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mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Cities of Japan</span></h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Cities_of_Japan" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Cities_of_Japan" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--language"></span> <span>Language</span> </a> </li> <li 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class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <p>A <b>city</b><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">市</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">shi</i></span><span style="margin-left:.09em">)</span></span> is a local <a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">administrative</a> unit in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>. Cities are ranked on the same level as <a href="/wiki/Towns_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Towns of Japan">towns</a><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">町</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">machi</i></span><span style="margin-left:.09em">)</span></span> and <a href="/wiki/Villages_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Villages of Japan">villages</a><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">村</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">mura</i></span>)</span>, with the difference that they are not a component of <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Japan" title="Districts of Japan">districts</a><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">郡</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">gun</i></span>)</span>. Like other contemporary administrative units, they are defined by the <a href="/wiki/Local_Autonomy_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Local Autonomy Law">Local Autonomy Law</a> of 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japan_cities.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Japan_cities.png/220px-Japan_cities.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Japan_cities.png/330px-Japan_cities.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Japan_cities.png/440px-Japan_cities.png 2x" data-file-width="983" data-file-height="1018"></a><figcaption>Cities of Japan (without Hokkaido and Okinawa)</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#City_status"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">City status</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Classifications_for_large_cities"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Classifications for large cities</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Status_of_Tokyo"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Status of Tokyo</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="City_status">City status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cities_of_Japan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: City status" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>Article 8 of the Local Autonomy Law sets the following conditions for a municipality to be designated as a city: </p> <ul><li>Population must generally be 50,000 or greater (原則として人口5万人以上)</li> <li>At least 60% of households must be established in a central urban area (中心市街地の戸数が全戸数の6割以上)</li> <li>At least 60% of households must be employed in commerce, industry or other urban occupations (商工業等の都市的業態に従事する世帯人口が全人口の6割以上)</li> <li>Any other conditions set by prefectural ordinance must be satisfied (他に当該都道府県の条例で定める要件を満たしていること)</li></ul> <p>The designation is approved by the prefectural governor and the <a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Internal_Affairs_and_Communications" title="Minister for Internal Affairs and Communications">Minister for Internal Affairs and Communications</a>. </p><p>A city can theoretically be demoted to a town or village when it fails to meet any of these conditions, but such a demotion has not happened to date. The least populous city, <a href="/wiki/Utashinai,_Hokkaido" class="mw-redirect" title="Utashinai, Hokkaido">Utashinai, Hokkaido</a>, has a population of three thousand, while a town in the same prefecture, <a href="/wiki/Otofuke,_Hokkaido" title="Otofuke, Hokkaido">Otofuke, Hokkaido</a>, has over forty thousand. </p><p>Under the Act on Special Provisions concerning Merger of Municipalities<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">市町村の合併の特例等に関する法律</span></span>, Act No. 59 of 2004)</span>, the standard of 50,000 inhabitants for the city status has been eased to 30,000 if such population is gained as a result of a <a href="/wiki/Merger_and_dissolution_of_municipalities_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Merger and dissolution of municipalities of Japan">merger of towns and/or villages</a>, in order to facilitate such mergers to reduce administrative costs. Many municipalities gained city status under this eased standard. On the other hand, the municipalities recently gained the city status purely as a result of increase of population without expansion of area are limited to those listed in <a href="/wiki/List_of_former_towns_or_villages_gained_city_status_alone_in_Japan" title="List of former towns or villages gained city status alone in Japan">List of former towns or villages gained city status alone in Japan</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classifications_for_large_cities">Classifications for large cities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cities_of_Japan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Classifications for large cities" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Japan" title="Cabinet of Japan">Cabinet of Japan</a> can designate cities of at least 200,000 inhabitants to have the status of <a href="/wiki/Core_cities_of_Japan" title="Core cities of Japan">core city</a>, or <a href="/wiki/City_designated_by_government_ordinance_(Japan)" class="mw-redirect" title="City designated by government ordinance (Japan)">designated city</a>. These statuses expand the scope of administrative authority delegated from the prefectural government to the city government. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Status_of_Tokyo">Status of Tokyo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cities_of_Japan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Status of Tokyo" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p><a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>, Japan's capital, <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_City" title="Tokyo City">existed as a city</a> until 1943, but is now legally classified as a special type of <a href="/wiki/Prefectures_of_Japan" title="Prefectures of Japan">prefecture</a> called a metropolis<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">都</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn"><i>to</i></i></span>)</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 23 <a href="/wiki/Special_wards_of_Tokyo" title="Special wards of Tokyo">special wards of Tokyo</a>, which constitute the core of the Tokyo metropolitan area, each have an administrative status analogous to that of cities. Tokyo also has several other incorporated cities, towns and villages within its jurisdiction. