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href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Tokyo" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> Watch </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Tokyo&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Japanese capital and metropolis. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Tokyo (disambiguation)">Tokyo (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style>Tokyo,<a href="#cite_note-9">[a]</a> officially the Tokyo Metropolis,<a href="#cite_note-10">[b]</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Capital_of_Japan" title="Capital of Japan">capital</a> of <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>. With a population of over 14 million residents within the <a href="/wiki/City_proper" title="City proper">city proper</a> as of 2023, it is <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities" title="List of largest cities">one of the most populous urban areas in the world</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Greater_Tokyo_Area" title="Greater Tokyo Area">Greater Tokyo Area</a>, which includes Tokyo and parts of six neighboring <a href="/wiki/Prefectures_of_Japan" title="Prefectures of Japan">prefectures</a>, is the most-populous metropolitan area in the world, with 41 million residents as of 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tokyo&action=edit">[update]</a>. <table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Tokyo</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native">東京都</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capital city</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prefectures_of_Japan" title="Prefectures of Japan">Metropolis</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow ib-settlement-official"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Tokyo Metropolis</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div style="height:153px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Skyscrapers_of_Shinjuku_2009_January.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Skyscrapers_of_Shinjuku_2009_January.jpg/288px-Skyscrapers_of_Shinjuku_2009_January.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Skyscrapers_of_Shinjuku_2009_January.jpg/432px-Skyscrapers_of_Shinjuku_2009_January.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Skyscrapers_of_Shinjuku_2009_January.jpg/576px-Skyscrapers_of_Shinjuku_2009_January.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1364"></a></div><div><a href="/wiki/Nishi-Shinjuku" title="Nishi-Shinjuku">Nishi-Shinjuku</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Fuji" title="Mount Fuji">Mount Fuji</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:66px;max-width:66px"><div style="height:113px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Tokyo_Skytree_at_night_(Iki)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Tokyo_Skytree_at_night_%28Iki%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/64px-Tokyo_Skytree_at_night_%28Iki%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="64" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Tokyo_Skytree_at_night_%28Iki%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/96px-Tokyo_Skytree_at_night_%28Iki%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Tokyo_Skytree_at_night_%28Iki%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/128px-Tokyo_Skytree_at_night_%28Iki%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2649" data-file-height="4705"></a></div><div><a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Skytree" title="Tokyo Skytree">Tokyo Skytree</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:161px;max-width:161px"><div style="height:113px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:2019-09-05_Rainbow_bridge,_view_from_Daibo_park,_Tokyo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/2019-09-05_Rainbow_bridge%2C_view_from_Daibo_park%2C_Tokyo.jpg/159px-2019-09-05_Rainbow_bridge%2C_view_from_Daibo_park%2C_Tokyo.jpg" decoding="async" width="159" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/2019-09-05_Rainbow_bridge%2C_view_from_Daibo_park%2C_Tokyo.jpg/239px-2019-09-05_Rainbow_bridge%2C_view_from_Daibo_park%2C_Tokyo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/2019-09-05_Rainbow_bridge%2C_view_from_Daibo_park%2C_Tokyo.jpg/318px-2019-09-05_Rainbow_bridge%2C_view_from_Daibo_park%2C_Tokyo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5413" data-file-height="3869"></a></div><div><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Bridge_(Tokyo)" title="Rainbow Bridge (Tokyo)">Rainbow Bridge</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:59px;max-width:59px"><div style="height:113px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:TaroTokyo20110213-TokyoTower-01min.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/TaroTokyo20110213-TokyoTower-01min.jpg/57px-TaroTokyo20110213-TokyoTower-01min.jpg" decoding="async" width="57" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/TaroTokyo20110213-TokyoTower-01min.jpg/86px-TaroTokyo20110213-TokyoTower-01min.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/TaroTokyo20110213-TokyoTower-01min.jpg/114px-TaroTokyo20110213-TokyoTower-01min.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="1207"></a></div><div><a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Tower" title="Tokyo Tower">Tokyo Tower</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:139px;max-width:139px"><div style="height:91px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Tokyo_Shibuya_Scramble_Crossing_2018-10-09.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Tokyo_Shibuya_Scramble_Crossing_2018-10-09.jpg/137px-Tokyo_Shibuya_Scramble_Crossing_2018-10-09.jpg" decoding="async" width="137" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Tokyo_Shibuya_Scramble_Crossing_2018-10-09.jpg/206px-Tokyo_Shibuya_Scramble_Crossing_2018-10-09.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Tokyo_Shibuya_Scramble_Crossing_2018-10-09.jpg/274px-Tokyo_Shibuya_Scramble_Crossing_2018-10-09.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5853" data-file-height="3902"></a></div><div><a href="/wiki/Shibuya_Crossing" title="Shibuya Crossing">Shibuya Crossing</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:149px;max-width:149px"><div style="height:91px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Diet_Building_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/National_Diet_Building_02.jpg/147px-National_Diet_Building_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="147" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/National_Diet_Building_02.jpg/221px-National_Diet_Building_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/National_Diet_Building_02.jpg/294px-National_Diet_Building_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1543"></a></div><div><a href="/wiki/National_Diet_Building" title="National Diet Building">National Diet Building</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:146px;max-width:146px"><div style="height:93px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:024_Seimon_Ishibashi_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/024_Seimon_Ishibashi_2.jpg/144px-024_Seimon_Ishibashi_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="144" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/024_Seimon_Ishibashi_2.jpg/216px-024_Seimon_Ishibashi_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/024_Seimon_Ishibashi_2.jpg/288px-024_Seimon_Ishibashi_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1616"></a></div><div><a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Imperial_Palace" title="Tokyo Imperial Palace">Tokyo Imperial Palace</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:142px;max-width:142px"><div style="height:93px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Tokyo-STA_Marunouchi-Entrance_2023.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Tokyo-STA_Marunouchi-Entrance_2023.jpg/140px-Tokyo-STA_Marunouchi-Entrance_2023.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Tokyo-STA_Marunouchi-Entrance_2023.jpg/210px-Tokyo-STA_Marunouchi-Entrance_2023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Tokyo-STA_Marunouchi-Entrance_2023.jpg/280px-Tokyo-STA_Marunouchi-Entrance_2023.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5395" data-file-height="3597"></a></div><div><a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Station" title="Tokyo Station">Tokyo Station</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Tokyo_Metropolis.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Tokyo"><img alt="Flag of Tokyo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_Tokyo_Metropolis.svg/100px-Flag_of_Tokyo_Metropolis.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_Tokyo_Metropolis.svg/150px-Flag_of_Tokyo_Metropolis.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_Tokyo_Metropolis.svg/200px-Flag_of_Tokyo_Metropolis.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Tokyo#As_a_flag" title="Symbols of Tokyo">Flag</a></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_of_Tokyo_Metropolis.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official seal of Tokyo"><img alt="Official seal of Tokyo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Symbol_of_Tokyo_Metropolis.svg/100px-Symbol_of_Tokyo_Metropolis.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Symbol_of_Tokyo_Metropolis.svg/150px-Symbol_of_Tokyo_Metropolis.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Symbol_of_Tokyo_Metropolis.svg/200px-Symbol_of_Tokyo_Metropolis.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500"></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Tokyo#Metropolitan_symbol" title="Symbols of Tokyo">Seal</a></div></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Tokyo_Metropolis.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official logo of Tokyo"><img alt="Official logo of Tokyo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Emblem_of_Tokyo_Metropolis.svg/80px-Emblem_of_Tokyo_Metropolis.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Emblem_of_Tokyo_Metropolis.svg/120px-Emblem_of_Tokyo_Metropolis.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Emblem_of_Tokyo_Metropolis.svg/160px-Emblem_of_Tokyo_Metropolis.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="600"></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Tokyo" class="mw-redirect" title="Emblem of Tokyo">Emblem</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nicknames: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">The Big <a href="/wiki/Mikan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikan">Mikan</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Anthem: "Tokyo Metropolitan Song" (東京都歌, Tōkyō-to Ka)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 300px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="300" data-height="200" data-zoom="8" data-lat="35.68" data-lon="139.41" data-overlays='["_a5ac78316acb3ce528070585824e3c65cae30b9f"]' href="/wiki/Special:Map/8/35.68/139.41/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,8,35.68,139.41,300x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Tokyo&revid=1260750543&groups=_a5ac78316acb3ce528070585824e3c65cae30b9f" width="300" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,8,35.68,139.41,300x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Tokyo&revid=1260750543&groups=_a5ac78316acb3ce528070585824e3c65cae30b9f 2x" alt="Map"></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Interactive map outlining Tokyo</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Tokyo_in_Japan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location within Japan"><img alt="Location within Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Tokyo_in_Japan.svg/300px-Tokyo_in_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Tokyo_in_Japan.svg/450px-Tokyo_in_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Tokyo_in_Japan.svg/600px-Tokyo_in_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="413" data-file-height="373"></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Location within Japan</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tokyo&params=35_41_N_139_46_E_type:adm1st_region:JP-13">35°41′N 139°46′E / 35.683°N 139.767°E / 35.683; 139.767</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Japan" title="List of regions of Japan">Region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kant%C5%8D_region" title="Kantō region">Kantō</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Japan" title="List of islands of Japan">Island</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Honshu" title="Honshu">Honshu</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_capitals_in_Japan" title="List of capitals in Japan">Capital</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Special_wards_of_Tokyo" title="Special wards of Tokyo">Tokyo</a> (de facto; de jure: <a href="/wiki/Shinjuku" title="Shinjuku">Shinjuku</a>)<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Divisions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Special_wards_of_Tokyo" title="Special wards of Tokyo">23 special wards</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Tokyo_Metropolis_by_population" title="List of cities in Tokyo Metropolis by population">26 cities</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nishitama_District,_Tokyo" title="Nishitama District, Tokyo">1 district</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Subprefectures_of_Japan" title="Subprefectures of Japan">4 subprefectures</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Body</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Metropolitan_Government" title="Tokyo Metropolitan Government">Tokyo Metropolitan Government</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Tokyo_Metropolis" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Tokyo Metropolis">Governor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yuriko_Koike" title="Yuriko Koike">Yuriko Koike</a> (<a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">indp.</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Japan)" title="House of Representatives (Japan)">Representatives</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tokyo%27s_Diet_electoral_districts#House_of_Representatives" title="Tokyo's Diet electoral districts">42</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/House_of_Councillors_(Japan)" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Councillors (Japan)">Councilors</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tokyo%27s_Diet_electoral_districts#House_of_Councillors" title="Tokyo's Diet electoral districts">11</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,194 km2 (847 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">13,452 km2 (5,194 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Prefectures_of_Japan" title="Prefectures of Japan">45th in Japan</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,017 m (6,617 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Lowest elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">0 m (0 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (2024)<a href="#cite_note-www.toukei.metro.tokyo.lg.jp-5">[5]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">14,187,176</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Japan" title="List of cities in Japan">1st in Japan</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">6,363/km2 (16,480/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">Urban</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">39,105,000</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">41,000,000</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro density</th><td class="infobox-data">3,000/km2 (7,900/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Dialects<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tokyo_dialect" title="Tokyo dialect">Tokyo</a></li><li>Tama</li><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Izu_Archipelago_dialects" title="Northern Izu Archipelago dialects">Northern Izu Islands</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Tokyoite</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">GDP<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Total</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/JP%C2%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="JP¥">JP¥</a>109.692 trillion (<a href="/wiki/US%24" class="mw-redirect" title="US$">US$</a>1.027 trillion) (2020)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro</th><td class="infobox-data">JP¥222.129 trillion (US$2.084 trillion) (2020)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B09:00" title="UTC+09:00">UTC+09:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Japan_Standard_Time" title="Japan Standard Time">Japan Standard Time</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:JP" title="ISO 3166-2:JP">ISO 3166-2</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">JP-13</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Flower</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Prunus_%C3%97_yedoensis" title="Prunus × yedoensis">Yoshino cherry</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Tree</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ginkgo_biloba" title="Ginkgo biloba">Ginkgo</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Bird</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Black-headed_gull" title="Black-headed gull">Black-headed gull</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metro.tokyo.lg.jp/">metro.tokyo.lg.jp</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Located at the head of <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Bay" title="Tokyo Bay">Tokyo Bay</a>, Tokyo is part of the <a href="/wiki/Kant%C5%8D_region" title="Kantō region">Kantō region</a> on the central coast of <a href="/wiki/Honshu" title="Honshu">Honshu</a>, Japan's largest island. Tokyo serves as Japan's economic center and the seat of both the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Japan" title="Government of Japan">Japanese government</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">Emperor of Japan</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Metropolitan_Government" title="Tokyo Metropolitan Government">Tokyo Metropolitan Government</a> administers Tokyo's central <a href="/wiki/Special_wards_of_Tokyo" title="Special wards of Tokyo">23 special wards</a> (which formerly made up <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_City" title="Tokyo City">Tokyo City</a>), various commuter towns and suburbs in <a href="/wiki/Western_Tokyo" title="Western Tokyo">its western area</a>, and two outlying island chains known as the <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Islands" title="Tokyo Islands">Tokyo Islands</a>. Despite most of the world recognizing Tokyo as a city, since 1943 its governing structure has been more akin to a prefecture, with an accompanying <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Tokyo" title="Governor of Tokyo">Governor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Metropolitan_Assembly" title="Tokyo Metropolitan Assembly">Assembly</a> taking precedence over the smaller municipal governments which make up the metropolis. Notable special wards in Tokyo include <a href="/wiki/Chiyoda,_Tokyo" title="Chiyoda, Tokyo">Chiyoda</a>, the site of the <a href="/wiki/National_Diet_Building" title="National Diet Building">National Diet Building</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Imperial_Palace" title="Tokyo Imperial Palace">Tokyo Imperial Palace</a>; <a href="/wiki/Shinjuku" title="Shinjuku">Shinjuku</a>, the city's administrative center; and <a href="/wiki/Shibuya" title="Shibuya">Shibuya</a>, a commercial, cultural, and business hub in the city. Before the 17th century, Tokyo, then known as <a href="/wiki/Edo_(Tokyo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Edo (Tokyo)">Edo</a>, was mainly a fishing village. It gained political prominence in 1603 when it became the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Tokugawa shogunate</a>. By the mid-18th century, Edo was among the world's largest cities, with over a million residents. Following the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a> in 1868, the imperial capital in <a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a> was moved to Edo, and the city was renamed Tokyo (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> '<a href="/wiki/Capital_of_Japan" title="Capital of Japan">Eastern Capital</a>'). In 1923, Tokyo was damaged substantially by the <a href="/wiki/1923_Great_Kant%C5%8D_earthquake" title="1923 Great Kantō earthquake">Great Kantō earthquake</a>, and the city was later badly damaged by <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Tokyo" title="Bombing of Tokyo">allied bombing raids</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. Beginning in the late 1940s, Tokyo underwent rapid reconstruction and expansion that contributed to the era's so-called <a href="/wiki/Japanese_economic_miracle" title="Japanese economic miracle">Japanese economic miracle</a> in which <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Japan" title="Economy of Japan">Japan's economy</a> propelled to the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_past_and_projected_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by past and projected GDP (nominal)">second-largest in the world at the time</a> behind <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States" title="Economy of the United States">that of the United States</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[9]</a> As of 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tokyo&action=edit">[update]</a>, the city is home to 29 of the world's 500 largest companies, as listed in the annual <a href="/wiki/Fortune_Global_500" title="Fortune Global 500">Fortune Global 500</a>; the second-highest number of any city.<a href="#cite_note-12">[10]</a> In the 20th and 21st centuries, Tokyo became the first city in Asia to host the <a href="/wiki/Summer_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="Summer Olympics">Summer Olympics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Summer_Paralympics" class="mw-redirect" title="Summer Paralympics">Paralympics</a> in 1964, and again in 2021, and it also hosted three <a href="/wiki/G7" title="G7">G7</a> summits in 1979, 1986, and 1993. Tokyo is an international <a href="/wiki/Research_and_development_in_Japan" title="Research and development in Japan">research and development hub</a> and an academic center with <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Tokyo" title="List of universities in Tokyo">several major universities</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Tokyo" title="University of Tokyo">University of Tokyo</a>, the top-ranking university in the country.<a href="#cite_note-13">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[12]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Station" title="Tokyo Station">Tokyo Station</a> is the central hub for the <a href="/wiki/Shinkansen" title="Shinkansen">Shinkansen</a>, Japan's high-speed railway network, and <a href="/wiki/Shinjuku_Station" title="Shinjuku Station">Shinjuku Station</a> in Tokyo is the world's busiest train station. The city is home to the world's tallest tower, <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Skytree" title="Tokyo Skytree">Tokyo Skytree</a>.<a href="#cite_note-skytree-15">[13]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Metro_Ginza_Line" title="Tokyo Metro Ginza Line">Tokyo Metro Ginza Line</a>, which opened in 1927, is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_metro_systems" title="List of metro systems">oldest underground metro line</a> in <a href="/wiki/Asia%E2%80%93Pacific" title="Asia–Pacific">Asia–Pacific</a>.<a href="#cite_note-90th-2017-16">[14]</a> Tokyo's nominal gross domestic output was 113.7 trillion yen or US$1.04 trillion in FY2021 and accounted for 20.7% of the country's total economic output, which converts to 8.07 million yen or US$73,820 per capita.<a href="#cite_note-:3-17">[15]</a> Including the Greater Tokyo Area, Tokyo is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_by_GDP" title="List of cities by GDP">second-largest metropolitan economy in the world</a> after <a href="/wiki/New_York_metropolitan_area" title="New York metropolitan area">New York</a>, with a 2022 gross metropolitan product estimated at US$2.08 trillion.<a href="#cite_note-18">[16]</a> Although Tokyo's status as a leading global financial hub has diminished with the <a href="/wiki/Lost_Decades" title="Lost Decades">Lost Decades</a> since the 1990s—when the <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Stock_Exchange" title="Tokyo Stock Exchange">Tokyo Stock Exchange</a> (TSE) was the world's largest, with a market capitalization about 1.5 times that of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Stock_Exchange" title="New York Stock Exchange">NYSE</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-19">[17]</a>—the city is still a large financial hub, and the TSE remains among the <a href="/wiki/List_of_major_stock_exchanges" title="List of major stock exchanges">world's top five major stock exchanges</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NYCFintechAndFinancialCapitalWorld-20">[18]</a> Tokyo is categorized as an <a href="/wiki/Global_city" title="Global city">Alpha+ city</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Globalization_and_World_Cities_Research_Network" title="Globalization and World Cities Research Network">Globalization and World Cities Research Network</a>. The city is also recognized as one of the world's most livable ones; it was ranked fourth in the world in the 2021 edition of the <a href="/wiki/Global_Liveability_Ranking" title="Global Liveability Ranking">Global Livability Ranking</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[19]</a> Tokyo has also been ranked as the safest city in the world in multiple international surveys.<a href="#cite_note-22">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[24]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Etymology">1 Etymology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History">2 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Pre-Tokugawa_period">2.1 Pre-Tokugawa period</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#1590%E2%80%931869_(Tokugawa_period)">2.2 1590–1869 (Tokugawa period)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#1869%E2%80%931941">2.3 1869–1941</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#1942%E2%80%931945">2.4 1942–1945</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#1945%E2%80%931972">2.5 1945–1972</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#1973%E2%80%93present">2.6 1973–present</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Administration">3 Administration</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Local_government">3.1 Local government</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11"><a href="#Municipalities">3.1.1 Municipalities</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-12"><a href="#Environmental_policies">3.1.2 Environmental policies</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#National_government">3.2 National government</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Geography">4 Geography</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Climate">4.1 Climate</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Natural_disasters">4.2 Natural disasters</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-17"><a href="#Earthquakes">4.2.1 Earthquakes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-18"><a href="#Volcanic_eruptions">4.2.2 Volcanic eruptions</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-19"><a href="#Floods">4.2.3 Floods</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Architecture">4.3 Architecture</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-21"><a href="#Early_modern_(1407%E2%80%931868)">4.3.1 Early modern (1407–1868)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-22"><a href="#Modern_(1869%E2%80%931945)">4.3.2 Modern (1869–1945)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-23"><a href="#Contemporary_(1946%E2%80%93)">4.3.3 Contemporary (1946–)</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#Demographics">5 Demographics</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Age_structure_and_average_age">5.1 Age structure and average age</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Immigration">5.2 Immigration</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Dialects">5.3 Dialects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="#Economy">6 Economy</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Finance">6.1 Finance</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#Media_and_communications">6.2 Media and communications</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="#Tourism">6.3 Tourism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="#Agriculture,_fishery_and_forestry">6.4 Agriculture, fishery and forestry</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><a href="#Transportation">7 Transportation</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="#Rail">7.1 Rail</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-35"><a href="#Roads">7.2 Roads</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-36"><a href="#Aviation">7.3 Aviation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-37"><a href="#Water_transport">7.4 Water transport</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-38"><a href="#Education">8 Education</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-39"><a href="#Tertiary_education">8.1 Tertiary education</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-40"><a href="#Primary_and_secondary_education">8.2 Primary and secondary education</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-41"><a href="#Learned_societies">8.3 Learned societies</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-42"><a href="#Culture">9 Culture</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-43"><a href="#Museums,_art_galleries,_libraries_and_zoos">9.1 Museums, art galleries, libraries and zoos</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-44"><a href="#Leisure_and_entertainment">9.2 Leisure and entertainment</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-45"><a href="#Food">9.3 Food</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-46"><a href="#Recreation">9.4 Recreation</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-47"><a href="#National_parks">9.4.1 National parks</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-48"><a href="#In_popular_culture">9.5 In popular culture</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-49"><a href="#Sports">10 Sports</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-50"><a href="#International_relations">11 International relations</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-51"><a href="#Sister_cities_and_states">11.1 Sister cities and states</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-52"><a href="#Friendship_and_cooperation_agreements">11.2 Friendship and cooperation agreements</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-53"><a href="#See_also">12 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-54"><a href="#Notes">13 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-55"><a href="#References">14 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-56"><a href="#Bibliography">15 Bibliography</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-57"><a href="#Further_reading">16 Further reading</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-58"><a href="#Guides">16.1 Guides</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-59"><a href="#Contemporary">16.2 Contemporary</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-60"><a href="#External_links">17 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tokyo&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Tokyo</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image notheme" style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/File:Tokyo_(Chinese_characters).svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Tokyo_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg/90px-Tokyo_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="47" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="458" data-file-height="241"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 90px;height: 47px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Tokyo_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg/90px-Tokyo_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg.png" data-width="90" data-height="47" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Tokyo_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg/135px-Tokyo_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Tokyo_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg/180px-Tokyo_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><div class="infobox-caption">Tōkyō in <a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">kanji</a></div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Japanese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">Kanji</a></th><td class="infobox-data">東京</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana">Hiragana</a></th><td class="infobox-data">とうきょう</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Katakana" title="Katakana">Katakana</a></th><td class="infobox-data">トウキョウ</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hepburn_romanization" title="Hepburn romanization">Revised Hepburn</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Tōkyō</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Kunrei-shiki_romanization" title="Kunrei-shiki romanization">Kunrei-shiki</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Tôkyô</td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> Tokyo was originally known as <a href="/wiki/Edo_(Tokyo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Edo (Tokyo)">Edo</a> (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%B1%9F%E6%88%B8" class="extiw" title="wikt:江戸">江戸</a>), a <a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">kanji</a> compound of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%B1%9F" class="extiw" title="wikt:江">江</a> (e, "cove, inlet") and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%88%B8" class="extiw" title="wikt:戸">戸</a> (to, "entrance, gate, door").<a href="#cite_note-naruto-san-27">[25]</a> The name, which can be translated as "<a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">estuary</a>", is a reference to the original settlement's location at the meeting of the <a href="/wiki/Sumida_River" title="Sumida River">Sumida River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Bay" title="Tokyo Bay">Tokyo Bay</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a> in 1868, the name of the city was changed to Tokyo (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E4%BA%AC" class="extiw" title="wikt:東京">東京</a>, from <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%9D%B1" class="extiw" title="wikt:東">東</a> tō "east", and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%BA%AC" class="extiw" title="wikt:京">京</a> kyō "capital"), when it became the new imperial capital,<a href="#cite_note-28">[26]</a> in line with the East Asian tradition of including the word capital (京) in the name of the capital city (for example, <a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a> (京都), <a href="/wiki/Keij%C5%8D" title="Keijō">Keijō</a> (京城), <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> (北京), <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a> (南京), and <a href="/wiki/Xijing_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Xijing (disambiguation)">Xijing</a> (西京)).<a href="#cite_note-naruto-san-27">[25]</a> During the early <a href="/wiki/Meiji_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Meiji period">Meiji period</a>, the city was sometimes called "Tōkei", an alternative pronunciation for the same characters representing "Tokyo", making it a <a href="/wiki/Kanji_homograph" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanji homograph">kanji homograph</a>. Some surviving official English documents use the spelling "Tokei";<a href="#cite_note-T%C5%8Dkei-29">[27]</a> however, this pronunciation is now obsolete.<a href="#cite_note-30">[28]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tokyo&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Tokyo" title="History of Tokyo">History of Tokyo</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Tokyo" title="Timeline of Tokyo">Timeline of Tokyo</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-Tokugawa_period">Pre-Tokugawa period</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tokyo&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pre-Tokugawa period" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The site of Tokyo has been inhabited since ancient times.<a href="#cite_note-:6-31">[29]</a> There have been multiple <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Paleolithic" title="Japanese Paleolithic">Paleolithic period</a> (around 40,000–16,000BC.) sites found in present-day Tokyo. During the subsequent <a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dmon_period" title="Jōmon period">Jomon period</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Holocene_glacial_retreat" title="Holocene glacial retreat">Holocene glacial retreat</a> caused sea levels in <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Bay" title="Tokyo Bay">Tokyo Bay</a> to rise by 120 cm, with the coastline running along the edge of what is now the <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Imperial_Palace" title="Tokyo Imperial Palace">Imperial Palace</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[30]</a> Middens such as the <a href="/wiki/Omori_Shell_Mounds" title="Omori Shell Mounds">Omori Shell Mounds</a> still mark where the coast line ran in those days.<a href="#cite_note-33">[31]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Yayoi_period" title="Yayoi period">Yayoi period</a>, during which agriculture spread across the country, is named after the <a href="/wiki/Yayoi_2-ch%C5%8Dme_Site" title="Yayoi 2-chōme Site">Yayoi 2-chōme Site</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bunky%C5%8D" title="Bunkyō">Bunkyo</a>, where the first example of <a href="/wiki/Yayoi_pottery" title="Yayoi pottery">Yayoi pottery</a> was excavated in 1884 by <a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dz%C5%8D_Arisaka" title="Shōzō Arisaka">Shozo Arisaka</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[32]</a> In 534, a large-scale conflict was recorded in the area, as a result of which Kasahara no Omi, the victor, was appointed <a href="/wiki/Kuni_no_miyatsuko" title="Kuni no miyatsuko">Kuni no Miyatsuko</a> (provincial governor) by <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Ankan" title="Emperor Ankan">Emperor Ankan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[33]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sens%C5%8D-ji" title="Sensō-ji">Senso-ji</a> in Asakusa was founded in 645. Under the <a href="/wiki/Ritsury%C5%8D" title="Ritsuryō">Ritsuryō system</a> established during the <a href="/wiki/Asuka_period" title="Asuka period">Asuka period</a>, most of present-day Tokyo was part of <a href="/wiki/Musashi_Province" title="Musashi Province">Musashi Province</a>. Following the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Baekje" title="Baekje">Kingdom of Baekje</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baekgang" title="Battle of Baekgang">Battle of Baekgang</a> in the 660s, thousands of refugees were resettled in Musashi.<a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Heian_period" title="Heian period">Heian period</a>, Edo was first fortified by the <a href="/wiki/Edo_clan" title="Edo clan">Edo clan</a> in the late twelfth century. In 1457, <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cta_D%C5%8Dkan" title="Ōta Dōkan">Ōta Dōkan</a> built <a href="/wiki/Edo_Castle" title="Edo Castle">Edo Castle</a> to defend the region from the <a href="/wiki/Chiba_clan" title="Chiba clan">Chiba clan</a>. After Dōkan was assassinated in 1486, the castle and the area came to be possessed by the Ohgigayatsu branch of the <a href="/wiki/Uesugi_clan" title="Uesugi clan">Uesugi clan</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Later_H%C5%8Dj%C5%8D_clan" title="Later Hōjō clan">Later Hōjō clan</a> replaced them after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Takanawahara" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Takanawahara">Battle of Takanawahara</a> in 1524. The Later Hōjō clan were defeated by <a href="/wiki/Toyotomi_Hideyoshi" title="Toyotomi Hideyoshi">Toyotomi Hideyoshi</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Odawara_(1590)" title="Siege of Odawara (1590)">Siege of Odawara</a> in 1590.<a href="#cite_note-37">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1590–1869_(Tokugawa_period)">1590–1869 (Tokugawa period)</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tokyo&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1590–1869 (Tokugawa period)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Edo" title="Edo">Edo</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Perry_Expedition" title="Perry Expedition">Perry Expedition</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bakumatsu" title="Bakumatsu">Bakumatsu</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hiroshige,_Sugura_street.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Hiroshige%2C_Sugura_street.jpg/220px-Hiroshige%2C_Sugura_street.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="341" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1769" data-file-height="2744"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 341px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Hiroshige%2C_Sugura_street.jpg/220px-Hiroshige%2C_Sugura_street.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="341" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Hiroshige%2C_Sugura_street.jpg/330px-Hiroshige%2C_Sugura_street.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Hiroshige%2C_Sugura_street.jpg/440px-Hiroshige%2C_Sugura_street.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mitsukoshi" title="Mitsukoshi">Mitsukoshi</a> stores in <a href="/wiki/Nihonbashi" title="Nihonbashi">Nihonbashi</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Hiroshige" title="Hiroshige">Hiroshige</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1836</figcaption></figure> Following the siege of Odawara, <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_Ieyasu" title="Tokugawa Ieyasu">Tokugawa Ieyasu</a> was granted the <a href="/wiki/Kant%C5%8D_region" title="Kantō region">Kantō region</a> by <a href="/wiki/Toyotomi_Hideyoshi" title="Toyotomi Hideyoshi">Toyotomi Hideyoshi</a> and moved there from his ancestral land of <a href="/wiki/Mikawa_Province" title="Mikawa Province">Mikawa Province</a>. He greatly expanded the castle, which was said to have been abandoned and in tatters when he moved there, and ruled the region from there. When he became <a href="/wiki/Shogun" title="Shogun">shōgun</a>, the de facto ruler of the country, in 1603, the whole country came to be ruled from Edo. While the <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Tokugawa shogunate</a> ruled the country in practice, the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_House_of_Japan" title="Imperial House of Japan">Imperial House of Japan</a> was still the de jure ruler, and the title of shōgun was granted by the Emperor as a formality. The Imperial House was based in <a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a> from 794 to 1868, so Edo was still not the capital of Japan.<a href="#cite_note-38">[36]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo period</a>, the city enjoyed a prolonged period of peace known as the Pax Tokugawa, and in the presence of such peace, the shogunate adopted a stringent policy of seclusion, which helped to perpetuate the lack of any serious military threat to the city.<a href="#cite_note-39">[37]</a> The absence of war-inflicted devastation allowed Edo to devote the majority of its resources to rebuilding in the wake of the consistent fires, <a href="/wiki/Earthquakes_in_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Earthquakes in Japan">earthquakes</a>, and other devastating natural disasters that plagued the city. Edo grew into one of the largest cities in the world with a population reaching one million by the 18th century.<a href="#cite_note-40">[38]</a> This prolonged period of seclusion however came to an end with the arrival of American Commodore <a href="/wiki/Matthew_C._Perry" title="Matthew C. Perry">Matthew C. Perry</a> in 1853. Commodore Perry forced the opening of the ports of <a href="/wiki/Shimoda,_Shizuoka" title="Shimoda, Shizuoka">Shimoda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hakodate" title="Hakodate">Hakodate</a>, leading to an increase in the demand for new foreign goods and subsequently a severe rise in inflation.<a href="#cite_note-41">[39]</a> Social unrest mounted in the wake of these higher prices and culminated in widespread rebellions and demonstrations, especially in the form of the "smashing" of rice establishments.<a href="#cite_note-42">[40]</a> Meanwhile, supporters of the Emperor leveraged the disruption caused by widespread rebellious demonstrations to further consolidate power, which resulted in the overthrow of the last Tokugawa shōgun, <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_Yoshinobu" title="Tokugawa Yoshinobu">Yoshinobu</a>, in 1867.<a href="#cite_note-43">[41]</a> After 265 years, the Pax Tokugawa came to an end. In May 1868, Edo castle was handed to the Emperor-supporting forces after negotiation (the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Edo" title="Fall of Edo">Fall of Edo</a>). Some forces loyal to the shogunate kept fighting, but with their loss in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ueno" title="Battle of Ueno">Battle of Ueno</a> on 4 July 1868, the entire city came under the control of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Meiji_Japan" title="Government of Meiji Japan">new government</a>.<a href="#cite_note-44">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1869–1941">1869–1941</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tokyo&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1869–1941" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_City" title="Tokyo City">Tokyo City</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Prefecture_(1868%E2%80%931943)" title="Tokyo Prefecture (1868–1943)">Tokyo Prefecture (1868–1943)</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:1cho_london2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/1cho_london2.jpg/220px-1cho_london2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1734" data-file-height="1057"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 134px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/1cho_london2.jpg/220px-1cho_london2.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="220" data-height="134" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/1cho_london2.jpg/330px-1cho_london2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/1cho_london2.jpg/440px-1cho_london2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Marunouchi" title="Marunouchi">Marunouchi</a> in 1909</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Tokyo_special_product_crowded_tram.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Tokyo_special_product_crowded_tram.jpg/220px-Tokyo_special_product_crowded_tram.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1201" data-file-height="763"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 140px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Tokyo_special_product_crowded_tram.jpg/220px-Tokyo_special_product_crowded_tram.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="220" data-height="140" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Tokyo_special_product_crowded_tram.jpg/330px-Tokyo_special_product_crowded_tram.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Tokyo_special_product_crowded_tram.jpg/440px-Tokyo_special_product_crowded_tram.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Tokyo citizens trying to squeeze into a crowded <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Toden" title="Tokyo Toden">tram</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1910</div></div></div></div></div> After the overthrow of the <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Tokugawa shogunate</a>, for the first time in a few centuries, the Emperor ceased to be a mere figurehead and became both the de facto and de jure ruler of the country. <a href="/wiki/Maejima_Hisoka" title="Maejima Hisoka">Hisoka Maejima</a> advocated for the relocation of the capital functions to Tokyo, recognizing the advantages of the existing infrastructure and the vastness of the <a href="/wiki/Kant%C5%8D_Plain" title="Kantō Plain">Kanto Plain</a> compared to the relatively small <a href="/wiki/Kyoto_Prefecture" title="Kyoto Prefecture">Kyoto basin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[43]</a> After being handed over to the Meiji government, Edo was renamed Tokyo (Eastern Capital) on 3 September 1868. <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Meiji" title="Emperor Meiji">Emperor Meiji</a> visited the city once at the end of that year and eventually moved there in 1869. Tokyo had already been the nation's political center for nearly three centuries,<a href="#cite_note-46">[44]</a> and the emperor's residence made it a de facto imperial capital as well, with the former Edo Castle becoming the <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Imperial_Palace" title="Tokyo Imperial Palace">Imperial Palace</a>. Government ministries such as the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(Japan)" title="Ministry of Finance (Japan)">Ministry of Finance</a> were also relocated to Tokyo by 1871,<a href="#cite_note-47">[45]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Japan#Stage_1:_early_development,_1872%E2%80%931906" title="History of rail transport in Japan">first railway line in the country</a> was opened on 14 October 1872, connecting <a href="/wiki/Shinbashi" title="Shinbashi">Shimbashi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shiodome" title="Shiodome">Shiodome</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Yokohama" title="Yokohama">Yokohama</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sakuragich%C5%8D_Station" title="Sakuragichō Station">Sakuragicho</a>), which is now part of the <a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dkaid%C5%8D_Main_Line" title="Tōkaidō Main Line">Tokaido line</a>.<a href="#cite_note-48">[46]</a> The 1870s saw the establishment of other institutions and facilities that now symbolize Tokyo, such as <a href="/wiki/Ueno_Park" title="Ueno Park">Ueno Park</a> (1873), the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Tokyo" title="University of Tokyo">University of Tokyo</a> (1877) and the <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Stock_Exchange" title="Tokyo Stock Exchange">Tokyo Stock Exchange</a> (1878). The rapid modernization of the country was driven from Tokyo, with its business districts such as <a href="/wiki/Marunouchi" title="Marunouchi">Marunouchi</a> filled with modern brick buildings and the railway network serving as a means to help the large influx of labour force needed to keep the development of the economy.<a href="#cite_note-49">[47]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_City" title="Tokyo City">City of Tokyo</a> was officially established on May 1, 1889. The <a href="/wiki/National_Diet" title="National Diet">Imperial Diet</a>, the national legislature of the country, was established in Tokyo in 1889, and it has ever since been operating in the city. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Metropolitan_Police_Office_after_Kanto_Earthquake.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Metropolitan_Police_Office_after_Kanto_Earthquake.jpg/220px-Metropolitan_Police_Office_after_Kanto_Earthquake.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1637" data-file-height="1165"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 157px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Metropolitan_Police_Office_after_Kanto_Earthquake.jpg/220px-Metropolitan_Police_Office_after_Kanto_Earthquake.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="157" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Metropolitan_Police_Office_after_Kanto_Earthquake.jpg/330px-Metropolitan_Police_Office_after_Kanto_Earthquake.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Metropolitan_Police_Office_after_Kanto_Earthquake.jpg/440px-Metropolitan_Police_Office_after_Kanto_Earthquake.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Metropolitan_Police_Department" title="Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department">Metropolitan Police</a> headquarters on fire following the earthquake. The fire triggered by the earthquake caused <a href="/wiki/Fire_whirl" title="Fire whirl">fire whirls</a>.</figcaption></figure> On 1 September 1923, the <a href="/wiki/1923_Great_Kant%C5%8D_earthquake" title="1923 Great Kantō earthquake">Great Kanto Earthquake</a> struck the city, and the earthquake and subsequent fire killed an estimated 105,000 citizens. The loss amounted to 37 percent of the country's economic output.<a href="#cite_note-50">[48]</a> On the other hand, the destruction provided an opportunity to reconsider the planning of the city, which had changed its shape hastily after the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a>. The high survival rate of concrete buildings promoted the transition from timber and brick architecture to modern, earthquake-proof construction.<a href="#cite_note-51">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[50]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Metro_Ginza_Line" title="Tokyo Metro Ginza Line">Tokyo Metro Ginza Line</a> portion between <a href="/wiki/Ueno_Station" title="Ueno Station">Ueno</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asakusa_Station_(Tokyo_Metro,_Toei,_Tobu)" class="mw-redirect" title="Asakusa Station (Tokyo Metro, Toei, Tobu)">Asakusa</a>, the first underground railway line built outside Europe and the American continents, was completed on December 30, 1927.<a href="#cite_note-90th-2017-16">[14]</a> Although Tokyo recovered robustly from the earthquake and new cultural and liberal political movements, such as <a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_Democracy" title="Taishō Democracy">Taishō Democracy</a>, spread, the 1930s saw an economic downturn caused by the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> and major political turmoil. Two attempted military coups d'état happened in Tokyo, the <a href="/wiki/May_15_incident" title="May 15 incident">May 15 incident</a> in 1932 and the <a href="/wiki/February_26_incident" title="February 26 incident">February 26 incident</a> in 1936. This turmoil eventually allowed the military wings of the government to take control of the country, leading to Japan joining the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a> as an <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis power</a>. Due to the country's political isolation on the international stage caused by its <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">military aggression in China</a> and the increasingly unstable geopolitical situations in Europe, Тоkуо had to give up hosting the <a href="/wiki/1940_Summer_Olympics" title="1940 Summer Olympics">1940 Summer Olympics</a> in 1938.<a href="#cite_note-53">[51]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rationing" title="Rationing">Rationing</a> started in June 1940 as the nation braced itself for another world war, while the 26th Centenary of the Enthronement of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Jimmu" title="Emperor Jimmu">Emperor Jimmu</a> celebrations took place on a grand scale to boost morale and increase the sense of national identity in the same year. On 8 December 1941, <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Japan attacked the American bases at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii</a>, entering the Second World War against the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied Powers</a>. The wartime regime greatly affected life in the city.<a href="#cite_note-54">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1942–1945">1942–1945</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tokyo&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1942–1945" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Tokyo" title="Bombing of Tokyo">Bombing of Tokyo</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tokyo_1945-3-10-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Tokyo_1945-3-10-1.jpg/220px-Tokyo_1945-3-10-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1617" data-file-height="1166"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 159px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Tokyo_1945-3-10-1.jpg/220px-Tokyo_1945-3-10-1.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="159" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Tokyo_1945-3-10-1.jpg/330px-Tokyo_1945-3-10-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Tokyo_1945-3-10-1.jpg/440px-Tokyo_1945-3-10-1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A birds-eye view over the Ningyōchō district after the air raid of 10 March 1945</figcaption></figure> In 1943, <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_City" title="Tokyo City">Tokyo City</a> merged with <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Prefecture_(1868%E2%80%931943)" title="Tokyo Prefecture (1868–1943)">Tokyo Prefecture</a> to form the Tokyo Metropolis (東京都, Tōkyō-to). This reorganization aimed to create a more centralized and efficient administrative structure to better manage resources, urban planning, and civil defence during wartime.<a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a> The Tokyo Metropolitan Government thus became responsible for both prefectural and city functions while administering cities, towns, and villages in the suburban and rural areas. Although Japan enjoyed significant success in the initial stages of the war and rapidly expanded its sphere of influence, the <a href="/wiki/Doolittle_Raid" title="Doolittle Raid">Doolittle Raid</a> on 18 April 1942, marked the first direct foreign attack on Tokyo. Although the physical damage was minimal, the raid demonstrated the vulnerability of the Japanese mainland to air attacks and boosted American morale.