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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Taxonomic range</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taxonomic_range-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lekking_behaviour" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lekking_behaviour"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Lekking behaviour</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Lekking_behaviour-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Lekking behaviour subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Lekking_behaviour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Stability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Female_mating_preferences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Female_mating_preferences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Female mating preferences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Female_mating_preferences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Costs_and_benefits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Costs_and_benefits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Costs and benefits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Costs_and_benefits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_lek_paradox" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_lek_paradox"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>The lek paradox</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_lek_paradox-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Evolution</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Evolution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Evolution subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hotshot_hypothesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hotshot_hypothesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Hotshot hypothesis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hotshot_hypothesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hotspot_model" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hotspot_model"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Hotspot model</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hotspot_model-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Blackhole_model" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blackhole_model"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Blackhole model</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blackhole_model-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kin_selection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kin_selection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Kin selection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kin_selection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Predation_protection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Predation_protection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Predation protection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Predation_protection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Lek mating</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%83_(%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1)" title="ليك (أحياء) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ليك (أحياء)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lek_(comportament_animal)" title="Lek (comportament animal) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Lek (comportament animal)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lek_(biologie)" title="Lek (biologie) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Lek (biologie)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lek_(Biologie)" title="Lek (Biologie) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lek (Biologie)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A4ngupaik" title="Mängupaik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mängupaik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lek_(comportamiento_animal)" title="Lek (comportamiento animal) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lek (comportamiento animal)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masklaro" title="Masklaro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Masklaro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B4_%D8%AC%D9%81%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="نمایش جفت‌یابی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نمایش جفت‌یابی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aire_de_parade" title="Aire de parade – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Aire de parade" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A0%89_%EC%A7%9D%EC%A7%93%EA%B8%B0" title="렉 짝짓기 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="렉 짝짓기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lek_(biologia)" title="Lek (biologia) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lek (biologia)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%AA_%D7%97%D7%99%D7%96%D7%95%D7%A8" title="זירת חיזור – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="זירת חיזור" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fugleleik" title="Fugleleik – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fugleleik" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paringsspelet_leik" title="Paringsspelet leik – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Paringsspelet leik" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokowisko" title="Tokowisko – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tokowisko" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acasalamento_lek" title="Acasalamento lek – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Acasalamento lek" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BA_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Ток (биология) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ток (биология)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soidin" title="Soidin – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Soidin" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lek_(fortplantningsbeteende)" title="Lek (fortplantningsbeteende) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Lek 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Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Type of animal mating behaviour</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Lek_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Lek (disambiguation)">Lek (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_Sage-Grouse_at_Lek_(6948123054).