princeton.edu/~aamihay/Divine_Names.html">Bibliography on Divine Names in the Dead Sea Scrolls</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=52&letter=N&search=Names%20of%20God">Jewish Encyclopedia: Names of God</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://torahmusic.wordpress.com/2011/01/06/ehyeh-asher-ehyeh/">"Ehyeh Asher Ehyeh" – Song and Video of Ancient Yemenite Prayer From the Diwan</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._Clover" class="citation web cs2">R. Clover, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070615070439/http://www.yahweh.org/publications/sny/sacrednm.pdf">"The Sacred Name Yahweh"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, Qadesh La Yahweh Press, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yahweh.org/publications/sny/sacrednm.pdf/">the original</a> on June 15, 2007</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Sacred+Name+Yahweh&rft.pub=Qadesh+La+Yahweh+Press&rft.au=R.+Clover&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yahweh.org%2Fpublications%2Fsny%2Fsacrednm.pdf%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANames+of+God+in+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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title="Israelites">Israelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_Judaism" title="Origins of Judaism">Origins of Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Ancient Israel and Judah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synagogal_Judaism" title="Synagogal Judaism">Synagogal Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_population_by_country" title="Jewish population by country">Population</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" 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genetics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gentile" title="Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groups_claiming_affiliation_with_Israelites" title="Groups claiming affiliation with Israelites">Groups claiming affiliation with Israelites</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Diaspora28" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Diaspora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner-Jews" title="Afrikaner-Jews">Afrikaner-Jode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuts" title="Chuts">Chuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Jews" title="Galician Jews">Galitzianers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litvaks" title="Litvaks">Lita'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberlander_Jews" title="Oberlander Jews">Oberlander Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Udmurtia_and_Tatarstan" title="History of the Jews in Udmurtia and Tatarstan">Udmurt and Tatar Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unterlander_Jews" title="Unterlander Jews">Unterlander Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yekke" title="Yekke">Yekkes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Abraham" title="Beta Abraham">Beta Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falash_Mura" title="Falash Mura">Falash Mura</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desi_Jews" title="Desi Jews">Desi Jews</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bene_Israel" title="Bene Israel">Bene Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochin_Jews" title="Cochin Jews">Kochinim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6nmeh" title="Dönmeh">Dönmeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews" title="Georgian Jews">Gruzínim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Jews" title="Italian Jews">Italkim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neofiti" title="Neofiti">Neofiti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaifeng_Jews" title="Kaifeng Jews">Kaifeng Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinopolitan_Karaites" title="Constantinopolitan Karaites">Constantinopolitan Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kurdistan" title="History of the Jews in Kurdistan">Kurdish Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchaks" title="Krymchaks">Krymchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemba_people" title="Lemba people">Lemba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_Jews" title="Maghrebi Jews">Maghrebi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Jews" title="Berber Jews">Berber Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Afghanistan" title="History of the Jews in Afghanistan">Afghan Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Alexandria" title="History of the Jews in Alexandria">Alexandrian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baghdadi_Jews" title="Baghdadi Jews">Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jews" title="Bukharan Jews">Bukharan Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt" title="History of the Jews in Egypt">Egyptian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Jews" title="Mountain Jews">Mountain Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Jews" title="Palestinian Jews">Palestinian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Jews">Persian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urfalim" title="Urfalim">Urfalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Teimanim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adeni_Jews" title="Adeni Jews">Adeni Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habbani_Jews" title="Habbani Jews">Ḥabbanim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Hadramaut" title="History of the Jews in Hadramaut">Hadhrami Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Saada" title="History of the Jews in Saada">Saada Jews</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musta%27arabi_Jews" title="Musta'arabi Jews">Mustaʿravim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_tribes_of_Arabia" title="Jewish tribes of Arabia">Jewish tribes of Arabia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romaniote_Jews" title="Romaniote Jews">Romaniote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_and_Portuguese_Jews" title="Spanish and Portuguese Jews">Eastern Sephardim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Livorno" title="History of the Jews in Livorno">Livornese Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_African_Sephardim" title="North African Sephardim">North African Sephardim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradesi_Jews" title="Paradesi Jews">Paradesi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meshuchrarim" title="Meshuchrarim">Meshuchrarim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Bnei_Anusim" title="Sephardic Bnei Anusim">Sephardic Bnei Anusim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xueta" title="Xueta">Xuetes</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_languages" title="Jewish languages">Languages</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_diaspora_languages" title="List of Jewish diaspora languages">Diasporic</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Hebrew" title="Ashkenazi Hebrew">Ashkenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Hebrew" title="Sephardi Hebrew">Sephardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Hebrew" title="Mizrahi Hebrew">Mizrahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Hebrew" title="Yemenite Hebrew">Yemenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_Hebrew" title="Tiberian Hebrew">Tiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Hebrew" title="Samaritan Hebrew">Samaritan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manually_coded_language#List_of_signed_languages" title="Manually coded language">Signed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Hebrew" title="Medieval