<a href="#cite_note-56">[54]</a> Large-scale Allied air bombing of cities in the Japanese home islands, including Tokyo, began in late 1944 when the US seized control of the <a href="/wiki/Mariana_Islands" title="Mariana Islands">Mariana Islands</a>. From these islands, newly developed long-range <a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-29_Superfortress" title="Boeing B-29 Superfortress">B-29 bombers</a> could conduct return journeys. The bombing of Tokyo in 1944 and 1945 is estimated to have killed between 75,000 and 200,000 civilians and left more than half of the city destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-57">[55]</a> The deadliest night of the war came on March 9–10, 1945, the night of the American "<a href="/wiki/Operation_Meetinghouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Meetinghouse">Operation Meetinghouse</a>" raid.<a href="#cite_note-58">[56]</a> Nearly 700,000 incendiary bombs were dropped on the east end of the city (<a href="/wiki/Yamanote_and_Shitamachi" title="Yamanote and Shitamachi">shitamachi</a>, 下町), an area with a high concentration of factories and working-class houses. Two-fifths of the city were completely burned, more than 276,000 buildings were destroyed, 100,000 civilians were killed, and 110,000 more were injured.<a href="#cite_note-59">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[58]</a> Numerous Edo and Meiji-era buildings of historical significance were destroyed, including the main building of the <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Imperial_Palace" title="Tokyo Imperial Palace">Imperial Palace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sens%C5%8D-ji" title="Sensō-ji">Sensō-ji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Z%C5%8Dj%C5%8D-ji" title="Zōjō-ji">Zōjō-ji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sengaku-ji" title="Sengaku-ji">Sengaku-ji</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kabuki-za" title="Kabuki-za">Kabuki-za</a>. Between 1940 and 1945, the population of Tokyo dwindled from 6,700,000 to less than 2,800,000, as soldiers were sent to the front and children were evacuated.<a href="#cite_note-61">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1945–1972">1945–1972</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tokyo&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 1945–1972" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:View_of_Marunouchi_circa_1960.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/View_of_Marunouchi_circa_1960.jpg/220px-View_of_Marunouchi_circa_1960.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="565" data-file-height="340"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 132px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/View_of_Marunouchi_circa_1960.jpg/220px-View_of_Marunouchi_circa_1960.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="220" data-height="132" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/View_of_Marunouchi_circa_1960.jpg/330px-View_of_Marunouchi_circa_1960.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/View_of_Marunouchi_circa_1960.jpg/440px-View_of_Marunouchi_circa_1960.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Marunouchi" title="Marunouchi">Marunouchi</a> in the 1950s. It was not until the height restriction was lifted in the 1960s that skyscrapers began to dominate the skyline of Tokyo.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Tokyo_Olympic_Closing_Ceremony_19641024.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Tokyo_Olympic_Closing_Ceremony_19641024.jpg/220px-Tokyo_Olympic_Closing_Ceremony_19641024.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="950"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 149px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Tokyo_Olympic_Closing_Ceremony_19641024.jpg/220px-Tokyo_Olympic_Closing_Ceremony_19641024.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="220" data-height="149" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Tokyo_Olympic_Closing_Ceremony_19641024.jpg/330px-Tokyo_Olympic_Closing_Ceremony_19641024.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Tokyo_Olympic_Closing_Ceremony_19641024.jpg/440px-Tokyo_Olympic_Closing_Ceremony_19641024.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The 1964 Olympics in Tokyo symbolized the transition of the city from bombed-out ruins to a modern metropolis.</div></div></div></div></div> After the war, Tokyo became the base from which the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Commander_for_the_Allied_Powers" title="Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers">Allied Occupation Forces</a>, under <a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a>, an American general, administered Japan for six years. The original rebuilding plan of Tokyo was based on a plan modelled after the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Green_Belt" title="Metropolitan Green Belt">Metropolitan Green Belt of London</a>, devised in the 1930s but canceled due to the war.<a href="#cite_note-:1-62">[60]</a> However, due to the monetary contraction policy known as the <a href="/wiki/Dodge_Line" title="Dodge Line">Dodge Line</a>, named after <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dodge" title="Joseph Dodge">Joseph Dodge</a>, the neoliberal economic advisor to MacArthur, the plan had to be reduced to a minimal one focusing on transport and other infrastructure. In 1947, the 35 pre-war special wards were reorganized into the <a href="/wiki/Special_wards_of_Tokyo" title="Special wards of Tokyo">current 23 wards</a>. Tokyo did not experience fast economic growth until around 1950, when heavy industry output returned to pre-war levels.<a href="#cite_note-63">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-62">[60]</a> Since around the time the <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Allied occupation of Japan</a> ended in 1952, Tokyo's focus shifted from rebuilding to developing beyond its pre-war stature. From the 1950s onwards, Tokyo's <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_subway" title="Tokyo subway">Metro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Greater_Tokyo#Rail" title="Transport in Greater Tokyo">railway</a> network saw significant expansion, culminating in the launch of the world's first dedicated high-speed railway line, the <a href="/wiki/Shinkansen" title="Shinkansen">Shinkansen</a>, between Tokyo and Osaka in 1964. The same year saw the development of other transport infrastructure such as the <a href="/wiki/Shuto_Expressway" title="Shuto Expressway">Shuto Expressway</a> to meet the increased demand brought about by the <a href="/wiki/1964_Summer_Olympics" title="1964 Summer Olympics">1964 Tokyo Olympics</a>, the first Olympic Games held in Asia. Around this time, the 31-metre height restriction, imposed on all buildings since 1920, was relaxed due to the increased demand for office buildings and advancements in earthquake-proof construction.<a href="#cite_note-64">[62]</a> Starting with the <a href="/wiki/Kasumigaseki_Building" title="Kasumigaseki Building">Kasumigaseki Building</a> (147 metres) in 1968, skyscrapers began to dominate Tokyo's skyline. During this period of rapid rebuilding, Tokyo celebrated its 500th anniversary in 1956<a href="#cite_note-65">[63]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bonin_Islands" title="Bonin Islands">Ogasawara Islands</a>, which had been under control of the US since the war ended, were returned in 1968.<a href="#cite_note-66">[64]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ryokichi_Minobe" title="Ryokichi Minobe">Ryokichi Minobe</a>, a Marxian economist who served as the governor for 12 years starting in 1967, is remembered for his welfare state policy, including free healthcare for the elderly and financial support for households with children, and his ‘war against pollution’ policy, as well as the large government deficit they caused.<a href="#cite_note-67">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1973–present">1973–present</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tokyo&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 1973–present" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tokyo_Skyline20210123.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Tokyo_Skyline20210123.jpg/220px-Tokyo_Skyline20210123.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1366"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Tokyo_Skyline20210123.jpg/220px-Tokyo_Skyline20210123.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Tokyo_Skyline20210123.jpg/330px-Tokyo_Skyline20210123.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Tokyo_Skyline20210123.jpg/440px-Tokyo_Skyline20210123.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Shinjuku's development as a business district started in the 1970s.</figcaption></figure> Although the <a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a> put an end to the rapid post-war recovery and development of Japan's economy, its position as the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_past_and_projected_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by past and projected GDP (nominal)">world's second-largest economy at the time</a> had seemed secure by that point, remaining so until 2010 when it was surpassed by <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>.<a href="#cite_note-68">[66]</a> Tokyo's development was sustained by its status as the economic, political, and cultural hub of such a country. In 1978, after years of the intense <a href="/wiki/Sanrizuka_Struggle" title="Sanrizuka Struggle">Sanrizuka Struggle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Narita_International_Airport" title="Narita International Airport">Narita International Airport</a> opened as the new gateway to the city, while the relatively small <a href="/wiki/Haneda_Airport" title="Haneda Airport">Haneda Airport</a> switched to primarily domestic flights.<a href="#cite_note-69">[67]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nishi-Shinjuku" title="Nishi-Shinjuku">West Shinjuku</a>, which had been occupied by the vast Yodobashi Water Purification Centre until 1965, became the site of an entirely new business district characterized by skyscrapers surpassing 200 metres during this period.<a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a> The American-led <a href="/wiki/Plaza_Accord" title="Plaza Accord">Plaza Accord</a> in 1985, which aimed to depreciate the US dollar, had a devastating effect on Japan's manufacturing sector, particularly affecting small to mid-size companies based in Tokyo.<a href="#cite_note-71">[69]</a> This led the government to adopt a domestic-demand-focused economic policy, ultimately causing an <a href="/wiki/Japanese_asset_price_bubble" title="Japanese asset price bubble">asset price bubble</a>. Land redevelopment projects were planned across the city, and real estate prices skyrocketed. By 1990, the estimated value of the <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Imperial_Palace" title="Tokyo Imperial Palace">Imperial Palace</a> surpassed that of the entire <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">state of California</a>.<a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Stock_Exchange" title="Tokyo Stock Exchange">Tokyo Stock Exchange</a> became the largest stock exchange in the world by market capitalization, with the Tokyo-based <a href="/wiki/Nippon_Telegraph_and_Telephone" title="Nippon Telegraph and Telephone">NTT</a> becoming the most highly valued company globally.<a href="#cite_note-:2-19">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-73">[71]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tokyo_2020_Olympic_Games-_Monument_of_Olympic_Rings.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Tokyo_2020_Olympic_Games-_Monument_of_Olympic_Rings.jpg/220px-Tokyo_2020_Olympic_Games-_Monument_of_Olympic_Rings.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Tokyo_2020_Olympic_Games-_Monument_of_Olympic_Rings.jpg/220px-Tokyo_2020_Olympic_Games-_Monument_of_Olympic_Rings.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Tokyo_2020_Olympic_Games-_Monument_of_Olympic_Rings.jpg/330px-Tokyo_2020_Olympic_Games-_Monument_of_Olympic_Rings.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Tokyo_2020_Olympic_Games-_Monument_of_Olympic_Rings.jpg/440px-Tokyo_2020_Olympic_Games-_Monument_of_Olympic_Rings.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The 2020 Olympics were postponed and held in 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.</figcaption></figure> After the bubble burst in the early 1990s, Japan experienced a prolonged economic downturn called the "<a href="/wiki/Lost_Decades" title="Lost Decades">Lost Decades</a>", which was charactized by extremely low or negative economic growth, deflation, stagnant asset prices.<a href="#cite_note-74">[72]</a> Tokyo's status as a world city is said to have depreciated greatly during these three decades. Nonetheless, Tokyo still saw new urban developments during this period. Recent projects include <a href="/wiki/Ebisu,_Shibuya" title="Ebisu, Shibuya">Ebisu</a> Garden Place, <a href="/wiki/Tenn%C5%8Dzu_Isle" title="Tennōzu Isle">Tennōzu Isle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shiodome" title="Shiodome">Shiodome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roppongi_Hills" title="Roppongi Hills">Roppongi Hills</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shinagawa,_Tokyo" class="mw-redirect" title="Shinagawa, Tokyo">Shinagawa</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Marunouchi" title="Marunouchi">Marunouchi</a> side of <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Station" title="Tokyo Station">Tokyo Station</a>. <a href="/wiki/Land_reclamation" title="Land reclamation">Land reclamation</a> projects in Tokyo have also been going on for centuries. The most prominent is the <a href="/wiki/Odaiba" title="Odaiba">Odaiba</a> area, now a major shopping and entertainment center. Various plans have been proposed<a href="#cite_note-75">[73]</a> for transferring national government functions from Tokyo to secondary capitals in other regions of Japan, to slow down rapid development in Tokyo and revitalize economically lagging areas of the country. These plans have been controversial<a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a> within Japan and have yet to be realized. On September 7, 2013, the <a href="/wiki/IOC" class="mw-redirect" title="IOC">IOC</a> selected Tokyo to host the <a href="/wiki/2020_Summer_Olympics" title="2020 Summer Olympics">2020 Summer Olympics</a>. Thus, Tokyo became the first Asian city to host the Olympic Games twice.<a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a> However, the 2020 Olympic Games were postponed and held from July 23 to August 8, 2021, as a result of the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Japan" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Japan">COVID-19 pandemic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Administration">Administration</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tokyo&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Administration" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Metropolitan_Government" title="Tokyo Metropolitan Government">Tokyo Metropolitan Government</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tokyo_Metropolitan_Government_Building_2012_%E2%85%A1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Tokyo_Metropolitan_Government_Building_2012_%E2%85%A1.JPG/220px-Tokyo_Metropolitan_Government_Building_2012_%E2%85%A1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="348" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2653" data-file-height="4202"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 348px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Tokyo_Metropolitan_Government_Building_2012_%E2%85%A1.JPG/220px-Tokyo_Metropolitan_Government_Building_2012_%E2%85%A1.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="348" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Tokyo_Metropolitan_Government_Building_2012_%E2%85%A1.JPG/330px-Tokyo_Metropolitan_Government_Building_2012_%E2%85%A1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Tokyo_Metropolitan_Government_Building_2012_%E2%85%A1.JPG/440px-Tokyo_Metropolitan_Government_Building_2012_%E2%85%A1.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Metropolitan_Government_Building" title="Tokyo Metropolitan Government Building">Tokyo Metropolitan Government Building</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shinjuku" title="Shinjuku">Shinjuku</a>, designed by <a href="/wiki/Kenz%C5%8D_Tange" title="Kenzō Tange">Kenzo Tange</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Local_government">Local government</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tokyo&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Local government" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Under <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Japan" title="Law of Japan">Japanese law</a>, the prefecture of Tokyo is designated as a to (都), translated as <a href="/wiki/Metropolis" title="Metropolis">metropolis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-79">[77]</a> Tokyo Prefecture is the most populous prefecture and the densest, with 6,100 inhabitants per square kilometer (16,000/sq mi); by geographic area it is the third-smallest, above only <a href="/wiki/Osaka_Prefecture" title="Osaka Prefecture">Osaka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kagawa_Prefecture" title="Kagawa Prefecture">Kagawa</a>. Its administrative structure is similar to that of Japan's other <a href="/wiki/Prefectures_of_Japan" title="Prefectures of Japan">prefectures</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Special_wards_of_Tokyo" title="Special wards of Tokyo">23 special wards</a> (特別区, tokubetsu-ku), which until 1943 constituted the <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_City" title="Tokyo City">city of Tokyo</a>, are self-governing <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Japan" title="Municipalities of Japan">municipalities</a>, each having a mayor, a council, and the status of a city. In addition to these 23 special wards, Tokyo also includes 26 more cities (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%B8%82#Japanese" class="extiw" title="wikt:市">市</a> -shi), five towns (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%94%BA#Japanese" class="extiw" title="wikt:町">町</a> -chō or machi), and eight villages (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%9D%91#Japanese" class="extiw" title="wikt:村">村</a> -son or -mura), each of which has a local government. The <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Metropolitan_Government" title="Tokyo Metropolitan Government">Tokyo Metropolitan Government</a> administers the whole metropolis including the 23 special wards and the cities and towns that constitute the prefecture. It is headed by a publicly elected governor and metropolitan assembly. Its <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Metropolitan_Government_Building" title="Tokyo Metropolitan Government Building">headquarters</a> is in <a href="/wiki/Shinjuku,_Tokyo" class="mw-redirect" title="Shinjuku, Tokyo">Shinjuku</a> Ward. The governor of Tokyo is elected every four years. The incumbent governor, <a href="/wiki/Yuriko_Koike" title="Yuriko Koike">Yuriko Koike</a>, was elected in 2016, following the resignation of her predecessor, <a href="/wiki/Y%C5%8Dichi_Masuzoe" title="Yōichi Masuzoe">Yoichi Masuzoe</a>. She was re-elected in 2020 and in 2024. The legislature of the Metropolis is called the <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Metropolitan_Assembly" title="Tokyo Metropolitan Assembly">Metropolitan Assembly</a>, and it has one house with 127 seats. The assembly is responsible for enacting and amending prefectural ordinances, approving the budget (8.5 trillion yen in fiscal 2024),<a href="#cite_note-80">[78]</a> and voting on important administrative appointments made by the governor, including the vice governors. Its members are also elected on a four-year cycle.<a href="#cite_note-81">[79]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-center noresize" typeof="mw:File"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Tokyo_Metropolis_Map.svg/1000px-Tokyo_Metropolis_Map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="1000" height="483" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="483" usemap="#ImageMap_bb19186477d4b60a"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 1000px;height: 483px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Tokyo_Metropolis_Map.svg/1000px-Tokyo_Metropolis_Map.svg.png" data-width="1000" data-height="483" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Tokyo_Metropolis_Map.svg/1500px-Tokyo_Metropolis_Map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Tokyo_Metropolis_Map.svg/2000px-Tokyo_Metropolis_Map.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element" data-usemap="#ImageMap_bb19186477d4b60a"> <map 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coords="832,241,797,237,780,258,810,277" alt="Chiyoda" title="Chiyoda"><area href="/wiki/Ch%C5%AB%C5%8D,_Tokyo" shape="poly" coords="842,255,832,244,810,274,815,294,824,304,838,290,836,266" alt="Chūō" title="Chūō"><area href="/wiki/Minato,_Tokyo" shape="poly" coords="778,261,765,284,779,292,756,300,789,327,811,330,811,277" alt="Minato" title="Minato"><area href="/wiki/Shinagawa,_Tokyo" shape="poly" coords="774,316,749,347,808,372,824,360,810,329,787,331" alt="Shinagawa" title="Shinagawa"><area href="/wiki/%C5%8Cta,_Tokyo" shape="poly" coords="745,348,719,368,758,430,847,447,859,424,824,362,808,375" alt="Ōta" title="Ōta"><area href="/wiki/Adachi,_Tokyo" shape="poly" coords="869,106,809,106,791,143,805,173,840,175,840,187,864,188,860,166,903,159" alt="Adachi" title="Adachi"><area href="/wiki/Arakawa,_Tokyo" shape="poly" coords="836,176,805,177,812,200,830,208,857,205,867,193" alt="Arakawa" title="Arakawa"><area href="/wiki/Tait%C5%8D,_Tokyo" shape="poly" coords="815,204,820,235,837,247,858,205" alt="Taitō" title="Taitō"><area href="/wiki/Katsushika,_Tokyo" shape="poly" coords="937,141,894,125,903,159,863,171,895,224,914,222" alt="Katsushika" title="Katsushika"><area href="/wiki/Sumida,_Tokyo" shape="poly" coords="868,192,837,249,861,255,892,217" alt="Sumida" title="Sumida"><area href="/wiki/Koto,_Tokyo" shape="poly" coords="879,234,863,256,842,254,841,291,826,304,818,323,836,353,859,308,884,338,893,245" alt="Koto" title="Koto"><area href="/wiki/Edogawa,_Tokyo" shape="poly" coords="931,177,916,226,886,223,882,234,894,245,892,305,929,306,931,262,963,238" alt="Edogawa" title="Edogawa"><area href="/wiki/Saitama_Prefecture" shape="rect" coords="470,10,591,37" alt="Saitama Prefecture" title="Saitama Prefecture"><area href="/wiki/Yamanashi_Prefecture" shape="rect" coords="16,169,50,330" alt="Yamanashi Prefecture" title="Yamanashi Prefecture"><area href="/wiki/Kanagawa_Prefecture" shape="rect" coords="325,430,488,465" alt="Kanagawa Prefecture" title="Kanagawa Prefecture"><area href="/wiki/Chiba_Prefecture" shape="rect" coords="948,79,981,160" alt="Chiba Prefecture" title="Chiba Prefecture"><area href="/wiki/Special_wards_of_Tokyo" shape="rect" coords="7,416,126,432" alt="Special wards of Tokyo" title="Special wards of Tokyo"><area href="/wiki/Western_Tokyo" shape="rect" coords="7,435,68,454" alt="Western Tokyo" title="Western Tokyo"><area href="/wiki/Nishitama_District,_Tokyo" shape="rect" coords="7,455,88,472" alt="Nishitama District" title="Nishitama District"></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Municipalities">Municipalities</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tokyo&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Municipalities" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Tokyo_Metropolis_by_population" title="List of cities in Tokyo Metropolis by population">List of cities in Tokyo Metropolis by population</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_mergers_in_Tokyo" title="List of mergers in Tokyo">List of mergers in Tokyo</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tokyo_Nishitama_District_Area_Map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Tokyo_Nishitama_District_Area_Map.svg/220px-Tokyo_Nishitama_District_Area_Map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="252"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 111px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Tokyo_Nishitama_District_Area_Map.svg/220px-Tokyo_Nishitama_District_Area_Map.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="111" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Tokyo_Nishitama_District_Area_Map.svg/330px-Tokyo_Nishitama_District_Area_Map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Tokyo_Nishitama_District_Area_Map.svg/440px-Tokyo_Nishitama_District_Area_Map.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A map with Nishi-Tama District in green</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Izu_Islands.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Map_of_Izu_Islands.png/220px-Map_of_Izu_Islands.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="247" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1257" data-file-height="1409"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 247px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Map_of_Izu_Islands.png/220px-Map_of_Izu_Islands.png" data-width="220" data-height="247" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Map_of_Izu_Islands.png/330px-Map_of_Izu_Islands.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Map_of_Izu_Islands.png/440px-Map_of_Izu_Islands.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A map of the <a href="/wiki/Izu_Islands" title="Izu Islands">Izu Islands</a> with black labels</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ogasawara_islands.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Ogasawara_islands.png/220px-Ogasawara_islands.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1011" data-file-height="798"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 174px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Ogasawara_islands.png/220px-Ogasawara_islands.png" data-width="220" data-height="174" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Ogasawara_islands.png/330px-Ogasawara_islands.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Ogasawara_islands.png/440px-Ogasawara_islands.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A map of the <a href="/wiki/Ogasawara_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Ogasawara Islands">Ogasawara Islands</a> with black labels</figcaption></figure> Since the completion of the <a href="/wiki/Municipal_mergers_and_dissolutions_in_Japan#Process" title="Municipal mergers and dissolutions in Japan">Great Mergers of Heisei</a> in 2001, Tokyo consists of 62 <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Japan" title="Municipalities of Japan">municipalities</a>: 23 <a href="/wiki/Special_wards_of_Tokyo" title="Special wards of Tokyo">special wards</a>, 26 <a href="/wiki/Cities_of_Japan" title="Cities of Japan">cities</a>, 5 <a href="/wiki/Towns_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Towns of Japan">towns</a> and 8 <a href="/wiki/Villages_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Villages of Japan">villages</a>. All municipalities in Japan have a directly elected mayor and a directly elected assembly, each elected on independent four-year cycles. The 23 Special Wards cover the area that had been <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_City" title="Tokyo City">Tokyo City</a> until 1943, 30 other municipalities are located in the <a href="/wiki/Tama_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Tama area">Tama area</a>, and the remaining 9 are on Tokyo's outlying islands. <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Special_wards_of_Tokyo" title="Special wards of Tokyo">special wards</a> (特別区, tokubetsu-ku) of Tokyo comprise the area formerly incorporated as <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_City" title="Tokyo City">Tokyo City</a>. Each special ward has used the word "city" in their official English name in recent times (e.g. Chiyoda City), but their status is more akin to boroughs in London or New York. Certain municipal functions, such as waterworks, sewerage, and fire-fighting, are handled by the Tokyo Metropolitan Government rather than each ward. To pay for the added administrative costs, the Metropolitan Government collects municipal taxes, which would usually be levied by each ward.<a href="#cite_note-82">[80]</a> The "three central wards" of Tokyo – Chiyoda, Chūō and Minato – are the business core of the city, with a daytime population more than seven times higher than their nighttime population.<a href="#cite_note-83">[81]</a> Chiyoda Ward is occupied by many major <a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Japan" title="List of companies of Japan">Japanese companies</a> and is also the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Japan" title="Government of Japan">national government</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">Emperor of Japan</a>, yet is one of the least populated wards.<a href="#cite_note-84">[82]</a></li> <li>To the west of the special wards, Tokyo Metropolis consists of cities, towns, and villages that enjoy the same legal status as those elsewhere in Japan. While serving as "<a href="/wiki/Bedroom_community" class="mw-redirect" title="Bedroom community">bed towns</a>" for those working in central Tokyo, some of them also have a local commercial and industrial base, such as <a href="/wiki/Tachikawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Tachikawa">Tachikawa</a>. Collectively, these are often known as the Tama area or <a href="/wiki/Western_Tokyo" title="Western Tokyo">Western Tokyo</a>. The far west of the Tama area is occupied by the district (gun) of <a href="/wiki/Nishitama_District,_Tokyo" title="Nishitama District, Tokyo">Nishi-Tama</a>. Much of this area is mountainous and unsuitable for urbanization. The highest mountain in Tokyo, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Kumotori" title="Mount Kumotori">Mount Kumotori</a>, is 2,017 m (6,617 ft) high; other mountains in Tokyo include Takanosu (1,737 m (5,699 ft)), Odake (1,266 m (4,154 ft)), and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Mitake_(Tokyo)" title="Mount Mitake (Tokyo)">Mitake</a> (929 m (3,048 ft)). <a href="/wiki/Lake_Okutama" title="Lake Okutama">Lake Okutama</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/Tama_River" title="Tama River">Tama River</a> near <a href="/wiki/Yamanashi_Prefecture" title="Yamanashi Prefecture">Yamanashi Prefecture</a>, is Tokyo's largest lake and serves as the primary reservoir for Tokyo's water supply. The district is composed of three towns (<a href="/wiki/Hinode,_Tokyo" title="Hinode, Tokyo">Hinode</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mizuho,_Tokyo" title="Mizuho, Tokyo">Mizuho</a> and <a href="/wiki/Okutama,_Tokyo" title="Okutama, Tokyo">Okutama</a>) and one village (<a href="/wiki/Hinohara,_Tokyo" class="mw-redirect" title="Hinohara, Tokyo">Hinohara</a>). The Tokyo Metropolitan Government has designated Hachiōji, Tachikawa, Machida, Ōme and Tama New Town as regional centers of the Tama area.<a href="#cite_note-85">[83]</a></li> <li><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Okinotorishima20070602.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Okinotorishima20070602.jpg/220px-Okinotorishima20070602.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="1960"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 143px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Okinotorishima20070602.jpg/220px-Okinotorishima20070602.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="143" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Okinotorishima20070602.jpg/330px-Okinotorishima20070602.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Okinotorishima20070602.jpg/440px-Okinotorishima20070602.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Okinotorishima" title="Okinotorishima">Okinotorishima</a>, 1,740km (1,081mi) away from central Tokyo and the southernmost island of Japan</figcaption></figure>Tokyo has numerous outlying islands, which extend as far as 1,850 km (1,150 mi) from central Tokyo. Because of the islands' distance from the administrative headquarters of the Tokyo Metropolitan Government in Shinjuku, local subprefectural branch offices administer them. The <a href="/wiki/Izu_Islands" title="Izu Islands">Izu Islands</a> are a group of volcanic islands and form part of the <a href="/wiki/Fuji-Hakone-Izu_National_Park" title="Fuji-Hakone-Izu National Park">Fuji-Hakone-Izu National Park</a>. The islands in order from closest to Tokyo are <a href="/wiki/Izu_%C5%8Cshima" title="Izu Ōshima">Izu Ōshima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toshima_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Toshima Island">Toshima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nii-jima" title="Nii-jima">Nii-jima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shikine-jima" title="Shikine-jima">Shikine-jima</a>, <a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dzu-shima" title="Kōzu-shima">Kōzu-shima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miyake-jima" title="Miyake-jima">Miyake-jima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mikurajima" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikurajima">Mikurajima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hachij%C5%8D-jima" title="Hachijō-jima">Hachijō-jima</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aogashima" title="Aogashima">Aogashima</a>. The Izu Islands are grouped into three subprefectures. Izu Ōshima and Hachijojima are towns. The remaining islands are six villages, with Niijima and Shikinejima forming <a href="/wiki/Niijima,_Tokyo" title="Niijima, Tokyo">one village</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Bonin_Islands" title="Bonin Islands">Ogasawara Islands</a> include, from north to south, <a href="/wiki/Chichi-jima" class="mw-redirect" title="Chichi-jima">Chichi-jima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nishinoshima_(Ogasawara)" title="Nishinoshima (Ogasawara)">Nishinoshima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haha-jima" class="mw-redirect" title="Haha-jima">Haha-jima</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Iwo_Jima" title="North Iwo Jima">Kita Iwo Jima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iwo_Jima" title="Iwo Jima">Iwo Jima</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Minami_Iwo_Jima" class="mw-redirect" title="Minami Iwo Jima">Minami Iwo Jima</a>. Ogasawara also administers two small outlying islands: <a href="/wiki/Minami_Torishima" class="mw-redirect" title="Minami Torishima">Minami Torishima</a>, the easternmost point in Japan and at 1,850 km (1,150 mi) the most distant island from central Tokyo, and <a href="/wiki/Okinotorishima" title="Okinotorishima">Okinotorishima</a>, the southernmost point in Japan.<a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a> Japan's claim on an <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone" title="Exclusive economic zone">exclusive economic zone</a> (EEZ) surrounding Okinotorishima is contested by <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> as they regard Okinotorishima as uninhabitable rocks which have no EEZ.<a href="#cite_note-87">[85]</a> The Iwo chain and the outlying islands have no permanent population, but hosts <a href="/wiki/Japan_Self-Defense_Forces" title="Japan Self-Defense Forces">Japan Self-Defense Forces</a> personnel. Local populations are only found on Chichi-Jima and Haha-Jima. The islands form both <a href="/wiki/Ogasawara_Subprefecture" title="Ogasawara Subprefecture">Ogasawara Subprefecture</a> and the village of <a href="/wiki/Ogasawara,_Tokyo" title="Ogasawara, Tokyo">Ogasawara, Tokyo</a>.</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="7">Municipalities in Tokyo </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Flag, name w/o suffix </th> <th colspan="3">Full name </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Japan" title="Districts of Japan">District</a> or <a href="/wiki/Subprefectures_of_Japan" title="Subprefectures of Japan">Subprefecture</a> </th> <th rowspan="2">Population </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Local_Autonomy_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Local Autonomy Law">LPE</a> code (w/o checksum) </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Japanese_writing_system" title="Japanese writing system">Japanese</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Japanese" title="Romanization of Japanese">Transcription</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">Translation</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Adachi,_Tokyo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Adachi%2C_Tokyo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Adachi%2C_Tokyo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="324" data-file-height="216"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Adachi%2C_Tokyo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Adachi%2C_Tokyo.svg.png" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Adachi%2C_Tokyo.svg/33px-Flag_of_Adachi%2C_Tokyo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Adachi%2C_Tokyo.svg/44px-Flag_of_Adachi%2C_Tokyo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Adachi,_Tokyo" title="Adachi, Tokyo">Adachi</a> </td> <td>足立区</td> <td>Adachi-ku</td> <td>Adachi Ward</td> <td rowspan="49" data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>674,067</td> <td>13121 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Arakawa,_Tokyo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Arakawa%2C_Tokyo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Arakawa%2C_Tokyo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="324" data-file-height="216"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Arakawa%2C_Tokyo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Arakawa%2C_Tokyo.svg.png" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Arakawa%2C_Tokyo.svg/33px-Flag_of_Arakawa%2C_Tokyo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Arakawa%2C_Tokyo.svg/44px-Flag_of_Arakawa%2C_Tokyo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Arakawa,_Tokyo" title="Arakawa, Tokyo">Arakawa</a> </td> <td>荒川区</td> <td>Arakawa-ku</td> <td>Arakawa Ward </td> <td>213,648</td> <td>13118 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Bunkyo,_Tokyo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_Bunkyo%2C_Tokyo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bunkyo%2C_Tokyo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_Bunkyo%2C_Tokyo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bunkyo%2C_Tokyo.svg.png" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_Bunkyo%2C_Tokyo.svg/33px-Flag_of_Bunkyo%2C_Tokyo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_Bunkyo%2C_Tokyo.svg/44px-Flag_of_Bunkyo%2C_Tokyo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Bunky%C5%8D" title="Bunkyō">Bunkyō</a> </td> <td>文京区</td> <td>Bunkyō-ku</td> <td>Bunkyō Ward </td> <td>223,389</td> <td>13105 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Chiyoda,_Tokyo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Chiyoda%2C_Tokyo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Chiyoda%2C_Tokyo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Chiyoda%2C_Tokyo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Chiyoda%2C_Tokyo.svg.png" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Chiyoda%2C_Tokyo.svg/33px-Flag_of_Chiyoda%2C_Tokyo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Chiyoda%2C_Tokyo.svg/44px-Flag_of_Chiyoda%2C_Tokyo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Chiyoda,_Tokyo" title="Chiyoda, Tokyo">Chiyoda</a> </td> <td>千代田区</td> <td>Chiyoda-ku</td> <td>Chiyoda Ward </td> <td>59,441</td> <td>13101 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Chuo,_Tokyo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Flag_of_Chuo%2C_Tokyo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Chuo%2C_Tokyo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Flag_of_Chuo%2C_Tokyo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Chuo%2C_Tokyo.svg.png" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Flag_of_Chuo%2C_Tokyo.svg/33px-Flag_of_Chuo%2C_Tokyo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Flag_of_Chuo%2C_Tokyo.svg/44px-Flag_of_Chuo%2C_Tokyo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%AB%C5%8D,_Tokyo" title="Chūō, Tokyo">Chūō</a> </td> <td>中央区</td> <td>Chūō-ku</td> <td>Chūō Ward (Central Ward) </td> <td>147,620</td> <td>13102 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Edogawa,_Tokyo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_Edogawa%2C_Tokyo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Edogawa%2C_Tokyo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_Edogawa%2C_Tokyo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Edogawa%2C_Tokyo.svg.png" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_Edogawa%2C_Tokyo.svg/33px-Flag_of_Edogawa%2C_Tokyo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_Edogawa%2C_Tokyo.svg/44px-Flag_of_Edogawa%2C_Tokyo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Edogawa,_Tokyo" title="Edogawa, Tokyo">Edogawa</a> </td> <td>江戸川区</td> <td>Edogawa-ku</td> <td>Edogawa Ward (Edo River Ward) </td> <td>685,899</td> <td>13123 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Itabashi,_Tokyo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Flag_of_Itabashi%2C_Tokyo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Itabashi%2C_Tokyo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Flag_of_Itabashi%2C_Tokyo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Itabashi%2C_Tokyo.svg.png" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Flag_of_Itabashi%2C_Tokyo.svg/33px-Flag_of_Itabashi%2C_Tokyo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Flag_of_Itabashi%2C_Tokyo.svg/44px-Flag_of_Itabashi%2C_Tokyo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Itabashi" title="Itabashi">Itabashi</a> </td> <td>板橋区</td> <td>Itabashi-ku</td> <td>Itabashi Ward </td> <td>569,225</td> <td>13119 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Katsushika,_Tokyo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Katsushika%2C_Tokyo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Katsushika%2C_Tokyo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Katsushika%2C_Tokyo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Katsushika%2C_Tokyo.svg.png" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Katsushika%2C_Tokyo.svg/33px-Flag_of_Katsushika%2C_Tokyo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Katsushika%2C_Tokyo.svg/44px-Flag_of_Katsushika%2C_Tokyo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Katsushika" title="Katsushika">Katsushika</a> </td> <td>葛飾区</td> <td>Katsushika-ku</td> <td>Katsushika Ward (after Katsushika District) </td> <td>447,140</td> <td>13122 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Kita,_Tokyo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Kita%2C_Tokyo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Kita%2C_Tokyo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Kita%2C_Tokyo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Kita%2C_Tokyo.svg.png" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Kita%2C_Tokyo.svg/33px-Flag_of_Kita%2C_Tokyo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Kita%2C_Tokyo.svg/44px-Flag_of_Kita%2C_Tokyo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Kita,_Tokyo" title="Kita, Tokyo">Kita</a> </td> <td>北区</td> <td>Kita-ku</td> <td>Kita Ward (North Ward) </td> <td>345,063</td> <td>13117 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Koto,_Tokyo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Koto%2C_Tokyo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Koto%2C_Tokyo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Koto%2C_Tokyo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Koto%2C_Tokyo.svg.png" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Koto%2C_Tokyo.svg/33px-Flag_of_Koto%2C_Tokyo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Koto%2C_Tokyo.svg/44px-Flag_of_Koto%2C_Tokyo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dt%C5%8D" title="Kōtō">Kōtō</a> </td> <td>江東区</td> <td>Kōtō-ku</td> <td>Kōtō Ward </td> <td>502,579</td> <td>13108 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Meguro,_Tokyo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Flag_of_Meguro%2C_Tokyo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Meguro%2C_Tokyo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Flag_of_Meguro%2C_Tokyo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Meguro%2C_Tokyo.svg.png" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Flag_of_Meguro%2C_Tokyo.svg/33px-Flag_of_Meguro%2C_Tokyo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Flag_of_Meguro%2C_Tokyo.svg/44px-Flag_of_Meguro%2C_Tokyo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Meguro" title="Meguro">Meguro</a> </td> <td>目黒区</td> <td>Meguro-ku</td> <td>Meguro Ward </td> <td>280,283</td> <td>13110 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Minato,_Tokyo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_Minato%2C_Tokyo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Minato%2C_Tokyo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="324" data-file-height="216"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_Minato%2C_Tokyo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Minato%2C_Tokyo.svg.png" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_Minato%2C_Tokyo.svg/33px-Flag_of_Minato%2C_Tokyo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_Minato%2C_Tokyo.svg/44px-Flag_of_Minato%2C_Tokyo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Minato,_Tokyo" title="Minato, Tokyo">Minato</a> </td> <td>港区</td> <td>Minato-ku</td> <td>Minato Ward (Harbor/Port District) </td> <td>248,071</td> <td>13103 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Nakano,_Tokyo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Nakano%2C_Tokyo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Nakano%2C_Tokyo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Nakano%2C_Tokyo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Nakano%2C_Tokyo.svg.png" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Nakano%2C_Tokyo.svg/33px-Flag_of_Nakano%2C_Tokyo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Nakano%2C_Tokyo.svg/44px-Flag_of_Nakano%2C_Tokyo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Nakano,_Tokyo" title="Nakano, Tokyo">Nakano</a> </td> <td>中野区</td> <td>Nakano-ku</td> <td>Nakano Ward </td> <td>332,902</td> <td>13114 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Nerima,_Tokyo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_Nerima%2C_Tokyo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Nerima%2C_Tokyo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="324" data-file-height="216"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_Nerima%2C_Tokyo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Nerima%2C_Tokyo.svg.png" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_Nerima%2C_Tokyo.svg/33px-Flag_of_Nerima%2C_Tokyo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_Nerima%2C_Tokyo.svg/44px-Flag_of_Nerima%2C_Tokyo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Nerima" title="Nerima">Nerima</a> </td> <td>練馬区</td> <td>Nerima-ku</td> <td>Nerima Ward </td> <td>726,748</td> <td>13120 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Ota,_Tokyo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Ota%2C_Tokyo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Ota%2C_Tokyo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Ota%2C_Tokyo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Ota%2C_Tokyo.svg.png" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Ota%2C_Tokyo.svg/33px-Flag_of_Ota%2C_Tokyo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Ota%2C_Tokyo.svg/44px-Flag_of_Ota%2C_Tokyo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cta,_Tokyo" title="Ōta, Tokyo">Ōta</a> </td> <td>大田区</td> <td>Ōta-ku</td> <td>Ōta Ward </td> <td>722,608</td> <td>13111 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Setagaya,_Tokyo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Setagaya%2C_Tokyo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Setagaya%2C_Tokyo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="324" data-file-height="216"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Setagaya%2C_Tokyo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Setagaya%2C_Tokyo.svg.png" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Setagaya%2C_Tokyo.svg/33px-Flag_of_Setagaya%2C_Tokyo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Setagaya%2C_Tokyo.svg/44px-Flag_of_Setagaya%2C_Tokyo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Setagaya" title="Setagaya">Setagaya</a> </td> <td>世田谷区</td> <td>Setagaya-ku</td> <td>Setagaya Ward </td> <td>910,868</td> <td>13112 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Shibuya,_Tokyo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Shibuya%2C_Tokyo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Shibuya%2C_Tokyo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Shibuya%2C_Tokyo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Shibuya%2C_Tokyo.svg.png" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Shibuya%2C_Tokyo.svg/33px-Flag_of_Shibuya%2C_Tokyo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Shibuya%2C_Tokyo.svg/44px-Flag_of_Shibuya%2C_Tokyo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Shibuya" title="Shibuya">Shibuya</a> </td> <td>渋谷区</td> <td>Shibuya-ku</td> <td>Shibuya Ward </td> <td>227,850</td> <td>13113 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Shinagawa,_Tokyo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Shinagawa%2C_Tokyo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Shinagawa%2C_Tokyo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Shinagawa%2C_Tokyo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Shinagawa%2C_Tokyo.svg.png" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Shinagawa%2C_Tokyo.svg/33px-Flag_of_Shinagawa%2C_Tokyo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Shinagawa%2C_Tokyo.svg/44px-Flag_of_Shinagawa%2C_Tokyo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Shinagawa" title="Shinagawa">Shinagawa</a> </td> <td>品川区</td> <td>Shinagawa-ku</td> <td>Shinagawa Ward </td> <td>392,492</td> <td>13109 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Shinjuku,_Tokyo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Flag_of_Shinjuku%2C_Tokyo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Shinjuku%2C_Tokyo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Flag_of_Shinjuku%2C_Tokyo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Shinjuku%2C_Tokyo.svg.png" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Flag_of_Shinjuku%2C_Tokyo.svg/33px-Flag_of_Shinjuku%2C_Tokyo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Flag_of_Shinjuku%2C_Tokyo.svg/44px-Flag_of_Shinjuku%2C_Tokyo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Shinjuku" title="Shinjuku">Shinjuku</a> </td> <td>新宿区</td> <td>Shinjuku-ku</td> <td>Shinjuku Ward </td> <td>339,211</td> <td>13104 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Suginami,_Tokyo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Flag_of_Suginami%2C_Tokyo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Suginami%2C_Tokyo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Flag_of_Suginami%2C_Tokyo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Suginami%2C_Tokyo.svg.png" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Flag_of_Suginami%2C_Tokyo.svg/33px-Flag_of_Suginami%2C_Tokyo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Flag_of_Suginami%2C_Tokyo.svg/44px-Flag_of_Suginami%2C_Tokyo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Suginami" title="Suginami">Suginami</a> </td> <td>杉並区</td> <td>Suginami-ku</td> <td>Suginami Ward </td> <td>570,483</td> <td>13115 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Sumida,_Tokyo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Sumida%2C_Tokyo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Sumida%2C_Tokyo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Sumida%2C_Tokyo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Sumida%2C_Tokyo.svg.png" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Sumida%2C_Tokyo.svg/33px-Flag_of_Sumida%2C_Tokyo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Sumida%2C_Tokyo.svg/44px-Flag_of_Sumida%2C_Tokyo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Sumida,_Tokyo" title="Sumida, Tokyo">Sumida</a> </td> <td>墨田区</td> <td>Sumida-ku</td> <td>Sumida Ward </td> <td>260,358</td> <td>13107 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Taito,_Tokyo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Flag_of_Taito%2C_Tokyo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Taito%2C_Tokyo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Flag_of_Taito%2C_Tokyo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Taito%2C_Tokyo.svg.png" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Flag_of_Taito%2C_Tokyo.svg/33px-Flag_of_Taito%2C_Tokyo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Flag_of_Taito%2C_Tokyo.svg/44px-Flag_of_Taito%2C_Tokyo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Tait%C5%8D" title="Taitō">Taitō</a> </td> <td>台東区</td> <td>Taitō-ku</td> <td>Taitō Ward </td> <td>200,486</td> <td>13106 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Toshima,_Tokyo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Toshima%2C_Tokyo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Toshima%2C_Tokyo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Toshima%2C_Tokyo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Toshima%2C_Tokyo.svg.png" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Toshima%2C_Tokyo.svg/33px-Flag_of_Toshima%2C_Tokyo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Toshima%2C_Tokyo.svg/44px-Flag_of_Toshima%2C_Tokyo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Toshima" title="Toshima">Toshima</a> </td> <td>豊島区</td> <td>Toshima-ku</td> <td>Toshima Ward (after <a href="/w/index.php?title=Toshima_District,_Musashi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Toshima District, Musashi (page does not exist)">Toshima District</a>) </td> <td>294,673</td> <td>13116 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Akiruno,_Tokyo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_Akiruno%2C_Tokyo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Akiruno%2C_Tokyo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="324" data-file-height="216"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_Akiruno%2C_Tokyo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Akiruno%2C_Tokyo.svg.png" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_Akiruno%2C_Tokyo.svg/33px-Flag_of_Akiruno%2C_Tokyo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_Akiruno%2C_Tokyo.svg/44px-Flag_of_Akiruno%2C_Tokyo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Akiruno,_Tokyo" title="Akiruno, Tokyo">Akiruno</a> </td> <td>あきる野市</td> <td>Akiruno-shi</td> <td>Akiruno City </td> <td>80,464</td> <td>13228 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Akishima,_Tokyo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Akishima%2C_Tokyo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Akishima%2C_Tokyo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="324" data-file-height="216"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Akishima%2C_Tokyo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Akishima%2C_Tokyo.svg.png" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Akishima%2C_Tokyo.svg/33px-Flag_of_Akishima%2C_Tokyo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Akishima%2C_Tokyo.svg/44px-Flag_of_Akishima%2C_Tokyo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Akishima,_Tokyo" title="Akishima, Tokyo">Akishima</a> </td> <td>昭島市</td> <td>Akishima-shi</td> <td>Akishima City </td> <td>111,449</td> <td>13207 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Chofu,_Tokyo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Chofu%2C_Tokyo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Chofu%2C_Tokyo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Chofu%2C_Tokyo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Chofu%2C_Tokyo.svg.png" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Chofu%2C_Tokyo.svg/33px-Flag_of_Chofu%2C_Tokyo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Chofu%2C_Tokyo.svg/44px-Flag_of_Chofu%2C_Tokyo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dfu,_Tokyo" class="mw-redirect" title="Chōfu, Tokyo">Chōfu</a> </td> <td>調布市</td> <td>Chōfu-shi</td> <td>Chōfu City </td> <td>240,668</td> <td>13208 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Fuchu,_Tokyo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Fuchu%2C_Tokyo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Fuchu%2C_Tokyo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Fuchu%2C_Tokyo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Fuchu%2C_Tokyo.svg.png" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Fuchu%2C_Tokyo.svg/33px-Flag_of_Fuchu%2C_Tokyo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Fuchu%2C_Tokyo.svg/44px-Flag_of_Fuchu%2C_Tokyo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Fuch%C5%AB,_Tokyo" title="Fuchū, Tokyo">Fuchū</a> </td> <td>府中市</td> <td>Fuchū-shi</td> <td>Fuchū City (<a href="/wiki/Musashi_Province" title="Musashi Province">provincial capital</a> city) </td> <td>260,891</td> <td>13206 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Fussa,_Tokyo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Flag_of_Fussa%2C_Tokyo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Fussa%2C_Tokyo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="324" data-file-height="216"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Flag_of_Fussa%2C_Tokyo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Fussa%2C_Tokyo.svg.png" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Flag_of_Fussa%2C_Tokyo.svg/33px-Flag_of_Fussa%2C_Tokyo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Flag_of_Fussa%2C_Tokyo.svg/44px-Flag_of_Fussa%2C_Tokyo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Fussa,_Tokyo" title="Fussa, Tokyo">Fussa</a> </td> <td>福生市</td> <td>Fussa-shi</td> <td>Fussa City </td> <td>58,393</td> <td>13218 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Hachioji,_Tokyo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Flag_of_Hachioji%2C_Tokyo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Hachioji%2C_Tokyo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="630"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Flag_of_Hachioji%2C_Tokyo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Hachioji%2C_Tokyo.svg.png" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Flag_of_Hachioji%2C_Tokyo.svg/33px-Flag_of_Hachioji%2C_Tokyo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Flag_of_Hachioji%2C_Tokyo.svg/44px-Flag_of_Hachioji%2C_Tokyo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Hachi%C5%8Dji,_Tokyo" class="mw-redirect" title="Hachiōji, Tokyo">Hachiōji</a> </td> <td>八王子市</td> <td>Hachiōji-shi</td> <td>Hachiōji