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Greater_Sage-Grouse_at_Lek_%286948123054%29.jpg/370px-Greater_Sage-Grouse_at_Lek_%286948123054%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="370" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Greater_Sage-Grouse_at_Lek_%286948123054%29.jpg/555px-Greater_Sage-Grouse_at_Lek_%286948123054%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Greater_Sage-Grouse_at_Lek_%286948123054%29.jpg/740px-Greater_Sage-Grouse_at_Lek_%286948123054%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Greater_sage-grouse" title="Greater sage-grouse">Greater sage-grouse</a> at a lek, with multiple males displaying for the less conspicuous females</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>lek</b> is an aggregation of male <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animals</a> gathered to engage in competitive displays and courtship rituals, known as <b>lekking</b>, to entice visiting females which are surveying prospective partners with which to mate.<sup id="cite_ref-Fiske_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fiske-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can also refer to a space used by displaying males to defend their own share of territory for the <a href="/wiki/Breeding_season" class="mw-redirect" title="Breeding season">breeding season</a>. A lekking species is characterised by male displays, strong female <a href="/wiki/Mate_choice" title="Mate choice">mate choice</a>, and the conferring of indirect benefits to males and reduced costs to females. Although most prevalent among <a href="/wiki/Birds" class="mw-redirect" title="Birds">birds</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Black_grouse" title="Black grouse">black grouse</a>, lekking is also found in a wide range of <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrates</a> including some <a href="/wiki/Teleost" title="Teleost">bony fish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian">amphibians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">reptiles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">arthropods</a> including <a href="/wiki/Crustacean" title="Crustacean">crustaceans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insects</a>. </p><p>A classical lek consists of male territories in visual and auditory range of each other. An exploded lek, as seen in the <a href="/wiki/K%C4%81k%C4%81p%C5%8D" title="Kākāpō">kākāpō</a> (the owl parrot), has more widely separated territories, but still in auditory range. Lekking is associated with an apparent <a href="/wiki/Lek_paradox" title="Lek paradox">paradox</a>: strong <a href="/wiki/Sexual_selection" title="Sexual selection">sexual selection</a> by females for specific male traits ought to erode <a href="/wiki/Genetic_diversity" title="Genetic diversity">genetic diversity</a> by <a href="/wiki/Fisherian_runaway" title="Fisherian runaway">Fisherian runaway</a>, but diversity is maintained and runaway does not occur. Many attempts have been made to explain it away,<sup id="cite_ref-Foster_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foster-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Thery_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thery-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-manipulating_lek_size_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-manipulating_lek_size-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Durães_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Durães-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the paradox remains. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lek_mating&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term derives from the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish (language)">Swedish</a> <i>lek</i> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="sv-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Swedish" title="Help:IPA/Swedish">[leːk]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/3\/31\/Sv-lek.ogg\/Sv-lek.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Sv-lek.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/31/Sv-lek.ogg/Sv-lek.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Sv-lek.ogg" title="File:Sv-lek.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>), a noun which typically denotes pleasurable and less rule-bound games and activities ("play", as by children), or from the Swedish verb "leka", to play. Written English use of <i>lek</i> dates from the late 1860s and early 1870s. <a href="/wiki/Llewelyn_Lloyd_(naturalist)" title="Llewelyn Lloyd (naturalist)">Llewelyn Lloyd</a>'s <i>The Game birds and wild fowl of Sweden and Norway</i> (1867) introduces it (capitalised and in single quotes, as 'Lek') explicitly as a Swedish term.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomic_range">Taxonomic range</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lek_mating&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Taxonomic range"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lekking was originally described in the <a href="/wiki/Tetraonidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetraonidae">Tetraonidae</a> (grouse, boldface in <a href="/wiki/Cladogram" title="Cladogram">cladogram</a>), in particular the <a href="/wiki/Black_grouse" title="Black grouse">black grouse</a> (Swedish: "orrlek") and <a href="/wiki/Capercaillie" class="mw-redirect" title="Capercaillie">capercaillie</a> (Swedish: "tjäderlek"), but it is widely distributed phylogenetically among other birds, and in many other animal groups within the vertebrates and the arthropods, as shown in the cladogram.<sup id="cite_ref-Fiske_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fiske-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Oakes1992_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oakes1992-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bourke_2014_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bourke_2014-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The presence of a group name means that <i>some</i> species in that group lek; groups with no lekking members are not shown. </p> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1258728058">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Nephrozoa" title="Nephrozoa">Nephrozoa</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Deuterostomia" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuterostomia">Deuterostomia</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">Vertebrates</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Teleost" title="Teleost">Teleosts</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_cod" title="Atlantic cod">Atlantic cod</a><sup id="cite_ref-Ponomarenko_1965_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ponomarenko_1965-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Desert_pupfish" title="Desert pupfish">Desert pupfish</a><sup id="cite_ref-loiselle2_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loiselle2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Cichlids" class="mw-redirect" title="Cichlids">Cichlids</a><sup