Hebrew">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishnaic_Hebrew" title="Mishnaic Hebrew">Mishnaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_vocalization" title="Babylonian vocalization">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_vocalization" title="Palestinian vocalization">Palestinian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Catalan" title="Judaeo-Catalan">Catalanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Berber_language" title="Judeo-Berber language">Judeo-Amazigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Arabic languages">Judeo-Arabic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Iraqi_Arabic" title="Judeo-Iraqi Arabic">Yahudic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Jewish_Arabic" title="Baghdad Jewish Arabic">Judeo-Baghdadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Moroccan_Arabic" title="Judeo-Moroccan Arabic">Judeo-Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tripolitanian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tripolitanian Arabic">Judeo-Tripolitanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tunisian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tunisian Arabic">Judeo-Tunisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Yemeni_Arabic" title="Judeo-Yemeni Arabic">Judeo-Yemeni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Aramaic_languages" title="Judeo-Aramaic languages">Judaeo-Aramaic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Targum_(Aramaic_dialects)" title="Targum (Aramaic dialects)">Targum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Barzani" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Barzani">Barzani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Betanure" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Betanure">Betanure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Zab_Jewish_Neo-Aramaic" title="Trans-Zab Jewish Neo-Aramaic">Hulaulá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Zakho" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Zakho">Lishana Deni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Urmia" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Urmia">Lishán Didán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-Zab_Jewish_Neo-Aramaic" title="Inter-Zab Jewish Neo-Aramaic">Lishanid Noshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Aramaic" title="Biblical Aramaic">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Babylonian_Aramaic" title="Jewish Babylonian Aramaic">Talmudic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Palestinian_Aramaic" title="Jewish Palestinian Aramaic">Palestinian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galilean_dialect" title="Galilean dialect">Galilean</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Aragonese" title="Judaeo-Aragonese">Judeo-Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_English_varieties" title="Jewish English varieties">Jewish English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yeshivish" title="Yeshivish">Yeshivish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yinglish" class="mw-redirect" title="Yinglish">Yinglish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heblish" class="mw-redirect" title="Heblish">Heblish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Gascon" title="Judeo-Gascon">Judeo-Gascon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevanic_language" title="Yevanic language">Judaeo-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Judeo-Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Piedmontese" title="Judaeo-Piedmontese">Judaeo-Piedmontese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Latin" title="Judeo-Latin">Judeo-Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Malay" title="Judeo-Malay">Judeo-Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Malayalam" title="Judeo-Malayalam">Judeo-Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Marathi" title="Judeo-Marathi">Judeo-Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Judeo-Provençal">Judaeo-Occitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Persian" title="Judeo-Persian">Judeo-Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bukharian_(Judeo-Tajik_dialect)" title="Bukharian (Judeo-Tajik dialect)">Bukhori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Borujerdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Borujerdi">Judeo-Borujerdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Golpaygani" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Golpaygani">Judeo-Golpaygani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Hamedani" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Hamedani">Judeo-Hamedani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Shirazi" title="Judeo-Shirazi">Judeo-Shirazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat" title="Judeo-Tat">Juhuri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Portuguese" title="Judaeo-Portuguese">Judaeo-Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Urdu" title="Judeo-Urdu">Judeo-Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaim_language" title="Karaim language">Karaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayla_dialect" title="Kayla dialect">Kayliñña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Georgian" title="Judaeo-Georgian">Kivruli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knaanic_language" title="Knaanic language">Knaanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Koine_Greek" title="Jewish Koine Greek">Koiné Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchak_language" title="Krymchak language">Krymchak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachoudisch" title="Lachoudisch">Lachoudisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Ladino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haketia" title="Haketia">Haketia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetuani_Ladino" title="Tetuani Ladino">Tetuani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotegorisch" title="Lotegorisch">Lotegorisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qwara_dialect" title="Qwara dialect">Qwareña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Jewish_Sign_Language" title="Algerian Jewish Sign Language">Shassagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Sign_Language" title="Israeli Sign Language">Shassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Judeo-Provençal">Shuadit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_dialects" title="Yiddish dialects">dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Yiddish">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galitzish" class="mw-redirect" title="Galitzish">Galitzish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian Yiddish">Litvish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poylish" class="mw-redirect" title="Poylish">Poylish</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Klezmer-loshn" title="Klezmer-loshn">Klezmer-loshn</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Yiddish">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Alsatian" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Alsatian">Judeo-Alsatian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lachoudisch" title="Lachoudisch">Lachoudisch</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots-Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Scots-Yiddish">Scots-Yiddish</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarphatic_language" title="Zarphatic language">Zarphatic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_principles_of_faith" title="Jewish principles of faith">Beliefs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mitzvah" title="Mitzvah">Mitzvah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_authority" title="Rabbinic authority">Rabbinic authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_as_the_chosen_people" title="Jews as the chosen people">Chosen people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Judaism" title="Conversion to Judaism">Conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">Eschatology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">Messiah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethics" title="Jewish ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_in_Judaism" title="Holiness in Judaism">Holiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Names of God</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Halakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Haskalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sefirot" title="Sefirot">Sefirot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Who_is_a_Jew%3F" title="Who is a Jew?">Who is a Jew?