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/></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>relies excessively on <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">references</a> to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">primary sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please improve this article by adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">secondary or tertiary sources</a>. <br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Political+Economy+Research+Institute%22">"Political Economy Research Institute"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Political+Economy+Research+Institute%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Political+Economy+Research+Institute%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Political+Economy+Research+Institute%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Political+Economy+Research+Institute%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Political+Economy+Research+Institute%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2012</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Political Economy Research Institute</b> (<b>PERI</b>) is an independent research unit at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Amherst" title="University of Massachusetts Amherst">University of Massachusetts Amherst</a>. According to its mission statement, it "...promotes human and ecological well-being through our original research". PERI was established in 1998 by co-directors <a href="/wiki/Robert_Pollin" title="Robert Pollin">Robert Pollin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Epstein" title="Gerald Epstein">Gerald Epstein</a>, both economists at the university. Funding for its foundation came from Pollin and his businessman father, Abe Pollin.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Toxic_100">Toxic 100</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_Economy_Research_Institute&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Toxic 100"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>PERI's Toxic 100 list includes one hundred <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> companies ranked by the amount of greenhouse gases, <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">air pollution</a> and water pollution produced and the relative toxicity of the pollutants, as determined by PERI at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Amherst" title="University of Massachusetts Amherst">University of Massachusetts Amherst</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Greenhouse 100 Index ranks companies by 2019 direct emissions from large sources. The top three companies are Vistra Energy, Duke Energy, and Southern Company, continuing a three-year period in which these were in the top three. They each released more than 85 million metric tons of CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub>-equivalent emissions. Together these three companies released 4 percent of all U.S. greenhouse gas emissions from all sources including non-energy sources. Rounding out the top 10 in the Greenhouse 100 are Berkshire Hathaway, American Electric Power, Xcel Energy, <a href="/wiki/Energy_Capital_Partners" title="Energy Capital Partners">Energy Capital Partners</a>, NextEra Energy, and Exxon Mobil, with the U.S. government ranking 6th. The Toxic 100 Air Polluters Index reports that the top 10 2019 companies in terms of total potential chronic human health risk are Boeing, LyondellBasell, Huntsman, Linde, BASF, Dow Inc., Celanese, Assa Abloy, Baker Hughes, and Eastman Chemical. The Toxic 100 Water Polluters Index ranks the pounds of toxics released into surface water or sent to water-treatment systems, adjusted for chemical toxicity. Northrop Grumman, Dow Inc., LyondellBasell, Celanese, and Canopus International top the Toxic 100 Water Index for 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Toxic 100 air pollution scores are calculated by the formula: </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Emissions <b>x</b> Toxicity <b>x</b> Population Exposure</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>Emissions are measured in millions of pounds. Population exposure is based on the proximity of nearby residents, and factors such as prevailing winds and height of smokestacks. Toxicity is calculated from the Risk-Screening Environmental Indicators by the <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Protection_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental Protection Agency">Environmental Protection Agency</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_Economy_Research_Institute&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output 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rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2013/04/24/inside-the-offbeat-economics-department-that-debunked-reinhart-rogoff/">"Inside the offbeat economics department that debunked Reinhart-Rogoff"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Inside+the+offbeat+economics+department+that+debunked+Reinhart-Rogoff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fwonk%2Fwp%2F2013%2F04%2F24%2Finside-the-offbeat-economics-department-that-debunked-reinhart-rogoff%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+Economy+Research+Institute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.peri.umass.edu/top-100-polluter-indexes">"Top 100 Polluter Indexes"</a>. <i>Political Economic Research Institute</i>. University of Massachusetts. 21 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 8,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Political+Economic+Research+Institute&rft.atitle=Top+100+Polluter+Indexes&rft.date=2015-04-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.peri.umass.edu%2Ftop-100-polluter-indexes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+Economy+Research+Institute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://peri.umass.edu/publication/item/1560-toxic-100-names-top-climate-air-and-water-polluters-2021">"PERI - Toxic 100 Names Top Climate, Air, and Water Polluters-2021"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PERI+-+Toxic+100+Names+Top+Climate%2C+Air%2C+and+Water+Polluters-2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fperi.umass.edu%2Fpublication%2Fitem%2F1560-toxic-100-names-top-climate-air-and-water-polluters-2021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+Economy+Research+Institute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_Economy_Research_Institute&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.peri.umass.edu/toxic-100-air-polluters-index-current">Toxic 100 Air Polluters</a> at the Political Economy Research Institute <sup id="cite_ref-4" 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