City </td> <td>579,330</td> <td>13201 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Hamura,_Tokyo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Hamura%2C_Tokyo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Hamura%2C_Tokyo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="324" data-file-height="216"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Hamura%2C_Tokyo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Hamura%2C_Tokyo.svg.png" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Hamura%2C_Tokyo.svg/33px-Flag_of_Hamura%2C_Tokyo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Hamura%2C_Tokyo.svg/44px-Flag_of_Hamura%2C_Tokyo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Hamura,_Tokyo" title="Hamura, Tokyo">Hamura</a> </td> <td>羽村市</td> <td>Hamura-shi</td> <td>Hamura City </td> <td>55,596</td> <td>13227 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Higashikurume,_Tokyo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_Higashikurume%2C_Tokyo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Higashikurume%2C_Tokyo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_Higashikurume%2C_Tokyo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Higashikurume%2C_Tokyo.svg.png" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_Higashikurume%2C_Tokyo.svg/33px-Flag_of_Higashikurume%2C_Tokyo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_Higashikurume%2C_Tokyo.svg/44px-Flag_of_Higashikurume%2C_Tokyo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Higashikurume,_Tokyo" title="Higashikurume, Tokyo">Higashikurume</a> </td> <td>東久留米市</td> <td>Higashi-Kurume-shi</td> <td>Higashi-Kurume City East Kurume City (as opposed to <a href="/wiki/Kurume,_Fukuoka" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurume, Fukuoka">Kurume City, Western Japan</a>) </td> <td>116,869</td> <td>13222 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Higashimurayama,_Tokyo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Higashimurayama%2C_Tokyo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Higashimurayama%2C_Tokyo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Higashimurayama%2C_Tokyo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Higashimurayama%2C_Tokyo.svg.png" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Higashimurayama%2C_Tokyo.svg/33px-Flag_of_Higashimurayama%2C_Tokyo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Higashimurayama%2C_Tokyo.svg/44px-Flag_of_Higashimurayama%2C_Tokyo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Higashimurayama,_Tokyo" title="Higashimurayama, Tokyo">Higashimurayama</a> </td> <td>東村山市</td> <td>Higashi-Murayama-shi</td> <td>Higashi-Murayama City East Murayama City (after <a href="/w/index.php?title=Murayama,_Musashi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Murayama, Musashi (page does not exist)">Murayama Region</a>) </td> <td>150,984</td> <td>13213 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Higashiyamato,_Tokyo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Higashiyamato%2C_Tokyo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Higashiyamato%2C_Tokyo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="324" data-file-height="216"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Higashiyamato%2C_Tokyo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Higashiyamato%2C_Tokyo.svg.png" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Higashiyamato%2C_Tokyo.svg/33px-Flag_of_Higashiyamato%2C_Tokyo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Higashiyamato%2C_Tokyo.svg/44px-Flag_of_Higashiyamato%2C_Tokyo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Higashiyamato,_Tokyo" title="Higashiyamato, Tokyo">Higashiyamato</a> </td> <td>東大和市</td> <td>Higashi-Yamato-shi</td> <td>Higashi-Yamato City (here: Tokyo's Yamato City)<a href="#cite_note-88">[86]</a> (as opposed to <a href="/wiki/Yamato,_Kanagawa" title="Yamato, Kanagawa">Kanagawa's Yamato City</a>) </td> <td>85,229</td> <td>13220 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Hino,_Tokyo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_Hino%2C_Tokyo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Hino%2C_Tokyo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="324" data-file-height="216"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_Hino%2C_Tokyo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Hino%2C_Tokyo.svg.png" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_Hino%2C_Tokyo.svg/33px-Flag_of_Hino%2C_Tokyo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_Hino%2C_Tokyo.svg/44px-Flag_of_Hino%2C_Tokyo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Hino,_Tokyo" title="Hino, Tokyo">Hino</a> </td> <td>日野市</td> <td>Hino-shi</td> <td>Hino City </td> <td>185,133</td> <td>13212 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Inagi,_Tokyo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Flag_of_Inagi%2C_Tokyo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Inagi%2C_Tokyo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="324" data-file-height="216"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Flag_of_Inagi%2C_Tokyo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Inagi%2C_Tokyo.svg.png" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Flag_of_Inagi%2C_Tokyo.svg/33px-Flag_of_Inagi%2C_Tokyo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Flag_of_Inagi%2C_Tokyo.svg/44px-Flag_of_Inagi%2C_Tokyo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Inagi,_Tokyo" class="mw-redirect" title="Inagi, Tokyo">Inagi</a> </td> <td>稲城市</td> <td>Inagi-shi</td> <td>Inagi City </td> <td>87,927</td> <td>13225 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Kiyose,_Tokyo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_Kiyose%2C_Tokyo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Kiyose%2C_Tokyo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="324" data-file-height="216"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_Kiyose%2C_Tokyo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Kiyose%2C_Tokyo.svg.png" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_Kiyose%2C_Tokyo.svg/33px-Flag_of_Kiyose%2C_Tokyo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_Kiyose%2C_Tokyo.svg/44px-Flag_of_Kiyose%2C_Tokyo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Kiyose,_Tokyo" title="Kiyose, Tokyo">Kiyose</a> </td> <td>清瀬市</td> <td>Kiyose-shi</td> <td>Kiyose City </td> <td>74,495</td> <td>13221 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Kodaira,_Tokyo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Kodaira%2C_Tokyo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Kodaira%2C_Tokyo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Kodaira%2C_Tokyo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Kodaira%2C_Tokyo.svg.png" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Kodaira%2C_Tokyo.svg/33px-Flag_of_Kodaira%2C_Tokyo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Kodaira%2C_Tokyo.svg/44px-Flag_of_Kodaira%2C_Tokyo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Kodaira,_Tokyo" title="Kodaira, Tokyo">Kodaira</a> </td> <td>小平市</td> <td>Kodaira-shi</td> <td>Kodaira City </td> <td>194,757</td> <td>13211 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Koganei,_Tokyo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Koganei%2C_Tokyo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Koganei%2C_Tokyo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Koganei%2C_Tokyo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Koganei%2C_Tokyo.svg.png" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Koganei%2C_Tokyo.svg/33px-Flag_of_Koganei%2C_Tokyo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Koganei%2C_Tokyo.svg/44px-Flag_of_Koganei%2C_Tokyo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Koganei,_Tokyo" title="Koganei, Tokyo">Koganei</a> </td> <td>小金井市</td> <td>Koganei-shi</td> <td>Koganei City </td> <td>121,516</td> <td>13210 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Kokubunji,_Tokyo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Kokubunji%2C_Tokyo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Kokubunji%2C_Tokyo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Kokubunji%2C_Tokyo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Kokubunji%2C_Tokyo.svg.png" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Kokubunji%2C_Tokyo.svg/33px-Flag_of_Kokubunji%2C_Tokyo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Kokubunji%2C_Tokyo.svg/44px-Flag_of_Kokubunji%2C_Tokyo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Kokubunji,_Tokyo" title="Kokubunji, Tokyo">Kokubunji</a> </td> <td>国分寺市</td> <td>Kokubunji-shi</td> <td>Kokubunji City (<a href="/wiki/Musashi_Province" title="Musashi Province">provincial temple</a> city) </td> <td>122,787</td> <td>13214 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Komae,_Tokyo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_Komae%2C_Tokyo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Komae%2C_Tokyo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="324" data-file-height="216"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_Komae%2C_Tokyo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Komae%2C_Tokyo.svg.png" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_Komae%2C_Tokyo.svg/33px-Flag_of_Komae%2C_Tokyo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_Komae%2C_Tokyo.svg/44px-Flag_of_Komae%2C_Tokyo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Komae,_Tokyo" title="Komae, Tokyo">Komae</a> </td> <td>狛江市</td> <td>Komae-shi</td> <td>Komae City </td> <td>81,671</td> <td>13219 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Kunitachi,_Tokyo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Flag_of_Kunitachi%2C_Tokyo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Kunitachi%2C_Tokyo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="329"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Flag_of_Kunitachi%2C_Tokyo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Kunitachi%2C_Tokyo.svg.png" data-width="22" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Flag_of_Kunitachi%2C_Tokyo.svg/33px-Flag_of_Kunitachi%2C_Tokyo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Flag_of_Kunitachi%2C_Tokyo.svg/44px-Flag_of_Kunitachi%2C_Tokyo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Kunitachi,_Tokyo" title="Kunitachi, Tokyo">Kunitachi</a> </td> <td>国立市</td> <td>Kunitachi-shi</td> <td>Kunitachi City </td> <td>75,867</td> <td>13215 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Machida,_Tokyo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_Machida%2C_Tokyo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Machida%2C_Tokyo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_Machida%2C_Tokyo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Machida%2C_Tokyo.svg.png" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_Machida%2C_Tokyo.svg/33px-Flag_of_Machida%2C_Tokyo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_Machida%2C_Tokyo.svg/44px-Flag_of_Machida%2C_Tokyo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Machida,_Tokyo" title="Machida, Tokyo">Machida</a> </td> <td>町田市</td> <td>Machida-shi</td> <td>Machida City </td> <td>429,040</td> <td>13209 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Mitaka,_Tokyo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Flag_of_Mitaka%2C_Tokyo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Mitaka%2C_Tokyo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Flag_of_Mitaka%2C_Tokyo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Mitaka%2C_Tokyo.svg.png" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Flag_of_Mitaka%2C_Tokyo.svg/33px-Flag_of_Mitaka%2C_Tokyo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Flag_of_Mitaka%2C_Tokyo.svg/44px-Flag_of_Mitaka%2C_Tokyo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Mitaka,_Tokyo" title="Mitaka, Tokyo">Mitaka</a> </td> <td>三鷹市</td> <td>Mitaka-shi</td> <td>Mitaka City </td> <td>189,168</td> <td>13204 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Musashimurayama,_Tokyo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Musashimurayama%2C_Tokyo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Musashimurayama%2C_Tokyo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="324" data-file-height="216"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Musashimurayama%2C_Tokyo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Musashimurayama%2C_Tokyo.svg.png" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Musashimurayama%2C_Tokyo.svg/33px-Flag_of_Musashimurayama%2C_Tokyo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Musashimurayama%2C_Tokyo.svg/44px-Flag_of_Musashimurayama%2C_Tokyo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Musashimurayama,_Tokyo" title="Musashimurayama, Tokyo">Musashimurayama</a> </td> <td>武蔵村山市</td> <td>Musashi-Murayama-shi</td> <td>Musashi-Murayama City (as opposed to <a href="/wiki/Murayama,_Yamagata" title="Murayama, Yamagata">Murayama City</a>, Dewa Province) </td> <td>70,649</td> <td>13223 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Musashino,_Tokyo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_Musashino%2C_Tokyo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Musashino%2C_Tokyo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="324" data-file-height="216"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_Musashino%2C_Tokyo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Musashino%2C_Tokyo.svg.png" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_Musashino%2C_Tokyo.svg/33px-Flag_of_Musashino%2C_Tokyo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_Musashino%2C_Tokyo.svg/44px-Flag_of_Musashino%2C_Tokyo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Musashino,_Tokyo" title="Musashino, Tokyo">Musashino</a> </td> <td>武蔵野市</td> <td>Musashino-shi</td> <td>Musashino City (after <a href="/w/index.php?title=Musashino,_Musashi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Musashino, Musashi (page does not exist)">Musashino Region</a>) </td> <td>143,686</td> <td>13203 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Nishitokyo,_Tokyo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Nishitokyo%2C_Tokyo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Nishitokyo%2C_Tokyo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Nishitokyo%2C_Tokyo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Nishitokyo%2C_Tokyo.svg.png" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Nishitokyo%2C_Tokyo.svg/33px-Flag_of_Nishitokyo%2C_Tokyo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Nishitokyo%2C_Tokyo.svg/44px-Flag_of_Nishitokyo%2C_Tokyo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Nishitokyo" title="Nishitokyo">Nishitokyo</a> </td> <td>西東京市</td> <td>Nishi-Tōkyō-shi</td> <td>Nishi-Tokyo City (Western Tokyo City) </td> <td>200,102</td> <td>13229 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Ome,_Tokyo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Ome%2C_Tokyo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Ome%2C_Tokyo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Ome%2C_Tokyo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Ome%2C_Tokyo.svg.png" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Ome%2C_Tokyo.svg/33px-Flag_of_Ome%2C_Tokyo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Ome%2C_Tokyo.svg/44px-Flag_of_Ome%2C_Tokyo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cme,_Tokyo" title="Ōme, Tokyo">Ōme</a> </td> <td>青梅市</td> <td>Ōme-shi</td> <td>Ōme City </td> <td>136,071</td> <td>13205 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Tachikawa,_Tokyo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Tachikawa%2C_Tokyo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Tachikawa%2C_Tokyo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Tachikawa%2C_Tokyo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Tachikawa%2C_Tokyo.svg.png" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Tachikawa%2C_Tokyo.svg/33px-Flag_of_Tachikawa%2C_Tokyo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Tachikawa%2C_Tokyo.svg/44px-Flag_of_Tachikawa%2C_Tokyo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Tachikawa,_Tokyo" title="Tachikawa, Tokyo">Tachikawa</a> </td> <td>立川市</td> <td>Tachikawa-shi</td> <td>Tachikawa City </td> <td>184,183</td> <td>13202 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Tama,_Tokyo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Tama%2C_Tokyo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Tama%2C_Tokyo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Tama%2C_Tokyo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Tama%2C_Tokyo.svg.png" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Tama%2C_Tokyo.svg/33px-Flag_of_Tama%2C_Tokyo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Tama%2C_Tokyo.svg/44px-Flag_of_Tama%2C_Tokyo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Tama,_Tokyo" title="Tama, Tokyo">Tama</a> </td> <td>多摩市</td> <td>Tama-shi</td> <td>Tama City (after <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tama_District,_Musashi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tama District, Musashi (page does not exist)">Tama district</a>/<a href="/wiki/Western_Tokyo" title="Western Tokyo">area</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tama_River" title="Tama River">river</a>) </td> <td>147,953</td> <td>13224 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Hinode,_Tokyo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Hinode%2C_Tokyo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Hinode%2C_Tokyo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="324" data-file-height="216"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Hinode%2C_Tokyo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Hinode%2C_Tokyo.svg.png" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Hinode%2C_Tokyo.svg/33px-Flag_of_Hinode%2C_Tokyo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Hinode%2C_Tokyo.svg/44px-Flag_of_Hinode%2C_Tokyo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Hinode,_Tokyo" title="Hinode, Tokyo">Hinode</a> </td> <td>日の出町</td> <td>Hinode-machi</td> <td>Hinode Town</td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Nishitama_District,_Tokyo" title="Nishitama District, Tokyo">Nishi-Tama</a> (Western <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tama_District,_Musashi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tama District, Musashi (page does not exist)">Tama</a> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E6%91%A9%E9%83%A1" class="extiw" title="ja:多摩郡">ja</a>]) </td> <td>17,141</td> <td>13305 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Hinohara,_Tokyo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Hinohara%2C_Tokyo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Hinohara%2C_Tokyo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="324" data-file-height="216"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Hinohara%2C_Tokyo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Hinohara%2C_Tokyo.svg.png" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Hinohara%2C_Tokyo.svg/33px-Flag_of_Hinohara%2C_Tokyo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Hinohara%2C_Tokyo.svg/44px-Flag_of_Hinohara%2C_Tokyo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Hinohara" title="Hinohara">Hinohara</a> </td> <td>檜原村</td> <td>Hinohara-mura</td> <td>Hinohara Village </td> <td>2,194</td> <td>13307 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Mizuho,_Tokyo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Mizuho%2C_Tokyo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Mizuho%2C_Tokyo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="324" data-file-height="216"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Mizuho%2C_Tokyo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Mizuho%2C_Tokyo.svg.png" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Mizuho%2C_Tokyo.svg/33px-Flag_of_Mizuho%2C_Tokyo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Mizuho%2C_Tokyo.svg/44px-Flag_of_Mizuho%2C_Tokyo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Mizuho,_Tokyo" title="Mizuho, Tokyo">Mizuho</a> </td> <td>瑞穂町</td> <td>Mizuho-machi</td> <td>Mizuho Town </td> <td>33,117</td> <td>13303 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Okutama,_Tokyo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Okutama%2C_Tokyo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Okutama%2C_Tokyo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Okutama%2C_Tokyo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Okutama%2C_Tokyo.svg.png" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Okutama%2C_Tokyo.svg/33px-Flag_of_Okutama%2C_Tokyo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Okutama%2C_Tokyo.svg/44px-Flag_of_Okutama%2C_Tokyo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Okutama,_Tokyo" title="Okutama, Tokyo">Okutama</a> </td> <td>奥多摩町</td> <td>Okutama-machi</td> <td>Okutama Town (Rear/Outer Tama Town) </td> <td>5,177</td> <td>13308 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Hachijo,_Tokyo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Flag_of_Hachijo%2C_Tokyo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Hachijo%2C_Tokyo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Flag_of_Hachijo%2C_Tokyo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Hachijo%2C_Tokyo.svg.png" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Flag_of_Hachijo%2C_Tokyo.svg/33px-Flag_of_Hachijo%2C_Tokyo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Flag_of_Hachijo%2C_Tokyo.svg/44px-Flag_of_Hachijo%2C_Tokyo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Hachij%C5%8D,_Tokyo" title="Hachijō, Tokyo">Hachijō</a> </td> <td>八丈町</td> <td>Hachijō-machi</td> <td>Hachijō Town (on <a href="/wiki/Hachij%C5%8D-jima" title="Hachijō-jima">Hachijō Island</a>)</td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Hachij%C5%8D_Subprefecture" title="Hachijō Subprefecture">Hachijō</a> </td> <td>7,516</td> <td>13401 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Aogashima,_Tokyo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_Aogashima%2C_Tokyo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Aogashima%2C_Tokyo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="324" data-file-height="216"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_Aogashima%2C_Tokyo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Aogashima%2C_Tokyo.svg.png" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_Aogashima%2C_Tokyo.svg/33px-Flag_of_Aogashima%2C_Tokyo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_Aogashima%2C_Tokyo.svg/44px-Flag_of_Aogashima%2C_Tokyo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Aogashima,_Tokyo" title="Aogashima, Tokyo">Aogashima</a> </td> <td>青ヶ島村</td> <td>Aogashima-mura</td> <td>Aogashima Village (on <a href="/wiki/Aogashima" title="Aogashima">Aogashima</a>) </td> <td>169</td> <td>13402 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Miyake,_Tokyo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Miyake%2C_Tokyo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Miyake%2C_Tokyo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="200"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Miyake%2C_Tokyo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Miyake%2C_Tokyo.svg.png" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Miyake%2C_Tokyo.svg/33px-Flag_of_Miyake%2C_Tokyo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Miyake%2C_Tokyo.svg/44px-Flag_of_Miyake%2C_Tokyo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Miyake,_Tokyo" title="Miyake, Tokyo">Miyake</a> </td> <td>三宅村</td> <td>Miyake-mura</td> <td>Miyake Village (on <a href="/wiki/Miyake-jima" title="Miyake-jima">Miyake Island</a>)</td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Miyake_Subprefecture" title="Miyake Subprefecture">Miyake</a> </td> <td>2,451</td> <td>13381 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Mikurajima,_Tokyo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Mikurajima%2C_Tokyo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Mikurajima%2C_Tokyo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="324" data-file-height="216"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Mikurajima%2C_Tokyo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Mikurajima%2C_Tokyo.svg.png" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Mikurajima%2C_Tokyo.svg/33px-Flag_of_Mikurajima%2C_Tokyo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Mikurajima%2C_Tokyo.svg/44px-Flag_of_Mikurajima%2C_Tokyo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Mikurajima,_Tokyo" title="Mikurajima, Tokyo">Mikurajima</a> </td> <td>御蔵島村</td> <td>Mikurajima-mura</td> <td>Mikurajima Village (<a href="/wiki/Mikura-jima" title="Mikura-jima">Mikura Island</a> Village) </td> <td>328</td> <td>13382 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Oshima,_Tokyo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Oshima%2C_Tokyo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Oshima%2C_Tokyo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Oshima%2C_Tokyo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Oshima%2C_Tokyo.svg.png" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Oshima%2C_Tokyo.svg/33px-Flag_of_Oshima%2C_Tokyo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Oshima%2C_Tokyo.svg/44px-Flag_of_Oshima%2C_Tokyo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cshima,_Tokyo" title="Ōshima, Tokyo">Ōshima</a> </td> <td>大島町</td> <td>Ōshima-machi</td> <td>Ōshima Town (<a href="/wiki/Izu-%C5%8Cshima" class="mw-redirect" title="Izu-Ōshima">[Izu] Grand Island</a> Town)</td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cshima_Subprefecture_(Tokyo)" title="Ōshima Subprefecture (Tokyo)">Ōshima</a> </td> <td>7,762</td> <td>13361 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Toshima_Village,_Tokyo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Toshima_Village%2C_Tokyo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Toshima_Village%2C_Tokyo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="324" data-file-height="216"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Toshima_Village%2C_Tokyo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Toshima_Village%2C_Tokyo.svg.png" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Toshima_Village%2C_Tokyo.svg/33px-Flag_of_Toshima_Village%2C_Tokyo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Toshima_Village%2C_Tokyo.svg/44px-Flag_of_Toshima_Village%2C_Tokyo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/To-shima,_Tokyo" title="To-shima, Tokyo">To-shima</a> </td> <td>利島村</td> <td>Toshima-mura</td> <td>To-shima Village (on <a href="/wiki/To-shima,_Tokyo" title="To-shima, Tokyo">homonymous island</a>) </td> <td>309</td> <td>13362 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Niijima,_Tokyo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_Niijima%2C_Tokyo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Niijima%2C_Tokyo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_Niijima%2C_Tokyo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Niijima%2C_Tokyo.svg.png" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_Niijima%2C_Tokyo.svg/33px-Flag_of_Niijima%2C_Tokyo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_Niijima%2C_Tokyo.svg/44px-Flag_of_Niijima%2C_Tokyo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Niijima,_Tokyo" title="Niijima, Tokyo">Niijima</a> </td> <td>新島村</td> <td>Niijima-mura</td> <td>Niijima Village (on <a href="/wiki/Niijima" class="mw-redirect" title="Niijima">homonymous island</a>) </td> <td>2,697</td> <td>13363 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Kozushima,_Tokyo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Kozushima%2C_Tokyo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Kozushima%2C_Tokyo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Kozushima%2C_Tokyo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Kozushima%2C_Tokyo.svg.png" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Kozushima%2C_Tokyo.svg/33px-Flag_of_Kozushima%2C_Tokyo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Kozushima%2C_Tokyo.svg/44px-Flag_of_Kozushima%2C_Tokyo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dzushima,_Tokyo" title="Kōzushima, Tokyo">Kōzushima</a> </td> <td>神津島村</td> <td>Kōzushima-mura</td> <td>Kōzushima Village (on <a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dzushima" class="mw-redirect" title="Kōzushima">homonymous island</a>) </td> <td>1,856</td> <td>13364 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Ogasawara,_Tokyo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Ogasawara%2C_Tokyo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Ogasawara%2C_Tokyo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Ogasawara%2C_Tokyo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Ogasawara%2C_Tokyo.svg.png" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Ogasawara%2C_Tokyo.svg/33px-Flag_of_Ogasawara%2C_Tokyo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Ogasawara%2C_Tokyo.svg/44px-Flag_of_Ogasawara%2C_Tokyo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Ogasawara,_Tokyo" title="Ogasawara, Tokyo">Ogasawara</a> </td> <td>小笠原村</td> <td>Ogasawara-mura</td> <td>Ogasawara Village (on <a href="/wiki/Ogasawara_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Ogasawara Islands">homonymous islands</a>)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ogasawara_Subprefecture" title="Ogasawara Subprefecture">Ogasawara</a> </td> <td>3,029</td> <td>13421 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Tokyo_Metropolis.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_Tokyo_Metropolis.svg/22px-Flag_of_Tokyo_Metropolis.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_Tokyo_Metropolis.svg/22px-Flag_of_Tokyo_Metropolis.svg.png" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_Tokyo_Metropolis.svg/33px-Flag_of_Tokyo_Metropolis.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_Tokyo_Metropolis.svg/44px-Flag_of_Tokyo_Metropolis.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> Tokyo </th> <th>東京都</th> <th>Tōkyō-to</th> <th>Tokyo "Metropolis" functionally: ~ <a href="/wiki/Tod%C5%8Dfuken" class="mw-redirect" title="Todōfuken">Prefecture</a> literally/etymologically: ~ <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%83%BD" class="extiw" title="wikt:都">Capital</a></th> <th>–</th> <th>13,960,236</th> <th>13000 ISO: JP-13 </th></tr></tbody></table> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%A4%9A%E6%91%A9%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF%E3%82%A6%E3%83%B3%E3%81%AE%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E3%80%8C%E5%A4%9A%E6%91%A9%E3%82%BB%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%80%8D%E9%A7%85%E5%91%A8%E8%BE%BA%E3%81%AE%E8%A1%97%E4%B8%A6%E3%81%BF%EF%BC%882021%E5%B9%B43%E6%9C%8826%E6%97%A5%E6%92%AE%E5%BD%B1%EF%BC%89.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tama"><noscript><img alt="Tama" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/%E5%A4%9A%E6%91%A9%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF%E3%82%A6%E3%83%B3%E3%81%AE%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E3%80%8C%E5%A4%9A%E6%91%A9%E3%82%BB%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%80%8D%E9%A7%85%E5%91%A8%E8%BE%BA%E3%81%AE%E8%A1%97%E4%B8%A6%E3%81%BF%EF%BC%882021%E5%B9%B43%E6%9C%8826%E6%97%A5%E6%92%AE%E5%BD%B1%EF%BC%89.jpg/320px-%E5%A4%9A%E6%91%A9%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF%E3%82%A6%E3%83%B3%E3%81%AE%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E3%80%8C%E5%A4%9A%E6%91%A9%E3%82%BB%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%80%8D%E9%A7%85%E5%91%A8%E8%BE%BA%E3%81%AE%E8%A1%97%E4%B8%A6%E3%81%BF%EF%BC%882021%E5%B9%B43%E6%9C%8826%E6%97%A5%E6%92%AE%E5%BD%B1%EF%BC%89.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2720" data-file-height="1530"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 214px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/%E5%A4%9A%E6%91%A9%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF%E3%82%A6%E3%83%B3%E3%81%AE%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E3%80%8C%E5%A4%9A%E6%91%A9%E3%82%BB%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%80%8D%E9%A7%85%E5%91%A8%E8%BE%BA%E3%81%AE%E8%A1%97%E4%B8%A6%E3%81%BF%EF%BC%882021%E5%B9%B43%E6%9C%8826%E6%97%A5%E6%92%AE%E5%BD%B1%EF%BC%89.jpg/320px-%E5%A4%9A%E6%91%A9%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF%E3%82%A6%E3%83%B3%E3%81%AE%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E3%80%8C%E5%A4%9A%E6%91%A9%E3%82%BB%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%80%8D%E9%A7%85%E5%91%A8%E8%BE%BA%E3%81%AE%E8%A1%97%E4%B8%A6%E3%81%BF%EF%BC%882021%E5%B9%B43%E6%9C%8826%E6%97%A5%E6%92%AE%E5%BD%B1%EF%BC%89.jpg" data-alt="Tama" data-width="214" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/%E5%A4%9A%E6%91%A9%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF%E3%82%A6%E3%83%B3%E3%81%AE%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E3%80%8C%E5%A4%9A%E6%91%A9%E3%82%BB%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%80%8D%E9%A7%85%E5%91%A8%E8%BE%BA%E3%81%AE%E8%A1%97%E4%B8%A6%E3%81%BF%EF%BC%882021%E5%B9%B43%E6%9C%8826%E6%97%A5%E6%92%AE%E5%BD%B1%EF%BC%89.jpg/480px-%E5%A4%9A%E6%91%A9%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF%E3%82%A6%E3%83%B3%E3%81%AE%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E3%80%8C%E5%A4%9A%E6%91%A9%E3%82%BB%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%80%8D%E9%A7%85%E5%91%A8%E8%BE%BA%E3%81%AE%E8%A1%97%E4%B8%A6%E3%81%BF%EF%BC%882021%E5%B9%B43%E6%9C%8826%E6%97%A5%E6%92%AE%E5%BD%B1%EF%BC%89.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/%E5%A4%9A%E6%91%A9%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF%E3%82%A6%E3%83%B3%E3%81%AE%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E3%80%8C%E5%A4%9A%E6%91%A9%E3%82%BB%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%80%8D%E9%A7%85%E5%91%A8%E8%BE%BA%E3%81%AE%E8%A1%97%E4%B8%A6%E3%81%BF%EF%BC%882021%E5%B9%B43%E6%9C%8826%E6%97%A5%E6%92%AE%E5%BD%B1%EF%BC%89.jpg/640px-%E5%A4%9A%E6%91%A9%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF%E3%82%A6%E3%83%B3%E3%81%AE%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E3%80%8C%E5%A4%9A%E6%91%A9%E3%82%BB%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%80%8D%E9%A7%85%E5%91%A8%E8%BE%BA%E3%81%AE%E8%A1%97%E4%B8%A6%E3%81%BF%EF%BC%882021%E5%B9%B43%E6%9C%8826%E6%97%A5%E6%92%AE%E5%BD%B1%EF%BC%89.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tama</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Takao-san_HachiojiUrbanDistrict.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Hachioji"><noscript><img alt="Hachioji" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Takao-san_HachiojiUrbanDistrict.JPG/240px-Takao-san_HachiojiUrbanDistrict.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 160px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Takao-san_HachiojiUrbanDistrict.JPG/240px-Takao-san_HachiojiUrbanDistrict.JPG" data-alt="Hachioji" data-width="160" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Takao-san_HachiojiUrbanDistrict.JPG/360px-Takao-san_HachiojiUrbanDistrict.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Takao-san_HachiojiUrbanDistrict.JPG/480px-Takao-san_HachiojiUrbanDistrict.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Hachioji" class="mw-redirect" title="Hachioji">Hachioji</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Musashino_in_the_afternoon.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Musashino"><noscript><img alt="Musashino" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Musashino_in_the_afternoon.jpg/240px-Musashino_in_the_afternoon.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 160px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Musashino_in_the_afternoon.jpg/240px-Musashino_in_the_afternoon.jpg" data-alt="Musashino" data-width="160" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Musashino_in_the_afternoon.jpg/360px-Musashino_in_the_afternoon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Musashino_in_the_afternoon.jpg/480px-Musashino_in_the_afternoon.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Musashino,_Tokyo" title="Musashino, Tokyo">Musashino</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Mounts_Chibusa_and_Kensaki_seen_from_Port_of_Oki.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ogasawara"><noscript><img alt="Ogasawara" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Mounts_Chibusa_and_Kensaki_seen_from_Port_of_Oki.jpg/270px-Mounts_Chibusa_and_Kensaki_seen_from_Port_of_Oki.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3526" data-file-height="2351"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Mounts_Chibusa_and_Kensaki_seen_from_Port_of_Oki.jpg/270px-Mounts_Chibusa_and_Kensaki_seen_from_Port_of_Oki.jpg" data-alt="Ogasawara" data-width="180" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Mounts_Chibusa_and_Kensaki_seen_from_Port_of_Oki.jpg/405px-Mounts_Chibusa_and_Kensaki_seen_from_Port_of_Oki.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Mounts_Chibusa_and_Kensaki_seen_from_Port_of_Oki.jpg/540px-Mounts_Chibusa_and_Kensaki_seen_from_Port_of_Oki.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ogasawara,_Tokyo" title="Ogasawara, Tokyo">Ogasawara</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Environmental_policies">Environmental policies</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tokyo&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Environmental policies" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (May 2024)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Tokyo has enacted a measure to cut greenhouse gases. Governor <a href="/wiki/Shintaro_Ishihara" title="Shintaro Ishihara">Shintaro Ishihara</a> created Japan's first <a href="/wiki/Emissions_cap_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Emissions cap system">emissions cap system</a>, aiming to reduce <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas emission</a> by a total of 25% by 2020 from the 2000 level.<a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a> Tokyo is an example of an <a href="/wiki/Urban_heat_island" title="Urban heat island">urban heat island</a>, and the phenomenon is especially serious in its special wards.<a href="#cite_note-barry-90">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[89]</a> According to the Tokyo Metropolitan Government,<a href="#cite_note-92">[90]</a> the annual mean temperature has increased by about 3 °C (5.4 °F) over the past 100 years. Tokyo has been cited as a "convincing example of the relationship between urban growth and climate".<a href="#cite_note-barry-90">[88]</a> In 2006, Tokyo enacted the "10 Year Project for Green Tokyo" to be realized by 2016. It set a goal of increasing roadside trees in Tokyo to 1 million (from 480,000), and adding 1,000 ha (2,500 acres) of green space, 88 ha (220 acres) of which will be a new park named "Umi no Mori" (Sea Forest) which will be on a reclaimed island in <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Bay" title="Tokyo Bay">Tokyo Bay</a> which used to be a landfill.<a href="#cite_note-93">[91]</a> From 2007 to 2010, 436 ha (1,080 acres) of the planned 1,000 ha of green space was created and 220,000 trees were planted, bringing the total to 700,000. As of 2014<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tokyo&action=edit">[update]</a>, roadside trees in Tokyo have increased to 950,000, and a further 300 ha (740 acres) of green space has been added.<a href="#cite_note-94">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_government">National government</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tokyo&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: National government" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Tokyo%27s_Diet_electoral_districts" title="Tokyo's Diet electoral districts">Tokyo's Diet electoral districts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:217px;max-width:217px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:97px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Supreme_Court_of_Japan_(10357245203).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Supreme_Court_of_Japan_%2810357245203%29.jpg/215px-Supreme_Court_of_Japan_%2810357245203%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="215" height="98" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3991" data-file-height="1813"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 215px;height: 98px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Supreme_Court_of_Japan_%2810357245203%29.jpg/215px-Supreme_Court_of_Japan_%2810357245203%29.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="215" data-height="98" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Supreme_Court_of_Japan_%2810357245203%29.jpg/323px-Supreme_Court_of_Japan_%2810357245203%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Supreme_Court_of_Japan_%2810357245203%29.jpg/430px-Supreme_Court_of_Japan_%2810357245203%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Japan" title="Supreme Court of Japan">Supreme Court of Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hayabusach%C5%8D" title="Hayabusachō">Hayabusachō</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chiyoda,_Tokyo" title="Chiyoda, Tokyo">Chiyoda</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:171px;max-width:171px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:97px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Kantei_PM_Japan_Residence.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Kantei_PM_Japan_Residence.jpg/169px-Kantei_PM_Japan_Residence.jpg" decoding="async" width="169" height="98" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1520" data-file-height="882"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 169px;height: 98px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Kantei_PM_Japan_Residence.jpg/169px-Kantei_PM_Japan_Residence.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="169" data-height="98" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Kantei_PM_Japan_Residence.jpg/254px-Kantei_PM_Japan_Residence.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Kantei_PM_Japan_Residence.jpg/338px-Kantei_PM_Japan_Residence.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Naikaku_S%C5%8Dri_Daijin_Kantei" title="Naikaku Sōri Daijin Kantei">Prime Minister's office</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nagatach%C5%8D" title="Nagatachō">Nagatachō</a>, Chiyoda</div></div></div></div></div> Tokyo is the seat of all <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">three branches of government</a>: the legislature (<a href="/wiki/National_Diet" title="National Diet">National Diet</a>), the executive (<a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Japan" title="Cabinet of Japan">Cabinet</a> led by the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Japan" title="Prime Minister of Japan">Prime Minister</a>), and the judiciary (<a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Japan" title="Supreme Court of Japan">Supreme Court of Japan</a>), as well as the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">Emperor of Japan</a>, the head of state. Most government ministries are concentrated in the <a href="/wiki/Kasumigaseki" title="Kasumigaseki">Kasumigaseki</a> district in Chiyoda, and the name Kasumigaseki is often used as a <a href="/wiki/Metonymy" title="Metonymy">metonym</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Civil_service_of_Japan" title="Civil service of Japan">Japanese national civil service</a>.<a href="#cite_note-95">[93]</a> Tokyo has 25 constituencies for the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Japan)" title="House of Representatives (Japan)">House of Representatives</a>, 18 of which were won by the ruling <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Party_(Japan)" title="Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)">Liberal Democrats</a> and 7 by the main opposition <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Democratic_Party_of_Japan" title="Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan">Constitutional Democrats</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2021_Japanese_general_election" title="2021 Japanese general election">2021 general election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-96">[94]</a> Apart from these seats, through the <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_proportional_representation_block" title="Tokyo proportional representation block">Tokyo proportional representation block</a>, Tokyo sends 17 more politicians to the House of Representatives, 6 of whom were members of the ruling LDP in the 2021 election. The <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_at-large_district" title="Tokyo at-large district">Tokyo at-large district</a>, which covers the entire metropolis, sends 12 members to the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Councillors" title="House of Councillors">House of Councillors</a>. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tokyo&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Geography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> The mainland portion of Tokyo lies northwest of <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Bay" title="Tokyo Bay">Tokyo Bay</a> and measures about 90 km (56 mi) east to west and 25 km (16 mi) north to south. The average elevation in Tokyo is 40 m (131 ft).<a href="#cite_note-97">[95]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chiba_Prefecture" title="Chiba Prefecture">Chiba Prefecture</a> borders it to the east, <a href="/wiki/Yamanashi_Prefecture" title="Yamanashi Prefecture">Yamanashi</a> to the west, <a href="/wiki/Kanagawa_Prefecture" title="Kanagawa Prefecture">Kanagawa</a> to the south, and <a href="/wiki/Saitama_Prefecture" title="Saitama Prefecture">Saitama</a> to the north. Mainland Tokyo is further subdivided into the special wards (occupying the eastern half) and the Tama area (多摩地域) stretching westwards. Tokyo has a <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitude</a> of 35.65 (near the <a href="/wiki/36th_parallel_north" title="36th parallel north">36th parallel north</a>), which makes it more southern than <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> (41.90), <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a> (40.41), <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> (40.71) and <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> (39.91).<a href="#cite_note-98">[96]</a> Within the administrative boundaries of Tokyo Metropolis are two island chains in the Pacific Ocean directly south: the <a href="/wiki/Izu_Islands" title="Izu Islands">Izu Islands</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Ogasawara_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Ogasawara Islands">Ogasawara Islands</a>, which stretch more than 1,000 km (620 mi) away from the mainland. Because of these islands and the mountainous regions to the west, Tokyo's overall population density figures far under-represent the real figures for the urban and suburban regions of Tokyo.<a href="#cite_note-99">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tokyo&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Climate" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The former city of Tokyo and the majority of Tokyo prefecture lie in the <a href="/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate" title="Humid subtropical climate">humid subtropical climate</a> zone (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a>: Cfa),<a href="#cite_note-100">[98]</a> with hot, humid summers and mild to cool winters with occasional cold spells. The region, like much of Japan, experiences a one-month <a href="/wiki/Seasonal_lag" title="Seasonal lag">seasonal lag</a>. The warmest month is August, which averages 26.9 °C (80.4 °F). The coolest month is January, averaging 5.4 °C (41.7 °F). The record low temperature was −9.2 °C (15.4 °F) on January 13, 1876. The record high was 39.5 °C (103.1 °F) on July 20, 2004. The record highest low temperature is 30.3 °C (86.5 °F), on August 12, 2013, making Tokyo one of only seven observation sites in Japan that have recorded a low temperature over 30 °C (86.0 °F).<a href="#cite_note-JMArecords-101">[99]</a> Annual rainfall averages nearly 1,600 millimeters (63.0 in), with a wetter summer and a drier winter. The growing season in Tokyo lasts for about 322 days from around mid-February to early January.<a href="#cite_note-102">[100]</a> Snowfall is sporadic, and occurs almost annually.<a href="#cite_note-103">[101]</a> Tokyo often sees typhoons every year, though few are strong. The wettest month since records began in 1876 was October 2004, with 780 millimeters (30 in) of rain,<a href="#cite_note-104">[102]</a> including 270.5 mm (10.65 in) on the ninth of that month.<a href="#cite_note-105">[103]</a> The most recent of four months on record to observe no precipitation is December 1995.<a href="#cite_note-JMArecords-101">[99]</a> Annual precipitation has ranged from 879.5 mm (34.63 in) in 1984 to 2,229.6 mm (87.78 in) in 1938.<a href="#cite_note-JMArecords-101">[99]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for <a href="/wiki/Kitanomaru_Park" title="Kitanomaru Park">Kitanomaru Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chiyoda,_Tokyo" title="Chiyoda, Tokyo">Chiyoda</a>, Tokyo (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1875–present)<a href="#cite_note-JMA_station_info-106">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[105]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF8205; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.6 (72.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF7200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.9 (76.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF5C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.1 (82.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF5400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.2 (84.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF3D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.6 (90.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF2300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.4 (97.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF0D00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.5 (103.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF1000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.1 (102.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF1700; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.1 (100.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF3D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.6 (90.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF6000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.5 (81.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF7300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.8 (76.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF0D00; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">39.5 (103.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFDAB5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.8 (49.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.9 (51.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFBC79; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.2 (57.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF9831; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.4 (66.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF7B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.6 (74.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF6A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.1 (79.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF4F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.9 (85.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF4600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.3 (88.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF6000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.5 (81.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF860D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.0 (71.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFAA56; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.7 (62.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFCB97; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.0 (53.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF9225; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">20.3 (68.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFF8F2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.4 (41.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFF3E8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.1 (43.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFDDBB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.4 (48.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFBB77; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.3 (57.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9C39; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.8 (65.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF870F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.9 (71.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF6C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.7 (78.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF6400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.9 (80.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF7D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.3 (73.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFA144; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.0 (64.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFC790; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.5 (54.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFE8D2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.7 (45.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFB163; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">15.8 (60.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #EDEDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.2 (34.2) </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.1 (35.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFFBF8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.0 (41.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFDAB5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.8 (49.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFB973; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.6 (58.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF9E3E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.5 (65.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF8308; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.4 (72.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.5 (74.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF9225; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.3 (68.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFB871; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.8 (58.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFE1C3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.8 (47.8) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.8 (38.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFCA96; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">12.1 (53.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #B5B5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−9.2 (15.4) </td> <td style="background: #BCBCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−7.9 (17.8) </td> <td style="background: #C8C8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.6 (21.9) </td> <td style="background: #D5D5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.1 (26.4) </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.2 (36.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFE3C7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.5 (47.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFC489; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.0 (55.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFB368; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.4 (59.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFD5AC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.5 (50.9) </td> <td style="background: #E4E4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.5 (31.1) </td> <td style="background: #D5D5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.1 (26.4) </td> <td style="background: #C2C2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.8 (19.8) </td> <td style="background: #B5B5FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−9.2 (15.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #A6FFA6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">59.7 (2.35) </td> <td style="background: #A2FFA2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">56.5 (2.22) </td> <td style="background: #52FF52; color:#000000;" class="notheme">116.0 (4.57) </td> <td style="background: #31FF31; color:#000000;" class="notheme">133.7 (5.26) </td> <td style="background: #2EFF2E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">139.7 (5.50) </td> <td style="background: #00FB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">167.8 (6.61) </td> <td style="background: #16FF16; color:#000000;" class="notheme">156.2 (6.15) </td> <td style="background: #18FF18; color:#000000;" class="notheme">154.7 (6.09) </td> <td style="background: #00A300; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">224.9 (8.85) </td> <td style="background: #00A000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">234.8 (9.24) </td> <td style="background: #6AFF6A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">96.3 (3.79) </td> <td style="background: #A8FFA8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">57.9 (2.28) </td> <td style="background: #34FF34; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,598.2 (62.92) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowfall cm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #C3C3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 (1.6) </td> <td style="background: #BDBDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 (1.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 (0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 (0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 (0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 (0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 (0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 (0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 (0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 (0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 (0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 (0) </td> <td style="background: #F4F4FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">8 (3.