id="cite_ref-Nelson,_C._M_1995_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson,_C._M_1995-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Tetrapoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetrapoda">Tetrapoda</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Amphibia" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphibia">Amphibians</a>: some <a href="/wiki/Frog" title="Frog">frogs</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Amniota" class="mw-redirect" title="Amniota">Amniota</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Reptilia" class="mw-redirect" title="Reptilia">Reptilia</a>: <a href="/wiki/Marine_iguana" title="Marine iguana">Marine iguanas</a><sup id="cite_ref-Vitouseketal2007_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vitouseketal2007-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">Birds</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Tetraonidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetraonidae">Tetraonidae</a></b><sup id="cite_ref-Fiske_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fiske-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (grouse) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Neoaves" title="Neoaves">Neoaves</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Otididae" class="mw-redirect" title="Otididae">Otididae</a><sup id="cite_ref-Oakes1992_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oakes1992-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (bustards) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Scolopacidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Scolopacidae">Scolopacidae</a><sup id="cite_ref-Oakes1992_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oakes1992-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (sandpipers) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Psittacidae" title="Psittacidae">Psittacidae</a><sup id="cite_ref-Oakes1992_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oakes1992-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (parrots) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Passeriformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Passeriformes">Passeriformes</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Cotingidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cotingidae">Cotingidae</a><sup id="cite_ref-Oakes1992_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oakes1992-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (cotingas) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Pipridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Pipridae">Pipridae</a><sup id="cite_ref-Oakes1992_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oakes1992-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (manakins) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Pycnonotidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Pycnonotidae">Pycnonotidae</a><sup id="cite_ref-Oakes1992_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oakes1992-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (bulbuls) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Ploceidae" title="Ploceidae">Ploceidae</a><sup id="cite_ref-Oakes1992_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oakes1992-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (weavers) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Paradisaeidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Paradisaeidae">Paradisaeidae</a><sup id="cite_ref-Oakes1992_7-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oakes1992-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (birds of paradise) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammals</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Bats" class="mw-redirect" title="Bats">Bats</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Bovidae" title="Bovidae">Bovidae</a>: several species<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Pinnipeds" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinnipeds">Pinnipeds</a><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Protostomia" class="mw-redirect" title="Protostomia">Protostomia</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Decapoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Decapoda">Decapoda</a>: <a href="/wiki/Fiddler_crab" title="Fiddler crab">fiddler crab</a><sup id="cite_ref-Croll_McClintock_2000_pp._109–121_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Croll_McClintock_2000_pp._109–121-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">Insects</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Hymenoptera" title="Hymenoptera">Hymenoptera</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Vespidae" title="Vespidae">Vespidae</a>: <a href="/wiki/Paper_wasps" class="mw-redirect" title="Paper wasps">paper wasps</a><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Pompilidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Pompilidae">Pompilidae</a>: <a href="/wiki/Tarantula_hawk_wasps" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarantula hawk wasps">tarantula hawk wasps</a><sup id="cite_ref-Alcock1983_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alcock1983-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Formicidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Formicidae">Formicidae</a>: some ants<sup id="cite_ref-Davidson_1982_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davidson_1982-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Apoidea" title="Apoidea">Apoidea</a>: some <a href="/wiki/Bee" title="Bee">bees</a><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Lepidoptera" title="Lepidoptera">Lepidoptera</a>: some butterflies<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and moths<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Diptera" class="mw-redirect" title="Diptera">Diptera</a>: <a href="/wiki/Drosophilidae" title="Drosophilidae">fruit flies</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Clusiidae" title="Clusiidae">druid flies</a><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lekking_behaviour">Lekking behaviour</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lek_mating&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Lekking behaviour"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Capercaillie_Lomvi_2004.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Capercaillie_Lomvi_2004.jpg/220px-Capercaillie_Lomvi_2004.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Capercaillie_Lomvi_2004.jpg/330px-Capercaillie_Lomvi_2004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Capercaillie_Lomvi_2004.jpg/440px-Capercaillie_Lomvi_2004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption>A posing <a href="/wiki/Western_capercaillie" title="Western capercaillie">western capercaillie</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lek-diagram.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Lek-diagram.jpg/330px-Lek-diagram.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="337" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Lek-diagram.jpg/495px-Lek-diagram.