</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Branches_of_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Branches of Judaism">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">Religious movements</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litvishe" class="mw-redirect" title="Litvishe">Litvaks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Hasidism" title="Neo-Hasidism">Neo-Hasidism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolog_Judaism" title="Neolog Judaism">Neolog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationships_between_Jewish_religious_movements" title="Relationships between Jewish religious movements">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritanism" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Science" title="Jewish Science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_secularism" title="Jewish secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_schisms" title="Jewish schisms">Schisms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_literature" title="Jewish literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sifrei_Kodesh" title="Sifrei Kodesh">Sifrei Kodesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh</a>/Hebrew <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">Rabbinic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tosefta" title="Tosefta">Tosefta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_texts_of_Kabbalah" title="Primary texts of Kabbalah">Kabbalah texts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hekhalot_literature" title="Hekhalot literature">Hekhalot literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardes_Rimonim" title="Pardes Rimonim">Pardes Rimonim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefer_HaBahir" class="mw-redirect" title="Sefer HaBahir">Sefer HaBahir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etz_Chaim_(book)" title="Etz Chaim (book)">Sefer HaEtz Chaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefer_Raziel_HaMalakh" title="Sefer Raziel HaMalakh">Sefer Raziel HaMalakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefer_Yetzirah" title="Sefer Yetzirah">Sefer Yetzirah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar">Zohar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddur" title="Siddur">Siddur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_literature" title="Hebrew literature">Hebrew literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_astrology" title="Jewish astrology">Astrology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_astrology" title="Jewish views on astrology">perspectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monen" title="Monen">Monen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_astronomy" title="Hebrew astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Calendar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_holidays" title="Jewish holidays">Holidays</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine" title="Jewish cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Kashrut</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_education" title="Jewish education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_leadership" title="Jewish leadership">Leadership</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebbe" title="Rebbe">Rebbe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_marriage" title="Jewish views on marriage">Marriage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divorce_in_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Divorce in Judaism">Divorce</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_music" title="Jewish music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_mythology" title="Jewish mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_name" title="Jewish name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_political_movements" title="Jewish political movements">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_prayer" title="Jewish prayer">Prayer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazzan" title="Hazzan">Hazzan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_symbolism" title="Jewish symbolism">Symbolism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_studies" title="Jewish studies">Studies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Jewish_History" title="Center for Jewish History">Center for Jewish History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_Historical_Society" title="American Jewish Historical Society">American Jewish Historical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sephardi_Federation" title="American Sephardi Federation">American Sephardi Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Baeck_Institute_New_York" title="Leo Baeck Institute New York">Leo Baeck Institute New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshiva_University_Museum" title="Yeshiva University Museum">Yeshiva University Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YIVO" title="YIVO">YIVO Institute for Jewish Research</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_of_Contemporary_Jewish_Documentation" title="Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation">Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Judaica" title="Encyclopaedia Judaica">Encyclopaedia Judaica</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic studies on Jews">Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jew_(word)" title="Jew (word)">Jew (word)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="The Jewish Encyclopedia">Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Virtual_Library" title="Jewish Virtual Library">Jewish Virtual Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Israel" title="National Library of Israel">National Library of Israel</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_YIVO_Encyclopedia_of_Jews_in_Eastern_Europe" title="The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe">YIVO Encyclopedia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_the_Holocaust" title="Encyclopedia of the Holocaust">Encyclopedia of the Holocaust</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust Encyclopedia">Holocaust Encyclopedia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_other_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism and other religions">Relations with other religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Christianity and Judaism">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptist%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Anabaptist–Jewish relations">Anabaptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Judaism" title="Catholic Church and Judaism">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_Mormonism" title="Judaism and Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_and_Judaism" title="Protestantism and Judaism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_and_Christmas" title="Jews and Christmas">Jews and Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_and_Halloween" title="Jews and Halloween">Jews and Halloween</a></li></ul></li> <li>non-Christian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism and Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Islamic–Jewish relations">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism">Hinduism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Jews_and_Judaism" title="Category:Jews and Judaism">Category</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/14px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/21px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/28px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Judaism" title="Portal:Judaism">Judaism portal</a></b></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Names_of_God335" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Names_of_God" title="Template:Names of God"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Names_of_God" title="Template talk:Names of God"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Names_of_God" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Names of God"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Names_of_God335" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God" title="Names of God">Names of God</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sahasranama" title="Sahasranama">In Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/101_Names_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="101 Names of God">In Zoroastrianism</a></li> <li>Abrahamic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_names_for_the_God_of_Abrahamic_religions" title="Chinese names for the God of Abrahamic religions">In Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Names of God in Christianity">In Christianity</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">In Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Islam" title="Names of God in Islam">In Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayyi_Rabbi#Names" title="Hayyi Rabbi">In Mandaeism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adon" title="Adon">Adonai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Ahura Mazda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khuda" title="Khuda">Khuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvardigar" title="Parvardigar">Parvardigar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amun" title="Amun">Amun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aten" title="Aten">Aten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atum" title="Atum">Atum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathala" title="Bathala">Bathala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavan" title="Bhagavan">Bhagavan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahadevi" title="Mahadevi">Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Deva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiranyagarbha" title="Hiranyagarbha">Hiranyagarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasadiya_Sukta" title="Nasadiya Sukta">Tad Ekam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purusha" title="Purusha">Purusha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svayam_Bhagavan" title="Svayam Bhagavan">Svayam Bhagavan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cao_%C4%90%C3%A0i" class="mw-redirect" title="Cao Đài">Cao Đài</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukwu" title="Chukwu">Chukwu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deus" title="Deus">Deus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devla" title="Devla">Devla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ein_Sof" title="Ein Sof">Ein Sof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_(deity)" title="El (deity)">El</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elohim" title="Elohim">Elohim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elyon" title="Elyon">El Elyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Shaddai" title="El Shaddai">El Shaddai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">God the Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Son" title="God the Son">God the Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">God the Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Spirit" title="Great Spirit">Great Spirit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manitou" title="Manitou">Manitou</a>/<a href="/wiki/Gitche_Manitou" title="Gitche Manitou">Gitche Manitou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakan_Tanka" title="Wakan Tanka">Wakan Tanka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haneunim" title="Haneunim">Haneunim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayyi_Rabbi" title="Hayyi Rabbi">Hayyi Rabbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huwa" title="Huwa">Huwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyang" title="Hyang">Hyang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acintya" title="Acintya">Acintya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanghyang_Adi_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanghyang Adi Buddha">Sanghyang Adi Buddha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypsistos" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypsistos">Hypsistos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_Am_that_I_Am" title="I Am that I Am">I Am that I Am</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahbulon" title="Jahbulon">Jahbulon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_SubGenius" title="Church of the SubGenius">Jehovah 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kami" title="Kami">Kami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawu" title="Mawu">Mawu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulungu" title="Mulungu">Mulungu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngai" title="Ngai">Ngai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyame" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyame">Nyame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nzambi_a_Mpungu" title="Nzambi a Mpungu">Nzambi a Mpungu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olodumare" class="mw-redirect" title="Olodumare">Olodumare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E1%BB%8Cl%E1%BB%8Drun" title="Ọlọrun">Ọlọrun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olofi" class="mw-redirect" title="Olofi">Olofi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osanobua" title="Osanobua">Osanobua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_(Chinese_religion)" title="Shen (Chinese religion)">Shen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shangdi" title="Shangdi">Shangdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tian" title="Tian">Tian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tianzhu_(Chinese_name_of_God)" title="Tianzhu (Chinese name of God)">Tianzhu</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sol_Invictus" title="Sol Invictus">Sol Invictus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elagabalus_(deity)" title="Elagabalus (deity)">Elagabalus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Tenrikyo" title="God in Tenrikyo">Tenri-Ō-no-Mikoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plotinus#The_One" title="Plotinus">The One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umvelinqangi" title="Umvelinqangi">Umvelinqangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unkulunkulu" title="Unkulunkulu">Unkulunkulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waheguru" title="Waheguru">Waheguru</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ik_Onkar" title="Ik Onkar">Ik