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days (≥ 0.5 mm) </th> <td style="background: #BDBDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.3 </td> <td style="background: #ACACFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.1 </td> <td style="background: #7F7FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.3 </td> <td style="background: #7474FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.9 </td> <td style="background: #7676FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.1 </td> <td style="background: #5B5BFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.8 </td> <td style="background: #6A6AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.0 </td> <td style="background: #8B8BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.4 </td> <td style="background: #6262FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.3 </td> <td style="background: #6D6DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.8 </td> <td style="background: #9696FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.2 </td> <td style="background: #B7B7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.8 </td> <td style="background: #8585FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">116.0 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #3B3BFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">51 </td> <td style="background: #3838FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">52 </td> <td style="background: #2424FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">57 </td> <td style="background: #1111FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">62 </td> <td style="background: #0000F9; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">68 </td> <td style="background: #0000DF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">75 </td> <td style="background: #0000DB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">76 </td> <td style="background: #0000E2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">74 </td> <td style="background: #0000DF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">75 </td> <td style="background: #0000EE; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">71 </td> <td style="background: #0A0AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">64 </td> <td style="background: #2828FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">56 </td> <td style="background: #0606FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">65 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Dew_point" title="Dew point">dew point</a> °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #CBCBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5 (23) </td> <td style="background: #D1D1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4 (25) </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1 (34) </td> <td style="background: #FFE6CE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8 (46) </td> <td style="background: #FFC489; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13 (55) </td> <td style="background: #FFA144; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18 (64) </td> <td style="background: #FF860D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22 (72) </td> <td style="background: #FF7F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23 (73) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B37; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19 (66) </td> <td style="background: #FFCB97; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12 (54) </td> <td style="background: #FFF4EA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 (43) </td> <td style="background: #E1E1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1 (30) </td> <td style="background: #FFDFC0; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">9 (49) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #D6D600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">192.6 </td> <td style="background: #D4D400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">170.4 </td> <td style="background: #CFCF00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">175.3 </td> <td style="background: #D3D300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">178.8 </td> <td style="background: #D1D100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">179.6 </td> <td style="background: #BABA49; color:#000000;" class="notheme">124.2 </td> <td style="background: #C4C409; color:#000000;" class="notheme">151.4 </td> <td style="background: #CFCF00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">174.2 </td> <td style="background: #BBBB42; color:#000000;" class="notheme">126.7 </td> <td style="background: #BABA46; color:#000000;" class="notheme">129.4 </td> <td style="background: #C6C600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">149.8 </td> <td style="background: #CFCF00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">174.4 </td> <td style="background: #CACA00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,926.7 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Percent <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">possible sunshine</a> </th> <td style="background: #FFFF5F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">61 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF4B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">56 </td> <td style="background: #F9F926; color:#000000;" class="notheme">47 </td> <td style="background: #F6F61E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">45 </td> <td style="background: #EFEF0E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">41 </td> <td style="background: #DDDD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30 </td> <td style="background: #E3E300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34 </td> <td style="background: #F1F112; color:#000000;" class="notheme">42 </td> <td style="background: #E3E300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34 </td> <td style="background: #E8E800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37 </td> <td style="background: #FBFB2A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">48 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF4F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">57 </td> <td style="background: #F4F41A; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">44 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_index" title="Ultraviolet index">ultraviolet index</a> </th> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">2 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">9 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">10 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">10 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">9 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">2 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">6 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: Japan Meteorological Agency<a href="#cite_note-JMA-108">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-JMA1-109">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-JMArecords-101">[99]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: Weather Atlas (UV),<a href="#cite_note-110">[108]</a> Time and Date (dewpoints, 1985–2015)<a href="#cite_note-111">[109]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div style="width: 80%;"></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Notice plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width:100%;margin:0;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text" style="text-align: left;"><div class="mbox-text-span">Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on <a href="https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940" class="extiw" title="phab:T334940">Phabricator</a> and on <a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Graph/Plans" class="extiw" title="mw:Extension:Graph/Plans">MediaWiki.org</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table> See or edit <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/data:Ncei.noaa.gov/weather/Tokyo.tab" class="extiw" title="commons:data:Ncei.noaa.gov/weather/Tokyo.tab">raw graph data</a>. Tokyo's climate has warmed significantly since temperature records began in 1876. <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Tokyo, 1876–1905 normals </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFE4CA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.3 (46.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFE2C5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.7 (47.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFCC99; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.9 (53.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFA74F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.2 (63.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF8C1A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.1 (70.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.5 (76.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF5C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.1 (82.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF5000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.8 (85.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF6A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.1 (79.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF9022; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.5 (68.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFB367; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.5 (59.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.0 (51.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF9D3C; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">18.6 (65.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.9 (37.2) </td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.6 (38.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFEEDD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.9 (44.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFC892; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.4 (54.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFAB58; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.6 (61.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF9022; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.5 (68.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF7700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.1 (75.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF6E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.5 (77.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF850C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.1 (71.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFB061; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.9 (60.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFD7B0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.2 (50.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFF9F3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.3 (41.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFBE7E; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">13.8 (56.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #DDDDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.7 (28.9) </td> <td style="background: #E1E1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.9 (30.4) </td> <td style="background: #F1F1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.0 (35.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFE9D4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.6 (45.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFCB97; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.0 (53.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFAA55; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.8 (62.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF8E1E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.8 (69.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF870F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.9 (71.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF9D3C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.6 (65.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFCC99; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.9 (53.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFF8F2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.4 (41.7) </td> <td style="background: #E8E8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.4 (32.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFDBB8; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">9.6 (49.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #ACFFAC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">55.2 (2.17) </td> <td style="background: #88FF88; color:#000000;" class="notheme">72.4 (2.85) </td> <td style="background: #59FF59; color:#000000;" class="notheme">111.0 (4.37) </td> <td style="background: #38FF38; color:#000000;" class="notheme">129.1 (5.08) </td> <td style="background: #1CFF1C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">151.9 (5.98) </td> <td style="background: #00FD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">166.3 (6.55) </td> <td style="background: #2EFF2E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">139.7 (5.50) </td> <td style="background: #54FF54; color:#000000;" class="notheme">114.7 (4.52) </td> <td style="background: #00C400; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">203.3 (8.00) </td> <td style="background: #00EB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">184.1 (7.25) </td> <td style="background: #5DFF5D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">104.7 (4.12) </td> <td style="background: #A7FFA7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">58.7 (2.31) </td> <td style="background: #42FF42; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,491.1 (58.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #D4D400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">186.7 </td> <td style="background: #D6D600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">178.5 </td> <td style="background: #CFCF00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">174.1 </td> <td style="background: #D5D500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">183.1 </td> <td style="background: #D8D800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">204.8 </td> <td style="background: #CACA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">158.5 </td> <td style="background: #D3D300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">183.9 </td> <td style="background: #D9D900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">207.0 </td> <td style="background: #C2C214; color:#000000;" class="notheme">142.8 </td> <td style="background: #C1C11E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">144.0 </td> <td style="background: #CECE00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">167.4 </td> <td style="background: #D5D500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">190.8 </td> <td style="background: #D1D100; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2,121.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: <a href="/wiki/Japan_Meteorological_Agency" title="Japan Meteorological Agency">Japan Meteorological Agency</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[110]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> The western mountainous area of mainland Tokyo, <a href="/wiki/Okutama" class="mw-redirect" title="Okutama">Okutama</a> also lies in the humid subtropical climate (Köppen classification: Cfa). <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Ogouchi, Okutama, Tokyo, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1875–present </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFA347; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.8 (64.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF8D1C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.9 (69.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF8001; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.9 (73.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF4B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.6 (87.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF3A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.0 (91.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF3100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.3 (93.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF2300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.3 (97.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF2300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.4 (97.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF2C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.0 (95.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF4D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.2 (86.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF7900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.8 (74.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF8002; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.8 (73.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF2300; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">36.4 (97.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFEFDF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.8 (44.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFE9D4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.6 (45.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.9 (51.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFAC59; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.5 (61.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF8C1A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.1 (70.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.4 (74.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.4 (81.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF5900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.5 (83.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF7600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.3 (75.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9C39; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.8 (65.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFBD7C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.0 (57.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFDDBC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.3 (48.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFA64D; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">17.4 (63.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.5 (34.7) </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.2 (36.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFF8F1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.5 (41.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFD3A8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.8 (51.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFB266; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.6 (60.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B38; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.9 (66.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF8205; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.6 (72.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.5 (74.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF952C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.8 (67.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFBB77; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.3 (57.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFE1C3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.8 (47.8) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.9 (39.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFC993; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">12.3 (54.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #D9D9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.4 (27.7) </td> <td style="background: #DCDCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.9 (28.6) </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.0 (33.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFF6ED; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.8 (42.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.9 (51.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFB46A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.3 (59.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF9932; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.3 (66.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9327; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.1 (68.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFAB58; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.6 (61.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.9 (51.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFFBF8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.0 (41.0) </td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 (32.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFE4C9; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">8.4 (47.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #B4B4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−9.3 (15.3) </td> <td style="background: #A8A8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−11.6 (11.1) </td> <td style="background: #BBBBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−8.1 (17.4) </td> <td style="background: #D2D2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.8 (25.2) </td> <td style="background: #EAEAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.7 (33.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFEAD5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.5 (45.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFC892; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.4 (54.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFC387; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.2 (55.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFF3E7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.2 (43.2) </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.0 (33.8) </td> <td style="background: #DBDBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.1 (28.2) </td> <td style="background: #C1C1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.9 (19.6) </td> <td style="background: #A8A8FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−11.6 (11.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #B5FFB5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">49.5 (1.95) </td> <td style="background: #B3FFB3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">45.9 (1.81) </td> <td style="background: #7BFF7B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">88.5 (3.48) </td> <td style="background: #5BFF5B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">106.3 (4.19) </td> <td style="background: #4EFF4E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">118.7 (4.67) </td> <td style="background: #03FF03; color:#000000;" class="notheme">163.2 (6.43) </td> <td style="background: #00CB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">205.6 (8.09) </td> <td style="background: #00BA00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">217.4 (8.56) </td> <td style="background: #005D00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">270.2 (10.64) </td> <td style="background: #00BD00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">215.4 (8.48) </td> <td style="background: #94FF94; color:#000000;" class="notheme">68.9 (2.71) </td> <td style="background: #BDFFBD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">43.7 (1.72) </td> <td style="background: #33FF33; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,608 (63.31) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #D9D900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">206.5 </td> <td style="background: #D9D900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">187.7 </td> <td style="background: #CECE00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">173.0 </td> <td style="background: #D3D300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">178.4 </td> <td style="background: #CECE00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">172.2 </td> <td style="background: #B0B081; color:#000000;" class="notheme">104.2 </td> <td style="background: #B8B852; color:#000000;" class="notheme">124.8 </td> <td style="background: #C1C11C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">144.6 </td> <td style="background: #B0B080; color:#000000;" class="notheme">104.5 </td> <td style="background: #BABA48; color:#000000;" class="notheme">128.7 </td> <td style="background: #CDCD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">164.5 </td> <td style="background: #D4D400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">186.5 </td> <td style="background: #C8C800; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,874.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: Japan Meteorological Agency<a href="#cite_note-113">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[112]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> The climates of Tokyo's offshore territories vary significantly from those of the city. The climate of <a href="/wiki/Chichijima" title="Chichijima">Chichijima</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ogasawara,_Tokyo" title="Ogasawara, Tokyo">Ogasawara village</a> is on the boundary between the <a href="/wiki/Tropical_savanna_climate" title="Tropical savanna climate">tropical savanna climate</a> (Köppen classification: Aw) and the <a href="/wiki/Tropical_rainforest_climate" title="Tropical rainforest climate">tropical rainforest climate</a> (Köppen classification: Af). It is approximately 1,000 km (621 mi) south of the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Tokyo_Area" title="Greater Tokyo Area">Greater Tokyo Area</a>, resulting in much different climatic conditions. <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Chichijima, Ogasawara, Tokyo, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1896–present </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF6A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.1 (79.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF6E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.4 (77.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF6600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.7 (80.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF5A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.4 (83.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF4E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.1 (86.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF3A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.0 (91.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF3200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.1 (93.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF3500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.7 (92.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF3900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.1 (91.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF4000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.1 (89.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF4D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.2 (86.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF6000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.5 (81.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF3200; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">34.1 (93.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF8F1F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.7 (69.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF9022; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.5 (68.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF8811; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.7 (71.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.4 (74.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.6 (78.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF5900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.5 (83.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF4C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.4 (86.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF4D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.3 (86.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF4F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.9 (85.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF5800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.6 (83.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF6B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.9 (78.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF8104; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.7 (72.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF6C00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">25.7 (78.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF9E3E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.5 (65.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFA143; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.1 (64.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF9932; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.3 (66.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF8C1A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.1 (70.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.4 (74.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.2 (79.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF5F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.7 (81.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF5D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.0 (82.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF5F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.7 (81.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF6800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.4 (79.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF7900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.8 (74.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF9021; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.6 (69.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">23.4 (74.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFB163; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.8 (60.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFB368; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.4 (59.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFAA55; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.8 (62.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF9C39; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.8 (65.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF8A16; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.4 (70.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF7500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.4 (75.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF6D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.6 (78.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.1 (79.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF6C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.7 (78.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF7500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.4 (75.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF8913; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.6 (70.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFA042; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.2 (64.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF8B18; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">21.2 (70.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFE0C2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.9 (48.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFE8D1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.8 (46.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFDEBE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.2 (48.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFD4A9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.7 (51.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFBE7D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.9 (57.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFA449; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.7 (63.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF8E1E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.8 (69.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF850B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.2 (72.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF962E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.6 (67.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFA74F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.2 (63.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFC387; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.2 (55.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFD3A8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.8 (51.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFE8D1; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">7.8 (46.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainfall mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #A0FFA0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">63.6 (2.50) </td> <td style="background: #AAFFAA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51.6 (2.03) </td> <td style="background: #8EFF8E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">75.8 (2.98) </td> <td style="background: #50FF50; color:#000000;" class="notheme">113.3 (4.46) </td> <td style="background: #1CFF1C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">151.9 (5.98) </td> <td style="background: #52FF52; color:#000000;" class="notheme">111.8 (4.40) </td> <td style="background: #88FF88; color:#000000;" class="notheme">79.5 (3.13) </td> <td style="background: #47FF47; color:#000000;" class="notheme">123.3 (4.85) </td> <td style="background: #20FF20; color:#000000;" class="notheme">144.2 (5.68) </td> <td style="background: #2BFF2B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">141.7 (5.58) </td> <td style="background: #2DFF2D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">136.1 (5.36) </td> <td style="background: #65FF65; color:#000000;" class="notheme">103.3 (4.07) </td> <td style="background: #5BFF5B; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,296.1 (51.02) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainy days (≥ 0.5 mm) </th> <td style="background: #7777FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.0 </td> <td style="background: #8B8BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.5 </td> <td style="background: #8686FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.8 </td> <td style="background: #7F7FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.0 </td> <td style="background: #6D6DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.8 </td> <td style="background: #8E8EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.8 </td> <td style="background: #9494FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.6 </td> <td style="background: #7373FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.3 </td> <td style="background: #5454FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.4 </td> <td style="background: #5555FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.7 </td> <td style="background: #6666FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.0 </td> <td style="background: #7474FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.2 </td> <td style="background: #7676FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">130.1 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0202FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">66 </td> <td style="background: #0000F9; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">68 </td> <td style="background: #0000EA; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">72 </td> <td style="background: #0000CF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">79 </td> <td style="background: #0000BC; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">84 </td> <td style="background: #0000B5; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">86 </td> <td style="background: #0000C4; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">82 </td> <td style="background: #0000C4; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">82 </td> <td style="background: #0000C4; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">82 </td> <td style="background: #0000C8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">81 </td> <td style="background: #0000DB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">76 </td> <td style="background: #0000F2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">70 </td> <td style="background: #0000D7; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">77 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #BBBB40; color:#000000;" class="notheme">131.3 </td> <td style="background: #C4C408; color:#000000;" class="notheme">138.3 </td> <td style="background: #C8C800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">159.2 </td> <td style="background: #C5C504; color:#000000;" class="notheme">148.3 </td> <td style="background: #C4C408; color:#000000;" class="notheme">151.8 </td> <td style="background: #DADA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">205.6 </td> <td style="background: #E2E200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">246.8 </td> <td style="background: #DADA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">213.7 </td> <td style="background: #D8D800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">197.7 </td> <td style="background: #CECE00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">173.2 </td> <td style="background: #C1C11E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">139.1 </td> <td style="background: #B8B851; color:#000000;" class="notheme">125.3 </td> <td style="background: #CECE00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2,030.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: Japan Meteorological Agency<a href="#cite_note-115">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[114]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> Tokyo's easternmost territory, the island of <a href="/wiki/Minamitorishima" title="Minamitorishima">Minamitorishima</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ogasawara,_Tokyo" title="Ogasawara, Tokyo">Ogasawara village</a>, is in the tropical savanna climate zone (Köppen classification: Aw). Tokyo's Izu and Ogasawara islands are affected by an average of 5.4 typhoons a year, compared to 3.1 in mainland Kantō.<a href="#cite_note-117">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Natural_disasters">Natural disasters</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tokyo&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Natural disasters" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Earthquakes">Earthquakes</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tokyo&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Earthquakes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yurakucho_after_Great_Kanto_earthquake.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Yurakucho_after_Great_Kanto_earthquake.JPG/220px-Yurakucho_after_Great_Kanto_earthquake.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="648" data-file-height="548"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 186px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Yurakucho_after_Great_Kanto_earthquake.JPG/220px-Yurakucho_after_Great_Kanto_earthquake.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="186" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Yurakucho_after_Great_Kanto_earthquake.JPG/330px-Yurakucho_after_Great_Kanto_earthquake.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Yurakucho_after_Great_Kanto_earthquake.JPG/440px-Yurakucho_after_Great_Kanto_earthquake.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/1923_Great_Kant%C5%8D_earthquake" title="1923 Great Kantō earthquake">Great Kanto Earthquake</a> in 1923 killed more than 100,000 citizens in Tokyo.</figcaption></figure> Tokyo is near the <a href="/wiki/Boso_Triple_Junction" class="mw-redirect" title="Boso Triple Junction">boundary of three plates</a>, making it an extremely active region for smaller quakes and <a href="/wiki/Slow_earthquake" title="Slow earthquake">slippage</a> which frequently affect the urban area with swaying as if in a boat, although epicenters within mainland Tokyo (excluding Tokyo's 2,000 km (1,243 mi)–long island jurisdiction) are quite rare. It is not uncommon in the metro area to have hundreds of these minor quakes (magnitudes 4–6) that can be felt in a single year, something local residents merely brush off but can be a source of anxiety not only for foreign visitors but for Japanese from elsewhere as well. They rarely cause much damage (sometimes a few injuries) as they are either too small or far away as quakes tend to dance around the region. Particularly active are offshore regions and to a lesser extent <a href="/wiki/Chiba_Prefecture" title="Chiba Prefecture">Chiba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ibaraki_Prefecture" title="Ibaraki Prefecture">Ibaraki</a>.<a href="#cite_note-118">[116]</a> Tokyo has been hit by powerful <a href="/wiki/Megathrust" class="mw-redirect" title="Megathrust">megathrust</a> earthquakes in 1703, 1782, 1812, 1855, 1923, and much more indirectly (with some <a href="/wiki/Soil_liquefaction" title="Soil liquefaction">liquefaction</a> in landfill zones) in <a href="/wiki/2011_T%C5%8Dhoku_earthquake_and_tsunami" title="2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami">2011</a>;<a href="#cite_note-119">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[118]</a> the frequency of direct and large quakes is a relative rarity. The <a href="/wiki/1923_Great_Kant%C5%8D_earthquake" title="1923 Great Kantō earthquake">1923 earthquake</a>, with an estimated magnitude of 7.9, killed more than 100,000 people, the last time the urban area was directly hit.<a href="#cite_note-121">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Volcanic_eruptions">Volcanic eruptions</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tokyo&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Volcanic eruptions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%AE%9D%E6%B0%B8%E5%A4%A7%E5%99%B4%E7%81%AB%E3%82%92%E6%8F%8F%E3%81%84%E3%81%9F%E7%B5%B5%E5%9B%B3%E3%80%8C%E5%A4%9C%E3%83%AB%E3%81%AE%E6%99%AF%E6%B0%97%E3%80%8D(%E9%9D%99%E5%B2%A1%E7%9C%8C%E6%B2%BC%E6%B4%A5%E5%B8%82%E5%9C%9F%E5%B1%8B%E5%8D%9A%E6%B0%8F%E6%89%80%E8%94%B5).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/%E5%AE%9D%E6%B0%B8%E5%A4%A7%E5%99%B4%E7%81%AB%E3%82%92%E6%8F%8F%E3%81%84%E3%81%9F%E7%B5%B5%E5%9B%B3%E3%80%8C%E5%A4%9C%E3%83%AB%E3%81%AE%E6%99%AF%E6%B0%97%E3%80%8D%28%E9%9D%99%E5%B2%A1%E7%9C%8C%E6%B2%BC%E6%B4%A5%E5%B8%82%E5%9C%9F%E5%B1%8B%E5%8D%9A%E6%B0%8F%E6%89%80%E8%94%B5%29.jpg/220px-%E5%AE%9D%E6%B0%B8%E5%A4%A7%E5%99%B4%E7%81%AB%E3%82%92%E6%8F%8F%E3%81%84%E3%81%9F%E7%B5%B5%E5%9B%B3%E3%80%8C%E5%A4%9C%E3%83%AB%E3%81%AE%E6%99%AF%E6%B0%97%E3%80%8D%28%E9%9D%99%E5%B2%A1%E7%9C%8C%E6%B2%BC%E6%B4%A5%E5%B8%82%E5%9C%9F%E5%B1%8B%E5%8D%9A%E6%B0%8F%E6%89%80%E8%94%B5%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1636" data-file-height="1141"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 153px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/%E5%AE%9D%E6%B0%B8%E5%A4%A7%E5%99%B4%E7%81%AB%E3%82%92%E6%8F%8F%E3%81%84%E3%81%9F%E7%B5%B5%E5%9B%B3%E3%80%8C%E5%A4%9C%E3%83%AB%E3%81%AE%E6%99%AF%E6%B0%97%E3%80%8D%28%E9%9D%99%E5%B2%A1%E7%9C%8C%E6%B2%BC%E6%B4%A5%E5%B8%82%E5%9C%9F%E5%B1%8B%E5%8D%9A%E6%B0%8F%E6%89%80%E8%94%B5%29.jpg/220px-%E5%AE%9D%E6%B0%B8%E5%A4%A7%E5%99%B4%E7%81%AB%E3%82%92%E6%8F%8F%E3%81%84%E3%81%9F%E7%B5%B5%E5%9B%B3%E3%80%8C%E5%A4%9C%E3%83%AB%E3%81%AE%E6%99%AF%E6%B0%97%E3%80%8D%28%E9%9D%99%E5%B2%A1%E7%9C%8C%E6%B2%BC%E6%B4%A5%E5%B8%82%E5%9C%9F%E5%B1%8B%E5%8D%9A%E6%B0%8F%E6%89%80%E8%94%B5%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="153" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/%E5%AE%9D%E6%B0%B8%E5%A4%A7%E5%99%B4%E7%81%AB%E3%82%92%E6%8F%8F%E3%81%84%E3%81%9F%E7%B5%B5%E5%9B%B3%E3%80%8C%E5%A4%9C%E3%83%AB%E3%81%AE%E6%99%AF%E6%B0%97%E3%80%8D%28%E9%9D%99%E5%B2%A1%E7%9C%8C%E6%B2%BC%E6%B4%A5%E5%B8%82%E5%9C%9F%E5%B1%8B%E5%8D%9A%E6%B0%8F%E6%89%80%E8%94%B5%29.jpg/330px-%E5%AE%9D%E6%B0%B8%E5%A4%A7%E5%99%B4%E7%81%AB%E3%82%92%E6%8F%8F%E3%81%84%E3%81%9F%E7%B5%B5%E5%9B%B3%E3%80%8C%E5%A4%9C%E3%83%AB%E3%81%AE%E6%99%AF%E6%B0%97%E3%80%8D%28%E9%9D%99%E5%B2%A1%E7%9C%8C%E6%B2%BC%E6%B4%A5%E5%B8%82%E5%9C%9F%E5%B1%8B%E5%8D%9A%E6%B0%8F%E6%89%80%E8%94%B5%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/%E5%AE%9D%E6%B0%B8%E5%A4%A7%E5%99%B4%E7%81%AB%E3%82%92%E6%8F%8F%E3%81%84%E3%81%9F%E7%B5%B5%E5%9B%B3%E3%80%8C%E5%A4%9C%E3%83%AB%E3%81%AE%E6%99%AF%E6%B0%97%E3%80%8D%28%E9%9D%99%E5%B2%A1%E7%9C%8C%E6%B2%BC%E6%B4%A5%E5%B8%82%E5%9C%9F%E5%B1%8B%E5%8D%9A%E6%B0%8F%E6%89%80%E8%94%B5%29.jpg/440px-%E5%AE%9D%E6%B0%B8%E5%A4%A7%E5%99%B4%E7%81%AB%E3%82%92%E6%8F%8F%E3%81%84%E3%81%9F%E7%B5%B5%E5%9B%B3%E3%80%8C%E5%A4%9C%E3%83%AB%E3%81%AE%E6%99%AF%E6%B0%97%E3%80%8D%28%E9%9D%99%E5%B2%A1%E7%9C%8C%E6%B2%BC%E6%B4%A5%E5%B8%82%E5%9C%9F%E5%B1%8B%E5%8D%9A%E6%B0%8F%E6%89%80%E8%94%B5%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mount_Fuji" title="Mount Fuji">Mount Fuji</a> has posed the primary volcanic threat to Tokyo's citizens for centuries.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Mount_Fuji" title="Mount Fuji">Mount Fuji</a> is about 100 km (62 mi) southwest of Tokyo. There is a low risk of eruption. The last recorded was the <a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dei_eruption_of_Mount_Fuji" class="mw-redirect" title="Hōei eruption of Mount Fuji">Hōei eruption</a> which started on December 16, 1707, and ended about January 1, 1708 (16 days).<a href="#cite_note-ShizuokaUni-124">[122]</a> During the Hōei eruption, the ash amount was 4 cm in southern Tokyo (bay area) and 2 cm to 0.5 cm in central Tokyo.<a href="#cite_note-Hoei-eruption-map-125">[123]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kanagawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanagawa">Kanagawa</a> had 16 cm to 8 cm ash and <a href="/wiki/Saitama_Prefecture" title="Saitama Prefecture">Saitama</a> 0.5 to 0 cm.<a href="#cite_note-Hoei-eruption-map-125">[123]</a> If the wind blows north-east it could send <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_ash" title="Volcanic ash">volcanic ash</a> to Tokyo metropolis.<a href="#cite_note-fuji-eruption-126">[124]</a> According to the government, less than a millimeter of the volcanic ash from a Mount Fuji eruption could cause power grid problems such as blackouts and stop trains in the Tokyo metropolitan area.<a href="#cite_note-fuji-eruption-126">[124]</a> A mixture of ash with rain could stick to cellphone antennas, power lines and cause temporary power outages.<a href="#cite_note-fuji-eruption-126">[124]</a> The affected areas would need to be evacuated.<a href="#cite_note-fuji-eruption-126">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Floods">Floods</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tokyo&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Floods" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tokyoflood.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Tokyoflood.jpg/220px-Tokyoflood.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="896" data-file-height="585"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 144px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Tokyoflood.jpg/220px-Tokyoflood.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="144" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Tokyoflood.jpg/330px-Tokyoflood.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Tokyoflood.jpg/440px-Tokyoflood.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The Great Flood of August 1910, <a href="/wiki/Tait%C5%8D" title="Taitō">Taito</a></figcaption></figure> Tokyo is located on the <a href="/wiki/Kant%C5%8D_Plain" title="Kantō Plain">Kantō Plain</a> with five river systems and dozens of rivers that expand during each season.<a href="#cite_note-flood-protection-127">[125]</a> Important rivers are <a href="/wiki/Edo_River" title="Edo River">Edogawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naka_River_(Saitama_Tokyo)" title="Naka River (Saitama Tokyo)">Nakagawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arakawa_River_(Kant%C5%8D)" title="Arakawa River (Kantō)">Arakawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kanda_River" title="Kanda River">Kandagawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meguro_River" title="Meguro River">Megurogawa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tama_River" title="Tama River">Tamagawa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-flood-tokyo-128">[126]</a> In 1947, <a href="/wiki/Typhoon_Kathleen" title="Typhoon Kathleen">Typhoon Kathleen</a> struck Tokyo, destroying 31,000 homes and killing 1,100 people.<a href="#cite_note-flood-protection-127">[125]</a> In 1958, <a href="/wiki/Typhoon_Ida_(1958)" title="Typhoon Ida (1958)">Typhoon Ida</a> dropped 400 mm (16 in) of rain in a single week, causing streets to flood.<a href="#cite_note-flood-protection-127">[125]</a> In the 1950s and 1960s, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Japan" title="Government of Japan">government</a> invested 6–7% of the national budget on disaster and risk reduction.<a href="#cite_note-flood-protection-127">[125]</a> A huge system of dams, levees and tunnels was constructed.<a href="#cite_note-flood-protection-127">[125]</a> The purpose is to manage heavy rain, <a href="/wiki/Typhoon" title="Typhoon">typhonic</a> rain, and river floods.<a href="#cite_note-flood-protection-127">[125]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Geofront_Temple%5E_%E9%A6%96%E9%83%BD%E5%9C%8F%E5%A4%96%E9%83%AD%E6%94%BE%E6%B0%B4%E8%B7%AF_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Geofront_Temple%5E_%E9%A6%96%E9%83%BD%E5%9C%8F%E5%A4%96%E9%83%AD%E6%94%BE%E6%B0%B4%E8%B7%AF_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Geofront_Temple%5E_%E9%A6%96%E9%83%BD%E5%9C%8F%E5%A4%96%E9%83%AD%E6%94%BE%E6%B0%B4%E8%B7%AF_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Geofront_Temple%5E_%E9%A6%96%E9%83%BD%E5%9C%8F%E5%A4%96%E9%83%AD%E6%94%BE%E6%B0%B4%E8%B7%AF_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Geofront_Temple%5E_%E9%A6%96%E9%83%BD%E5%9C%8F%E5%A4%96%E9%83%AD%E6%94%BE%E6%B0%B4%E8%B7%AF_-_panoramio.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Geofront_Temple%5E_%E9%A6%96%E9%83%BD%E5%9C%8F%E5%A4%96%E9%83%AD%E6%94%BE%E6%B0%B4%E8%B7%AF_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-Geofront_Temple%5E_%E9%A6%96%E9%83%BD%E5%9C%8F%E5%A4%96%E9%83%AD%E6%94%BE%E6%B0%B4%E8%B7%AF_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Geofront_Temple%5E_%E9%A6%96%E9%83%BD%E5%9C%8F%E5%A4%96%E9%83%AD%E6%94%BE%E6%B0%B4%E8%B7%AF_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-Geofront_Temple%5E_%E9%A6%96%E9%83%BD%E5%9C%8F%E5%A4%96%E9%83%AD%E6%94%BE%E6%B0%B4%E8%B7%AF_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Area_Outer_Underground_Discharge_Channel" title="Metropolitan Area Outer Underground Discharge Channel">MAOUDC</a> is the world's largest underground floodwater diversion facility.</figcaption></figure>Tokyo has currently the world's largest underground floodwater diversion facility called the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Area_Outer_Underground_Discharge_Channel" title="Metropolitan Area Outer Underground Discharge Channel">Metropolitan Area Outer Underground Discharge Channel</a> (MAOUDC).<a href="#cite_note-maoudc-129">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-flood-protection-127">[125]</a> It took 13 years to build and was completed in 2006. The MAOUDC is a 6.3 km (3.9 mi) long system of tunnels, 22 meters (72 ft) underground, with 70-meter (230 ft) tall cylindrical tanks, each tank being large enough to fit a space shuttle or the Statue of Liberty.<a href="#cite_note-flood-protection-127">[125]</a> During floods, excess water is collected from rivers and drained to the <a href="/wiki/Edo_River" title="Edo River">Edo River</a>.<a href="#cite_note-flood-tokyo-128">[126]</a> Low-lying areas of <a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dt%C5%8D" title="Kōtō">Kōtō</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edogawa,_Tokyo" title="Edogawa, Tokyo">Edogawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sumida,_Tokyo" title="Sumida, Tokyo">Sumida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Katsushika" title="Katsushika">Katsushika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tait%C5%8D" title="Taitō">Taitō</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arakawa,_Tokyo" title="Arakawa, Tokyo">Arakawa</a> near the <a href="/wiki/Arakawa_River_(Kanto)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arakawa River (Kanto)">Arakawa River</a> are most at risk of flooding.<a href="#cite_note-flood-tokyo-128">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tokyo&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Architecture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Tokyo" title="Architecture of Tokyo">Architecture of Tokyo</a></div>Tokyo's buildings are too diverse to be characterized by any specific archtectural style, but it can be generally said that a majority of extant structures were built in the past a hundred years;<a href="#cite_note-spatial-130">[128]</a> twice in recent history has the metropolis been left in ruins: first in the <a href="/wiki/1923_Great_Kant%C5%8D_earthquake" title="1923 Great Kantō earthquake">1923 Great Kantō earthquake</a> and later after <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Tokyo" title="Bombing of Tokyo">extensive firebombing in World War II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-spatial-130">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_modern_(1407–1868)">Early modern (1407–1868)</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tokyo&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Early modern (1407–1868)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Extant pre-17th century structures in Tokyo</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:183px;max-width:183px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:135px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Shofuku-ji_main_hall_(1)_2023-09-10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Shofuku-ji_main_hall_%281%29_2023-09-10.jpg/181px-Shofuku-ji_main_hall_%281%29_2023-09-10.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="136" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 181px;height: 136px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Shofuku-ji_main_hall_%281%29_2023-09-10.jpg/181px-Shofuku-ji_main_hall_%281%29_2023-09-10.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="181" data-height="136" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Shofuku-ji_main_hall_%281%29_2023-09-10.jpg/272px-Shofuku-ji_main_hall_%281%29_2023-09-10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Shofuku-ji_main_hall_%281%29_2023-09-10.jpg/362px-Shofuku-ji_main_hall_%281%29_2023-09-10.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dfuku-ji_(Higashimurayama)" title="Shōfuku-ji (Higashimurayama)">Shōfuku-ji</a>, built in 1407</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:205px;max-width:205px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:135px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:KokyoFushimiYaguraM1070.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/KokyoFushimiYaguraM1070.jpg/203px-KokyoFushimiYaguraM1070.jpg" decoding="async" width="203" height="135" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 203px;height: 135px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/KokyoFushimiYaguraM1070.jpg/203px-KokyoFushimiYaguraM1070.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="203" data-height="135" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/KokyoFushimiYaguraM1070.jpg/305px-KokyoFushimiYaguraM1070.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/KokyoFushimiYaguraM1070.jpg/406px-KokyoFushimiYaguraM1070.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption">A lookout tower at the <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Imperial_Palace" title="Tokyo Imperial Palace">Imperial Palace</a>, formerly <a href="/wiki/Edo_Castle" title="Edo Castle">Edo Castle</a></div></div></div></div></div> The oldest known extant building in Tokyo is <a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dfuku-ji_(Higashimurayama)" title="Shōfuku-ji (Higashimurayama)">Shofukuji</a> in <a href="/wiki/Higashimurayama,_Tokyo" title="Higashimurayama, Tokyo">Higashi-Murayama</a>. The current building was constructed in 1407, during the <a href="/wiki/Muromachi_period" title="Muromachi period">Muromachi period</a> (1336–1573).<a href="#cite_note-131">[129]</a> Although greatly reduced in number by later fires, earthquakes, and air raids, a considerable number of Edo-era buildings survive to this day. The <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Imperial_Palace" title="Tokyo Imperial Palace">Tokyo Imperial Palace</a>, which was occupied by the <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Tokugawa Shogunate</a> as <a href="/wiki/Edo_Castle" title="Edo Castle">Edo Castle</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo Period</a> (1603–1868), has many gates and towers dating from that era, although the main palace buildings and the <a href="/wiki/Tenshu" title="Tenshu">tenshu tower</a> have been lost.<a href="#cite_note-132">[130]</a> Numerous temple and shrine buildings in Tokyo date from this era: the <a href="/wiki/Ueno_T%C5%8Dsh%C5%8D-g%C5%AB" title="Ueno Tōshō-gū">Ueno Toshogu</a> still maintains the original 1651 building built by the third shogun <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_Iemitsu" title="Tokugawa Iemitsu">Iemitsu Tokugawa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-133">[131]</a> Although partially destroyed during the Second World War, <a href="/wiki/Z%C5%8Dj%C5%8D-ji" title="Zōjō-ji">Zojo-ji</a>, which houses the Tokugawa family mausoleum, still has grand Edo-era buildings such as the Sangedatsu gate.<a href="#cite_note-134">[132]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kan%27ei-ji" title="Kan'ei-ji">Kaneiji</a> has grand 17th-century buildings such as the five-storey pagoda and the Shimizudo. The <a href="/wiki/Nezu_Shrine" title="Nezu Shrine">Nezu Shrine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gokoku-ji" title="Gokoku-ji">Gokokuji</a> were built by the fifth shogun <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_Tsunayoshi" title="Tokugawa Tsunayoshi">Tsunayoshi Tokugawa</a> in the late 1600s. All feudal lords (<a href="/wiki/Daimyo" title="Daimyo">daimyo</a>) had large Edo houses where they stayed when in Edo; at one point, these houses amounted to half the total area of Edo.