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Lek-diagram.jpg/660px-Lek-diagram.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2285" data-file-height="2331" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sage_grouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Sage grouse">Sage grouse</a> lek mating arena, in which each male, alpha-male (highest ranking), beta-male, gamma-male, etc., guards a territory of a few meters in size. The dominant males may each attract eight or more females.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Higher-ranking individuals have larger <a href="/wiki/Proxemics" title="Proxemics">personal space</a> bubbles.<sup id="cite_ref-Hall_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hall-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bird leks may have 10-200 individuals. A strict hierarchy accords the top-ranking males the most prestigious central territories. Females come to choose mates when the males' hierarchy is established, and preferentially mate with the dominants in the centre.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types">Types</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lek_mating&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are two types of lekking arrangement: classical and exploded. In the classic lekking system, male territories are in visual and auditory range of their neighbours. In an exploded lek, males are further away from one another than they would be in a classical lek. Males in an exploded lek are outside visual range of one another, but they stay within earshot.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Exploded lek territories are much larger than classic systems and more variable in size.<sup id="cite_ref-Little_Bustard_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Little_Bustard-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A well-known example of exploded leks is the "booming" call of the <a href="/wiki/K%C4%81k%C4%81p%C5%8D" title="Kākāpō">kākāpō</a>, the males of which position themselves many kilometres apart from one another to signal to potential mates.<sup id="cite_ref-merton1984_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-merton1984-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stability">Stability</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lek_mating&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Stability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lek territories of different taxa are stable and do not vary in terms of size and location.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Males often return to the same mating sites because of female fidelity.<sup id="cite_ref-Isvaran_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Isvaran-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Avian females such as the black grouse and <a href="/wiki/Great_snipe" title="Great snipe">great snipe</a> are faithful to males and not to mating sites.<sup id="cite_ref-Duval_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duval-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Successful males congregate in the same area as the previous breeding season because it is familiar to them, while females return to reunite with their males. Females do not return to a mating site if their male partner is not present.<sup id="cite_ref-Duval_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duval-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another possible explanation for lek stability is from male hierarchies within a lek. In some species of <a href="/wiki/Manakin" title="Manakin">manakin</a>, subordinate betas may inherit an alpha's display site, increasing the chances of female visitation.<sup id="cite_ref-Duval_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duval-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rank may also contribute to the stability of lek size, as lower ranking males may congregate to achieve a perceived optimal size to attract females.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Female_mating_preferences">Female mating preferences</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lek_mating&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Female mating preferences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A meta analysis of 27 species found that qualities such as lekking size, male display rate, and the rate of male aggression exhibit positive correlation with male success rates.<sup id="cite_ref-Fiske_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fiske-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A positive correlation was also found between attendance, magnitude of exaggerated traits, age, frequency of fights, and mating success.<sup id="cite_ref-Fiske_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fiske-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This female preference leads to mating skew, with some males being more successful at copulating with females. The variation in mating success is quite large in lek mating systems with 70–80% of matings being attributed to only 10–20% of the males present.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Costs_and_benefits">Costs and benefits</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lek_mating&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Costs and benefits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Sexual_selection" title="Sexual selection">Sexual selection</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Paraclusia_tigrina_-_lekking_behaviour.ogv/220px--Paraclusia_tigrina_-_lekking_behaviour.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="159" data-mwtitle="Paraclusia_tigrina_-_lekking_behaviour.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Paraclusia_tigrina_-_lekking_behaviour.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2c/Paraclusia_tigrina_-_lekking_behaviour.ogv/Paraclusia_tigrina_-_lekking_behaviour.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Paraclusia_tigrina_-_lekking_behaviour.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="1024" data-height="576" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2c/Paraclusia_tigrina_-_lekking_behaviour.ogv/Paraclusia_tigrina_-_lekking_behaviour.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2c/Paraclusia_tigrina_-_lekking_behaviour.ogv/Paraclusia_tigrina_-_lekking_behaviour.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2c/Paraclusia_tigrina_-_lekking_behaviour.ogv/Paraclusia_tigrina_-_lekking_behaviour.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Lekking behaviour in the <a href="/wiki/Clusiidae" title="Clusiidae">Clusiid</a> fly <i>Paraclusia tigrina</i></figcaption></figure> <p>The main benefit for both sexes is mating success. For males, the costs stem from females' preferences. The traits that are selected for may be energetically costly to maintain and may cause increased <a href="/wiki/Predation" title="Predation">predation</a>. For example, increased vocalization rate caused a decrease in the mass of male great snipes.