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cities_of_Japan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p>Cities were introduced under the "city code" (<i>shisei</i>, 市制) of 1888<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> during the "Great Meiji mergers" (<i>Meiji no daigappei</i>, 明治の大合併) of 1889. The <i>-shi</i> replaced the previous <b>urban districts</b>/"wards/cities" <i>(-ku)</i> that had existed as primary subdivisions of prefectures besides <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Japan" title="Districts of Japan">rural districts <i>(-gun)</i></a> since 1878. Initially, there were 39 cities in 1889: only one in most prefectures, two in a few (Yamagata, Toyama, Osaka, Hyōgo, Fukuoka), and none in some – Miyazaki became the last prefecture to contain its first city in 1924. In <a href="/wiki/Okinawa_Prefecture" title="Okinawa Prefecture">Okinawa</a>-ken and Hokkai-dō which were not yet fully equal prefectures in the Empire, major urban settlements remained organized as urban districts until the 1920s: Naha-ku and Shuri-ku, the two urban districts of Okinawa were only turned into <a href="/wiki/Naha" title="Naha">Naha</a>-shi and Shuri-shi in May 1921, and six -ku of <a href="/wiki/Hokkaid%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Hokkaidō">Hokkaidō</a> were converted into district-independent cities in August 1922. </p><p>By 1945, the number of cities countrywide had increased to 205. After <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">WWII</a>, their number almost doubled during the "great Shōwa mergers" of the 1950s and continued to grow so that it surpassed the number of towns in the early 21st century (see the <a href="/wiki/List_of_mergers_and_dissolutions_of_municipalities_in_Japan" title="List of mergers and dissolutions of municipalities in Japan">List of mergers and dissolutions of municipalities in Japan</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of October 1 2018, there are 792 cities of Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cities_of_Japan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_division" title="Administrative division">Administrative division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">Urban area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Japan" title="List of cities in Japan">List of cities in Japan</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cities_of_Japan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_and_Communications" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications">Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications</a>, e-gov database of legal texts: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S22/S22HO067.html">Chihōjichihō</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050205041444/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S22/S22HO067.html">Archived</a> 2005-02-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(Japan)" title="Ministry of Justice (Japan)">Ministry of Justice</a>, Japanese Law Translation Database System: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.japaneselawtranslation.go.jp/law/detail/?id=281&vm=04&re=02&new=1">Local Autonomy Act</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.japan-guide.com/e/e2164.html">"Tokyo - City Guide"</a>. <i>japan-guide</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=japan-guide&rft.atitle=Tokyo+-+City+Guide&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.japan-guide.com%2Fe%2Fe2164.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACities+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/National_Diet_Library" title="National Diet Library">National Diet Library</a> <i>Nihon hōrei sakuin</i> (日本法令索引, "Index of Japanese laws and ordinances"): Entry 市制, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hourei.ndl.go.jp/SearchSys/viewEnkaku.do?i=VdRVGjA%2fjO0qXmnVFbt%2fhA%3d%3d">List of changes to the law and deliberative histories in the Imperial Diet of the laws that changed it</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190917003300/http://hourei.ndl.go.jp/SearchSys/viewEnkaku.do?i=VdRVGjA%2fjO0qXmnVFbt%2fhA%3d%3d">Archived</a> 2019-09-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (no legislative history of the <i>shisei</i> itself as the law was decreed by the government in 1888 before the Imperial constitution took effect in 1890), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hourei.ndl.go.jp/SearchSys/viewKaisei.do?i=VdRVGjA%2fjO0qXmnVFbt%2fhA%3d%3d">List of other laws changed by it</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190917003256/http://hourei.ndl.go.jp/SearchSys/viewKaisei.do?i=VdRVGjA%2fjO0qXmnVFbt%2fhA%3d%3d">Archived</a> 2019-09-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> & entry for the revised 市制 of 1911, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hourei.ndl.go.jp/SearchSys/viewShingi.do?i=002712042">Legislative history of the bill in the Imperial Diet</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190917003301/http://hourei.ndl.go.jp/SearchSys/viewShingi.do?i=002712042">Archived</a> 2019-09-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hourei.ndl.go.jp/SearchSys/viewEnkaku.do?i=VdRVGjA%2fjO0qXmnVFbt%2fhA%3d%3d">Laws changing/abolishing it</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190917003300/http://hourei.ndl.go.jp/SearchSys/viewEnkaku.do?i=VdRVGjA%2fjO0qXmnVFbt%2fhA%3d%3d">Archived</a> 2019-09-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hourei.ndl.go.jp/SearchSys/viewKaisei.do?i=HbsEQLPcvsOqCRYtxyybwA%3d%3d">Laws changed by it</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190917003256/http://hourei.ndl.go.jp/SearchSys/viewKaisei.do?i=HbsEQLPcvsOqCRYtxyybwA%3d%3d">Archived</a> 2019-09-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MIC: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soumu.go.jp/gapei/gapei2.html">Timeline of number of municipalities since the Great Meiji mergers</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mayors.or.jp/">Zenkoku shichōkai (全国市長会; nationwide association of city and special ward mayors)</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cities_of_Japan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.citymayors.com/mayors/japanese-mayors.html">Directory of current Japanese city leaders and outline of system (2012)</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobs2011" class="citation journal cs1">Jacobs, A. J. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1155%2F2011%2F692764">"Japan's Evolving Nested Municipal Hierarchy: The Race for Local Power in the 2000s"</a>. <i>Urban Studies Research</i>. <b>2011</b>: 1–14. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1155%2F2011%2F692764">10.1155/2011/692764</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Urban+Studies+Research&rft.atitle=Japan%27s+Evolving+Nested+Municipal+Hierarchy%3A+The+Race+for+Local+Power+in+the+2000s&rft.volume=2011&rft.pages=1-14&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1155%2F2011%2F692764&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=A.