<a href="#cite_note-135">[133]</a> None of the grand Edo-era daimyo houses still exist in Tokyo, as their vast land footprint made them easy targets for redevelopment programs for modernization during the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_era" title="Meiji era">Meiji Period</a>. Some gardens were immune from such fates and are today open to the public; <a href="/wiki/Hama-riky%C5%AB_Gardens" title="Hama-rikyū Gardens">Hamarikyu</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dfu_Domain" title="Kōfu Domain">Kofu Tokugawa family</a>), <a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%AB_Shiba_Riky%C5%AB_Garden" title="Kyū Shiba Rikyū Garden">Shibarikyu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kish%C5%AB_Tokugawa_family" title="Kishū Tokugawa family">Kishu Tokugawa family</a>), <a href="/wiki/Koishikawa-K%C5%8Drakuen" title="Koishikawa-Kōrakuen">Koishikawa Korakuen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mito_Tokugawa_family" title="Mito Tokugawa family">Mito Tokugawa family</a>), <a href="/wiki/Rikugi-en_Gardens" title="Rikugi-en Gardens">Rikugien</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yanagisawa_Yoshiyasu" title="Yanagisawa Yoshiyasu">Yanagisawa family</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Higo_Hosokawa_Garden" title="Higo Hosokawa Garden">Higo Hosokawa Garden</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hosokawa_clan" title="Hosokawa clan">Hosokawa family</a>). The <a href="/wiki/Akamon_(Tokyo)" title="Akamon (Tokyo)">Akamon</a>, which is now widely seen as a symbol of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Tokyo" title="University of Tokyo">University of Tokyo</a>, was originally built to commemorate the marriage of a shogun's daughter into the <a href="/wiki/Maeda_clan" title="Maeda clan">Maeda clan</a>, one of the most affluent of the feudal lords, while the campus itself occupies their former edo estate.<a href="#cite_note-136">[134]</a><div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1208px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Edo_Panorama_old_Tokyo_color_photochrom.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Edo, 1865 or 1866. Photochrom print. Five albumen prints joined to form a panorama. Photographer: Felice Beato."><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Edo_Panorama_old_Tokyo_color_photochrom.jpg/1200px-Edo_Panorama_old_Tokyo_color_photochrom.jpg" decoding="async" width="1200" height="182" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2962" data-file-height="450"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 1200px;height: 182px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Edo_Panorama_old_Tokyo_color_photochrom.jpg/1200px-Edo_Panorama_old_Tokyo_color_photochrom.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="1200" data-height="182" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Edo_Panorama_old_Tokyo_color_photochrom.jpg/1800px-Edo_Panorama_old_Tokyo_color_photochrom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Edo_Panorama_old_Tokyo_color_photochrom.jpg/2400px-Edo_Panorama_old_Tokyo_color_photochrom.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Edo_Panorama_old_Tokyo_color_photochrom.jpg" title="File:Edo Panorama old Tokyo color photochrom.jpg"> </a></div>Edo, 1865 or 1866. <a href="/wiki/Photochrom" title="Photochrom">Photochrom</a> print. Five albumen prints joined to form a panorama. Photographer: <a href="/wiki/Felice_Beato" title="Felice Beato">Felice Beato</a>.</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Modern_(1869–1945)">Modern (1869–1945)</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tokyo&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Modern (1869–1945)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Extant brick or stone buildings in Tokyo</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:205px;max-width:205px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:135px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Akasaka_Palace_6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Akasaka_Palace_6.jpg/203px-Akasaka_Palace_6.jpg" decoding="async" width="203" height="135" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1667"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 203px;height: 135px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Akasaka_Palace_6.jpg/203px-Akasaka_Palace_6.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="203" data-height="135" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Akasaka_Palace_6.jpg/305px-Akasaka_Palace_6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Akasaka_Palace_6.jpg/406px-Akasaka_Palace_6.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Akasaka_Palace" title="Akasaka Palace">Akasaka State Guest House</a>, originally the Crown Prince's residence, built in 1909</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:183px;max-width:183px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:135px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Tokyo_Station_Marunouchi_Building_P5228723.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Tokyo_Station_Marunouchi_Building_P5228723.jpg/181px-Tokyo_Station_Marunouchi_Building_P5228723.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="136" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 181px;height: 136px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Tokyo_Station_Marunouchi_Building_P5228723.jpg/181px-Tokyo_Station_Marunouchi_Building_P5228723.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="181" data-height="136" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Tokyo_Station_Marunouchi_Building_P5228723.jpg/272px-Tokyo_Station_Marunouchi_Building_P5228723.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Tokyo_Station_Marunouchi_Building_P5228723.jpg/362px-Tokyo_Station_Marunouchi_Building_P5228723.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Station" title="Tokyo Station">Tokyo Station</a>, built in 1914</div></div></div></div></div> The <a href="/wiki/Meiji_era" title="Meiji era">Meiji era</a> saw a rapid modernization in architectural styles as well; until the <a href="/wiki/1923_Great_Kant%C5%8D_earthquake" title="1923 Great Kantō earthquake">Great Kanto Earthquake</a> in 1923 exposed their weakness to seimic shocks, grand brick buildings were constantly built across the city. <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Station" title="Tokyo Station">Tokyo Station</a> (1914), the <a href="/wiki/Old_Ministry_of_Justice_Building" title="Old Ministry of Justice Building">Ministry of Justice building</a> (1895), the <a href="/wiki/International_Library_of_Children%27s_Literature" title="International Library of Children's Literature">International Library of Children's Literature</a> (1906) and <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Ichigokan_Museum,_Tokyo" title="Mitsubishi Ichigokan Museum, Tokyo">Mistubishi building one</a> (1894, rebuilt in 2010) are some of the few brick survivors from this period. It was regarded as fashionable by some members of the <a href="/wiki/Kazoku" title="Kazoku">Japanese aristocracy</a> to build their Tokyo residences in grand and modern styles, and some of these buildings still exist, although most are in private hands and open to the public on limited occasions. Aristocratic residences today open to the public include the <a href="/wiki/Komaba_Park" title="Komaba Park">Marquess Maeda residence</a> in <a href="/wiki/Komaba" title="Komaba">Komaba</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%AB-Iwasaki-tei_Garden" title="Kyū-Iwasaki-tei Garden">Baron Iwasaki residence</a> in Ikenohata and the <a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%AB-Furukawa_Gardens" title="Kyū-Furukawa Gardens">Baron Furukawa residence</a> in Nishigahara. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Extant concrete buildings from the interwar period</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:187px;max-width:187px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:122px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Meiji_Yasuda_Life_Insurance_Company_Head_Office_2012.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Meiji_Yasuda_Life_Insurance_Company_Head_Office_2012.JPG/185px-Meiji_Yasuda_Life_Insurance_Company_Head_Office_2012.JPG" decoding="async" width="185" height="123" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2262" data-file-height="1500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 185px;height: 123px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Meiji_Yasuda_Life_Insurance_Company_Head_Office_2012.JPG/185px-Meiji_Yasuda_Life_Insurance_Company_Head_Office_2012.JPG" data-alt="" data-width="185" data-height="123" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Meiji_Yasuda_Life_Insurance_Company_Head_Office_2012.JPG/278px-Meiji_Yasuda_Life_Insurance_Company_Head_Office_2012.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Meiji_Yasuda_Life_Insurance_Company_Head_Office_2012.JPG/370px-Meiji_Yasuda_Life_Insurance_Company_Head_Office_2012.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Meiji_Seimei_Kan" title="Meiji Seimei Kan">Meiji Insurance Headquarters</a>, completed in 1934</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:201px;max-width:201px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:122px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Diet_Building_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/National_Diet_Building_02.jpg/199px-National_Diet_Building_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="199" height="123" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1543"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 199px;height: 123px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/National_Diet_Building_02.jpg/199px-National_Diet_Building_02.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="199" data-height="123" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/National_Diet_Building_02.jpg/299px-National_Diet_Building_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/National_Diet_Building_02.jpg/398px-National_Diet_Building_02.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/National_Diet_Building" title="National Diet Building">National Diet Building</a>, built between 1920 and 1936</div></div></div></div></div> The Great Kanto Earthquake in 1923 ushered in an era of concrete architecture.<a href="#cite_note-137">[135]</a> Surviving reinforced concrete buildings from this era include the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Seimei_Kan" title="Meiji Seimei Kan">Meiji Insurance Headquarters</a> (completed in 1934), the Mitsui Headquarters (1929), <a href="/wiki/Mitsukoshi" title="Mitsukoshi">Mitsukoshi Nihonbashi flagship store</a> (1914, refurbished in 1925), <a href="/wiki/Takashimaya" title="Takashimaya">Takashimaya Nihonbashi flagship store</a> (1932), <a href="/wiki/Wako_(retailer)" title="Wako (retailer)">Wako</a> in Ginza (1932) and <a href="/wiki/Isetan" title="Isetan">Isetan Shinjuku flagship store</a> (1933). This spread of earthquake and fire-resistant architecture reached council housing too, most notably the <a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Djunkai" title="Dōjunkai">Dōjunkai apartments</a>.<a href="#cite_note-138">[136]</a> The 1930s saw the rise of styles that combined characteristics of both traditional Japanese and modern designs. <a href="/wiki/It%C5%8D_Ch%C5%ABta" title="Itō Chūta">Chuta Ito</a> was a leading figure in this movement, and his extant works in Tokyo include <a href="/wiki/Tsukiji_Hongan-ji" title="Tsukiji Hongan-ji">Tsukiji Hongan-ji</a> (1934). The <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Crown_Style" title="Imperial Crown Style">Imperial Crown Style</a>, which often features Japanese-style roofs on top of elevated concrete structures, was adopted for the <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_National_Museum" title="Tokyo National Museum">Tokyo National Museum</a> in Ueno and the Kudan Hall in <a href="/wiki/Kudanminami" title="Kudanminami">Kudanminami</a>.<a href="#cite_note-139">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Contemporary_(1946–)">Contemporary (1946–)</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tokyo&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Contemporary (1946–)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Tokyo" class="mw-redirect" title="List of tallest buildings in Tokyo">List of tallest buildings in Tokyo</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Contemporary buildings in Tokyo</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:195px;max-width:195px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:128px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Kokuritsu_Yoyogi_Ky%C5%8Dgij%C5%8D_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Kokuritsu_Yoyogi_Ky%C5%8Dgij%C5%8D_1.jpg/193px-Kokuritsu_Yoyogi_Ky%C5%8Dgij%C5%8D_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="193" height="129" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4412" data-file-height="2941"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 193px;height: 129px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Kokuritsu_Yoyogi_Ky%C5%8Dgij%C5%8D_1.jpg/193px-Kokuritsu_Yoyogi_Ky%C5%8Dgij%C5%8D_1.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="193" data-height="129" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Kokuritsu_Yoyogi_Ky%C5%8Dgij%C5%8D_1.jpg/290px-Kokuritsu_Yoyogi_Ky%C5%8Dgij%C5%8D_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Kokuritsu_Yoyogi_Ky%C5%8Dgij%C5%8D_1.jpg/386px-Kokuritsu_Yoyogi_Ky%C5%8Dgij%C5%8D_1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Yoyogi_National_Gymnasium" title="Yoyogi National Gymnasium">Yoyogi National Gymnasium</a>, completed in 1964</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:193px;max-width:193px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:128px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:2018_National_Art_Center,_Tokyo_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/2018_National_Art_Center%2C_Tokyo_2.jpg/191px-2018_National_Art_Center%2C_Tokyo_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="191" height="128" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1678"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 191px;height: 128px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/2018_National_Art_Center%2C_Tokyo_2.jpg/191px-2018_National_Art_Center%2C_Tokyo_2.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="191" data-height="128" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/2018_National_Art_Center%2C_Tokyo_2.jpg/287px-2018_National_Art_Center%2C_Tokyo_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/2018_National_Art_Center%2C_Tokyo_2.jpg/382px-2018_National_Art_Center%2C_Tokyo_2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/National_Art_Center,_Tokyo" class="mw-redirect" title="National Art Center, Tokyo">National Art Center</a>, completed in 2007</div></div></div></div></div> Since the 30-metre height restriction was lifted in the 1960s, Tokyo's most dense areas have been dominated by skyscrapers. As of May 2024, there are at least 184 buildings exceeding 150 metres (492 feet) in Tokyo. Apart from these, <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Tower" title="Tokyo Tower">Tokyo Tower</a> (333m) and <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Skytree" title="Tokyo Skytree">Tokyo Sky Tree</a> (634m) feature high-elevation observation decks; the latter is the tallest tower in both Japan and the world, and the second tallest structure in the world after the <a href="/wiki/Burj_Khalifa" title="Burj Khalifa">Burj Khalifa</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dubai" title="Dubai">Dubai</a>.<a href="#cite_note-skytree-15">[13]</a> With a scheduled completion date in 2027, <a href="/wiki/Torch_Tower_(Japan)" title="Torch Tower (Japan)">Torch Tower</a> (385m) will overtake <a href="/wiki/Azabudai_Hills" title="Azabudai Hills">Azabudai Hills Mori JP Tower</a> (325.2m) as the tallest building in Tokyo. <a href="/wiki/Kenz%C5%8D_Tange" title="Kenzō Tange">Kenzo Tange</a> designed notable contemporary buildings in Tokyo, including <a href="/wiki/Yoyogi_National_Gymnasium" title="Yoyogi National Gymnasium">Yoyogi National Gymnasium</a> (1964), <a href="/wiki/St._Mary%27s_Cathedral,_Tokyo" title="St. Mary's Cathedral, Tokyo">St. Mary's Cathedral</a> (1967), and the <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Metropolitan_Government_Building" title="Tokyo Metropolitan Government Building">Tokyo Metropolitan Government Building</a> (1991). <a href="/wiki/Kisho_Kurokawa" title="Kisho Kurokawa">Kisho Kurokawa</a> was also active in the city, and his works there include the <a href="/wiki/The_National_Art_Center,_Tokyo" title="The National Art Center, Tokyo">National Art Center</a> (2005) and the <a href="/wiki/Nakagin_Capsule_Tower" title="Nakagin Capsule Tower">Nakagin Capsule Tower</a> (1972). Other notable contemporary buildings in Tokyo include the <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Dome" title="Tokyo Dome">Tokyo Dome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mode_Gakuen_Cocoon_Tower" title="Mode Gakuen Cocoon Tower">Mode Gakuen Cocoon Tower</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roppongi_Hills" title="Roppongi Hills">Roppongi Hills</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_International_Forum" title="Tokyo International Forum">Tokyo International Forum</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Asahi_Beer_Hall" title="Asahi Beer Hall">Asahi Beer Hall</a>. <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1508px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Tokyo_from_the_top_of_the_SkyTree_(cropped).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A panoramic view of Tokyo from the Tokyo Skytree"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Tokyo_from_the_top_of_the_SkyTree_%28cropped%29.JPG/1500px-Tokyo_from_the_top_of_the_SkyTree_%28cropped%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="1500" height="324" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5999" data-file-height="1294"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 1500px;height: 324px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Tokyo_from_the_top_of_the_SkyTree_%28cropped%29.JPG/1500px-Tokyo_from_the_top_of_the_SkyTree_%28cropped%29.JPG" data-alt="" data-width="1500" data-height="324" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Tokyo_from_the_top_of_the_SkyTree_%28cropped%29.JPG/2250px-Tokyo_from_the_top_of_the_SkyTree_%28cropped%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Tokyo_from_the_top_of_the_SkyTree_%28cropped%29.JPG/3000px-Tokyo_from_the_top_of_the_SkyTree_%28cropped%29.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Tokyo_from_the_top_of_the_SkyTree_(cropped).JPG" title="File:Tokyo from the top of the SkyTree (cropped).JPG"> </a></div>A panoramic view of Tokyo from the <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Skytree" title="Tokyo Skytree">Tokyo Skytree</a></div></div></div><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tokyo&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Demographics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tokyo_prefecture_population_pyramid_in_2020.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Tokyo_prefecture_population_pyramid_in_2020.svg/313px-Tokyo_prefecture_population_pyramid_in_2020.svg.png" decoding="async" width="313" height="248" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2623" data-file-height="2082"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 313px;height: 248px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Tokyo_prefecture_population_pyramid_in_2020.svg/313px-Tokyo_prefecture_population_pyramid_in_2020.svg.png" data-width="313" data-height="248" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Tokyo_prefecture_population_pyramid_in_2020.svg/470px-Tokyo_prefecture_population_pyramid_in_2020.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Tokyo_prefecture_population_pyramid_in_2020.svg/626px-Tokyo_prefecture_population_pyramid_in_2020.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Tokyo metropolis population pyramid in 2020</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1920</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">3,699,428</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">— </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1925</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">4,485,144</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+21.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1930</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">5,408,678</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+20.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1935</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">6,369,919</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+17.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1940</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">7,354,971</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+15.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1945</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">3,488,284</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−52.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1950</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">6,277,500</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+80.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1955</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">8,037,084</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+28.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1960</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">9,683,802</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+20.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1965</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">10,869,244</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+12.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1970</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">11,408,071</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+5.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1975</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">11,673,554</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1980</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">11,618,281</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−0.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1985</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">11,829,363</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1990</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">11,855,563</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+0.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1995</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">11,773,605</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−0.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2000</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">12,064,101</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2005</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">12,576,601</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+4.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2010</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">13,159,388</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+4.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">2015</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">13,515,271</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+2.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2020</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">13,982,112</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+3.5%</td></tr></tbody></table> As of October 2012, the official <a href="/wiki/Intercensal_estimate" title="Intercensal estimate">intercensal estimate</a> showed 13.506 million people in Tokyo, with 9.214 million living within Tokyo's 23 wards.<a href="#cite_note-population2015-140">[138]</a> During the daytime, the population swells by over 2.5 million as workers and students commute from adjacent areas. This effect is even more pronounced in the three central wards of <a href="/wiki/Chiyoda,_Tokyo" title="Chiyoda, Tokyo">Chiyoda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%AB%C5%8D,_Tokyo" title="Chūō, Tokyo">Chūō</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Minato,_Tokyo" title="Minato, Tokyo">Minato</a>, whose collective population as of the 2005 National Census was 326,000 at night, but 2.4 million during the day.<a href="#cite_note-population-141">[139]</a><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tokyo_historical_population.gif" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Tokyo_historical_population.gif/313px-Tokyo_historical_population.gif" decoding="async" width="313" height="128" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="649" data-file-height="266"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 313px;height: 128px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Tokyo_historical_population.gif/313px-Tokyo_historical_population.gif" data-width="313" data-height="128" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Tokyo_historical_population.gif/470px-Tokyo_historical_population.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Tokyo_historical_population.gif/626px-Tokyo_historical_population.gif 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Tokyo historical population since 1920</figcaption></figure> According to April 2024 official estimates, <a href="/wiki/Setagaya" title="Setagaya">Setagaya</a> (942,003), <a href="/wiki/Nerima" title="Nerima">Nerima</a> (752,608), and <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cta,_Tokyo" title="Ōta, Tokyo">Ota</a> (748,081) were the most populous wards and municipalities in Tokyo. The least inhabited of all Tokyo municipalities are remote island villages such as <a href="/wiki/Aogashima,_Tokyo" title="Aogashima, Tokyo">Aogashima</a> (150), <a href="/wiki/Mikurajima,_Tokyo" title="Mikurajima, Tokyo">Mikurajima</a> (289), and <a href="/wiki/To-shima,_Tokyo" title="To-shima, Tokyo">Toshima</a> (306).<a href="#cite_note-142">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Age_structure_and_average_age">Age structure and average age</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tokyo&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Age structure and average age" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In 2021, Tokyo's average and median ages were both 45.5 years old. This is below the national median age of 49.0, placing Tokyo among the youngest regions in Japan. 16.8% of the population was below 15, while 34.6% was above 65.<a href="#cite_note-143">[141]</a> In the same year, the youngest municipalities in Tokyo were <a href="/wiki/Mikura-jima" title="Mikura-jima">Mikura-jima</a> (average age 40.72), Chuo (41.92), and Chiyoda (42.07), while the oldest included <a href="/wiki/Okutama,_Tokyo" title="Okutama, Tokyo">Okutama</a> (59.11) and <a href="/wiki/Miyake,_Tokyo" title="Miyake, Tokyo">Miyake</a> (53.82).<a href="#cite_note-144">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Immigration">Immigration</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tokyo&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Immigration" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In 1889, the <a href="/wiki/Home_Ministry" title="Home Ministry">Home Ministry</a> recorded 1,375,937 people in <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_City" title="Tokyo City">Tokyo City</a> and a total of 1,694,292 people in <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Prefecture_(1868%E2%80%931943)" title="Tokyo Prefecture (1868–1943)">Tokyo-fu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-145">[143]</a> In the same year, a total of 779 foreign nationals were recorded as residing in Tokyo. The most common nationality was English (209 residents), followed by American (182) and Chinese nationals (137).<a href="#cite_note-146">[144]</a> As of January 2024, Tokyo had 647,416 foreign nationals registered as residents, with China, South Korea, Vietnam, the Philippines, Nepal, Taiwan, and the United States each having more than 20,000 nationals living there as citizens.<a href="#cite_note-pop-detail-147">[145]</a> Since the COVID-19 pandemic ended, Tokyo's foreign population has increased significantly, now nearly 20% above the January 2022 population of 546,436.<a href="#cite_note-148">[146]</a> There is no official survey of race or place of birth as of June 2024. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dialects">Dialects</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tokyo&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Dialects" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_dialect" title="Tokyo dialect">Tokyo dialect</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a> is the primary language spoken throughout the metropolis, though regional and socio-economic differences can be heard. Traditionally, dialects in Tokyo are classified into two groups: the Yamanote dialect and the Shitamachi dialect. The former has traditionally been spoken in the upper- and upper-middle-class residential area of Yamanote, which includes <a href="/wiki/Banch%C5%8D" title="Banchō">Bancho</a>, <a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Djimachi" title="Kōjimachi">Kojimachi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koishikawa" title="Koishikawa">Koishikawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kudankita" title="Kudankita">Kudan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yotsuya" title="Yotsuya">Yotsuya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azabu" title="Azabu">Azabu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Akasaka,_Tokyo" title="Akasaka, Tokyo">Akasaka</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo period</a>, these neighborhoods were occupied by <a href="/wiki/Daimyo" title="Daimyo">Daimyo</a> and other powerful <a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">samurai</a> families, and the dialect evolved largely based on their way of speech. Standard Japanese pronunciation is largely based on this accent and spread across the country with the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">radio</a>. The Shitamachi dialect, in contrast, has been associated with the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dnin" title="Chōnin">Chōnin</a> district of Shitamachi and retains many characteristics of the accents spoken there in the Edo era.<a href="#cite_note-149">[147]</a> However, socio-economic changes in the post-war period and the large influx of people moving from other areas have largely blurred these distinctions in recent years. It has been reported that young generations are not as aware of the differences in dialects as their parents' and grandparents' generations were.<a href="#cite_note-150">[148]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Hachij%C5%8D_language" title="Hachijō language">Hachijō dialect</a>, spoken primarily in <a href="/wiki/Hachij%C5%8D-jima" title="Hachijō-jima">Hachijōjima</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aogashima" title="Aogashima">Aogashima</a>, descended from 6th-8th century <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Old_Japanese" title="Eastern Old Japanese">Eastern Old Japanese</a> and has fewer than 1,000 speakers.<a href="#cite_note-151">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[150]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bonin_English" title="Bonin English">Bonin English</a> is a creole spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Bonin_Islands" title="Bonin Islands">Ogasawara Islands</a>, derived from English and Japanese,<a href="#cite_note-Long2006-153">[151]</a> as the islands’ population historically consisted of people of Japanese, British, American, Hawaiian, and Polynesian origins, mostly mixed-race.<a href="#cite_note-:12-154">[152]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tokyo&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Economy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tokyo_Marunouchi_in_autumn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Tokyo_Marunouchi_in_autumn.jpg/300px-Tokyo_Marunouchi_in_autumn.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="197" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1639"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 197px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Tokyo_Marunouchi_in_autumn.jpg/300px-Tokyo_Marunouchi_in_autumn.jpg" data-width="300" data-height="197" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Tokyo_Marunouchi_in_autumn.jpg/450px-Tokyo_Marunouchi_in_autumn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Tokyo_Marunouchi_in_autumn.jpg/600px-Tokyo_Marunouchi_in_autumn.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Marunouchi" title="Marunouchi">Marunouchi</a>, the main business district</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sector_Breakdown_of_2021_GDP_of_Tokyo_Metropolis.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Sector_Breakdown_of_2021_GDP_of_Tokyo_Metropolis.png/300px-Sector_Breakdown_of_2021_GDP_of_Tokyo_Metropolis.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="264" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1232" data-file-height="1083"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 264px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Sector_Breakdown_of_2021_GDP_of_Tokyo_Metropolis.png/300px-Sector_Breakdown_of_2021_GDP_of_Tokyo_Metropolis.png" data-width="300" data-height="264" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Sector_Breakdown_of_2021_GDP_of_Tokyo_Metropolis.png/450px-Sector_Breakdown_of_2021_GDP_of_Tokyo_Metropolis.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Sector_Breakdown_of_2021_GDP_of_Tokyo_Metropolis.png/600px-Sector_Breakdown_of_2021_GDP_of_Tokyo_Metropolis.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Sector Breakdown of 2021 GDP of Tokyo</figcaption></figure> Tokyo's gross regional product was 113.7 trillion yen or US$1.04 trillion in FY2021 and accounted for 20.7% of the country's total economic output, which converts to 8.07 million yen or US$73,820 per capita.<a href="#cite_note-:3-17">[15]</a> By sector, Wholesale and Retail was the largest contributor, accounting for 21.5% of the total output. This was followed by Real Estate (13.5%), Professional, Scientific and Technical (12.2%), Information and Communications (11.7%), Finance and Insurance (7.6%), Manufacturing (7.0%), and Healthcare (6.7%). Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery, and Mining combined accounted for less than 0.1% of the economic output.<a href="#cite_note-155">[153]</a> As these numbers suggest, Tokyo's economy is heavily dependent on the tertiary sector. As the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Tokyo_Area" title="Greater Tokyo Area">Greater Tokyo Area</a>, it has the <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_by_GDP" title="List of cities by GDP">second-largest metropolitan economy in the world</a>, after <a href="/wiki/New_York_metropolitan_area" title="New York metropolitan area">Greater New York</a>, with a gross metropolitan product estimated at US$2 trillion. The area's economy is slightly smaller than <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Canada" title="Economy of Canada">Canada's economy</a> while being slightly larger than <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mexico" title="Economy of Mexico">Mexico's</a>, according to IMF estimates from the same year.<a href="#cite_note-156">[154]</a> Tokyo's business districts are concentrated in four central wards: <a href="/wiki/Chiyoda,_Tokyo" title="Chiyoda, Tokyo">Chiyoda</a> (<a href="/wiki/Marunouchi" title="Marunouchi">Marunouchi</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Ctemachi" title="Ōtemachi">Otemachi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kasumigaseki" title="Kasumigaseki">Kasumigaseki</a>), <a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%AB%C5%8D,_Tokyo" title="Chūō, Tokyo">Chuo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nihonbashi" title="Nihonbashi">Nihombashi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%8Dbashi,_Tokyo" title="Kyōbashi, Tokyo">Kyobashi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yaesu" title="Yaesu">Yaesu</a>), <a href="/wiki/Minato,_Tokyo" title="Minato, Tokyo">Minato</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shinbashi" title="Shinbashi">Shimbashi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shiodome" title="Shiodome">Shiodome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toranomon" title="Toranomon">Toranomon</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Shinjuku" title="Shinjuku">Shinjuku</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nishi-Shinjuku" title="Nishi-Shinjuku">West Shinjuku</a>). The 23 Special Wards of Tokyo had 73.5 million m2 of office space as of January 2022.<a href="#cite_note-157">[155]</a> In 2023, 29 of the <a href="/wiki/Fortune_Global_500" title="Fortune Global 500">Fortune Global 500</a> companies were headquartered in Tokyo, which was the second highest concentration in the world after <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-158">[156]</a> Notably, around 20 of them are based in Marunouchi, such as <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_UFJ_Financial_Group" title="Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group">MUFG</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Corporation" title="Mitsubishi Corporation">Mitsubish Corp.</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hitachi" title="Hitachi">Hitachi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-159">[157]</a> Tokyo was rated by the <a href="/wiki/Economist_Intelligence_Unit" title="Economist Intelligence Unit">Economist Intelligence Unit</a> as the most expensive (highest <a href="/wiki/Cost-of-living_index" title="Cost-of-living index">cost-of-living</a>) city in the world for 14 years in a row ending in 2006, when it was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a>, and later <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>.<a href="#cite_note-160">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[159]</a> However, years of deflation and an extremely weak yen starting in 2022 due to Japan's low interest rates made the cost of living in Tokyo 31% cheaper than in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> in 2023, which is roughly the same as in <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a> according to the 2023 EIU rankings.<a href="#cite_note-162">[160]</a> <a href="/wiki/Henley_%26_Partners" title="Henley & Partners">Henley & Partners</a> estimated that there were 298,300 individuals with a net worth of more than US$1 million living in Tokyo in 2024, the third highest number in the world.<a href="#cite_note-163">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finance">Finance</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tokyo&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Finance" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bank_of_Japan_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Bank_of_Japan_2010.jpg/260px-Bank_of_Japan_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="190" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3388" data-file-height="2472"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 260px;height: 190px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Bank_of_Japan_2010.jpg/260px-Bank_of_Japan_2010.jpg" data-width="260" data-height="190" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Bank_of_Japan_2010.jpg/390px-Bank_of_Japan_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Bank_of_Japan_2010.jpg/520px-Bank_of_Japan_2010.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Japan" title="Bank of Japan">Bank of Japan</a>, the central bank of the country, <a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%AB%C5%8D,_Tokyo" title="Chūō, Tokyo">Chuo, Tokyo</a></figcaption></figure> Tokyo is a major international finance center;<a href="#cite_note-164">[162]</a> it houses the headquarters of several of the world's largest <a href="/wiki/Investment_bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Investment bank">investment banks</a> and insurance companies, and serves as a hub for Japan's transportation, publishing, <a href="/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">electronics</a> and broadcasting industries. During the centralized growth of Japan's economy following <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, many large firms moved their headquarters from cities such as <a href="/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka">Osaka</a> (the historical commercial capital) to Tokyo, in an attempt to take advantage of better access to the government. <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Tokyo_Stock_Exchange_-_main_room_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/The_Tokyo_Stock_Exchange_-_main_room_2.jpg/260px-The_Tokyo_Stock_Exchange_-_main_room_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="188" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1443"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 260px;height: 188px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/The_Tokyo_Stock_Exchange_-_main_room_2.jpg/260px-The_Tokyo_Stock_Exchange_-_main_room_2.jpg" data-width="260" data-height="188" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/The_Tokyo_Stock_Exchange_-_main_room_2.jpg/390px-The_Tokyo_Stock_Exchange_-_main_room_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/The_Tokyo_Stock_Exchange_-_main_room_2.jpg/520px-The_Tokyo_Stock_Exchange_-_main_room_2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Stock_Exchange" title="Tokyo Stock Exchange">Tokyo Stock Exchange</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%AB%C5%8D,_Tokyo" title="Chūō, Tokyo">Chuo, Tokyo</a></figcaption></figure> Tokyo emerged as a leading international <a href="/wiki/Financial_centre" title="Financial centre">financial center</a> (IFC) in the 1960s and has been described as one of the three "command centers" for the <a href="/wiki/World_economy" title="World economy">world economy</a>, along with New York City and <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>.<a href="#cite_note-165">[163]</a> In the 2020 <a href="/wiki/Global_Financial_Centres_Index" title="Global Financial Centres Index">Global Financial Centers Index</a>, Tokyo was ranked as having the fourth most competitive financial center in the world, and second most competitive in Asia (after Shanghai).<a href="#cite_note-GFCI2-166">[164]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_UFJ_Financial_Group" title="Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group">Mitsubishi UFJ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sumitomo_Mitsui_Banking_Corporation" title="Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation">Sumitomo-Mitsui Banking Corporation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mizuho_Financial_Group" title="Mizuho Financial Group">Mizuho Financial Group</a>, all among the <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_banks" title="List of largest banks">top 20 banks in the world by total assets in 2023</a>, are headquartered in Tokyo. The Japanese financial market opened up slowly in 1984 and accelerated its internationalization with the "Japanese Big Bang" in 1998.<a href="#cite_note-167">[165]</a> Despite the emergence of Singapore and Hong Kong as competing financial centers, the Tokyo IFC manages to keep a prominent position in Asia. The <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Stock_Exchange" title="Tokyo Stock Exchange">Tokyo Stock Exchange</a> is Japan's largest <a href="/wiki/Stock_exchange" title="Stock exchange">stock exchange</a>, and third largest in the world by <a href="/wiki/Market_capitalization" title="Market capitalization">market capitalization</a> and fourth largest by share turnover. In 1990 at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_asset_price_bubble" title="Japanese asset price bubble">Japanese asset price bubble</a>, it accounted for more than 60% of the world stock market value.<a href="#cite_note-168">[166]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media_and_communications">Media and communications</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tokyo&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Media and communications" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Japan" title="Mass media in Japan">Mass media in Japan</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:328px;max-width:328px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Otemachi_1st_Square.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Otemachi_1st_Square.jpg/170px-Otemachi_1st_Square.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2775" data-file-height="3886"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 238px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Otemachi_1st_Square.jpg/170px-Otemachi_1st_Square.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="170" data-height="238" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Otemachi_1st_Square.jpg/255px-Otemachi_1st_Square.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Otemachi_1st_Square.jpg/340px-Otemachi_1st_Square.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Otemachi 1st Square, headquarters of <a href="/wiki/Nippon_Telegraph_and_Telephone" title="Nippon Telegraph and Telephone">NTT</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:FCG_7F.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/FCG_7F.jpg/150px-FCG_7F.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="239" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="3053"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 239px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/FCG_7F.jpg/150px-FCG_7F.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="150" data-height="239" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/FCG_7F.jpg/225px-FCG_7F.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/FCG_7F.jpg/300px-FCG_7F.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Fuji_Broadcasting_Center" title="Fuji Broadcasting Center">Fuji Broadcasting Center</a>, headquarters of <a href="/wiki/Fuji_Television" title="Fuji Television">Fuji Television</a></div></div></div></div></div> Tokyo's position as the country's cultural, political and economic hub has made its media industry the largest in Japan. A majority of national media companies are headquartered in Tokyo, as well as the Asian or Japanese branches of international media companies. The <a href="/wiki/NHK" title="NHK">NHK</a>, the oldest and only nation-wide public broadcaster in the country, is headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Shibuya" title="Shibuya">Shibuya</a>. Other national broadcasters,<a href="#cite_note-:5-169">[167]</a> such as <a href="/wiki/TBS_Television_(Japan)" title="TBS Television (Japan)">TBS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nippon_Television" title="Nippon Television">Nippon Television</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fuji_Television" title="Fuji Television">Fuji Television</a>, and <a href="/wiki/TV_Asahi" title="TV Asahi">TV Asahi</a>, are also based in Tokyo. Of the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_newspapers" title="Japanese newspapers">five major national newspapers</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:5-169">[167]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Nikkei" title="The Nikkei">The Nikkei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mainichi_Shimbun" title="Mainichi Shimbun">The Mainichi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yomiuri_Shimbun" title="Yomiuri Shimbun">The Yomiuri</a> are headquartered in Tokyo, while the other two, <a href="/wiki/The_Asahi_Shimbun" title="The Asahi Shimbun">The Asahi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sankei_Shimbun" title="Sankei Shimbun">The Sankei</a>, maintain head offices both in Tokyo and <a href="/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka">Osaka</a>. Major publishers based in Tokyo include <a href="/wiki/Shueisha" title="Shueisha">Shueisha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kodansha" title="Kodansha">Kodansha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kadokawa_Corporation" title="Kadokawa Corporation">Kadokawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shogakukan" title="Shogakukan">Shogakukan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bungeishunj%C5%AB" title="Bungeishunjū">Bungeishunju</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shinchosha" title="Shinchosha">Shinchosha</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Iwanami_Shoten" title="Iwanami Shoten">Iwanami Shoten</a>, with a high concentration in <a href="/wiki/Chiyoda,_Tokyo" title="Chiyoda, Tokyo">Chiyoda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shinjuku" title="Shinjuku">Shinjuku</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dentsu" title="Dentsu">Dentsu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hakuhodo" title="Hakuhodo">Hakuhodo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Asatsu-DK" title="Asatsu-DK">ADK Holdings</a>, all based in Tokyo, are the country's largest advertising agencies. All three major telecommunications companies in Japan, namely <a href="/wiki/Nippon_Telegraph_and_Telephone" title="Nippon Telegraph and Telephone">NTT</a> (whose market capitalization was once the largest among all publicly traded companies in the world),<a href="#cite_note-:4-73">[71]</a> <a href="/wiki/KDDI" title="KDDI">KDDI</a>, and <a href="/wiki/SoftBank_Group" title="SoftBank Group">SoftBank</a>, are based in Tokyo. Tokyo is also a major hub for anime production, with major anime studios such as <a href="/wiki/Studio_Ghibli" title="Studio Ghibli">Studio Ghibli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gainax" title="Gainax">Gainax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madhouse,_Inc." title="Madhouse, Inc.">Madhouse</a>, <a href="/wiki/A-1_Pictures" title="A-1 Pictures">A-1 Pictures</a>, <a href="/wiki/MAPPA" title="MAPPA">MAPPA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wit_Studio" title="Wit Studio">Wit Studio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toei_Animation" title="Toei Animation">Toei</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shaft_(company)" title="Shaft (company)">Shaft</a> based particularly in the west of the metropolis. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tokyo&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Tourism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Tokyo" title="Tourism in Tokyo">Tourism in Tokyo</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hozomon_with_visitors_under_their_umbrellas,_a_rainy_day_in_Tokyo,_Japan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Hozomon_with_visitors_under_their_umbrellas%2C_a_rainy_day_in_Tokyo%2C_Japan.jpg/251px-Hozomon_with_visitors_under_their_umbrellas%2C_a_rainy_day_in_Tokyo%2C_Japan.jpg" decoding="async" width="251" height="167" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5948" data-file-height="3965"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 251px;height: 167px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Hozomon_with_visitors_under_their_umbrellas%2C_a_rainy_day_in_Tokyo%2C_Japan.jpg/251px-Hozomon_with_visitors_under_their_umbrellas%2C_a_rainy_day_in_Tokyo%2C_Japan.jpg" data-width="251" data-height="167" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Hozomon_with_visitors_under_their_umbrellas%2C_a_rainy_day_in_Tokyo%2C_Japan.jpg/377px-Hozomon_with_visitors_under_their_umbrellas%2C_a_rainy_day_in_Tokyo%2C_Japan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Hozomon_with_visitors_under_their_umbrellas%2C_a_rainy_day_in_Tokyo%2C_Japan.jpg/502px-Hozomon_with_visitors_under_their_umbrellas%2C_a_rainy_day_in_Tokyo%2C_Japan.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sens%C5%8D-ji" title="Sensō-ji">Sensoji</a> in <a href="/wiki/Asakusa" title="Asakusa">Asakusa</a>, a popular tourist attraction</figcaption></figure> In 2019, tourism accounted for slightly more than one percent of Tokyo's total economic output, with 15.18 million foreign visitors spending 1.26 trillion yen, according to the Tokyo Metropolitan Government.<a href="#cite_note-170">[168]</a> According to a 2022 government survey, the most visited areas in Tokyo were:<a href="#cite_note-171">[169]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shibuya" title="Shibuya">Shibuya</a>: <a href="/wiki/Shibuya_Crossing" title="Shibuya Crossing">Shibuya Crossing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yoyogi_Park" title="Yoyogi Park">Yoyogi Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hachik%C5%8D" title="Hachikō">Hachiko statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinjuku" title="Shinjuku">Shinjuku</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kabukich%C5%8D" title="Kabukichō">Kabukicho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shinjuku_Gyo-en" title="Shinjuku Gyo-en">Shinjuku Gyoen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginza" title="Ginza">Ginza</a>: Shopping district, <a href="/wiki/Kabuki-za" title="Kabuki-za">Kabukiza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marunouchi" title="Marunouchi">Marunouchi</a>/<a href="/wiki/Nihonbashi" title="Nihonbashi">Nihombashi</a>: <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Imperial_Palace" title="Tokyo Imperial Palace">Imperial Palace</a>, Shopping district (<a href="/wiki/Mitsukoshi" title="Mitsukoshi">Mitsukoshi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Takashimaya" title="Takashimaya">Takashimaya</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asakusa" title="Asakusa">Asakusa</a>: <a href="/wiki/Sens%C5%8D-ji" title="Sensō-ji">Sensoji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Skytree" title="Tokyo Skytree">Tokyo Skytree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akihabara" title="Akihabara">Akihabara</a>: electronics and anime culture</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ueno" title="Ueno">Ueno</a>: <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_National_Museum" title="Tokyo National Museum">National Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_science_museum_of_japan" class="mw-redirect" title="National science museum of japan">National Science Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ueno_Zoo" title="Ueno Zoo">Ueno zoo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ueno_Park" title="Ueno Park">Ueno Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harajuku" title="Harajuku">Harajuku</a>/<a href="/wiki/Omotesand%C5%8D" title="Omotesandō">Omoesando</a>: <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Shrine" title="Meiji Shrine">Meiji Shrine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Takeshita_dori" class="mw-redirect" title="Takeshita dori">Takeshita dori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roppongi" title="Roppongi">Roppongi</a>: <a href="/wiki/Roppongi_Hills" title="Roppongi Hills">Roppongi Hills</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azabudai_Hills" title="Azabudai Hills">Azabudai Hills</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_National_Art_Center,_Tokyo" title="The National Art Center, Tokyo">National Arts Center Tokyo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suntory_Museum_of_Art" title="Suntory Museum of Art">Suntory Art Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mori_Art_Museum" title="Mori Art Museum">Mori Art Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikebukuro" title="Ikebukuro">Ikebukuro</a>: Shopping district</li></ul> Luxury hotels in Tokyo include the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Hotel,_Tokyo" title="Imperial Hotel, Tokyo">Imperial Hotel</a> (opened in 1890), <a href="/wiki/Hotel_Chinzanso_Tokyo" title="Hotel Chinzanso Tokyo">Hotel Chinzanso Tokyo</a> (opened in 1992), <a href="/wiki/Hotel_Okura_Tokyo" title="Hotel Okura Tokyo">Hotel Okura Tokyo</a> (opened in 1962), <a href="/wiki/Meguro_Gajoen" title="Meguro Gajoen">Meguro Gajoen Hotel</a>, Conrad Tokyo, the <a href="/wiki/Ritz-Carlton_Tokyo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ritz-Carlton Tokyo">Ritz-Carlton Tokyo</a> and Aman Tokyo.<a href="#cite_note-172">[170]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture,_fishery_and_forestry">Agriculture, fishery and forestry</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tokyo&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Agriculture, fishery and forestry" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Toyosu_Market_Tokyo_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Toyosu_Market_Tokyo_2.jpg/285px-Toyosu_Market_Tokyo_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="285" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4672" data-file-height="2625"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 285px;height: 160px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Toyosu_Market_Tokyo_2.jpg/285px-Toyosu_Market_Tokyo_2.jpg" data-width="285" data-height="160" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Toyosu_Market_Tokyo_2.jpg/428px-Toyosu_Market_Tokyo_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Toyosu_Market_Tokyo_2.jpg/570px-Toyosu_Market_Tokyo_2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Toyosu_Market" title="Toyosu Market">Toyosu Market</a>, <a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dt%C5%8D" title="Kōtō">Koto</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Toyosu_Market" title="Toyosu Market">Toyosu Market</a> in Tokyo is the largest wholesale fish and seafood market in the world since it opened on October 11, 2018.<a href="#cite_note-173">[171]</a> It is also one of the largest wholesale food markets of any kind. It is located in the <a href="/wiki/Toyosu" title="Toyosu">Toyosu</a> area of <a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dt%C5%8D" title="Kōtō">Kōtō</a> ward. The Toyosu Market holds strong to the traditions of its predecessor, the <a href="/wiki/Tsukiji_Fish_Market" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsukiji Fish Market">Tsukiji Fish Market</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nihonbashi" title="Nihonbashi">Nihonbashi</a> fish market, and serves some 50,000 buyers and sellers every day. Retailers, whole-sellers, auctioneers, and public citizens alike frequent the market, creating a unique microcosm of organized chaos that still continues to fuel the city and its food supply after over four centuries.