<sup id="cite_ref-Costs_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Costs-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other costs can derive from male combat. For example, male great snipes regularly fight to display dominance or defend their territory, with females preferring victorious males.<sup id="cite_ref-Costs_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Costs-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aggressive male black grouse are preferred over non-aggressive males and when the males fight they tear feathers from each other's tails.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lekking is associated with <a href="/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism" title="Sexual dimorphism">sexual dimorphism</a> across a range of bird taxa.<sup id="cite_ref-Oakes1992_7-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oakes1992-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At first glance, it may seem that females receive no direct benefits from lekking, since the males are only contributing genes to the offspring in the absence of <a href="/wiki/Parental_care" title="Parental care">parental care</a> or other benefits.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, lekking reduces the cost of female searching because the congregating of males makes mate selection easier.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Females do not have to travel as far, since they are able to evaluate and compare multiple males within the same vicinity. Further, having the males in one place may reduce the amount of time a female is vulnerable to predators. When under predatory pressure, female <a href="/wiki/Marbled_reed_frog" title="Marbled reed frog">marbled reed frogs</a> consistently choose leks near their release sites; high male calling rates were observed to reduce female search time.<sup id="cite_ref-Grafe1997_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grafe1997-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_lek_paradox">The lek paradox</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lek_mating&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: The lek paradox"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lek_paradox" title="Lek paradox">Lek paradox</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grackles_lekking.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Grackles_lekking.jpg/220px-Grackles_lekking.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Grackles_lekking.jpg/330px-Grackles_lekking.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Grackles_lekking.jpg/440px-Grackles_lekking.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="469" /></a><figcaption>A group of three male great-tailed <a href="/wiki/Grackle" title="Grackle">grackles</a> trying to attract the attention of a receptive female</figcaption></figure> <p>Since <a href="/wiki/Sexual_selection" title="Sexual selection">sexual selection</a> by females for specific male <a href="/wiki/Trait_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trait (biology)">trait</a> values should erode <a href="/wiki/Genetic_diversity" title="Genetic diversity">genetic diversity</a>, the maintenance of genetic variation in lekking species constitutes a paradox in evolutionary biology. Many attempts have been made to explain it away, but the paradox remains.<sup id="cite_ref-indirect_genetic_effects_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indirect_genetic_effects-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are two conditions in which the lek paradox arises. The first is that males contribute only genes and the second is that female preference does not affect <a href="/wiki/Fecundity" title="Fecundity">fecundity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Paradox_1_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paradox_1-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Female choice should lead to directional <a href="/wiki/Fisherian_runaway" title="Fisherian runaway">runaway selection</a>, resulting in a greater prevalence for the selected traits. Stronger selection should lead to impaired survival, as it decreases genetic variance and ensures that more offspring have similar traits.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, lekking species do not exhibit runaway selection. In a lekking reproductive system, what male sexual characteristics can signal to females is limited, as the males provide no resources to females or parental care to their offspring.<sup id="cite_ref-paradox_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paradox-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This implies that a female gains indirect benefits from her choice in the form of "good genes" for her offspring.<sup id="cite_ref-condition_dependent_traits_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-condition_dependent_traits-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Amotz_Zahavi" title="Amotz Zahavi">Amotz Zahavi</a> argued that male sexual characteristics only convey useful information to the females if these traits confer a handicap on the male.<sup id="cite_ref-handicap_principle_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-handicap_principle-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zahavi's handicap principle may offer a resolution to the lek paradox, for if females select for the condition of male ornaments, then their offspring have better <a href="/wiki/Fitness_(biology)" title="Fitness (biology)">fitness</a>. Another potential resolution to the lek paradox is Rowe and Houle's theory that sexually selected traits depend on physical condition, which might in turn, summarize many genetic loci.<sup id="cite_ref-condition_dependent_traits_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-condition_dependent_traits-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is the <a href="/wiki/Genic_capture" title="Genic capture">genic capture</a> hypothesis, which describes how a significant amount of the genome is involved in shaping the traits that are sexually selected.<sup id="cite_ref-paradox_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paradox-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are two assumptions in the genic capture hypothesis: the first is that sexually selected traits are dependent upon condition, and the second is that general condition is attributable to high genetic variance.<sup id="cite_ref-condition_dependent_traits_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-condition_dependent_traits-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, <a href="/wiki/W._D._Hamilton" title="W. D. Hamilton">W. D. Hamilton</a> and Marlene Zuk proposed that sexually selected traits might signal resistance to <a href="/wiki/Parasites" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasites">parasites</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-parasites_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parasites-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One resolution to the lek paradox involves female preferences and how preference alone does not cause a drastic enough directional selection to diminish the genetic variance in fitness.