Onkar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetragrammaton" title="Tetragrammaton">YHWH</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah" title="Jehovah">Jehovah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jah" title="Jah">Jah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Theology115" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Theology" title="Template:Theology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Theology" title="Template talk:Theology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Theology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Theology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Theology115" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Conceptions_of_God115" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Conceptions_of_God" title="Conceptions of God">Conceptions of God</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dystheism" title="Dystheism">Dystheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathenotheism" title="Kathenotheism">Kathenotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontheism" title="Nontheism">Nontheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monolatry" title="Monolatry">Monolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urmonotheismus" title="Urmonotheismus">Urmonotheismus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandeism" title="Pandeism">Pandeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polydeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theistic_finitism" title="Theistic finitism">Theistic finitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theopanism" title="Theopanism">Theopanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">Deity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divinity" title="Divinity">Divinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_of_God" title="Gender of God">Gender of God</a> <i>and gods</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goddess" title="Goddess">Goddess</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numen" title="Numen">Numen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">Singular god</a><br />theologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By faith</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Abrahamic_religions" title="God in Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_the_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="God in the Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Hinduism" title="God in Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Jainism" title="God in Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Sikhism" title="God in Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Tenrikyo" title="God in Tenrikyo">Tenrikyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_(philosophy)" title="Absolute (philosophy)">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanationism" title="Emanationism">Emanationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logos" title="Logos">Logos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">Supreme Being</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">God as</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Sustainer" title="God the Sustainer">Sustainer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurvanism" title="Zurvanism">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good" title="Good">Good</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Ahura Mazda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Father_of_Greatness" title="Father of Greatness">Father of Greatness</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinitarianism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athanasian_Creed" title="Athanasian Creed">Athanasian Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannine_Comma" title="Johannine Comma">Comma Johanneum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consubstantiality" title="Consubstantiality">Consubstantiality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homoousion" title="Homoousion">Homoousian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homoiousian" title="Homoiousian">Homoiousian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypostasis_(philosophy_and_religion)" title="Hypostasis (philosophy and religion)">Hypostasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perichoresis" title="Perichoresis">Perichoresis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shield_of_the_Trinity" title="Shield of the Trinity">Shield of the Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinitarian_formula" title="Trinitarian formula">Trinitarian formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinitarianism_in_the_Church_Fathers" title="Trinitarianism in the Church Fathers">Trinity of the Church Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinitarian_universalism" title="Trinitarian universalism">Trinitarian universalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">Eschatology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">Afterlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypticism" title="Apocalypticism">Apocalypticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fate_of_the_unlearned" title="Fate of the unlearned">Fate of the unlearned</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fitra" title="Fitra">Fitra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">Heaven</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">Hell</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="By_religion11" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_eschatology" title="Buddhist eschatology">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_eschatology" title="Hindu eschatology">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Incantations_Scripture" title="Divine Incantations Scripture">Taoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frashokereti" title="Frashokereti">Zoroastrian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Feminist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Buddhism" title="Women in Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_feminism" title="Christian feminism">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Hinduism" title="Women in Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_women" title="Mormonism and women">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess" title="Goddess">Goddesses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attributes_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Attributes of God in Christianity">Attributes of God in Christianity</a> / <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">in Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binitarianism" title="Binitarianism">Binitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demiurge" title="Demiurge">Demiurge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_simplicity" title="Divine simplicity">Divine simplicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_presence" title="Divine presence">Divine presence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egotheism" title="Egotheism">Egotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exotheology" title="Exotheology">Exotheology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_hermeneutics" title="Theological hermeneutics">Hermeneutics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_theology" title="Holocaust theology">Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godhead_in_Christianity" title="Godhead in Christianity">Godhead in Christianity</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/God_in_Mormonism" title="God in Mormonism">Latter Day Saints</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Architect_of_the_Universe" title="Great Architect of the Universe">Great Architect of the Universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Spirit" title="Great Spirit">Great 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