<a href="#cite_note-174">[172]</a> Tokyo had 8,460 hectares (20,900 acres) of agricultural land as of 2003,<a href="#cite_note-175">[173]</a> according to the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Agriculture,_Forestry_and_Fisheries_(Japan)" title="Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (Japan)">Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries</a>, placing it last among the nation's prefectures. The farmland is concentrated in Western Tokyo. Perishables such as vegetables, fruits, and flowers can be conveniently shipped to the markets in the eastern part of the prefecture. With 36% of its area covered by forest, Tokyo has extensive growths of <a href="/wiki/Cryptomeria" title="Cryptomeria">cryptomeria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chamaecyparis_obtusa" title="Chamaecyparis obtusa">Japanese cypress</a>, especially in the mountainous western communities of Akiruno, Ōme, Okutama, Hachiōji, Hinode, and Hinohara. Decreases in the price of timber, increases in the cost of production, and advancing old age among the forestry population have resulted in a decline in Tokyo's output. In addition, pollen, especially from cryptomeria, is a major <a href="/wiki/Seasonal_allergies" class="mw-redirect" title="Seasonal allergies">allergen</a> for the nearby population centers. Tokyo Bay was once a major source of fish. Most of Tokyo's fish production comes from the outer islands, such as Izu Ōshima and Hachijō-Jima. <a href="/wiki/Skipjack_tuna" title="Skipjack tuna">Skipjack tuna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nori" title="Nori">nori</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Carangidae" title="Carangidae">aji</a> are among the ocean products.<a href="#cite_note-176">[174]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tokyo&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Transportation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Greater_Tokyo" title="Transport in Greater Tokyo">Transport in Greater Tokyo</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shibuya_Crossing,_Aerial.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Shibuya_Crossing%2C_Aerial.jpg/260px-Shibuya_Crossing%2C_Aerial.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2160"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 260px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Shibuya_Crossing%2C_Aerial.jpg/260px-Shibuya_Crossing%2C_Aerial.jpg" data-width="260" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Shibuya_Crossing%2C_Aerial.jpg/390px-Shibuya_Crossing%2C_Aerial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Shibuya_Crossing%2C_Aerial.jpg/520px-Shibuya_Crossing%2C_Aerial.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Shibuya_Crossing" title="Shibuya Crossing">Shibuya Crossing</a> symbolizes the hustle and bustle of Tokyo.</figcaption></figure> Tokyo, which is the center of the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Tokyo_Area" title="Greater Tokyo Area">Greater Tokyo Area</a>, is Japan's largest domestic and international hub for rail and ground transportation. Public transportation within Tokyo is dominated by an extensive network of "clean and efficient"<a href="#cite_note-177">[175]</a> trains and subways run by a variety of operators, with buses, monorails and trams playing a secondary feeder role. There are up to 62 electric train lines and more than 900 train stations in Tokyo.<a href="#cite_note-178">[176]</a> <a href="/wiki/Shibuya_Crossing" title="Shibuya Crossing">Shibuya Crossing</a> is the "world's busiest pedestrian crossing", with around 3,000 people crossing at a time.<a href="#cite_note-asahi_2016-04-22-179">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-cnn_2019-08-25-180">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[179]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rail">Rail</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tokyo&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Rail" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:194px;max-width:194px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:127px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:JR%E6%9D%B1%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%9C%A8%E6%9D%A5%E7%B7%9A.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/JR%E6%9D%B1%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%9C%A8%E6%9D%A5%E7%B7%9A.jpg/192px-JR%E6%9D%B1%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%9C%A8%E6%9D%A5%E7%B7%9A.jpg" decoding="async" width="192" height="128" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 192px;height: 128px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/JR%E6%9D%B1%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%9C%A8%E6%9D%A5%E7%B7%9A.jpg/192px-JR%E6%9D%B1%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%9C%A8%E6%9D%A5%E7%B7%9A.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="192" data-height="128" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/JR%E6%9D%B1%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%9C%A8%E6%9D%A5%E7%B7%9A.jpg/288px-JR%E6%9D%B1%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%9C%A8%E6%9D%A5%E7%B7%9A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/JR%E6%9D%B1%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%9C%A8%E6%9D%A5%E7%B7%9A.jpg/384px-JR%E6%9D%B1%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%9C%A8%E6%9D%A5%E7%B7%9A.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/East_Japan_Railway_Company" title="East Japan Railway Company">JR East</a> operates the largest commuter train network in Tokyo as well as intercity services.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:194px;max-width:194px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:127px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:JR_Series-N700S-J30_Nozomi-4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/JR_Series-N700S-J30_Nozomi-4.jpg/192px-JR_Series-N700S-J30_Nozomi-4.jpg" decoding="async" width="192" height="128" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3794" data-file-height="2529"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 192px;height: 128px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/JR_Series-N700S-J30_Nozomi-4.jpg/192px-JR_Series-N700S-J30_Nozomi-4.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="192" data-height="128" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/JR_Series-N700S-J30_Nozomi-4.jpg/288px-JR_Series-N700S-J30_Nozomi-4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/JR_Series-N700S-J30_Nozomi-4.jpg/384px-JR_Series-N700S-J30_Nozomi-4.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Shinkansen" title="Shinkansen">Shinkansen</a> connects major cities around the country to Tokyo.</div></div></div></div></div> Rail is the primary mode of transportation in Tokyo,<a href="#cite_note-182">[180]</a> which has the most extensive urban railway network in the world and an equally extensive network of surface lines. <a href="/wiki/East_Japan_Railway_Company" title="East Japan Railway Company">JR East</a> operates Tokyo's largest railway network, including the <a href="/wiki/Yamanote_Line" title="Yamanote Line">Yamanote Line</a> loop that circles central Tokyo. It operates rail lines throughout the entire metropolitan area of Tokyo and the rest of northeastern Honshu. JR East is also responsible for the <a href="/wiki/Shinkansen" title="Shinkansen">Shinkansen</a> high-speed rail lines that link Tokyo and Northeastern cities of Japan (<a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Detsu_Shinkansen" title="Jōetsu Shinkansen">Joetsu Shinkansen</a>, <a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dhoku_Shinkansen" title="Tōhoku Shinkansen">Tohoku/Hokkaido Shinkansen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yamagata_Shinkansen" title="Yamagata Shinkansen">Yamagata Shinkansen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akita_Shinkansen" title="Akita Shinkansen">Akita Shinkansen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hokuriku_Shinkansen" title="Hokuriku Shinkansen">Hokuriku Shinkansen</a>).<a href="#cite_note-183">[181]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Tokaido_Shinkansen" title="Tokaido Shinkansen">Tokaido Shinkansen</a>, which links Tokyo and <a href="/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka">Osaka</a> via <a href="/wiki/Nagoya" title="Nagoya">Nagoya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a>, as well as western cities beyond, is operated by <a href="/wiki/Central_Japan_Railway_Company" title="Central Japan Railway Company">JR Central</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%AB%C5%8D_Shinkansen" title="Chūō Shinkansen">Chuo Shinkansen</a>, the first-ever long-distance high-speed floating maglev line currently under construction, will also be operated by JR Central. Both JR companies were created from the privatization of <a href="/wiki/Japanese_National_Railways" title="Japanese National Railways">Japan National Railways</a> in 1987. <a href="/wiki/Japan_Freight_Railway_Company" title="Japan Freight Railway Company">JR Freight</a> does not own any part of the railway network but operates freight trains on the <a href="/wiki/Japan_Railways_Group" title="Japan Railways Group">JR network</a>. Two different entities operate Tokyo's underground railway network: the privatized <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Metro" title="Tokyo Metro">Tokyo Metro</a>, which operates Tokyo Metro lines, and the governmental <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Metropolitan_Bureau_of_Transportation" title="Tokyo Metropolitan Bureau of Transportation">Tokyo Metropolitan Bureau of Transportation</a>, which operates Toei lines. Tokyo Metro is entirely owned by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Japan" title="Government of Japan">Japanese Government</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Metropolitan_Government" title="Tokyo Metropolitan Government">Tokyo Metropolitan Government</a> since it was privatized in 2004 (it was previously a public entity called the Imperial Capital Rapid Transit Authority from 1941 to 2004), but it is scheduled to go public in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-184">[182]</a> Other major railway operators in Tokyo include <a href="/wiki/Odakyu_Electric_Railway" title="Odakyu Electric Railway">Odakyu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tokyu_Corporation" title="Tokyu Corporation">Tokyu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Keio_Corporation" title="Keio Corporation">Keio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seibu_Railway" title="Seibu Railway">Seibu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tobu_Railway" title="Tobu Railway">Tobu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Keisei_Electric_Railway" title="Keisei Electric Railway">Keisei</a>. Although each operator directly owns its railway lines, through services that travel across different lines owned by different operators are common. Tokyo once had an extensive tram network, with a total distance of 213 km (<a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Toden" title="Tokyo Toden">Tokyo Toden</a>). However, similar to other major cities worldwide, the age of motorization since the 1950s made it considered unfit to share busy roads with cars. Today, only one line, the <a href="/wiki/Toden_Arakawa_Line" title="Toden Arakawa Line">Arakawa line</a>, remains.<a href="#cite_note-185">[183]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roads">Roads</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tokyo&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Roads" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shuto_expressway_harumi_jct.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Shuto_expressway_harumi_jct.jpg/250px-Shuto_expressway_harumi_jct.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1326"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 166px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Shuto_expressway_harumi_jct.jpg/250px-Shuto_expressway_harumi_jct.jpg" data-width="250" data-height="166" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Shuto_expressway_harumi_jct.jpg/375px-Shuto_expressway_harumi_jct.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Shuto_expressway_harumi_jct.jpg/500px-Shuto_expressway_harumi_jct.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Shuto_Expressway" title="Shuto Expressway">Shuto Expressway</a> near <a href="/wiki/Harumi,_Tokyo" title="Harumi, Tokyo">Harumi</a></figcaption></figure> Tokyo has the lowest car ownership rate among all prefectures in Japan, with 0.416 cars per household compared to the national average of 1.025 per household. This is despite Tokyo being one of the most affluent areas in the country, with a nominal GDP per capita of around US$75,000.<a href="#cite_note-186">[184]</a> A 2021 survey found that 81% of respondents without a car were satisfied with public transport and saw no need to own one.<a href="#cite_note-187">[185]</a> Each road in Tokyo falls into one of the following categories depending on the type of ownership: private roads, municipal roads, metropolitan roads and expressways. As of April 1, 2022, the total length of roads in Tokyo is approximately 24,741 km (including 2,370 km of metropolitan roads), with a total area of approximately 190.31 km2 (including 46.30 km2 of metropolitan roads).<a href="#cite_note-188">[186]</a> Intercity expressways in and around Tokyo are managed by <a href="/wiki/East_Nippon_Expressway_Company" title="East Nippon Expressway Company">NEXCO East</a>, while expressways that serve only within the Greater Tokyo Area (<a href="/wiki/Shuto_Expressway" title="Shuto Expressway">Shuto Expressway</a>) are operated by the Metropolitan Expressway Company. Tolls are collected based on the distance travelled. The total length of the Shuto Expressway is 337.8 km, with speed limits usually set at 80 km/h or 60 km/h to reduce noise pollution and accommodate the relatively winding road shapes.<a href="#cite_note-189">[187]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aviation">Aviation</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tokyo&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Aviation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tokyo-International-Airport_Satellite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Tokyo-International-Airport_Satellite.jpg/250px-Tokyo-International-Airport_Satellite.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5202" data-file-height="3467"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 167px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Tokyo-International-Airport_Satellite.jpg/250px-Tokyo-International-Airport_Satellite.jpg" data-width="250" data-height="167" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Tokyo-International-Airport_Satellite.jpg/375px-Tokyo-International-Airport_Satellite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Tokyo-International-Airport_Satellite.jpg/500px-Tokyo-International-Airport_Satellite.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Aerial view of <a href="/wiki/Haneda_Airport" title="Haneda Airport">Haneda Airport</a></figcaption></figure> The mainland portion of Tokyo is served by two international airports: <a href="/wiki/Haneda_Airport" title="Haneda Airport">Haneda Airport</a> in <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cta,_Tokyo" title="Ōta, Tokyo">Ōta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Narita_International_Airport" title="Narita International Airport">Narita International Airport</a> in neighboring <a href="/wiki/Chiba_Prefecture" title="Chiba Prefecture">Chiba Prefecture</a>. Haneda has served as the primary airport for Tokyo since 1931. However, the Jet Age saw an exponential increase in flights, prompting the government to build a second airport. Narita was chosen as the site for this second airport in 1966, but local farmers and left-wing activists who sympathized with them protested vehemently for more than a decade (the <a href="/wiki/Sanrizuka_Struggle" title="Sanrizuka Struggle">Sanrizuka Struggle</a>), delaying the new airport's opening until 1978. Almost all international flights were transferred to Narita Airport upon its completion, and Haneda became primarily a domestic airport.<a href="#cite_note-190">[188]</a> The situation changed when it was decided to expand Haneda Airport and build new runways in 2001. The new runway, Runway D, was constructed partly as a pier-like structure rather than a landfilled structure to avoid obstructing the flow of water in the bay.<a href="#cite_note-191">[189]</a> Its opening in 2010 marked the return of international flights to Haneda, which is much closer to central Tokyo. In 2023, Haneda handled 17.9 million international passengers and 60.8 million domestic passengers,<a href="#cite_note-192">[190]</a> while Narita was used by 25.4 million international passengers and 7.7 million domestic passengers.<a href="#cite_note-193">[191]</a> According to a 2023 survey, Haneda is the fifth <a href="/wiki/List_of_busiest_airports_by_passenger_traffic" title="List of busiest airports by passenger traffic">busiest airport in the world by passenger traffic</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hachij%C5%8D-jima" title="Hachijō-jima">Hachijō-jima</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hachijojima_Airport" title="Hachijojima Airport">Hachijojima Airport</a>), <a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dzu-shima" title="Kōzu-shima">Kōzu-shima</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dzushima_Airport" title="Kōzushima Airport">Kōzushima Airport</a>), <a href="/wiki/Miyakejima" class="mw-redirect" title="Miyakejima">Miyakejima</a> (<a href="/wiki/Miyakejima_Airport" title="Miyakejima Airport">Miyakejima Airport</a>), <a href="/wiki/Nii-jima" title="Nii-jima">Nii-jima</a> (<a href="/wiki/Niijima_Airport" title="Niijima Airport">Niijima Airport</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Izu_%C5%8Cshima" title="Izu Ōshima">Izu Ōshima</a> (<a href="/wiki/Oshima_Airport" title="Oshima Airport">Oshima Airport</a>), located on the <a href="/wiki/Izu_Islands" title="Izu Islands">Izu Islands</a>, which are governed by the Tokyo Metropolis have services to Haneda and the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dfu_Airport" title="Chōfu Airport">Chōfu Airport</a> located in <a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dfu" title="Chōfu">Chōfu</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water_transport">Water transport</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tokyo&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Water transport" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:205px;max-width:205px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:135px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:MOL_Majesty_(ship,_2009)_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/MOL_Majesty_%28ship%2C_2009%29_001.jpg/203px-MOL_Majesty_%28ship%2C_2009%29_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="203" height="136" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1973" data-file-height="1318"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 203px;height: 136px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/MOL_Majesty_%28ship%2C_2009%29_001.jpg/203px-MOL_Majesty_%28ship%2C_2009%29_001.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="203" data-height="136" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/MOL_Majesty_%28ship%2C_2009%29_001.jpg/305px-MOL_Majesty_%28ship%2C_2009%29_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/MOL_Majesty_%28ship%2C_2009%29_001.jpg/406px-MOL_Majesty_%28ship%2C_2009%29_001.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption">A <a href="/wiki/Mitsui_O.S.K._Lines" title="Mitsui O.S.K. Lines">Mitsui O.S.K. Lines</a> container ship at the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Tokyo" title="Port of Tokyo">Port of Tokyo</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:183px;max-width:183px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:135px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Tokaikisen-niji.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Tokaikisen-niji.jpg/181px-Tokaikisen-niji.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="136" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 181px;height: 136px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Tokaikisen-niji.jpg/181px-Tokaikisen-niji.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="181" data-height="136" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Tokaikisen-niji.jpg/272px-Tokaikisen-niji.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Tokaikisen-niji.jpg/362px-Tokaikisen-niji.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption">A <a href="/wiki/Boeing_929_Jetfoil" title="Boeing 929 Jetfoil">Jetfoil</a> operated by the <a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dkai_Kisen" title="Tōkai Kisen">Tōkai Kisen</a>, which serves between Tokyo and the <a href="/wiki/Izu_Islands" title="Izu Islands">Izu Islands</a></div></div></div></div></div> Water transport is the primary means of importing and exporting goods as well as connecting the <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Islands" title="Tokyo Islands">Tokyo Islands</a> to the mainland. According to <a href="/wiki/Lloyd%27s_List" title="Lloyd's List">Lloyd's List</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Tokyo" title="Port of Tokyo">Port of Tokyo</a> handled 4,430,000 TEU of containers in 2022, making it the 46th largest port in the world.<a href="#cite_note-194">[192]</a> The Greater Tokyo Area is served by other major ports such as the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Yokohama" title="Port of Yokohama">Port of Yokohama</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Chiba" title="Port of Chiba">Port of Chiba</a> as well. Takeshiba Pier (竹芝埠頭) in <a href="/wiki/Minato,_Tokyo" title="Minato, Tokyo">Minato</a> is used by <a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dkai_Kisen" title="Tōkai Kisen">Tōkai Kisen</a>, which serves islands such as <a href="/wiki/Izu_%C5%8Cshima" title="Izu Ōshima">Izu Ōshima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miyake-jima" title="Miyake-jima">Miyakejima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hachij%C5%8D-jima" title="Hachijō-jima">Hachijojima</a>, <a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dzu-shima" title="Kōzu-shima">Kozushima</a>,<a href="#cite_note-195">[193]</a> and Ogasawara Kaiun, which serves the <a href="/wiki/Bonin_Islands" title="Bonin Islands">Ogasawara Islands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-196">[194]</a> Many of these islands are accessible only by ocean routes and helicopters, as they are too small or undulating for a landing ground, making these ships the primary means of inter-island transport. There are ferry routes that connect landmarks within the mainland portion of Tokyo as well; the <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Cruise_Ship" title="Tokyo Cruise Ship">Tokyo Cruise Ship</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Mizube_Line" title="Tokyo Mizube Line">Tokyo Mizube Line</a> operate several routes between tourist attractions such as <a href="/wiki/Asakusa" title="Asakusa">Asakusa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hama-riky%C5%AB_Gardens" title="Hama-rikyū Gardens">Hamarikyu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odaiba" title="Odaiba">Odaiba</a>, and Shinagawa Aquarium.<a href="#cite_note-197">[195]</a> The Symphony Cruise operates two large restaurant ships that can also be hired as party venues.<a href="#cite_note-198">[196]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tokyo&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Education" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Tokyo" title="Education in Tokyo">Education in Tokyo</a></div>Tokyo is the educational, academic, and cultural hub of Japan. From primary to tertiary levels, numerous educational institutions operate in the city to cater to a diverse range of pupils and students. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tertiary_education">Tertiary education</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tokyo&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Tertiary education" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Tokyo" title="List of universities in Tokyo">List of universities in Tokyo</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yasuda_Auditorium_-_Tokyo_University_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Yasuda_Auditorium_-_Tokyo_University_3.jpg/259px-Yasuda_Auditorium_-_Tokyo_University_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="259" height="185" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1785"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 259px;height: 185px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Yasuda_Auditorium_-_Tokyo_University_3.jpg/259px-Yasuda_Auditorium_-_Tokyo_University_3.jpg" data-width="259" data-height="185" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Yasuda_Auditorium_-_Tokyo_University_3.jpg/389px-Yasuda_Auditorium_-_Tokyo_University_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Yasuda_Auditorium_-_Tokyo_University_3.jpg/518px-Yasuda_Auditorium_-_Tokyo_University_3.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Yasuda_Auditorium" title="Yasuda Auditorium">Yasuda Auditorium</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Tokyo" title="University of Tokyo">University of Tokyo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bunky%C5%8D" title="Bunkyō">Bunkyō</a></figcaption></figure> Tokyo is the heartland of tertiary education in the country, home to 143 authorized universities in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-199">[197]</a> This number includes the nation's most prestigious and selective universities, such as, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Tokyo" title="University of Tokyo">University of Tokyo</a> (<a href="/wiki/QS_World_University_Rankings" title="QS World University Rankings">QS</a> National:1st), <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Institute_of_Technology" title="Tokyo Institute of Technology">Tokyo Institute of Technology</a> (4th), <a href="/wiki/Hitotsubashi_University" title="Hitotsubashi University">Hitotsubashi University</a> (15th), <a href="/wiki/Waseda_University" title="Waseda University">Waseda University</a> (9th), and <a href="/wiki/Keio_University" title="Keio University">Keio University</a> (10th).<a href="#cite_note-200">[198]</a> Additionally, <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_University_of_the_Arts" title="Tokyo University of the Arts">Tokyo University of the Arts</a> is widely regarded as the most prestigious painting, sculpture, crafts, and music school in the country.<a href="#cite_note-201">[199]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_University" title="United Nations University">United Nations University</a>, which is the academic arm of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, is headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Shibuya" title="Shibuya">Shibuya</a>, Tokyo. In 2024, QS Best Student Cities ranked Tokyo as the second-best city for university students, after <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>.<a href="#cite_note-202">[200]</a> The ranking noted that Tokyo is ideal for 'those who favour total immersion in local culture rather than living in a “student bubble”', stating that despite having high-ranking universities and large global companies offering internships as well as rich culture, Tokyo still has a very low international student population ratio.<a href="#cite_note-203">[201]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_and_secondary_education">Primary and secondary education</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tokyo&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Primary and secondary education" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hibiya-Highschool-00.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Hibiya-Highschool-00.jpg/259px-Hibiya-Highschool-00.jpg" decoding="async" width="259" height="173" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 259px;height: 173px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Hibiya-Highschool-00.jpg/259px-Hibiya-Highschool-00.jpg" data-width="259" data-height="173" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Hibiya-Highschool-00.jpg/389px-Hibiya-Highschool-00.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Hibiya-Highschool-00.jpg/518px-Hibiya-Highschool-00.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hibiya_High_School" title="Hibiya High School">Hibiya High School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chiyoda,_Tokyo" title="Chiyoda, Tokyo">Chiyoda</a></figcaption></figure> At the secondary level, 429 senior high schools are located in Tokyo, six of which are national, 186 are public, and 237 are private.<a href="#cite_note-:0-204">[202]</a> Some senior high schools, often prestigious national or private ones, run jointly with their affiliated junior high schools, providing six-year educational programs (Chūkō Ikkan Kyōiku). The <a href="/wiki/Kaisei_Academy" title="Kaisei Academy">Kaisei Academy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-205">[203]</a> <a href="/wiki/Komaba_Junior_and_Senior_High_School,_University_of_Tsukuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Komaba Junior and Senior High School, University of Tsukuba">Komaba Junior & Senior High School, University of Tsukuba</a>,<a href="#cite_note-206">[204]</a> <a href="/wiki/Azabu_High_School" title="Azabu High School">Azabu High School</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oin_Junior_and_Senior_High_School" title="Oin Junior and Senior High School">Oin Junior and Senior High School</a>,<a href="#cite_note-207">[205]</a> the largest sources of successful applicants to the nation's top university, the University of Tokyo,<a href="#cite_note-208">[206]</a> are some examples of such. At the primary level, there are 1332 elementary schools in Tokyo. Six of them are national, 1261 are public, and 53 are private.<a href="#cite_note-:0-204">[202]</a> Early-modern-established academies such as <a href="/wiki/Gakush%C5%ABin" title="Gakushūin">Gakushuin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Keio_Gijuku_(Gakk%C5%8D_H%C5%8Djin)" title="Keio Gijuku (Gakkō Hōjin)">Keio</a> provide all-through educational programs from primary schools to universities, originally to cater to the needs of traditionally affluent and powerful families.<a href="#cite_note-209">[207]</a> There are international and ethnic schools that abide by the national curricula of their respective countries or international curricula rather than the Japanese one as well, such as the <a href="/wiki/The_British_School_in_Tokyo" title="The British School in Tokyo">British School in Tokyo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Chinese_School" title="Tokyo Chinese School">Tokyo Chinese School</a>, the <a href="/wiki/American_School_in_Japan" title="American School in Japan">American School in Japan</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_International_School" title="Tokyo International School">Tokyo International School</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Learned_societies">Learned societies</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tokyo&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Learned societies" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Almost all major Japanese learned societies are based in Tokyo. The <a href="/wiki/Japan_Academy" title="Japan Academy">Japan Academy</a>, the country's <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_sciences" title="Academy of sciences">academy of sciences</a>, was established in 1879 to bring together leading scholars in various disciplines.<a href="#cite_note-210">[208]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Japan_Art_Academy" title="Japan Art Academy">Japan Art Academy</a> was established in 1919 with a similar purpose.<a href="#cite_note-211">[209]</a> These two national academies are headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Ueno_Park" title="Ueno Park">Ueno Park</a>. The newest national academy, the <a href="/wiki/Science_Council_of_Japan" title="Science Council of Japan">Science Council of Japan</a>, was established in 1949 with the purpose of promoting scientific research and the application of research findings to civilian life. It is located in <a href="/wiki/Roppongi" title="Roppongi">Roppongi, Minato.</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tokyo&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Culture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museums,_art_galleries,_libraries_and_zoos">Museums, art galleries, libraries and zoos</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tokyo&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Museums, art galleries, libraries and zoos" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:442px;max-width:442px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:232px;max-width:232px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:152px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Tokyo_National_Museum,_Honkan_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Tokyo_National_Museum%2C_Honkan_2010.jpg/230px-Tokyo_National_Museum%2C_Honkan_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="153" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3476" data-file-height="2307"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 230px;height: 153px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Tokyo_National_Museum%2C_Honkan_2010.jpg/230px-Tokyo_National_Museum%2C_Honkan_2010.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="230" data-height="153" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Tokyo_National_Museum%2C_Honkan_2010.jpg/345px-Tokyo_National_Museum%2C_Honkan_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Tokyo_National_Museum%2C_Honkan_2010.jpg/460px-Tokyo_National_Museum%2C_Honkan_2010.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Tokyo_National_Museum" title="Tokyo National Museum">Tokyo National Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ueno" title="Ueno">Ueno</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:206px;max-width:206px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:152px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Tokyo-sealife-park.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Tokyo-sealife-park.JPG/204px-Tokyo-sealife-park.JPG" decoding="async" width="204" height="153" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 204px;height: 153px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Tokyo-sealife-park.JPG/204px-Tokyo-sealife-park.JPG" data-alt="" data-width="204" data-height="153" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Tokyo-sealife-park.JPG/306px-Tokyo-sealife-park.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Tokyo-sealife-park.JPG/408px-Tokyo-sealife-park.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Sea_Life_Park" title="Tokyo Sea Life Park">Tokyo Sea Life Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edogawa,_Tokyo" title="Edogawa, Tokyo">Edogawa</a></div></div></div></div></div> Tokyo is home to a wide array of museums, art galleries, and libraries, catering to various interests. <a href="/wiki/Ueno_Park" title="Ueno Park">Ueno Park</a> has the <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_National_Museum" title="Tokyo National Museum">Tokyo National Museum</a>, the country's largest museum specializing in traditional Japanese art,<a href="#cite_note-212">[210]</a> the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Western_Art" title="National Museum of Western Art">National Museum of Western Art</a>, whose building designed by <a href="/wiki/Le_Corbusier" title="Le Corbusier">Le Corbusier</a> is a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">world heritage site</a>,<a href="#cite_note-213">[211]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Nature_and_Science" title="National Museum of Nature and Science">National Museum of Nature and Science</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ueno_Zoo" title="Ueno Zoo">Ueno Zoo</a> is also located within the park, near the <a href="/wiki/Shinobazu_Pond" title="Shinobazu Pond">Shinobazu Pond</a>. It is famous for being one of the three zoos in Japan to have <a href="/wiki/Giant_panda" title="Giant panda">giant pandas</a>, with a population of 4 as of May 2024.<a href="#cite_note-214">[212]</a> Other notable museums include the <a href="/wiki/Artizon_Museum" title="Artizon Museum">Artizon Museum</a> in Chūō, the <a href="/wiki/Miraikan" title="Miraikan">National Museum of Emerging Science and Innovation</a> in Odaiba, and the <a href="/wiki/Edo-Tokyo_Museum" title="Edo-Tokyo Museum">Edo-Tokyo Museum</a> in Sumida, which provides insights into the history and culture of Tokyo. The <a href="/wiki/Edo-Tokyo_Open_Air_Architectural_Museum" title="Edo-Tokyo Open Air Architectural Museum">Edo-Tokyo Open Air Architectural Museum</a> preserves various buildings that have existed throughout the history of Tokyo. The <a href="/wiki/Nezu_Museum" title="Nezu Museum">Nezu Museum</a> in Aoyama has a collection of pre-modern Japanese and East Asian art. Located near the <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Imperial_Palace" title="Tokyo Imperial Palace">Imperial Palace</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Diet_Library" title="National Diet Library">National Diet Library</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Archives_of_Japan" title="National Archives of Japan">National Archives</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Modern_Art,_Tokyo" title="National Museum of Modern Art, Tokyo">National Museum of Modern Art</a> are also notable cultural institutions. Additionally, the <a href="/wiki/Mori_Art_Museum" title="Mori Art Museum">Mori Art Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Roppongi" title="Roppongi">Roppongi</a> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumida_Hokusai_Museum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sumida Hokusai Museum (page does not exist)">Sumida Hokusai Museum</a> in Sumida ward are notable for their contemporary and ukiyo-e art collections, respectively. The <a href="/wiki/Sompo_Museum_of_Art" title="Sompo Museum of Art">Sompo Museum of Art</a> in Shinjuku is best known for owning one of Gogh's <a href="/wiki/Sunflowers_(Van_Gogh_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunflowers (Van Gogh series)">Sunflowers</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Metropolitan_Teien_Art_Museum" title="Tokyo Metropolitan Teien Art Museum">Tokyo Metropolitan Garden Art Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Minato,_Tokyo" title="Minato, Tokyo">Minato</a> features the former Tokyo House of <a href="/wiki/Prince_Yasuhiko_Asaka" title="Prince Yasuhiko Asaka">Yasuhiko, Prince Asaka</a>, which was built in an opulent <a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a> style in 1933. The <a href="/wiki/Railway_Museum_(Saitama)" title="Railway Museum (Saitama)">Railway Museum</a>, which used to be located in <a href="/wiki/Kanda,_Tokyo" title="Kanda, Tokyo">Kanda</a>, has relocated to a larger site in <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cmiya,_Saitama" title="Ōmiya, Saitama">Omiya, Saitama</a> and stores 42 train carriages and locomotives of historical importance.<a href="#cite_note-215">[213]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_and_Salt_Museum" title="Tobacco and Salt Museum">Tobacco and Salt Museum</a> in Sumida has one of the world's most extensive collections of different types of tobacco and salt. Major aquariums in Tokyo include: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinagawa_Aquarium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shinagawa Aquarium (page does not exist)">Shinagawa Aquarium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Sea_Life_Park" title="Tokyo Sea Life Park">Tokyo Sea Life Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_Aquarium" title="Sunshine Aquarium">Sunshine Aquarium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sumida_Aquarium" title="Sumida Aquarium">Sumida Aquarium</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leisure_and_entertainment">Leisure and entertainment</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tokyo&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Leisure and entertainment" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tokyo_International_Forum,_Tokyo;_April_2021_(58).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Tokyo_International_Forum%2C_Tokyo%3B_April_2021_%2858%29.jpg/260px-Tokyo_International_Forum%2C_Tokyo%3B_April_2021_%2858%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 260px;height: 173px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Tokyo_International_Forum%2C_Tokyo%3B_April_2021_%2858%29.jpg/260px-Tokyo_International_Forum%2C_Tokyo%3B_April_2021_%2858%29.jpg" data-width="260" data-height="173" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Tokyo_International_Forum%2C_Tokyo%3B_April_2021_%2858%29.jpg/390px-Tokyo_International_Forum%2C_Tokyo%3B_April_2021_%2858%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Tokyo_International_Forum%2C_Tokyo%3B_April_2021_%2858%29.jpg/520px-Tokyo_International_Forum%2C_Tokyo%3B_April_2021_%2858%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tokyo_International_Forum" title="Tokyo International Forum">Tokyo International Forum</a>, a multi-purpose cultural center in <a href="/wiki/Chiyoda,_Tokyo" title="Chiyoda, Tokyo">Chiyoda</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kabukicho_red_gate_and_colorful_neon_street_signs_at_night,_Shinjuku,_Tokyo,_Japan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Kabukicho_red_gate_and_colorful_neon_street_signs_at_night%2C_Shinjuku%2C_Tokyo%2C_Japan.jpg/260px-Kabukicho_red_gate_and_colorful_neon_street_signs_at_night%2C_Shinjuku%2C_Tokyo%2C_Japan.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="232" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4950" data-file-height="4411"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 260px;height: 232px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Kabukicho_red_gate_and_colorful_neon_street_signs_at_night%2C_Shinjuku%2C_Tokyo%2C_Japan.jpg/260px-Kabukicho_red_gate_and_colorful_neon_street_signs_at_night%2C_Shinjuku%2C_Tokyo%2C_Japan.jpg" data-width="260" data-height="232" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Kabukicho_red_gate_and_colorful_neon_street_signs_at_night%2C_Shinjuku%2C_Tokyo%2C_Japan.jpg/390px-Kabukicho_red_gate_and_colorful_neon_street_signs_at_night%2C_Shinjuku%2C_Tokyo%2C_Japan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Kabukicho_red_gate_and_colorful_neon_street_signs_at_night%2C_Shinjuku%2C_Tokyo%2C_Japan.jpg/520px-Kabukicho_red_gate_and_colorful_neon_street_signs_at_night%2C_Shinjuku%2C_Tokyo%2C_Japan.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kabukich%C5%8D" title="Kabukichō">Kabukicho</a>, a nightlife district in <a href="/wiki/Shinjuku" title="Shinjuku">Shinjuku</a></figcaption></figure> Tokyo offers a diverse array of leisure and entertainment options. The city is home to numerous theatres. The <a href="/wiki/National_Noh_Theatre" title="National Noh Theatre">National Noh Theatre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kabuki-za" title="Kabuki-za">Kabuki-za</a> are dedicated to traditional Japanese plays. The <a href="/wiki/New_National_Theatre_Tokyo" title="New National Theatre Tokyo">New National Theatre Tokyo</a> in Shibuya serves as a central venue for opera, ballet, contemporary dance, and drama.<a href="#cite_note-about-nntt-216">[214]</a> Other major play and concert venues include: the <a href="/wiki/National_Theatre_of_Japan" title="National Theatre of Japan">National Theatre of Japan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Theatre_(Japan)" title="Imperial Theatre (Japan)">Imperial Theatre</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Meiji-za" title="Meiji-za">Meiji-za</a>, the <a href="/wiki/NHK_Hall" title="NHK Hall">NHK Hall</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Metropolitan_Theatre" title="Tokyo Metropolitan Theatre">Tokyo Metropolitan Theatre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Opera_City_Tower" title="Tokyo Opera City Tower">Tokyo Opera City</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_International_Forum" title="Tokyo International Forum">Tokyo International Forum</a>. Two sports venues, the <a href="/wiki/Nippon_Budokan" title="Nippon Budokan">Nippon Budokan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Dome" title="Tokyo Dome">Tokyo Dome</a>, are usually used to host concerts by popular pop artists.<a href="#cite_note-217">[215]</a> The nightlife district of Tokyo is centered around areas in the west of the city such as <a href="/wiki/Shibuya" title="Shibuya">Shibuya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shinjuku" title="Shinjuku">Shinjuku</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Roppongi" title="Roppongi">Roppongi</a>, with high a concentration of bars, clubs, <a href="/wiki/Host_and_hostess_clubs" title="Host and hostess clubs">host and hostess clubs</a>, and live music venues.<a href="#cite_note-218">[216]</a> Tokyo is also known for its festivals, such as the <a href="/wiki/Sann%C5%8D_Matsuri" title="Sannō Matsuri">Sannō Matsuri</a> at <a href="/wiki/Hie_Shrine" title="Hie Shrine">Hie Shrine</a>, the Sanja Festival at Asakusa Shrine, and the biennial <a href="/wiki/Kanda_Matsuri" title="Kanda Matsuri">Kanda Matsuri</a>, which features parades with elaborately decorated floats. <a href="/wiki/Harajuku" title="Harajuku">Harajuku</a>, located in Shibuya, is internationally famous for its youth fashion and street culture, with trendy shops, cafes, and Takeshita Street.<a href="#cite_note-219">[217]</a> <a href="/wiki/Akihabara" title="Akihabara">Akihabara</a>, known as “Electric Town”, is a hub for electronics and <a href="/wiki/Otaku" title="Otaku">otaku culture</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">anime</a> and <a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">computer games</a>, with numerous shops selling anime, manga, and gaming merchandise.<a href="#cite_note-220">[218]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ginza" title="Ginza">Ginza</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nihonbashi" title="Nihonbashi">Nihombashi</a> are two of Tokyo's most notable shopping districts. Ginza is known for its high-end shopping, featuring luxury brand stores, boutique shops, and department stores such as <a href="/wiki/Mitsukoshi" title="Mitsukoshi">Mitsukoshi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wako_(retailer)" title="Wako (retailer)">Wako</a>. It is also home to numerous fine dining places and art galleries, making it a cultural and commercial hub. Nihombashi, historically a center of commerce, has long-established shops and the Mitsukoshi department flagship store, Japan's first department store, founded in 1673.<a href="#cite_note-221">[219]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jinb%C5%8Dch%C5%8D,_Tokyo" title="Jinbōchō, Tokyo">Jinbōchō</a> is known for its concentration of bookstores, publishing houses, and literary cafes, and its links to a large number of famous literary figures.<a href="#cite_note-222">[220]</a> Modern attractions in Tokyo include the <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Skytree" title="Tokyo Skytree">Tokyo Skytree</a> in Sumida, the tallest structure in Japan, which provides panoramic views of the city from its observation decks. <a href="/wiki/Odaiba" title="Odaiba">Odaiba</a>, a man-made island in Tokyo Bay, features shopping, dining and entertainment attractions such as the <a href="/wiki/TeamLab_Planets_TOKYO_DMM.com" title="TeamLab Planets TOKYO DMM.com">teamLab Planets</a> digital art museum and <a href="/wiki/Joypolis" title="Joypolis">Joypolis</a> indoor amusement park.<a href="#cite_note-223">[221]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Disney_Resort" title="Tokyo Disney Resort">Tokyo Disney Resort</a> and its two theme parks <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Disneyland" title="Tokyo Disneyland">Tokyo Disneyland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_DisneySea" title="Tokyo DisneySea">Tokyo DisneySea</a> are major destinations for family entertainment. Although these Disney theme parks bear the name Tokyo, they are in fact located in nearby <a href="/wiki/Urayasu" title="Urayasu">Urayasu, Chiba</a>, just east of Tokyo. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food">Food</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tokyo&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Food" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In November 2007, <a href="/wiki/Michelin_guide" class="mw-redirect" title="Michelin guide">Michelin</a> released their first guide for fine dining in Tokyo, awarding 191 stars in total, or about twice as many as Tokyo's nearest competitor, Paris. As of 2017, 227 restaurants in Tokyo have been awarded (92 in Paris). Twelve establishments were awarded the maximum of three stars (Paris has 10), 54 received two stars, and 161 earned one star.<a href="#cite_note-224">[222]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recreation">Recreation</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tokyo&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Recreation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ogasawara_Islands,_Tokyo,_Japan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Ogasawara_Islands%2C_Tokyo%2C_Japan.jpg/220px-Ogasawara_Islands%2C_Tokyo%2C_Japan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1882" data-file-height="1252"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Ogasawara_Islands%2C_Tokyo%2C_Japan.jpg/220px-Ogasawara_Islands%2C_Tokyo%2C_Japan.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Ogasawara_Islands%2C_Tokyo%2C_Japan.jpg/330px-Ogasawara_Islands%2C_Tokyo%2C_Japan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Ogasawara_Islands%2C_Tokyo%2C_Japan.jpg/440px-Ogasawara_Islands%2C_Tokyo%2C_Japan.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ogasawara_National_Park" title="Ogasawara National Park">Ogasawara National Park</a>, a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> World Natural Heritage Site</figcaption></figure>Natural settings for outdoor activities include <a href="/wiki/Okutama,_Tokyo" title="Okutama, Tokyo">Okutama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Takao" title="Mount Takao">Mount Takao</a>, which are known for their hiking trails and scenic views. <a href="/wiki/Kasai_Rinkai_Park" title="Kasai Rinkai Park">Kasai Seaside Park</a> provides coastal leisure activities. <a href="/wiki/Ueno_Park" title="Ueno Park">Ueno Park</a> houses several museums, a zoo, and is famous for its cherry blossoms. <a href="/wiki/Inokashira_Park" title="Inokashira Park">Inokashira Park</a> in Kichijoji features a pond, a zoo, and in its vicinity the <a href="/wiki/Ghibli_Museum" title="Ghibli Museum">Ghibli Museum</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yoyogi_Park" title="Yoyogi Park">Yoyogi Park</a>, located near Shibuya, is popular for picnics and outdoor events. <a href="/wiki/Shinjuku_Gyo-en" title="Shinjuku Gyo-en">Shinjuku Gyoen National Garden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koishikawa-K%C5%8Drakuen" title="Koishikawa-Kōrakuen">Koishikawa Korakuen Garden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rikugi-en_Gardens" title="Rikugi-en Gardens">Rikugien Garden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hama-riky%C5%AB_Gardens" title="Hama-rikyū Gardens">Hamarikyu Gardens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kiyosumi_Garden" title="Kiyosumi Garden">Kiyosumi Garden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%AB_Shiba_Riky%C5%AB_Garden" title="Kyū Shiba Rikyū Garden">Kyu Shiba Rikyu Garden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinzan-s%C5%8D_Garden" title="Chinzan-sō Garden">Chinzanso Garden</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Happo-en_Garden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Happo-en Garden (page does not exist)">Happo-en Garden</a>,<a href="#cite_note-225">[223]</a> <a href="/wiki/Muk%C5%8Djima-Hyakkaen_Garden" title="Mukōjima-Hyakkaen Garden">Mukojima-Hyakkaen Garden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Shrine_Inner_Garden" title="Meiji Shrine Inner Garden">Meiji Jingu Inner Garden</a> are popular traditional Japanese gardens in Tokyo, some of which originally belonged to members of the <a href="/wiki/Kazoku" title="Kazoku">kazoku</a> nobility. Botanical gardens in Tokyo include the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Tokyo" title="University of Tokyo">University of Tokyo</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Koishikawa_Botanical_Garden" title="Koishikawa Botanical Garden">Koishikawa Botanical Garden</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Yumenoshima_Tropical_Greenhouse_Dome" title="Yumenoshima Tropical Greenhouse Dome">Yumenoshima Tropical Greenhouse Dome</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Nature_Study" title="Institute for Nature Study">Institute for Nature Study Nature Reserve</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="National_parks">National parks</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tokyo&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: National parks" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> As of March 31, 2008, 36% of the total land area of the prefecture was designated as <a href="/wiki/Prefectural_Natural_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Prefectural Natural Park">Natural Parks</a> (second only to <a href="/wiki/Shiga_Prefecture" title="Shiga Prefecture">Shiga Prefecture</a>), namely the <a href="/wiki/Chichibu_Tama_Kai_National_Park" title="Chichibu Tama Kai National Park">Chichibu Tama Kai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fuji-Hakone-Izu_National_Park" title="Fuji-Hakone-Izu National Park">Fuji-Hakone-Izu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ogasawara_National_Park" title="Ogasawara National Park">Ogasawara National Park</a> (the last a UNESCO <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Sites_in_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="World Heritage Sites in Japan">World Heritage Site</a>); <a href="/wiki/Meiji_no_Mori_Takao_Quasi-National_Park" title="Meiji no Mori Takao Quasi-National Park">Meiji no Mori Takao Quasi-National Park</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Akikawa_Ky%C5%ABry%C5%8D_Prefectural_Natural_Park" title="Akikawa Kyūryō Prefectural Natural Park">Akikawa Kyūryō</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamura_Kusabana_Ky%C5%ABry%C5%8D_Prefectural_Natural_Park" title="Hamura Kusabana Kyūryō Prefectural Natural Park">Hamura Kusabana Kyūryō</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sayama_Prefectural_Natural_Park_(Tokyo)" title="Sayama Prefectural Natural Park (Tokyo)">Sayama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Takao_Jinba_Prefectural_Natural_Park" title="Takao Jinba Prefectural Natural Park">Takao Jinba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Takiyama_Prefectural_Natural_Park" title="Takiyama Prefectural Natural Park">Takiyama</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tama_Ky%C5%ABry%C5%8D_Prefectural_Natural_Park" title="Tama Kyūryō Prefectural Natural Park">Tama Kyūryō</a> Prefectural Natural Parks.<a href="#cite_note-226">[224]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tokyo&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: In popular culture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Illuminated_buildings_in_Akihabara,_west_side_of_Sotokanda_1_(2015-04-13_03.22.59_by_IQRemix)-edited.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Illuminated_buildings_in_Akihabara%2C_west_side_of_Sotokanda_1_%282015-04-13_03.22.59_by_IQRemix%29-edited.jpg/220px-Illuminated_buildings_in_Akihabara%2C_west_side_of_Sotokanda_1_%282015-04-13_03.22.59_by_IQRemix%29-edited.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="100" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4696" data-file-height="2129"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 100px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Illuminated_buildings_in_Akihabara%2C_west_side_of_Sotokanda_1_%282015-04-13_03.22.59_by_IQRemix%29-edited.jpg/220px-Illuminated_buildings_in_Akihabara%2C_west_side_of_Sotokanda_1_%282015-04-13_03.22.59_by_IQRemix%29-edited.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="100" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Illuminated_buildings_in_Akihabara%2C_west_side_of_Sotokanda_1_%282015-04-13_03.22.59_by_IQRemix%29-edited.jpg/330px-Illuminated_buildings_in_Akihabara%2C_west_side_of_Sotokanda_1_%282015-04-13_03.22.59_by_IQRemix%29-edited.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Illuminated_buildings_in_Akihabara%2C_west_side_of_Sotokanda_1_%282015-04-13_03.22.59_by_IQRemix%29-edited.jpg/440px-Illuminated_buildings_in_Akihabara%2C_west_side_of_Sotokanda_1_%282015-04-13_03.22.59_by_IQRemix%29-edited.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Akihabara" title="Akihabara">Akihabara</a> is the most popular area for fans of anime, manga, and games.