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1155%252F2011%252F692764&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACities+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www3.grips.ac.jp/~coslog/activity/01/04/file/Bunyabetsu-20_en.pdf">"Large City System of Japan"; graphic shows Japanese city types at p. 1 [PDF 7 of 40]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190917003255/http://www3.grips.ac.jp/~coslog/activity/01/04/file/Bunyabetsu-20_en.pdf">Archived</a> 2019-09-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output 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data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cities_of_Japan&oldid=1243065336">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cities_of_Japan&oldid=1243065336</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Cities_of_Japan&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="Onel5969" data-user-gender="male" data-timestamp="1725008183"> <span>Last edited on 30 August 2024, at 08:56</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="مدن اليابان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مدن اليابان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciudaes_de_Xap%C3%B3n" title="Ciudaes de Xapón – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ciudaes de Xapón" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaponiya_%C5%9F%C9%99h%C9%99rl%C9%99rinin_siyah%C4%B1s%C4%B1" title="Yaponiya şəhərlərinin siyahısı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yaponiya şəhərlərinin siyahısı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%96" title="Гарады Японіі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гарады Японіі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciutats_del_Jap%C3%B3" title="Ciutats del Japó – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ciutats del Japó" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shi_(Japan)" title="Shi (Japan) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Shi (Japan)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciudades_de_Jap%C3%B3n" title="Ciudades de Japón – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ciudades de Japón" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urboj_de_Japanio" title="Urboj de Japanio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Urboj de Japanio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DA%98%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%86" title="شهرهای ژاپن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شهرهای ژاپن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ville_(Japon)" title="Ville (Japon) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ville (Japon)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathracha_na_Seap%C3%A1ine" title="Cathracha na Seapáine – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cathracha na Seapáine" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%83%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ճապոնիայի քաղաքներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ճապոնիայի քաղաքներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagiti_siudad_ti_Hapon" title="Dagiti siudad ti Hapon – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Dagiti siudad ti Hapon" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota_(Jepang)" title="Kota (Jepang) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kota (Jepang)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titolo_di_citt%C3%A0_in_Giappone" title="Titolo di città in Giappone – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Titolo di città in Giappone" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ding_lakanbalen_ning_Hapon" title="Ding lakanbalen ning Hapon – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Ding lakanbalen ning Hapon" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Жапония қалалары – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жапония қалалары" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miestas_(Japonija)" title="Miestas (Japonija) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Miestas (Japonija)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%88%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Список на градови во Јапонија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Список на градови во Јапонија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A6%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="იაპონიაშ ნოღეფიშ ერკებული – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="იაპონიაშ ნოღეფიშ ერკებული" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandar-Bandar_di_Jepun" title="Bandar-Bandar di Jepun – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bandar-Bandar di Jepun" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota_(Japang)" title="Kota (Japang) – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Kota (Japang)" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%82_(%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC)" title="市 (日本) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="市 (日本)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vila_(Japon)" title="Vila (Japon) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Vila (Japon)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%B0_%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%B0_%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%82%E0%AC%B9" title="ଜାପାନର ସହର ସମୂହ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଜାପାନର ସହର ସମୂହ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipiile_Japoniei" title="Municipiile Japoniei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Municipiile Japoniei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Города Японии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Города Японии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceeties_o_Japan" title="Ceeties o Japan – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Ceeties o Japan" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%9A_%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%BB" title="ජපානයේ නගර – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ජපානයේ නගර" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cities_of_Japan" title="Cities of Japan – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Cities of Japan" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ve%C4%BEk%C3%A9_mesto_(Japonsko)" title="Veľké mesto (Japonsko) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Veľké mesto (Japonsko)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota-kota_Jepang" title="Kota-kota Jepang – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Kota-kota Jepang" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99" title="นครของประเทศญี่ปุ่น – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="นครของประเทศญี่ปุ่น" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japonya%27n%C4%B1n_%C5%9Fehirleri" title="Japonya'nın şehirleri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Japonya'nın şehirleri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%97" title="Міста Японії – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Міста Японії" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B4%DB%81%D8%B1" title="جاپانی شہر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جاپانی شہر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A0nh_ph%E1%BB%91_c%E1%BB%A7a_Nh%E1%BA%ADt_B%E1%BA%A3n" title="Thành phố của Nhật Bản – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thành phố của Nhật Bản" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 30 August 2024, at 08:56<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" 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