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another conclusion is that the preferred trait is not naturally selected for or against and the trait is maintained because it implies increased attractiveness to the male.<sup id="cite_ref-Paradox_1_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paradox_1-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolution">Evolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lek_mating&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Evolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several possible mechanisms have been proposed as to why males cluster into leks, including the hotshot, hotspot, black hole, kin selection, and predation protection hypotheses, as described below. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hotshot_hypothesis">Hotshot hypothesis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lek_mating&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Hotshot hypothesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tetrax_tetrax,_Castuera,_Estremadura,_Spain_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Tetrax_tetrax%2C_Castuera%2C_Estremadura%2C_Spain_1.jpg/220px-Tetrax_tetrax%2C_Castuera%2C_Estremadura%2C_Spain_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Tetrax_tetrax%2C_Castuera%2C_Estremadura%2C_Spain_1.jpg/330px-Tetrax_tetrax%2C_Castuera%2C_Estremadura%2C_Spain_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Tetrax_tetrax%2C_Castuera%2C_Estremadura%2C_Spain_1.jpg/440px-Tetrax_tetrax%2C_Castuera%2C_Estremadura%2C_Spain_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>In the <a href="/wiki/Little_bustard" title="Little bustard">little bustard</a>, the presence of a hotshot male seems to attract males and females to the lek.</figcaption></figure> <p>The hotshot hypothesis is the only model that attributes males as the driving force behind aggregation. The hotshot model hypothesizes that attractive males, known as hotshots, garner both female and male attention.<sup id="cite_ref-Foster_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foster-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Females go to the hotshots because they are attracted to these males. Other males form leks around these hotshots as a way to lure females away from the hotshot. A manipulative experiment using the little bustard, <i><a href="/wiki/Tetrax_tetrax" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetrax tetrax">Tetrax tetrax</a></i>, was done to test the various lek evolution models.<sup id="cite_ref-manipulating_lek_size_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-manipulating_lek_size-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The experiment involved varying the size and sex ratio of leks using decoys. To test whether or not the presence of a hotshot determined lek formation, a hotshot little bustard decoy was placed within a lek. After the fake hotshot was added to the lek, both male and female visitation to the lek increased, giving weight to the hypothesis.<sup id="cite_ref-manipulating_lek_size_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-manipulating_lek_size-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hotspot_model">Hotspot model</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lek_mating&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Hotspot model"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manacus_manacus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Manacus_manacus.jpg/170px-Manacus_manacus.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Manacus_manacus.jpg/255px-Manacus_manacus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Manacus_manacus.jpg/340px-Manacus_manacus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1169" data-file-height="1228" /></a><figcaption>In <a href="/wiki/Manakin" title="Manakin">manakins</a>, males aggregate near hotspots with plentiful fruit, where females tend to go.</figcaption></figure> <p>The hotspot model considers the female density to be the catalyst for the clustering of males. This model predicts that leks will form where females tend to reside as a way to increase female interaction.<sup id="cite_ref-Thery_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thery-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Female <a href="/wiki/Manakin" title="Manakin">manakin</a> traffic has been observed to be concentrated around leks, bathing sites, and fruiting areas, with males aggregated near the most visited fruiting resources.<sup id="cite_ref-Thery_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thery-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hotspot model also predicts that lek size is dependent upon the number of females inhabiting a patch of land.<sup id="cite_ref-Foster_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foster-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To test if the number of females affects lek formation, a group of female little bustard decoys were added to a lek. The presence of these female decoys did not have an effect on lek size, tending to refute the hypothesis.<sup id="cite_ref-manipulating_lek_size_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-manipulating_lek_size-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blackhole_model">Blackhole model</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lek_mating&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Blackhole model"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The blackhole model proposes that females have a preference for neither size nor type of male, but rather that females tend to be mobile and mate wherever leks may be located.<sup id="cite_ref-manipulating_lek_size_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-manipulating_lek_size-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This model predicts that female mobility is a response to male harassment.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This prediction is difficult to test, but there was a negative correlation found between male aggressiveness and female visitation in the little bustard population, suggesting that the model might be correct.