</figcaption></figure>As the largest population center in Japan and the site of the country's largest broadcasters and studios, Tokyo is frequently the setting for many <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Japan" title="Cinema of Japan">Japanese movies</a>, television shows, animated series' (<a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">anime</a>), <a href="/wiki/Web_comics" class="mw-redirect" title="Web comics">web comics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Light_novels" class="mw-redirect" title="Light novels">light novels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Video_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Video games">video games</a>, and comic books (<a href="/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">manga</a>). In the <a href="/wiki/Kaiju" title="Kaiju">kaiju</a> (monster movie) genre, landmarks of Tokyo are usually destroyed by giant monsters such as <a href="/wiki/Godzilla" title="Godzilla">Godzilla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gamera" title="Gamera">Gamera</a>. Tokyo is also a popular foreign setting for non-Japanese media. Some Hollywood directors have turned to Tokyo as a backdrop for movies set in Japan. Postwar examples include <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Joe_(1949_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokyo Joe (1949 film)">Tokyo Joe</a>, <a href="/wiki/My_Geisha" title="My Geisha">My Geisha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Story" title="Tokyo Story">Tokyo Story</a> and the <a href="/wiki/James_Bond" title="James Bond">James Bond</a> film <a href="/wiki/You_Only_Live_Twice_(film)" title="You Only Live Twice (film)">You Only Live Twice</a>; recent examples include <a href="/wiki/Kill_Bill" class="mw-redirect" title="Kill Bill">Kill Bill</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Fast_and_the_Furious:_Tokyo_Drift" title="The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift">The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lost_in_Translation_(film)" title="Lost in Translation (film)">Lost in Translation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Babel_(film)" title="Babel (film)">Babel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inception" title="Inception">Inception</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Wolverine_(2013_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Wolverine (2013 film)">The Wolverine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Avengers:_Endgame" title="Avengers: Endgame">Avengers: Endgame</a>. Japanese author <a href="/wiki/Haruki_Murakami" title="Haruki Murakami">Haruki Murakami</a> has based some of his novels in Tokyo (including <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Wood_(novel)" title="Norwegian Wood (novel)">Norwegian Wood</a>), and <a href="/wiki/David_Mitchell_(author)" title="David Mitchell (author)">David Mitchell</a>'s first two novels (<a href="/wiki/Number9dream" title="Number9dream">number9dream</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ghostwritten_(novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghostwritten (novel)">Ghostwritten</a>) featured the city. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tokyo&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Sports" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Tokyo" title="Sports in Tokyo">Sports in Tokyo</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_national_stadium_tokyo_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/New_national_stadium_tokyo_1.jpg/220px-New_national_stadium_tokyo_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5280" data-file-height="2967"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 124px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/New_national_stadium_tokyo_1.jpg/220px-New_national_stadium_tokyo_1.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="124" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/New_national_stadium_tokyo_1.jpg/330px-New_national_stadium_tokyo_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/New_national_stadium_tokyo_1.jpg/440px-New_national_stadium_tokyo_1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Japan_National_Stadium" title="Japan National Stadium">Japan National Stadium</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ryogoku_Kokugikan_Tsuriyane_05212006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Ryogoku_Kokugikan_Tsuriyane_05212006.jpg/220px-Ryogoku_Kokugikan_Tsuriyane_05212006.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1555" data-file-height="1152"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 163px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Ryogoku_Kokugikan_Tsuriyane_05212006.jpg/220px-Ryogoku_Kokugikan_Tsuriyane_05212006.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="163" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Ryogoku_Kokugikan_Tsuriyane_05212006.jpg/330px-Ryogoku_Kokugikan_Tsuriyane_05212006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Ryogoku_Kokugikan_Tsuriyane_05212006.jpg/440px-Ryogoku_Kokugikan_Tsuriyane_05212006.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ry%C5%8Dgoku_Kokugikan" title="Ryōgoku Kokugikan">Ryōgoku Kokugikan</a> sumo wrestling arena</figcaption></figure> Tokyo, with a diverse array of sports, is home to two professional baseball clubs, the <a href="/wiki/Yomiuri_Giants" title="Yomiuri Giants">Yomiuri Giants</a> who play at the <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Dome" title="Tokyo Dome">Tokyo Dome</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Yakult_Swallows" title="Tokyo Yakult Swallows">Tokyo Yakult Swallows</a> at <a href="/wiki/Meiji-Jingu_Stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="Meiji-Jingu Stadium">Meiji-Jingu Stadium</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Japan_Sumo_Association" title="Japan Sumo Association">Japan Sumo Association</a> is also headquartered in Tokyo at the <a href="/wiki/Ry%C5%8Dgoku_Kokugikan" title="Ryōgoku Kokugikan">Ryōgoku Kokugikan</a> sumo arena where three official <a href="/wiki/Sumo" title="Sumo">sumo</a> tournaments are held annually (in January, May, and September). Soccer clubs in Tokyo include <a href="/wiki/F.C._Tokyo" class="mw-redirect" title="F.C. Tokyo">F.C. Tokyo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Verdy" title="Tokyo Verdy">Tokyo Verdy</a>, both of which play at <a href="/wiki/Ajinomoto_Stadium" title="Ajinomoto Stadium">Ajinomoto Stadium</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dfu,_Tokyo" class="mw-redirect" title="Chōfu, Tokyo">Chōfu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/FC_Machida_Zelvia" title="FC Machida Zelvia">FC Machida Zelvia</a> at Nozuta Stadium in <a href="/wiki/Machida,_Tokyo" title="Machida, Tokyo">Machida</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">Rugby Union</a> is also played in Tokyo, with multiple <a href="/wiki/Japan_Rugby_League_One" title="Japan Rugby League One">Japan Rugby League One</a> clubs based in the city including: <a href="/wiki/Black_Rams_Tokyo" title="Black Rams Tokyo">Black Rams Tokyo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Setagaya,_Tokyo" class="mw-redirect" title="Setagaya, Tokyo">Setagaya</a>), <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Sungoliath" title="Tokyo Sungoliath">Tokyo Sungoliath</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fuch%C5%AB,_Tokyo" title="Fuchū, Tokyo">Fuchū</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Toshiba_Brave_Lupus_Tokyo" title="Toshiba Brave Lupus Tokyo">Toshiba Brave Lupus Tokyo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fuch%C5%AB,_Tokyo" title="Fuchū, Tokyo">Fuchū</a>). Basketball clubs include the <a href="/wiki/Hitachi_SunRockers" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitachi SunRockers">Hitachi SunRockers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Alvark_Tokyo" class="mw-redirect" title="Toyota Alvark Tokyo">Toyota Alvark Tokyo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Excellence" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokyo Excellence">Tokyo Excellence</a>. Tokyo hosted the <a href="/wiki/1964_Summer_Olympics" title="1964 Summer Olympics">1964 Summer Olympics</a>, thus becoming the first Asian city to host the <a href="/wiki/Summer_Olympic_Games" title="Summer Olympic Games">Summer Games</a>. The National Stadium, also known as the <a href="/wiki/National_Stadium_(Tokyo,_1958)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Stadium (Tokyo, 1958)">Olympic Stadium</a>, was host to a number of international sporting events. In 2016, it was to be replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Japan_National_Stadium" title="Japan National Stadium">New National Stadium</a>. With a number of world-class sports venues, Tokyo often hosts national and international sporting events such as basketball tournaments, women's volleyball tournaments, tennis tournaments, swim meets, marathons, rugby union and sevens rugby games, soccer exhibition games, <a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">judo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Karate" title="Karate">karate</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Metropolitan_Gymnasium" title="Tokyo Metropolitan Gymnasium">Tokyo Metropolitan Gymnasium</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Sendagaya" title="Sendagaya">Sendagaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shibuya" title="Shibuya">Shibuya</a>, is a large sports complex that includes swimming pools, training rooms, and a large indoor arena. According to Around the Rings, the gymnasium has played host to the October 2011 artistic gymnastics world championships, despite the International Gymnastics Federation's initial doubt in Tokyo's ability to host the championships after the triple disaster hits Japan.<a href="#cite_note-227">[225]</a> Tokyo was also selected to host a number of games for the <a href="/wiki/2019_Rugby_World_Cup" title="2019 Rugby World Cup">2019 Rugby World Cup</a>, and to host the <a href="/wiki/2020_Summer_Olympics" title="2020 Summer Olympics">2020 Summer Olympics</a> and <a href="/wiki/2020_Summer_Paralympics" title="2020 Summer Paralympics">Paralympics</a>, which had to be rescheduled to the summer of 2021 due to <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Japan" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Japan">COVID-19 pandemic</a>. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="International_relations">International relations</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tokyo&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: International relations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> Tokyo is the founding member of the <a href="/wiki/Asian_Network_of_Major_Cities_21" title="Asian Network of Major Cities 21">Asian Network of Major Cities 21</a> and is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Local_Authorities_for_International_Relations" title="Council of Local Authorities for International Relations">Council of Local Authorities for International Relations</a>. Tokyo was also a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/C40_Cities_Climate_Leadership_Group" title="C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group">C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group</a>.<a href="#cite_note-228">[226]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sister_cities_and_states">Sister cities and states</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tokyo&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Sister cities and states" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Japan" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Japan">List of twin towns and sister cities in Japan</a></div> As of 2022<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tokyo&action=edit">[update]</a>, Tokyo has <a href="/wiki/Twin_towns_and_sister_cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Twin towns and sister cities">twinning</a> or friendship agreements with the following twelve cities and states:<a href="#cite_note-TMG-229">[227]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 10em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, United States (since February 1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, China (since March 1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, France (since July 1982)<a href="#cite_note-P1-230">[228]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a>, Australia (since May 1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a>, South Korea (since September 1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>, Indonesia (since October 1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_(state)" title="São Paulo (state)">São Paulo State</a>, Brazil (since June 1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, Egypt (since October 1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, Russia (since July 1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, Germany (since May 1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, Italy (since July 1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, United Kingdom (since October 2015)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Friendship_and_cooperation_agreements">Friendship and cooperation agreements</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tokyo&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Friendship and cooperation agreements" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tomsk_Oblast" title="Tomsk Oblast">Tomsk Oblast</a>, Russia (since May 2015)<a href="#cite_note-231">[229]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>, Belgium (since October 2016)<a href="#cite_note-232">[230]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_County,_California" title="Los Angeles County, California">Los Angeles County</a>, United States (since August 2021)<a href="#cite_note-233">[231]</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tokyo&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Symbol_of_Tokyo_Metropolis.svg/28px-Symbol_of_Tokyo_Metropolis.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 28px;height: 28px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Symbol_of_Tokyo_Metropolis.svg/28px-Symbol_of_Tokyo_Metropolis.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="28" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Symbol_of_Tokyo_Metropolis.svg/42px-Symbol_of_Tokyo_Metropolis.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Symbol_of_Tokyo_Metropolis.svg/56px-Symbol_of_Tokyo_Metropolis.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Tokyo" title="Portal:Tokyo">Tokyo portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><noscript><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/32px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 21px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/32px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" data-alt="flag" data-width="32" data-height="21" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/48px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/64px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Japan" title="Portal:Japan">Japan portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/28px-COL-city_icon.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 28px;height: 28px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/28px-COL-city_icon.png" data-alt="" data-width="28" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/42px-COL-city_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/56px-COL-city_icon.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Cities" title="Portal:Cities">Cities portal</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_proper_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities proper by population">List of cities proper by population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_with_the_most_skyscrapers" title="List of cities with the most skyscrapers">List of cities with the most skyscrapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Tokyo" title="List of tallest structures in Tokyo">List of tallest structures in Tokyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_development_projects_in_Tokyo" title="List of development projects in Tokyo">List of development projects in Tokyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities" title="List of largest cities">List of largest cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_Asia" title="List of metropolitan areas in Asia">List of metropolitan areas in Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_cities_for_expatriate_employees" title="List of most expensive cities for expatriate employees">List of most expensive cities for expatriate employees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_agglomerations_in_Asia" title="List of urban agglomerations in Asia">List of urban agglomerations in Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_areas_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of urban areas by population">List of urban areas by population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megacity" title="Megacity">Megacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokyo_dialect" title="Tokyo dialect">Tokyo dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamanote_and_Shitamachi" title="Yamanote and Shitamachi">Yamanote and Shitamachi</a></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tokyo&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈtoʊkioʊ/</a>;<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>: 東京, Tōkyō, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[toːkʲoː]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/c\/cf\/Ja-Tokyo.ogg\/Ja-Tokyo.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ja-Tokyo.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cf/Ja-Tokyo.ogg/Ja-Tokyo.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Ja-Tokyo.ogg" title="File:Ja-Tokyo.ogg">ⓘ</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> 東京都, Tōkyō-to </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(14)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tokyo&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-14 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-14"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://japantoday.com/category/business/japan-opens-up-to-foreign-direct-investors">"Japan opens up to foreign direct investors"</a>. February 12, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240216030511/https://japantoday.com/category/business/japan-opens-up-to-foreign-direct-investors">Archived</a> from the original on February 16, 2024. Retrieved February 16, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Japan+opens+up+to+foreign+direct+investors&rft.date=2018-02-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjapantoday.com%2Fcategory%2Fbusiness%2Fjapan-opens-up-to-foreign-direct-investors&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATokyo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.seisakukikaku.metro.tokyo.lg.jp/about/syozaichi"><bdi lang="ja">東京都の県庁（都庁）所在地について ("On the seat of the prefectural government (Metropolitan government) of Tokyo Metropolis")</bdi></a>. Tokyo Metropolitan Government. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240212173744/https://www.seisakukikaku.metro.tokyo.lg.jp/about/syozaichi">Archived</a> from the original on February 12, 2024. Retrieved May 11, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E6%9D%B1%E4%BA%AC%E9%83%BD%E3%81%AE%E7%9C%8C%E5%BA%81%EF%BC%88%E9%83%BD%E5%BA%81%EF%BC%89%E6%89%80%E5%9C%A8%E5%9C%B0%E3%81%AB%E3%81%A4%E3%81%84%E3%81%A6+%28%22On+the+seat+of+the+prefectural+government+%28Metropolitan+government%29+of+Tokyo+Metropolis%22%29&rft.pub=Tokyo+Metropolitan+Government&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.seisakukikaku.metro.tokyo.lg.jp%2Fabout%2Fsyozaichi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATokyo" class="Z3988"> The special ward of Shinjuku is the <a href="/wiki/Prefectural_capital" class="mw-redirect" title="Prefectural capital">seat of the Tokyo Metropolitan Government</a>. Tokyo as defined in this article is a <a href="/wiki/Prefectures_of_Japan" title="Prefectures of Japan">prefecture</a>, not a <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Japan" title="Municipalities of Japan">municipality</a>; Tokyo's special wards, cities, towns and villages are Tokyo's municipalities. As the informal prefectural capital of Tokyo, "Tokyo" means the 23 <a href="/wiki/Special_wards_of_Tokyo" title="Special wards of Tokyo">special wards of Tokyo</a>, i.e. former <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_City" title="Tokyo City">Tokyo City</a>, not Tokyo, the entire prefecture/"Metropolis" as defined in this article. </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200415123703/https://www.gsi.go.jp/KOKUJYOHO/MENCHO201910-index.html">"Reiwa 1 nationwide prefectures, cities and towns area statistics (October 1)"</a> (in Japanese). <a href="/wiki/Geospatial_Information_Authority_of_Japan" title="Geospatial Information Authority of Japan">Geospatial Information Authority of Japan</a>. December 26, 2019. 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Retrieved December 29, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Japan+Times&rft.atitle=Heart+of+gold%3A+The+Ginza+Line+celebrates+its+90th+birthday&rft.date=2017-12-16&rft.aulast=Hornyak&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.japantimes.co.jp%2Fnews%2F2017%2F12%2F16%2Fnational%2Fhistory%2Fheart-gold-ginza-line-celebrates-90th-birthday%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATokyo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_17-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metro.tokyo.lg.jp/tosei/hodohappyo/press/2024/03/28/06.html#:~:text=%E4%BB%A4%E5%92%8C3%E5%B9%B4%E5%BA%A6%E3%81%AE,20.7%EF%BC%85%E3%81%A8%E3%81%AA%E3%82%8A%E3%81%BE%E3%81%97%E3%81%9F%E3%80%82">"都民経済計算（都内総生産等）令和3年度年報｜東京都"</a>. www.metro.tokyo.lg.jp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240428122639/https://www.metro.tokyo.lg.jp/tosei/hodohappyo/press/2024/03/28/06.html#:~:text=%E4%BB%A4%E5%92%8C3%E5%B9%B4%E5%BA%A6%E3%81%AE,20.7%EF%BC%85%E3%81%A8%E3%81%AA%E3%82%8A%E3%81%BE%E3%81%97%E3%81%9F%E3%80%82">Archived</a> from the original on April 28, 2024. Retrieved April 28, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.metro.tokyo.lg.jp&rft.atitle=%E9%83%BD%E6%B0%91%E7%B5%8C%E6%B8%88%E8%A8%88%E7%AE%97%EF%BC%88%E9%83%BD%E5%86%85%E7%B7%8F%E7%94%9F%E7%94%A3%E7%AD%89%EF%BC%89%E4%BB%A4%E5%92%8C3%E5%B9%B4%E5%BA%A6%E5%B9%B4%E5%A0%B1%EF%BD%9C%E6%9D%B1%E4%BA%AC%E9%83%BD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metro.tokyo.lg.jp%2Ftosei%2Fhodohappyo%2Fpress%2F2024%2F03%2F28%2F06.html%23%3A~%3Atext%3D%25E4%25BB%25A4%25E5%2592%258C3%25E5%25B9%25B4%25E5%25BA%25A6%25E3%2581%25AE%2C20.7%25EF%25BC%2585%25E3%2581%25A8%25E3%2581%25AA%25E3%2582%258A%25E3%2581%25BE%25E3%2581%2597%25E3%2581%259F%25E3%2580%2582&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATokyo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esri.cao.go.jp/jp/sna/data/data_list/kenmin/files/contents/main_2020.html">"県民経済計算（平成23年度 - 令和２年度）（2008SNA、平成27年基準計数）＜47都道府県、4政令指定都市分＞ : 経済社会総合研究所 - 内閣府"</a>. 内閣府ホームページ (in Japanese). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240123064405/https://www.esri.cao.go.jp/jp/sna/data/data_list/kenmin/files/contents/main_2020.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 23, 2024. Retrieved February 11, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E5%86%85%E9%96%A3%E5%BA%9C%E3%83%9B%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0%E3%83%9A%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8&rft.atitle=%E7%9C%8C%E6%B0%91%E7%B5%8C%E6%B8%88%E8%A8%88%E7%AE%97%EF%BC%88%E5%B9%B3%E6%88%9023%E5%B9%B4%E5%BA%A6+-+%E4%BB%A4%E5%92%8C%EF%BC%92%E5%B9%B4%E5%BA%A6%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%882008SNA%E3%80%81%E5%B9%B3%E6%88%9027%E5%B9%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%BA%96%E8%A8%88%E6%95%B0%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%9C47%E9%83%BD%E9%81%93%E5%BA%9C%E7%9C%8C%E3%80%814%E6%94%BF%E4%BB%A4%E6%8C%87%E5%AE%9A%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E5%88%86%EF%BC%9E+%3A+%E7%B5%8C%E6%B8%88%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E7%B7%8F%E5%90%88%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%89%80+-+%E5%86%85%E9%96%A3%E5%BA%9C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.esri.cao.go.jp%2Fjp%2Fsna%2Fdata%2Fdata_list%2Fkenmin%2Ffiles%2Fcontents%2Fmain_2020.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATokyo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_19-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF日本放送協会2024" class="citation web cs1">日本放送協会 (February 22, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www3.nhk.or.jp/news/html/20240222/k10014367661000.html">"株価史上最高値を記録した35年前「あの頃」どんな時代だった？ | NHK"</a>. NHKニュース. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240414170439/https://www3.nhk.or.jp/news/html/20240222/k10014367661000.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 14, 2024. Retrieved April 28, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NHK%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9&rft.atitle=%E6%A0%AA%E4%BE%A1%E5%8F%B2%E4%B8%8A%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E5%80%A4%E3%82%92%E8%A8%98%E9%8C%B2%E3%81%97%E3%81%9F35%E5%B9%B4%E5%89%8D%E3%80%8C%E3%81%82%E3%81%AE%E9%A0%83%E3%80%8D%E3%81%A9%E3%82%93%E3%81%AA%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E3%81%A0%E3%81%A3%E3%81%9F%EF%BC%9F+%7C+NHK&rft.date=2024-02-22&rft.au=%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E6%94%BE%E9%80%81%E5%8D%94%E4%BC%9A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww3.nhk.or.jp%2Fnews%2Fhtml%2F20240222%2Fk10014367661000.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATokyo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYCFintechAndFinancialCapitalWorld-20"><a href="#cite_ref-NYCFintechAndFinancialCapitalWorld_20-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.longfinance.net/publications/long-finance-reports/the-global-financial-centres-index-35/">"The Global Financial Centres Index 35"</a>. Long Finance. March 21, 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240331193138/https://www.longfinance.net/publications/long-finance-reports/the-global-financial-centres-index-35/">Archived</a> from the original on March 31, 2024. Retrieved March 26, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Global+Financial+Centres+Index+35&rft.pub=Long+Finance&rft.date=2024-03-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.longfinance.net%2Fpublications%2Flong-finance-reports%2Fthe-global-financial-centres-index-35%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATokyo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pages.eiu.com/rs/753-RIQ-438/images/global-liveability-index-2021-free-report.pdf">"The Global Liveability Index 2021"</a> (PDF). The Economist. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211106090320/https://pages.eiu.com/rs/753-RIQ-438/images/global-liveability-index-2021-free-report.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on November 6, 2021. Retrieved February 5, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=The+Global+Liveability+Index+2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpages.eiu.com%2Frs%2F753-RIQ-438%2Fimages%2Fglobal-liveability-index-2021-free-report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATokyo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/09/safest-cities-tokyo-singapore-osaka-security-urbanization-economist-intelligence-unit/">"Tokyo is the world's safest city, according to the Economist Intelligence Unit"</a>. World Economic Forum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201031060136/https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/09/safest-cities-tokyo-singapore-osaka-security-urbanization-economist-intelligence-unit/">Archived</a> from the original on October 31, 2020. Retrieved October 27, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Economic+Forum&rft.atitle=Tokyo+is+the+world%27s+safest+city%2C+according+to+the+Economist+Intelligence+Unit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.weforum.org%2Fagenda%2F2019%2F09%2Fsafest-cities-tokyo-singapore-osaka-security-urbanization-economist-intelligence-unit%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATokyo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.realestate-tokyo.com/living-in-tokyo/tokyo-general/the-safest-city/">"Here's why Tokyo is the Safest City in the World to Live — PLAZA HOMES"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201030222313/https://www.realestate-tokyo.com/living-in-tokyo/tokyo-general/the-safest-city/">Archived</a> from the original on October 30, 2020. Retrieved October 27, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Here%27s+why+Tokyo+is+the+Safest+City+in+the+World+to+Live+%E2%80%94+PLAZA+HOMES&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.realestate-tokyo.com%2Fliving-in-tokyo%2Ftokyo-general%2Fthe-safest-city%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATokyo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/506561/tokyo-tops-list-safest-cities-world-new-report-says">"Tokyo Tops List of Safest Cities in the World, New Report Says"</a>. Mental Floss. October 12, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201030190335/https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/506561/tokyo-tops-list-safest-cities-world-new-report-says">Archived</a> from the original on October 30, 2020. Retrieved October 27, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tokyo+Tops+List+of+Safest+Cities+in+the+World%2C+New+Report+Says&rft.pub=Mental+Floss&rft.date=2017-10-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mentalfloss.com%2Farticle%2F506561%2Ftokyo-tops-list-safest-cities-world-new-report-says&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATokyo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nippon.com/en/japan-data/h00534/tokyo-ranked-world%E2%80%99s-safest-city.html">"Tokyo Ranked World's Safest City"</a>. Nippon.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201030202746/https://www.nippon.com/en/japan-data/h00534/tokyo-ranked-world%E2%80%99s-safest-city.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 30, 2020. Retrieved October 27, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nippon.com&rft.atitle=Tokyo+Ranked+World%27s+Safest+City&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nippon.com%2Fen%2Fjapan-data%2Fh00534%2Ftokyo-ranked-world%25E2%2580%2599s-safest-city.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATokyo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2019/08/30/national/tokyo-ranked-worlds-safest-city-third-consecutive-year-economist-intelligence-unit/">"Tokyo stays on top for third year, with Osaka No. 3 in ranking of world's safest cities"</a>. The Japan Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201031013603/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2019/08/30/national/tokyo-ranked-worlds-safest-city-third-consecutive-year-economist-intelligence-unit/">Archived</a> from the original on October 31, 2020. Retrieved October 27, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tokyo+stays+on+top+for+third+year%2C+with+Osaka+No.+3+in+ranking+of+world%27s+safest+cities&rft.pub=The+Japan+Times&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.japantimes.co.jp%2Fnews%2F2019%2F08%2F30%2Fnational%2Ftokyo-ranked-worlds-safest-city-third-consecutive-year-economist-intelligence-unit%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATokyo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-naruto-san-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-naruto-san_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-naruto-san_27-1">b</a> Room, Adrian. Placenames of the World. McFarland & Company (1996), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PzIer-wYbnQC&pg=PA360">p. 360</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101181808/https://books.google.com/books?id=PzIer-wYbnQC&pg=PA360&sig=X75YRM_z45rzt4ZcemXMFhn9uWs">Archived</a> January 1, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7864-1814-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7864-1814-1">0-7864-1814-1</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> US Department of State. (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/digestofinternat07mooriala/page/751">A digest of international law as in diplomatic discussions, treaties and other international agreements (John Bassett Moore, ed.), Volume 5, p. 759</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101181808/https://books.google.com/books?id=dKCOAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA751&dq=">Archived</a> January 1, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; excerpt, "The Mikado, on assuming the exercise of power at Yedo, changed the name of the city to Tokio". </li> <li id="cite_note-Tōkei-29"><a href="#cite_ref-T%C5%8Dkei_29-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFiévé,_NicolasPaul_Waley2003" class="citation book cs1">Fiévé, Nicolas & Paul Waley (2003). 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Retrieved May 17, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E3%81%8F%E3%82%89%E3%81%97%C3%97%E9%98%B2%E7%81%BD%E3%83%A1%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%82%A2%E3%80%8C%E9%98%B2%E7%81%BD%E3%83%8B%E3%83%83%E3%83%9D%E3%83%B3%E3%80%8D%E8%AA%AD%E5%A3%B2%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E&rft.atitle=%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E4%BA%BA%E3%81%AB%E3%82%88%E3%82%8B%E8%BF%91%E4%BB%A3%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89%E3%80%81%E8%80%90%E9%9C%87%E5%9F%BA%E6%BA%96%E3%81%AE%E6%9C%80%E5%85%88%E7%AB%AF%E3%81%AB+%E9%96%A2%E6%9D%B1%E5%A4%A7%E9%9C%87%E7%81%BD%E3%81%AE%E6%95%99%E8%A8%93%E2%91%A1%EF%BD%9C%E3%81%93%E3%82%8C%E3%81%8B%E3%82%89%E3%81%AE100%E5%B9%B4%EF%BD%9C%E3%81%8F%E3%82%89%E3%81%97%C3%97%E9%98%B2%E7%81%BD%E3%83%A1%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%82%A2%E3%80%8C%E9%98%B2%E7%81%BD%E3%83%8B%E3%83%83%E3%83%9D%E3%83%B3%E3%80%8D%E8%AA%AD%E5%A3%B2%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bosai.yomiuri.co.jp%2Fafter100years%2F10985&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATokyo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1421140/Tokyo-Yokohama-earthquake-of-1923">"Tokyo-Yokohama earthquake of 1923"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150626182553/http://www.britannica.com/event/Tokyo-Yokohama-earthquake-of-1923">Archived</a> from the original on June 26, 2015. Retrieved October 10, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tokyo-Yokohama+earthquake+of+1923&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F1421140%2FTokyo-Yokohama-earthquake-of-1923&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATokyo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Organizing Committee of the XIIth Olympiad. (1940). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1940/OR1940.pdf#page=198">Report of the Organizing Committee on its Work for the XIIth Olympic Games of 1940 in Tokyo until its Relinquishment, pp. 174–175 (PDF 198–199 of 207)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080626081911/http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1940/OR1940.pdf#page=198">Archived</a> June 26, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; retrieved 2012-2-21. </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tokyo-np.co.jp/article/235648">"100年前の関東大震災が東京の「戦時体制」を加速させた…東京大空襲に至る防災と防空の歴史：東京新聞 TOKYO Web"</a>. 東京新聞 TOKYO Web (in Japanese). Retrieved May 18, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E6%9D%B1%E4%BA%AC%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E+TOKYO+Web&rft.atitle=100%E5%B9%B4%E5%89%8D%E3%81%AE%E9%96%A2%E6%9D%B1%E5%A4%A7%E9%9C%87%E7%81%BD%E3%81%8C%E6%9D%B1%E4%BA%AC%E3%81%AE%E3%80%8C%E6%88%A6%E6%99%82%E4%BD%93%E5%88%B6%E3%80%8D%E3%82%92%E5%8A%A0%E9%80%9F%E3%81%95%E3%81%9B%E3%81%9F%E2%80%A6%E6%9D%B1%E4%BA%AC%E5%A4%A7%E7%A9%BA%E8%A5%B2%E3%81%AB%E8%87%B3%E3%82%8B%E9%98%B2%E7%81%BD%E3%81%A8%E9%98%B2%E7%A9%BA%E3%81%AE%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2%EF%BC%9A%E6%9D%B1%E4%BA%AC%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E+TOKYO+Web&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tokyo-np.co.jp%2Farticle%2F235648&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATokyo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jacar.go.jp/glossary/tochikiko-henten/qa/qa29.html">"東京都はいつからあるの？｜公文書に見る戦時と戦後－統治機構の変転－"</a>. www.jacar.go.jp. Retrieved May 24, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.jacar.go.jp&rft.atitle=%E6%9D%B1%E4%BA%AC%E9%83%BD%E3%81%AF%E3%81%84%E3%81%A4%E3%81%8B%E3%82%89%E3%81%82%E3%82%8B%E3%81%AE%EF%BC%9F%EF%BD%9C%E5%85%AC%E6%96%87%E6%9B%B8%E3%81%AB%E8%A6%8B%E3%82%8B%E6%88%A6%E6%99%82%E3%81%A8%E6%88%A6%E5%BE%8C+%EF%BC%8D%E7%B5%B1%E6%B2%BB%E6%A9%9F%E6%A7%8B%E3%81%AE%E5%A4%89%E8%BB%A2%EF%BC%8D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jacar.go.jp%2Fglossary%2Ftochikiko-henten%2Fqa%2Fqa29.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATokyo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/Visit/Museum-Exhibits/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/196211/doolittle-raid/https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalmuseum.af.mil%2FVisit%2FMuseum-Exhibits%2FFact-Sheets%2FDisplay%2FArticle%2F196211%2Fdoolittle-raid%2F">"Doolittle Raid"</a>. National Museum of the United States Air Force™. Retrieved May 24, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Museum+of+the+United+States+Air+Force%E2%84%A2&rft.atitle=Doolittle+Raid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalmuseum.af.mil%2FVisit%2FMuseum-Exhibits%2FFact-Sheets%2FDisplay%2FArticle%2F196211%2Fdoolittle-raid%2Fhttps%253A%252F%252Fwww.nationalmuseum.af.mil%252FVisit%252FMuseum-Exhibits%252FFact-Sheets%252FDisplay%252FArticle%252F196211%252Fdoolittle-raid%252F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATokyo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTipton,_Elise_K.2002" class="citation book cs1">Tipton, Elise K. (2002). Modern Japan: A Social and Political History. 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March 9, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140315063137/http://www.wired.com/thisdayintech/2011/03/0309incendiary-bombs-kill-100000-tokyo">Archived</a> from the original on March 15, 2014. Retrieved August 8, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=9+March+1945%3A+Burning+the+Heart+Out+of+the+Enemy&rft.date=2011-03-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2Fthisdayintech%2F2011%2F03%2F0309incendiary-bombs-kill-100000-tokyo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATokyo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.commondreams.org/headlines05/0310-08.htm">"1945 Tokyo Firebombing Left Legacy of Terror, Pain"</a>. Common Dreams. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150103023353/http://www.commondreams.org/headlines05/0310-08.htm">Archived</a> from the original on January 3, 2015. Retrieved January 2, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Common+Dreams&rft.atitle=1945+Tokyo+Firebombing+Left+Legacy+of+Terror%2C+Pain&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.commondreams.org%2Fheadlines05%2F0310-08.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATokyo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCybriwsky1997" class="citation book cs1">Cybriwsky, Roman (1997). Historical Dictionary of Tokyo. 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Annals of the Association of American Geographers. 73 (2): 257–284. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-8306.1983.tb01412.x">10.1111/j.1467-8306.1983.tb01412.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-5608">0004-5608</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:140541502">140541502</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+Association+of+American+Geographers&rft.atitle=Place+Annihilation%3A+Area+Bombing+and+the+Fate+of+Urban+Places&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=257-284&rft.date=1983&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A140541502%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0004-5608&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-8306.1983.tb01412.x&rft.aulast=Hewitt&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATokyo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_62-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.toshiseibi.metro.tokyo.lg.jp/keikaku_chousa_singikai/pdf/tokyotoshizukuri/2_08.pdf">Rebuilding of the city after the war</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240525070808/https://www.toshiseibi.metro.tokyo.lg.jp/keikaku_chousa_singikai/pdf/tokyotoshizukuri/2_08.pdf">Archived</a> May 25, 2024, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (in Japanese) Tokyo Metropolitan Government, 2019 </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Andre Sorensen. 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Procedia Economics and Finance 15 (2014): 721-729. </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scmp.com/magazines/style/news-trends/article/3091222/japan-1980s-when-tokyos-imperial-palace-was-worth-more">"5 crazy facts about Japan's 1980s bubble economy"</a>. South China Morning Post. July 1, 2020. 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Retrieved May 19, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E8%A6%B3%E6%B8%AC%E5%8F%B2%E4%B8%8A1%EF%BD%9E10%E4%BD%8D%E3%81%AE%E5%80%A4%EF%BC%88+%E5%B9%B4%E9%96%93%E3%82%92%E9%80%9A%E3%81%98%E3%81%A6%E3%81%AE%E5%80%A4%EF%BC%89&rft.pub=Japan+Meteorological+Agency&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.data.jma.go.jp%2Fobd%2Fstats%2Fetrn%2Fview%2Frank_s.php%3Fprec_no%3D44%26block_no%3D47662%26year%3D%26month%3D13%26day%3D%26view%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATokyo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://weatherspark.com/y/143809/Average-Weather-in-Tokyo-Japan-Year-Round">"Average Weather in Tokyo, Japan, Year Round - Weather Spark"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Average+Weather+in+Tokyo%2C+Japan%2C+Year+Round+-+Weather+Spark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweatherspark.com%2Fy%2F143809%2FAverage-Weather-in-Tokyo-Japan-Year-Round&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATokyo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070319230142/http://asia.news.yahoo.com/070316/kyodo/d8nsv0600.html">"Tokyo observes latest ever 1st snowfall"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://weather-and-climate.com/average-monthly-Rainfall-Temperature-Sunshine,Tokyo,Japan">the original</a> on March 19, 2007. Retrieved June 9, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Tokyo+observes+latest+ever+1st+snowfall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweather-and-climate.com%2Faverage-monthly-Rainfall-Temperature-Sunshine%2CTokyo%2CJapan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATokyo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/view/rank_s.php?prec_no=19&prec_ch=%8B%FA%98H%8Ex%92%A1&block_no=47662&block_ch=%8B%FA%98H&year=&month=&day=&elm=rank&view="><bdi lang="ja">観測史上1～10位の値（年間を通じての値）</bdi></a>. Japan Meteorological Agency. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200411053053/http://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/view/rank_s.php?prec_no=19&prec_ch=%8B%FA%98H%8Ex%92%A1&block_no=47662&block_ch=%8B%FA%98H&year=&month=&day=&elm=rank&view=">Archived</a> from the original on April 11, 2020. Retrieved December 4, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E8%A6%B3%E6%B8%AC%E5%8F%B2%E4%B8%8A1%EF%BD%9E10%E4%BD%8D%E3%81%AE%E5%80%A4%EF%BC%88%E5%B9%B4%E9%96%93%E3%82%92%E9%80%9A%E3%81%98%E3%81%A6%E3%81%AE%E5%80%A4%EF%BC%89&rft.pub=Japan+Meteorological+Agency&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.data.jma.go.jp%2Fobd%2Fstats%2Fetrn%2Fview%2Frank_s.php%3Fprec_no%3D19%26prec_ch%3D%258B%25FA%2598H%258Ex%2592%25A1%26block_no%3D47662%26block_ch%3D%258B%25FA%2598H%26year%3D%26month%3D%26day%3D%26elm%3Drank%26view%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATokyo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/view/rank_s.php?prec_no=19&prec_ch=%8B%FA%98H%8Ex%92%A1&block_no=47662&block_ch=%8B%FA%98H&year=&month=10&day=&view="><bdi lang="ja">観測史上1～10位の値（10月としての値）</bdi></a>. Japan Meteorological Agency. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201124172153/http://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/view/rank_s.php?prec_no=19&prec_ch=%8B%FA%98H%8Ex%92%A1&block_no=47662&block_ch=%8B%FA%98H&year=&month=10&day=&view=">Archived</a> from the original on November 24, 2020. Retrieved December 4, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E8%A6%B3%E6%B8%AC%E5%8F%B2%E4%B8%8A1%EF%BD%9E10%E4%BD%8D%E3%81%AE%E5%80%A4%EF%BC%8810%E6%9C%88%E3%81%A8%E3%81%97%E3%81%A6%E3%81%AE%E5%80%A4%EF%BC%89&rft.pub=Japan+Meteorological+Agency&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.data.jma.go.jp%2Fobd%2Fstats%2Fetrn%2Fview%2Frank_s.php%3Fprec_no%3D19%26prec_ch%3D%258B%25FA%2598H%258Ex%2592%25A1%26block_no%3D47662%26block_ch%3D%258B%25FA%2598H%26year%3D%26month%3D10%26day%3D%26view%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATokyo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JMA_station_info-106"><a href="#cite_ref-JMA_station_info_106-0">^</a> The JMA Tokyo, Tokyo (東京都　東京) station is at 35°41.4′N 139°45.6′E, JMA: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/select/prefecture.php?prec_no=44&block_no=47662&year=&month=&day=&view="><bdi lang="ja">気象統計情報過去の気象データ検索>都道府県の選択>地点の選択</bdi></a>. Japan Meteorological Agency. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181001125240/http://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/select/prefecture.php?prec_no=44&block_no=47662&year=&month=&day=&view=">Archived</a> from the original on October 1, 2018. Retrieved November 15, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E6%B0%97%E8%B1%A1%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E6%83%85%E5%A0%B1+%E9%81%8E%E5%8E%BB%E3%81%AE%E6%B0%97%E8%B1%A1%E3%83%87%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF%E6%A4%9C%E7%B4%A2%3E%E9%83%BD%E9%81%93%E5%BA%9C%E7%9C%8C%E3%81%AE%E9%81%B8%E6%8A%9E%3E%E5%9C%B0%E7%82%B9%E3%81%AE%E9%81%B8%E6%8A%9E&rft.pub=Japan+Meteorological+Agency&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.data.jma.go.jp%2Fobd%2Fstats%2Fetrn%2Fselect%2Fprefecture.php%3Fprec_no%3D44%26block_no%3D47662%26year%3D%26month%3D%26day%3D%26view%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATokyo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ogimet.com/cgi-bin/gsynres?ind=47662&ano=2023&mes=11&day=8&hora=0&min=0&ndays=30">"47662: Tokyo (Japan)"</a>. ogimet.com. OGIMET. November 7, 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231108004916/https://www.ogimet.com/cgi-bin/gsynres?ind=47662&ano=2023&mes=11&day=8&hora=0&min=0&ndays=30">Archived</a> from the original on November 8, 2023. Retrieved November 7, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ogimet.com&rft.atitle=47662%3A+Tokyo+%28Japan%29&rft.date=2023-11-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ogimet.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Fgsynres%3Find%3D47662%26ano%3D2023%26mes%3D11%26day%3D8%26hora%3D0%26min%3D0%26ndays%3D30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATokyo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JMA-108"><a href="#cite_ref-JMA_108-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/view/nml_sfc_ym.php?prec_no=44&prec_ch=%93%8C%8B%9E%93s&block_no=47662&block_ch=%93%8C%8B%9E&year=&month=&day=&elm=normal&view="><bdi lang="ja">気象庁 / 平年値（年・月ごとの値）</bdi></a> (in Japanese). <a href="/wiki/Japan_Meteorological_Agency" title="Japan Meteorological Agency">Japan Meteorological Agency</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160518045837/http://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/view/nml_sfc_ym.php?prec_no=44&prec_ch=%93%8C%8B%9E%93s&block_no=47662&block_ch=%93%8C%8B%9E&year=&month=&day=&elm=normal&view=">Archived</a> from the original on May 18, 2016. Retrieved May 19, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E6%B0%97%E8%B1%A1%E5%BA%81+%2F+%E5%B9%B3%E5%B9%B4%E5%80%A4%EF%BC%88%E5%B9%B4%E3%83%BB%E6%9C%88%E3%81%94%E3%81%A8%E3%81%AE%E5%80%A4%EF%BC%89&rft.pub=Japan+Meteorological+Agency&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.data.jma.go.jp%2Fobd%2Fstats%2Fetrn%2Fview%2Fnml_sfc_ym.php%3Fprec_no%3D44%26prec_ch%3D%2593%258C%258B%259E%2593s%26block_no%3D47662%26block_ch%3D%2593%258C%258B%259E%26year%3D%26month%3D%26day%3D%26elm%3Dnormal%26view%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATokyo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JMA1-109"><a href="#cite_ref-JMA1_109-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/view/nml_sfc_ym.php?prec_no=44&block_no=47662&year=&month=&day=&view=a1"><bdi lang="ja">気象庁 / 平年値（年・月ごとの値）</bdi></a> (in Japanese). <a href="/wiki/Japan_Meteorological_Agency" title="Japan Meteorological Agency">Japan Meteorological Agency</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141102120042/http://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/view/nml_sfc_ym.php?prec_no=44&block_no=47662&year=&month=&day=&view=a1">Archived</a> from the original on November 2, 2014. Retrieved December 16, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E6%B0%97%E8%B1%A1%E5%BA%81+%2F+%E5%B9%B3%E5%B9%B4%E5%80%A4%EF%BC%88%E5%B9%B4%E3%83%BB%E6%9C%88%E3%81%94%E3%81%A8%E3%81%AE%E5%80%A4%EF%BC%89&rft.pub=Japan+Meteorological+Agency&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.data.jma.go.jp%2Fobd%2Fstats%2Fetrn%2Fview%2Fnml_sfc_ym.php%3Fprec_no%3D44%26block_no%3D47662%26year%3D%26month%3D%26day%3D%26view%3Da1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATokyo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/japan/tokyo-climate">"Tokyo, Japan - Detailed climate information and monthly weather forecast"</a>. Weather Atlas. Yu Media Group. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190709164156/https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/japan/tokyo-climate">Archived</a> from the original on July 9, 2019. Retrieved July 9, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Weather+Atlas&rft.atitle=Tokyo%2C+Japan+-+Detailed+climate+information+and+monthly+weather+forecast&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.weather-atlas.com%2Fen%2Fjapan%2Ftokyo-climate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATokyo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timeanddate.com/weather/japan/tokyo/climate">"Climate & Weather Averages in Tokyo"</a>. Time and Date. Retrieved August 7, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Climate+%26+Weather+Averages+in+Tokyo&rft.pub=Time+and+Date&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timeanddate.com%2Fweather%2Fjapan%2Ftokyo%2Fclimate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATokyo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/view/monthly_s3_en.php?block_no=47662&view=3">"Station Name: TOKYO WMO Station ID: 47662"</a>. Japan Meteorological Agency. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200710213959/https://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/view/monthly_s3_en.php?block_no=47662&view=3">Archived</a> from the original on July 10, 2020. Retrieved July 7, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Station+Name%3A+TOKYO+WMO+Station+ID%3A+47662&rft.pub=Japan+Meteorological+Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.data.jma.go.jp%2Fobd%2Fstats%2Fetrn%2Fview%2Fmonthly_s3_en.php%3Fblock_no%3D47662%26view%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATokyo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/view/nml_amd_ym.php?prec_no=44&block_no=0365&year=&month=&day=&view="><bdi lang="ja">気象庁 / 気象統計情報 / 過去の気象データ検索 / 平年値（年・月ごとの値）</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/Japan_Meteorological_Agency" title="Japan Meteorological Agency">Japan Meteorological Agency</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130330185740/http://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/view/nml_amd_ym.php?prec_no=44&block_no=0365&year=&month=&day=&view=">Archived</a> from the original on March 30, 2013. Retrieved September 7, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E6%B0%97%E8%B1%A1%E5%BA%81+%2F+%E6%B0%97%E8%B1%A1%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E6%83%85%E5%A0%B1+%2F+%E9%81%8E%E5%8E%BB%E3%81%AE%E6%B0%97%E8%B1%A1%E3%83%87%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF%E6%A4%9C%E7%B4%A2+%2F+%E5%B9%B3%E5%B9%B4%E5%80%A4%EF%BC%88%E5%B9%B4%E3%83%BB%E6%9C%88%E3%81%94%E3%81%A8%E3%81%AE%E5%80%A4%EF%BC%89&rft.pub=Japan+Meteorological+Agency&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.data.jma.go.jp%2Fobd%2Fstats%2Fetrn%2Fview%2Fnml_amd_ym.php%3Fprec_no%3D44%26block_no%3D0365%26year%3D%26month%3D%26day%3D%26view%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATokyo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/view/rank_s.php?prec_no=44&block_no=47971&year=&month=&day=&view=h0"><bdi lang="ja">観測史上1～10位の値-小河内（東京都）</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/Japan_Meteorological_Agency" title="Japan Meteorological Agency">Japan Meteorological Agency</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240724234058/https://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/view/rank_s.php?prec_no=44&block_no=47971&year=&month=&day=&view=h0">Archived</a> from the original on July 24, 2024. Retrieved September 7, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E8%A6%B3%E6%B8%AC%E5%8F%B2%E4%B8%8A1%EF%BD%9E10%E4%BD%8D%E3%81%AE%E5%80%A4-%E5%B0%8F%E6%B2%B3%E5%86%85%EF%BC%88%E6%9D%B1%E4%BA%AC%E9%83%BD%EF%BC%89&rft.pub=Japan+Meteorological+Agency&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.data.jma.go.jp%2Fobd%2Fstats%2Fetrn%2Fview%2Frank_s.php%3Fprec_no%3D44%26block_no%3D47971%26year%3D%26month%3D%26day%3D%26view%3Dh0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATokyo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/view/nml_sfc_ym.php?prec_no=44&block_no=47971&year=&month=&day=&view=p1"><bdi lang="ja">平年値（年・月ごとの値）</bdi></a> (in Japanese). <a href="/wiki/Japan_Meteorological_Agency" title="Japan Meteorological Agency">Japan Meteorological Agency</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220416091354/https://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/view/nml_sfc_ym.php?prec_no=44&block_no=47971&year=&month=&day=&view=p1">Archived</a> from the original on April 16, 2022. Retrieved December 31, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E5%B9%B3%E5%B9%B4%E5%80%A4%EF%BC%88%E5%B9%B4%E3%83%BB%E6%9C%88%E3%81%94%E3%81%A8%E3%81%AE%E5%80%A4%EF%BC%89&rft.pub=Japan+Meteorological+Agency&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.data.jma.go.jp%2Fobd%2Fstats%2Fetrn%2Fview%2Fnml_sfc_ym.php%3Fprec_no%3D44%26block_no%3D47971%26year%3D%26month%3D%26day%3D%26view%3Dp1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATokyo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/view/rank_s.php?prec_no=44&block_no=47971&year=&month=&day=&view=h0"><bdi lang="ja">観測史上1～10位の値-父島（東京都）</bdi></a>. Japan Meteorological Agency. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210907234829/http://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/view/rank_s.php?prec_no=44&block_no=47971&year=&month=&day=&view=h0">Archived</a> from the original on September 7, 2021. Retrieved September 7, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E8%A6%B3%E6%B8%AC%E5%8F%B2%E4%B8%8A1%EF%BD%9E10%E4%BD%8D%E3%81%AE%E5%80%A4-%E7%88%B6%E5%B3%B6%EF%BC%88%E6%9D%B1%E4%BA%AC%E9%83%BD%EF%BC%89&rft.pub=Japan+Meteorological+Agency&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.data.jma.go.jp%2Fobd%2Fstats%2Fetrn%2Fview%2Frank_s.php%3Fprec_no%3D44%26block_no%3D47971%26year%3D%26month%3D%26day%3D%26view%3Dh0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATokyo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.data.jma.go.jp/fcd/yoho/typhoon/statistics/average/average.html"><bdi lang="ja">気象統計情報 / 天気予報・台風 / 過去の台風資料 / 台風の統計資料 / 台風の平年値</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/Japan_Meteorological_Agency" title="Japan Meteorological Agency">Japan Meteorological Agency</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120607022806/http://www.data.jma.go.jp/fcd/yoho/typhoon/statistics/average/average.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 7, 2012. 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Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 111 (B12): B12306. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006JGRB..11112306G">2006JGRB..11112306G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2005JB004059">10.1029/2005JB004059</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research%3A+Solid+Earth&rft.atitle=A+New+1649%E2%80%931884+Catalog+of+Destructive+Earthquakes+near+Tokyo+and+Implications+for+the+Long-term+Seismic+Process&rft.volume=111&rft.issue=B12&rft.pages=B12306&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2005JB004059&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006JGRB..11112306G&rft.aulast=Grunewald&rft.aufirst=Elliot+D.&rft.au=Stein%2C+Ross+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1029%252F2005JB004059&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATokyo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://walrus.wr.usgs.gov/reports/reprints/Stein_PRSLA_364.pdf">"A new probabilistic seismic hazard assessment for greater Tokyo"</a> (PDF). U.S. Geological Survey. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071025030342/http://walrus.wr.usgs.gov/reports/reprints/Stein_PRSLA_364.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on October 25, 2007. 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September 1, 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240629041006/https://www3.nhk.or.jp/news/html/20230901/k10014180721000.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 29, 2024. Retrieved June 28, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NHK&rft.atitle=%E9%96%A2%E6%9D%B1%E5%A4%A7%E9%9C%87%E7%81%BD%E3%81%8B%E3%82%89100%E5%B9%B4%E3%80%8C%E9%98%B2%E7%81%BD%E3%81%AE%E6%97%A5%E3%80%8D%E3%81%AB%E5%90%84%E5%9C%B0%E3%81%A7%E6%85%B0%E9%9C%8A%E3%82%84%E8%A8%93%E7%B7%B4&rft.date=2023-09-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww3.nhk.or.jp%2Fnews%2Fhtml%2F20230901%2Fk10014180721000.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATokyo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/sep/01/tokyo-braces-for-another-big-one-on-100th-anniversary-of-deadly-quake">"Tokyo braces for another 'big one' on 100th anniversary of deadly quake"</a>. The Guardian. August 31, 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240724234631/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/sep/01/tokyo-braces-for-another-big-one-on-100th-anniversary-of-deadly-quake">Archived</a> from the original on July 24, 2024. Retrieved June 28, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Tokyo+braces+for+another+%27big+one%27+on+100th+anniversary+of+deadly+quake&rft.date=2023-08-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2023%2Fsep%2F01%2Ftokyo-braces-for-another-big-one-on-100th-anniversary-of-deadly-quake&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATokyo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/japan-tokyo-quake-centennial-disaster-drills-64e84452dacfec3b7b6024b107b1a77d">"Japan marks 100 years since the devastating Great Kanto Quake, with disaster drills nationwide"</a>. AP. 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Retrieved January 17, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E6%9D%B1%E4%BA%AC%E9%83%BD%E3%81%AE%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%EF%BC%88%E6%8E%A8%E8%A8%88%EF%BC%89&rft.pub=Tokyo+Metropolitan+Government&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.toukei.metro.tokyo.jp%2Fjsuikei%2Fjs-index.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATokyo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-population-141"><a href="#cite_ref-population_141-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081223114634/http://www.metro.tokyo.jp/ENGLISH/PROFILE/overview03.htm">"Population of Tokyo"</a>. Tokyo Metropolitan Government. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metro.tokyo.jp/ENGLISH/PROFILE/overview03.htm">the original</a> on December 23, 2008. Retrieved January 1, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+of+Tokyo&rft.pub=Tokyo+Metropolitan+Government&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metro.tokyo.jp%2FENGLISH%2FPROFILE%2Foverview03.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATokyo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://honyaku.j-server.com/LUCTOUKEAI/ns/tl.cgi/https://www.toukei.metro.tokyo.lg.jp/jsuikei/js-index.htm?SLANG=ja&TLANG=en&XMODE=0&XJSID=0">"Tokyo Metropolitan Population (Estimates)"</a>. honyaku.j-server.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240525121414/https://honyaku.j-server.com/LUCTOUKEAI/ns/tl.cgi/https://www.toukei.metro.tokyo.lg.jp/jsuikei/js-index.htm?SLANG=ja&TLANG=en&XMODE=0&XJSID=0">Archived</a> from the original on May 25, 2024. Retrieved May 25, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=honyaku.j-server.com&rft.atitle=Tokyo+Metropolitan+Population+%28Estimates%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhonyaku.j-server.com%2FLUCTOUKEAI%2Fns%2Ftl.cgi%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.toukei.metro.tokyo.lg.jp%2Fjsuikei%2Fjs-index.htm%3FSLANG%3Dja%26TLANG%3Den%26XMODE%3D0%26XJSID%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATokyo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moj.go.jp/isa/publications/press/13_00040.html">"令和５年末現在における在留外国人数について | 出入国在留管理庁"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E4%BB%A4%E5%92%8C%EF%BC%95%E5%B9%B4%E6%9C%AB%E7%8F%BE%E5%9C%A8%E3%81%AB%E3%81%8A%E3%81%91%E3%82%8B%E5%9C%A8%E7%95%99%E5%A4%96%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E6%95%B0%E3%81%AB%E3%81%A4%E3%81%84%E3%81%A6+%26%23124%3B+%E5%87%BA%E5%85%A5%E5%9B%BD%E5%9C%A8%E7%95%99%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E5%BA%81&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.moj.go.jp%2Fisa%2Fpublications%2Fpress%2F13_00040.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATokyo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.toukei.metro.tokyo.lg.jp/juukiy/2021/jy21qf0001.pdf">Tokyo's demographics according to the resident register</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230330030327/https://www.toukei.metro.tokyo.lg.jp/juukiy/2021/jy21qf0001.pdf">Archived</a> March 30, 2023, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". (in Japanese) 1 January 2021. Retrieved 28 June 2024. </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF東京府_編1890" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">東京府編 (1890). <bdi lang="ja">東京府統計書. 明治22年</bdi> [Tōkyō-Fu Statistics Book (1889)] (in Japanese). 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Retrieved June 22, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMF&rft.atitle=World+Economic+Outlook+Database%2C+April+2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fen%2FPublications%2FWEO%2Fweo-database%2F2021%2FApril&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATokyo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reinet.or.jp/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/3812bf21be91bd652b59a01967c07783.pdf">National Office Space Survey</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230128204701/https://www.reinet.or.jp/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/3812bf21be91bd652b59a01967c07783.pdf">Archived</a> January 28, 2023, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> October 7, 2022. Japan Real Estate Research Institute. 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ABEMA TIMES (in Japanese). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240619160917/https://times.abema.tv/articles/-/5794913">Archived</a> from the original on June 19, 2024. 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Retrieved February 11, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.oin.ed.jp&rft.atitle=English+%7C+%E6%A1%9C%E8%94%AD%E5%AD%A6%E5%9C%92%E3%80%90%E5%85%AC%E5%BC%8F%E3%80%91&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oin.ed.jp%2Fenglish%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATokyo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://univ-online.com/success/tokyo/u126/">"東京大学 | 大学合格者高校別ランキング"</a>. 大学通信オンライン (in Japanese). July 31, 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240221192645/https://univ-online.com/success/tokyo/u126/">Archived</a> from the original on February 21, 2024. Retrieved February 11, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E9%80%9A%E4%BF%A1%E3%82%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3&rft.atitle=%E6%9D%B1%E4%BA%AC%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6+%7C+%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%90%88%E6%A0%BC%E8%80%85+%E9%AB%98%E6%A0%A1%E5%88%A5%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AD%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0&rft.date=2023-07-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funiv-online.com%2Fsuccess%2Ftokyo%2Fu126%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATokyo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF濱田2013" class="citation journal cs1">濱田, 英毅 (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glim-re.repo.nii.ac.jp/record/2713/files/jinbun_11_39_72.pdf">"上流学校」の大衆化と教養主義東京女学館館長・澤田源一の学校経営"</a> (PDF). Diss. 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Retrieved February 11, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diss.+Gakushuin+University&rft.atitle=%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%81%E5%AD%A6%E6%A0%A1%E3%80%8D+%E3%81%AE%E5%A4%A7%E8%A1%86%E5%8C%96%E3%81%A8%E6%95%99%E9%A4%8A%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9+%E6%9D%B1%E4%BA%AC%E5%A5%B3%E5%AD%A6%E9%A4%A8%E9%A4%A8%E9%95%B7%E3%83%BB%E6%BE%A4%E7%94%B0%E6%BA%90%E4%B8%80%E3%81%AE%E5%AD%A6%E6%A0%A1%E7%B5%8C%E5%96%B6&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=%E6%BF%B1%E7%94%B0&rft.aufirst=%E8%8B%B1%E6%AF%85&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglim-re.repo.nii.ac.jp%2Frecord%2F2713%2Ffiles%2Fjinbun_11_39_72.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATokyo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.japan-acad.go.jp/en/about/purpose.html">"About the Academy | The Japan Academy"</a>. www.japan-acad.go.jp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230330083454/https://www.japan-acad.go.jp/en/about/purpose.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 30, 2023. 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Japan Tourism Agency,Japan Tourism Agency. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240531161300/https://www.mlit.go.jp/tagengo-db/en/R1-00083.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 31, 2024. 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April 2, 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240531161306/https://www.asahi.com/articles/ASS414GHRS30PIHB001.html?iref=ogimage_rek">Archived</a> from the original on May 31, 2024. Retrieved May 31, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E6%9C%9D%E6%97%A5%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E%E3%83%87%E3%82%B8%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AB&rft.atitle=%E3%83%91%E3%83%B3%E3%83%80%E3%81%AE%E3%81%90%E3%81%86%E3%81%9F%E3%82%89%E3%81%AF%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E7%9A%84%E7%90%86%E7%94%B1%E3%81%82%E3%82%8A+%E3%81%98%E3%82%83%E3%81%82%E4%BA%BA%E3%81%8C%E3%81%82%E3%81%8F%E3%81%9B%E3%81%8F%E5%83%8D%E3%81%8F%E3%82%8F%E3%81%91%E3%81%AF%EF%BC%9F%EF%BC%9A%E6%9C%9D%E6%97%A5%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E%E3%83%87%E3%82%B8%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AB&rft.date=2024-04-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.asahi.com%2Farticles%2FASS414GHRS30PIHB001.html%3Firef%3Dogimage_rek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATokyo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.railway-museum.jp/e/">"THE RAILWAY MUSEUM"</a>. www.railway-museum.jp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240531161300/https://www.railway-museum.jp/e/">Archived</a> from the original on May 31, 2024. 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Retrieved December 7, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+us.+The+Heart+Of+Performing+Arts+In+Japan&rft.pub=New+National+Theatre%2C+Tokyo&rft.date=2019-06-22&rft.aulast=Ozaki&rft.aufirst=Motoki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nntt.jac.go.jp%2Fenglish%2Fabout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATokyo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://guides.apple.com/?pg=16971465873540453745&lsp=9902&name=essential-tokyo-music-venues">"Apple Music · Essential Tokyo Music Venues"</a>. guides.apple.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240531161259/https://guides.apple.com/?pg=16971465873540453745&lsp=9902&name=essential-tokyo-music-venues">Archived</a> from the original on May 31, 2024. Retrieved May 31, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=guides.apple.com&rft.atitle=Apple+Music+%C2%B7+Essential+Tokyo+Music+Venues&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fguides.apple.com%2F%3Fpg%3D16971465873540453745%26lsp%3D9902%26name%3Dessential-tokyo-music-venues&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATokyo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBureau" class="citation web cs1">Bureau, Tokyo Convention & Visitors. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gotokyo.org/en/see-and-do/nightlife/index.html">"Nightlife in Tokyo"</a>. 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The Official Tokyo Travel Guide, GO TOKYO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240531161300/https://www.gotokyo.org/en/spot/48/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 31, 2024. Retrieved May 31, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Official+Tokyo+Travel+Guide%2C+GO+TOKYO&rft.atitle=Takeshita-+Street&rft.aulast=Bureau&rft.aufirst=Tokyo+Convention+%26+Visitors&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gotokyo.org%2Fen%2Fspot%2F48%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATokyo" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|last=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBureau" class="citation web cs1">Bureau, Tokyo Convention & Visitors. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gotokyo.org/en/destinations/central-tokyo/akihabara/index.html">"A guide to Akihabara - Japan's pop culture paradise"</a>. The Official Tokyo Travel Guide, GO TOKYO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240531161306/https://www.gotokyo.org/en/destinations/central-tokyo/akihabara/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 31, 2024. Retrieved May 31, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Official+Tokyo+Travel+Guide%2C+GO+TOKYO&rft.atitle=A+guide+to+Akihabara+-+Japan%27s+pop+culture+paradise&rft.aulast=Bureau&rft.aufirst=Tokyo+Convention+%26+Visitors&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gotokyo.org%2Fen%2Fdestinations%2Fcentral-tokyo%2Fakihabara%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATokyo" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|last=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cp.mistore.jp/global/en/history.html">"About Isetan Mitsukoshi Group｜Isetan Mitsukoshi Official website"</a>. cp.mistore.jp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240531161259/https://cp.mistore.jp/global/en/history.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 31, 2024. Retrieved May 31, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cp.mistore.jp&rft.atitle=About+Isetan+Mitsukoshi+Group%EF%BD%9CIsetan+Mitsukoshi+Official+website&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcp.mistore.jp%2Fglobal%2Fen%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATokyo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBureau" class="citation web cs1">Bureau, Tokyo Convention & Visitors. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gotokyo.org/en/destinations/central-tokyo/kanda-and-jimbocho/index.html">"Kanda & Jimbocho – books and sporting goods in the heart of Tokyo"</a>. The Official Tokyo Travel Guide, GO TOKYO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240725000941/https://www.gotokyo.org/en/destinations/central-tokyo/kanda-and-jimbocho/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 25, 2024. Retrieved May 31, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Official+Tokyo+Travel+Guide%2C+GO+TOKYO&rft.atitle=Kanda+%26+Jimbocho+%E2%80%93+books+and+sporting+goods+in+the+heart+of+Tokyo&rft.aulast=Bureau&rft.aufirst=Tokyo+Convention+%26+Visitors&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gotokyo.org%2Fen%2Fdestinations%2Fcentral-tokyo%2Fkanda-and-jimbocho%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATokyo" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|last=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrganization" class="citation web cs1">Organization, Japan National Tourism. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.japan.travel/en/spot/1642/">"Odaiba Seaside Park | Travel Japan - Japan National Tourism Organization (Official Site)"</a>. Travel Japan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240531161306/https://www.japan.travel/en/spot/1642/">Archived</a> from the original on May 31, 2024. Retrieved May 31, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Travel+Japan&rft.atitle=Odaiba+Seaside+Park+%7C+Travel+Japan+-+Japan+National+Tourism+Organization+%28Official+Site%29&rft.aulast=Organization&rft.aufirst=Japan+National+Tourism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.japan.travel%2Fen%2Fspot%2F1642%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATokyo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/also_in_the_news/7103255.stm">"Tokyo 'top city for good eating'"</a>. BBC News. November 20, 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081217072445/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/also_in_the_news/7103255.stm">Archived</a> from the original on December 17, 2008. Retrieved October 18, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Tokyo+%27top+city+for+good+eating%27&rft.date=2007-11-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Falso_in_the_news%2F7103255.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATokyo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBureau" class="citation web cs1">Bureau, Tokyo Convention & Visitors. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gotokyo.org/en/spot/638/index.html">"Happo-en"</a>. The Official Tokyo Travel Guide, GO TOKYO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240531161301/https://www.gotokyo.org/en/spot/638/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 31, 2024. Retrieved May 31, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Official+Tokyo+Travel+Guide%2C+GO+TOKYO&rft.atitle=Happo-en&rft.aulast=Bureau&rft.aufirst=Tokyo+Convention+%26+Visitors&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gotokyo.org%2Fen%2Fspot%2F638%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATokyo" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|last=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.env.go.jp/en/nature/nps/park/doc/files/np_6.pdf">"General overview of area figures for Natural Parks by prefecture"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Environment_(Japan)" title="Ministry of the Environment (Japan)">Ministry of the Environment</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120421180819/http://www.env.go.jp/en/nature/nps/park/doc/files/np_6.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on April 21, 2012. 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Retrieved December 23, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Aroundtherings.com&rft.atitle=Tokyo+Keeps+Gymnastics+Worlds%2C+Bolsters+Olympics+Ambitions&rft.date=2011-05-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aroundtherings.com%2F%2Farticles%2Fview.aspx%3Fpv%3Dxqv%26id%3D37022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATokyo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metro.tokyo.lg.jp/tosei/hodohappyo/press/2020/12/04/07.html">"C40（世界都市気候先導グループ）における都のリーダーシップ"</a>. Tokyo Metropolitan Government (in Japanese). December 4, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231207054743/https://www.metro.tokyo.lg.jp/tosei/hodohappyo/press/2020/12/04/07.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved July 23, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tokyo+Metropolitan+Government&rft.atitle=C40%EF%BC%88%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E6%B0%97%E5%80%99%E5%85%88%E5%B0%8E%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%97%EF%BC%89%E3%81%AB%E3%81%8A%E3%81%91%E3%82%8B%E9%83%BD%E3%81%AE%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%80%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B7%E3%83%83%E3%83%97&rft.date=2020-12-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metro.tokyo.lg.jp%2Ftosei%2Fhodohappyo%2Fpress%2F2020%2F12%2F04%2F07.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATokyo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TMG-229"><a href="#cite_ref-TMG_229-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metro.tokyo.jp/ENGLISH/ABOUT/LINKS/sister.htm">"Sister Cities (States) of Tokyo – Tokyo Metropolitan Government"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160611131633/http://www.metro.tokyo.jp/ENGLISH/ABOUT/LINKS/sister.htm">Archived</a> from the original on June 11, 2016. Retrieved May 30, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sister+Cities+%28States%29+of+Tokyo+%E2%80%93+Tokyo+Metropolitan+Government&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metro.tokyo.jp%2FENGLISH%2FABOUT%2FLINKS%2Fsister.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATokyo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-P1-230"><a href="#cite_ref-P1_230-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160701024003/http://next.paris.fr/english/paris-a-city-with-an-international-profile/international-action-cooperation/friendship-and-cooperation-agreements/rub_8139_stand_29940_port_18784">"Friendship and cooperation agreements"</a>. Paris: Marie de Paris. 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Retrieved September 10, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Friendship+and+cooperation+agreements&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Marie+de+Paris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnext.paris.fr%2Fenglish%2Fparis-a-city-with-an-international-profile%2Finternational-action-cooperation%2Ffriendship-and-cooperation-agreements%2Frub_8139_stand_29940_port_18784&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATokyo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metro.tokyo.lg.jp/english/governor/arc/act/2015/150610.html">"Governor of Tomsk Region, Russia, visits Governor Masuzoe"</a>. Tokyo Metropolitan Government Official Website. June 15, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220920173559/https://www.metro.tokyo.lg.jp/english/governor/arc/act/2015/150610.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 20, 2022. Retrieved September 6, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tokyo+Metropolitan+Government+Official+Website&rft.atitle=Governor+of+Tomsk+Region%2C+Russia%2C+visits+Governor+Masuzoe&rft.date=2015-06-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metro.tokyo.lg.jp%2Fenglish%2Fgovernor%2Farc%2Fact%2F2015%2F150610.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATokyo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metro.tokyo.lg.jp/english/governor/act/2016/161011.html">"The governor meets with the Minister-President of the Brussels-Capital Region and they sign a joint communiqué"</a>. Tokyo Metropolitan Government Official Website. October 11, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240725003554/https://www.metro.tokyo.lg.jp/english/governor/act/2016/161011.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 25, 2024. Retrieved July 23, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tokyo+Metropolitan+Government+Official+Website&rft.atitle=The+governor+meets+with+the+Minister-President+of+the+Brussels-Capital+Region+and+they+sign+a+joint+communiqu%C3%A9&rft.date=2016-10-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metro.tokyo.lg.jp%2Fenglish%2Fgovernor%2Fact%2F2016%2F161011.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATokyo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHouston2021" class="citation news cs1">Houston, Michael (August 27, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1112202/tokyo-metropolitan-government-la28">"Tokyo Metropolitan Government signs MoU with 2028 Olympic host City of Los Angeles"</a>. Inside the Game. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220920180559/https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1112202/tokyo-metropolitan-government-la28">Archived</a> from the original on September 20, 2022. Retrieved September 6, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inside+the+Game&rft.atitle=Tokyo+Metropolitan+Government+signs+MoU+with+2028+Olympic+host+City+of+Los+Angeles&rft.date=2021-08-27&rft.aulast=Houston&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.insidethegames.biz%2Farticles%2F1112202%2Ftokyo-metropolitan-government-la28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATokyo" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(15)"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tokyo&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Bibliography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-15 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-15"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Fiévé, Nicolas and Paul Waley. (2003). Japanese Capitals in Historical Perspective: Place, Power and Memory in Kyoto, Edo and Tokyo. London: RoutledgeCurzon. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1409-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1409-4">978-0-7007-1409-4</a>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/51527561">51527561</a></li> <li>McClain, James, John M Merriman and Kaoru Ugawa. (1994). Edo and Paris: Urban Life and the State in the Early Modern Era. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-2987-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-2987-3">978-0-8014-2987-3</a>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/30157716">30157716</a></li> <li>Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC">Japan encyclopedia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230111200527/https://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC">Archived</a> January 11, 2023, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01753-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01753-5">978-0-674-01753-5</a>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/58053128">58053128</a></li> <li>Sorensen, Andre. (2002). The Making of Urban Japan: Cities and Planning from Edo to the Twenty First Century. London: RoutledgeCurzon. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-22651-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-22651-6">978-0-415-22651-6</a>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/48517502">48517502</a></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(16)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tokyo&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-16 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-16"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Guides">Guides</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tokyo&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Guides" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li>Bender, Andrew, and Timothy N. Hornyak. Tokyo (City Travel Guide) (2010)</li> <li>Mansfield, Stephen. Dk Eyewitness Top 10 Travel Guide: Tokyo (2013)</li> <li>Waley, Paul. Tokyo Now and Then: An Explorer's Guide. (1984). 592 pp</li> <li>Yanagihara, Wendy. Lonely Planet Tokyo Encounter</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary">Contemporary</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tokyo&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Contemporary" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li>Allinson, Gary D. Suburban Tokyo: A Comparative Study in Politics and Social Change. (1979). 258 pp.</li> <li>Bestor, Theodore. Neighborhood Tokyo (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/91986553?title=Neighborhood%20Tokyo">online edition</a></li> <li>Bestor, Theodore. Tsukiji: The Fish Market at the Centre of the World. (2004) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/105652913?title=Tsukiji%3a%20%20The%20Fish%20Market%20at%20the%20Center%20of%20the%20World">online edition</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]</li> <li>Fowler, Edward. San'ya Blues: Labouring Life in Contemporary Tokyo. (1996) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-8570-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-8570-3">0-8014-8570-3</a>.</li> <li>Friedman, Mildred, ed. Tokyo, Form and Spirit. (1986). 256 pp.</li> <li>Jinnai, Hidenobu. Tokyo: A Spatial Anthropology. (1995). 236 pp.</li> <li>Jones, Sumie et al. eds. A Tokyo Anthology: Literature from Japan's Modern Metropolis, 1850–1920 (2017); primary sources <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Tokyo-Anthology-Literature-Metropolis-1850-1920/dp/0824855906/">excerpt</a></li> <li>Perez, Louis G. Tokyo: Geography, History, and Culture (ABC-CLIO, 2019).</li> <li>Reynolds, Jonathan M. "Japan's Imperial Diet Building: Debate over Construction of a National Identity". Art Journal. 55#3 (1996) pp. 38+.</li> <li>Sassen, Saskia. The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo. (1991). 397 pp.</li> <li>Sorensen, A. Land Readjustment and Metropolitan Growth: An Examination of Suburban Land Development and Urban Sprawl in the Tokyo Metropolitan Area (2000)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oroeditions.com/product/retokyo/">Taira, J. [re]TOKYO. (2018). San Francisco: ORO Editions.</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-940743-66-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-940743-66-0">978-1-940743-66-0</a></li> <li>Waley, Paul. "Tokyo-as-world-city: Reassessing the Role of Capital and the State in Urban Restructuring". Urban Studies 2007 44(8): 1465–1490. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0042-0980">0042-0980</a> Fulltext: <a href="/wiki/Ebsco" class="mw-redirect" title="Ebsco">Ebsco</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(17)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tokyo&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-17 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-17"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Tokyo at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="27" 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href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Tokyo" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Tokyo">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Enjoy_Tokyo" class="extiw" title="b:Enjoy Tokyo">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Tokyo" class="extiw" title="voy:Tokyo">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metro.tokyo.lg.jp/">Official website</a> (in Japanese)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metro.tokyo.lg.jp/english/">Official website</a> (in English)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tokyotokyo.jp/home/">Tokyo tourism website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gotokyo.org/en/index.html">Go Tokyo travel guide</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tcvb.or.jp/en/index.html">Tokyo Convention & Visitors Bureau</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=mobile" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tokyo&oldid=1260750543">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tokyo&oldid=1260750543</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Tokyo&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 2 December 2024, at 12:33 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toky%C3%B4" title="Tokyô – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Tokyô" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BE" title="Токио – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Токио" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokio" title="Tokio – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Tokio" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokio" title="Tokio – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Tokio" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%B6%E1%8A%AD%E1%8B%AE" title="ቶክዮ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቶክዮ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokio" title="Tokio – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Tokio" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B" title="टोक्यो – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="टोक्यो" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geddoburg" title="Geddoburg – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Geddoburg" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BE" title="Токио – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Токио" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%88" title="طوكيو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="طوكيو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokio" title="Tokio – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Tokio" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%9B%DC%98%DC%A9%DC%9D%DC%98" title="ܛܘܩܝܘ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܛܘܩܝܘ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%B8%D6%84%D5%AB%D6%85" title="Թոքիօ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Թոքիօ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Tokyo" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toquio" title="Toquio – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Toquio" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%85%27" title="টকিঅ' – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="টকিঅ'" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokiu" title="Tokiu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Tokiu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B" title="टोकियो – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="टोकियो" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B3kio" title="Tókio – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tókio" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Tokyo" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokio" title="Tokio – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tokio" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%88" title="توکیو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="توکیو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Tokyo" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Tokyo" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%93" title="টোকিও – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="টোকিও" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Tokyo" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang-kia%E2%81%BF-to%CD%98" title="Tang-kiaⁿ-to͘ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tang-kiaⁿ-to͘" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BE" title="Токио – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Токио" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B0" title="Токіа – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Токіа" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%91" title="Токіё – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Токіё" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B" title="टोकियो – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="टोकियो" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tokyo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokio" title="Tokio – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Tokio" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BE" title="Токио – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Токио" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefektua_Tokio" title="Prefektua Tokio – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Prefektua Tokio" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%90%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%81%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A1%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8D" title="ཐོ་ཁེ་ཡོ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཐོ་ཁེ་ཡོ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokio" title="Tokio – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Tokio" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Tokyo" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BE" title="Токио – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Токио" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B2quio" title="Tòquio – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tòquio" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BE" title="Токио – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Токио" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Tokyo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokio" title="Tokio – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tokio" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo – Chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Tokyo" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="Chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chamoru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokio" title="Tokio – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Tokio" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Tokyo" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Tokyo" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Tokyo" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokiu" title="Tokiu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Tokiu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Tokyo" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tokyo" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%88" title="طوكيو – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="طوكيو" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokio" title="Tokio – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Tokio" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A4fektur_Tokio" title="Präfektur Tokio – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Präfektur Tokio" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%93%DE%AF%DE%86%DE%A8%DE%94%DE%AF" title="ޓޯކިޔޯ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ޓޯކިޔޯ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1%C5%82ts%CA%BC%C3%A1_Hin%C3%ADy%C3%ADn%C3%AD" title="Táłtsʼá Hiníyíní – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Táłtsʼá Hiníyíní" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokio" title="Tokio – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Tokio" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B" title="टोकियो – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="टोकियो" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%8A%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%80%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A1" title="ཊོ་ཀི་ཡ – Dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="ཊོ་ཀི་ཡ" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="Dzongkha" class="interlanguage-link-target">ཇོང་ཁ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%8Dky%C5%8D_prefektuur" title="Tōkyō prefektuur – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tōkyō prefektuur" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%8C%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Τόκιο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τόκιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Tokyo" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BE_%D0%BE%D1%88" title="Токио ош – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Токио ош" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokio" title="Tokio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tokio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokio" title="Tokio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tokio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B3quiu" title="Tóquiu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Tóquiu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokio" title="Tokio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Tokio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Tokyo" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%88" title="توکیو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="توکیو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Tokyo" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Tokyo" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tokyo" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokio" title="Tokio – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Tokio" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B3iceo" title="Tóiceo – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Tóiceo" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Tokyo" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toquio" title="Toquio – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Toquio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BE" title="Токио – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Токио" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E4%BA%AC" title="東京 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="東京" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Tokyo" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A4%DA%A9%D9%8A%D8%A4" title="تؤکيؤ – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="تؤکيؤ" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%84%F0%90%8D%89%F0%90%8C%BA%F0%90%8C%BE%F0%90%8D%89" title="𐍄𐍉𐌺𐌾𐍉 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐍄𐍉𐌺𐌾𐍉" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BBng-k%C3%AEn-t%C3%BB" title="Tûng-kîn-tû – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Tûng-kîn-tû" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%84%EC%BF%84%EB%8F%84" title="도쿄도 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="도쿄도" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Tokyo" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%8Dki%C5%8D" title="Tōkiō – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Tōkiō" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%B8%D5%AF%D5%AB%D5%B8" title="Տոկիո – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տոկիո" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B" title="टोक्यो – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="टोक्यो" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokio" title="Tokio – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Tokio" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokio" title="Tokio – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Tokio" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Tokyo" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Hulontalo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Tokyo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Tokyo" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tokyo" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Tokyo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%8Dky%C5%8D" title="Tōkyō – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Tōkyō" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tukiu" title="Tukiu – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Tukiu" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Iñupiatun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BE" title="Токио – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Токио" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITokyo" title="ITokyo – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="ITokyo" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B3k%C3%BD%C3%B3" title="Tókýó – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Tókýó" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tokyo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%95" title="טוקיו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טוקיו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Tokyo" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokiyo" title="Tokiyo – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Tokiyo" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%8B" title="ತೋಕ್ಯೋ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ತೋಕ್ಯೋ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Tokyo" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D" title="ტოკიო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტოკიო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%D9%88%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%88" title="ٹوکیو – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="ٹوکیو" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BE" title="Токио – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Токио" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Tokyo" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Tokyo" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Tokyo" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Tokyo" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Tokyo" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Tokyo" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Tokyo" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BE" title="Токио – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Токио" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BE" title="Токио – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Токио" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokio" title="Tokio – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Tokio" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokio" title="Tokio – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Tokio" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%BD%E0%BA%A7" title="ໂຕກຽວ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ໂຕກຽວ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokium" title="Tokium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Tokium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokija" title="Tokija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tokija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefektur_Tokio" title="Prefektur Tokio – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Prefektur Tokio" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BE" title="Токио – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Токио" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokijas" title="Tokijas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tokijas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Tokyo" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target">Li Niha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B2kyo" title="Tòkyo – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Tòkyo" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokio" title="Tokio – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Tokio" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Tokyo" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Tokyo" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokio" title="Tokio – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Tokio" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/tokios" title="tokios – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="tokios" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Tokyo" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Luganda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Tokyo" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toki%C3%B3" title="Tokió – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tokió" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B" title="टोक्यो – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="टोक्यो" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BE" title="Токио – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Токио" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tokyo" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8B" title="ടോക്കിയോ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ടോക്കിയോ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokjo" title="Tokjo – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Tokjo" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%8Dkio" title="Tōkio – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Tōkio" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B" title="तोक्यो – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="तोक्यो" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D" title="ტოკიო – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ტოკიო" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%88" title="طوكيو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="طوكيو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%8A%D9%88" title="توکيو – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="توکيو" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tokyo" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Tokyo" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%ADng-g%C4%ADng-d%C5%AD" title="Dŭng-gĭng-dŭ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Dŭng-gĭng-dŭ" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B3quio" title="Tóquio – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Tóquio" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BE" title="Токио – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Токио" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BE" title="Токио – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Токио" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7" title="တိုကျိုမြို့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="တိုကျိုမြို့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokio" title="Tokio – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Tokio" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokio" title="Tokio – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tokio" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokio" title="Tokio – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Tokio" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B" title="टोकियो – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="टोकियो" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B" title="तोक्यो – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="तोक्यो" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E4%BA%AC%E9%83%BD" title="東京都 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="東京都" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Tokyo" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BE" title="Токио – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Токио" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefektuur_Tokio" title="Prefektuur Tokio – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Prefektuur Tokio" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tokyo" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tokyo" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Tokyo" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Tokyo" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B2quio" title="Tòquio – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Tòquio" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BE" title="Токио – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Токио" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%9F%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%93" title="ଟୋକିଓ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଟୋକିଓ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokio" title="Tokio – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Tokio" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%93" title="ਟੋਕੀਓ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਟੋਕੀਓ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokio" title="Tokio – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Tokio" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pälzisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%D9%88%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%88" title="ٹوکیو – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ٹوکیو" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9D%E1%80%B1%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%EA%A9%BB%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF" title="ဝေင်ꩻတိုကျို – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ဝေင်ꩻတိုကျို" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Tokyo" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%88" title="توکیو – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="توکیو" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuokio" title="Tuokio – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Tuokio" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%BC" title="តូក្យូ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="តូក្យូ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%8Dky%C5%8D" title="Tōkyō – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Tōkyō" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Tokyo" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Tokyo" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokio" title="Tokio – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Tokio" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokio" title="Tokio – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tokio" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%8C%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Τόκιο – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Τόκιο" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ποντιακά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B3quio" title="Tóquio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tóquio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokio" title="Tokio – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Tokio" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Tokyo" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo – Tahitian" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="Tokyo" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="Tahitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Reo tahiti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%8Dky%C5%8D" title="Tōkyō – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Tōkyō" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokio" title="Tokio – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Tokio" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Tokyo" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BE" title="Токіо – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Токіо" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BE" title="Токио – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Токио" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BE" title="Токио – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Токио" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Tokyo" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B" title="टोक्यो – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="टोक्यो" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B4%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9A" title="ᱴᱚᱠᱭᱚ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱴᱚᱠᱭᱚ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokio" title="Tokio – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Tokio" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Tokyo" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokio" title="Tokio – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Tokio" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tn mw-list-item"><a href="https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo – Tswana" lang="tn" hreflang="tn" data-title="Tokyo" data-language-autonym="Setswana" data-language-local-name="Tswana" class="interlanguage-link-target">Setswana</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokio" title="Tokio – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Tokio" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tochiu" title="Tochiu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Tochiu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%9D" title="ටෝකියෝ – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ටෝකියෝ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Metropolis" title="Tokyo Metropolis – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Tokyo Metropolis" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BD%D9%88%DA%AA%D9%8A%D9%88" title="ٽوڪيو – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ٽوڪيو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokio" title="Tokio – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Tokio" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokio" title="Tokio – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Tokio" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%A1%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BE" title="Тѡкио – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Тѡкио" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokjo" title="Tokjo – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Tokjo" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Tokyo" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%86%DA%A9%DB%8C%DB%86" title="تۆکیۆ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تۆکیۆ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BE" title="Токио – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Токио" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%8Dky%C5%8D" title="Tōkyō – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Tōkyō" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Tokyo" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokio" title="Tokio – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tokio" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tokyo" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Tokyo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8B" title="தோக்கியோ – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தோக்கியோ" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tokyo" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tokyo" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Tokyo" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BE" title="Токио – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Токио" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%8B" title="టోక్యో – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="టోక్యో" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokio" title="Tokio – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Tokio" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A7" title="โตเกียว – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โตเกียว" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BE" title="Токио – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Токио" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokio" title="Tokio – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Tokio" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%99%E1%8E%A9%E1%8F%B2" title="ᏙᎩᏲ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏙᎩᏲ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Tokyo" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tsetsêhestâhese</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%8B" title="ಟೋಕಿಯೋ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಟೋಕಿಯೋ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tokyo" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokio" title="Tokio – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Tokio" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Tokyo" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BE" title="Токио – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Токио" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BE" title="Токіо – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Токіо" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%88" title="توکیو – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="توکیو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%88" title="توكيو – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="توكيو" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunghgingh" title="Dunghgingh – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Dunghgingh" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefetura_de_Tokyo" title="Prefetura de Tokyo – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Prefetura de Tokyo" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokio" title="Tokio – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Tokio" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tokyo" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Tokyo" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokio" title="Tokio – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Tokio" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E4%BA%AC%E9%83%BD" title="東京都 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="東京都" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokio" title="Tokio – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Tokio" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Tokyo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Tokyo" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E4%BA%AC%E9%83%BD" title="东京都 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="东京都" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%90" title="טאקיא – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="טאקיא" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Tokyo" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E4%BA%AC%E9%83%BD" title="東京都 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="東京都" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Tokyo" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokio" title="Tokio – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Tokio" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tok%C4%97j%C4%97s" title="Tokėjės – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Tokėjės" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E4%BA%AC%E9%83%BD" title="東京都 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="東京都" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokio" title="Tokio – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Tokio" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Tokyo" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Tokyo" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokio" title="Tokio – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Tokio" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li 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