<sup id="cite_ref-manipulating_lek_size_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-manipulating_lek_size-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evidence supporting the black hole model is mainly found in <a href="/wiki/Ungulates" class="mw-redirect" title="Ungulates">ungulates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Isvaran_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Isvaran-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kin_selection">Kin selection</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lek_mating&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Kin selection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Kin_selection" title="Kin selection">Kin selection</a></div> <p>An alternative hypothesis for lekking is <a href="/wiki/Kin_selection" title="Kin selection">kin selection</a>, which assumes that males within a lek are related to one another. As females rarely mate outside of leks, it is advantageous for males to form leks.<sup id="cite_ref-Durães_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Durães-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although not all males within a lek mate with a female, the unmated males still receive fitness benefits. Kin selection explains that related males congregate to form leks, as a way to attract females and increase <a href="/wiki/Inclusive_fitness" title="Inclusive fitness">inclusive fitness</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Duval_40-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duval-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some species, the males at the leks show a high degree of relatedness, but this does not apply as a rule to lek-forming species in general.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a few species such as peacocks and <a href="/wiki/Black_grouse" title="Black grouse">black grouse</a>, leks are composed of brothers and half-brothers. The lower-ranking males gain some fitness benefit by passing their genes on through attracting mates for their brothers, since larger leks attract more females. <a href="/wiki/Peacock" class="mw-redirect" title="Peacock">Peacocks</a> recognize and lek with their brothers, even if they have never met before.<sup id="cite_ref-Petrie_et_al_1999_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Petrie_et_al_1999-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lekadvert.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Lekadvert.JPG/220px-Lekadvert.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Lekadvert.JPG/330px-Lekadvert.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Lekadvert.JPG/440px-Lekadvert.JPG 2x" data-file-width="567" data-file-height="369" /></a><figcaption>In <a href="/wiki/Black_grouse" title="Black grouse">black grouse</a>, leks are composed of brothers and half-brothers, suggesting a <a href="/wiki/Kin_selection" title="Kin selection">kin selection</a> mechanism.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Predation_protection">Predation protection</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lek_mating&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Predation protection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another hypothesis is predation protection, or the idea that there is a reduction in individual predation risk in a larger group.<sup id="cite_ref-manipulating_lek_size_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-manipulating_lek_size-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This could work both for the males within the group and any female who visits the lek.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Protection also explains the presence of mixed leks, when a male of one species joins a lek of another species for protection from a common set of predators. This occurs with manakins,<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as other birds such as <a href="/wiki/Grouse" title="Grouse">grouse</a> species.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lek_mating&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Fiske-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fiske_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fiske_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fiske_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fiske_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fiske_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFiskeRintamakiKarvonen1998" class="citation journal cs1">Fiske, P.; Rintamaki, P. 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"The evolution of leks through female choice: Differential clustering and space utilization in six sympatric manakins". <i><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_Ecology_and_Sociobiology" title="Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology">Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology</a></i>. <b>30</b> (3–4): 227–237. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992BEcoS..30..227T">1992BEcoS..30..227T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fbf00166707">10.1007/bf00166707</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1886240">1886240</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Behavioral+Ecology+and+Sociobiology&rft.atitle=The+evolution+of+leks+through+female+choice%3A+Differential+clustering+and+space+utilization+in+six+sympatric+manakins&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=227-237&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1886240%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fbf00166707&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1992BEcoS..30..227T&rft.aulast=Th%C3%A9ry&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALek+mating" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-manipulating_lek_size-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-manipulating_lek_size_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-manipulating_lek_size_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-manipulating_lek_size_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-manipulating_lek_size_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-manipulating_lek_size_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-manipulating_lek_size_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-manipulating_lek_size_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJiguetBretagnolle2006" class="citation journal cs1">Jiguet, F.; Bretagnolle, V. 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London: <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Warne_%26_Co" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Warne & Co">Frederick Warne & Co</a>. pp. 219ff.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Game+Birds+and+Wild+Fowl+of+Sweden+and+Norway&rft.place=London&rft.pages=219ff&rft.pub=Frederick+Warne+%26+Co&rft.date=1867&rft.aulast=Lloyd&rft.aufirst=Llewelyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSEd-EgZE2AgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALek+mating" class="Z3988"></span>. 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href="/wiki/Template:Animal_sexual_behavior" title="Template:Animal sexual behavior"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Animal_sexual_behavior" title="Template talk:Animal sexual behavior"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Animal_sexual_behavior" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Animal sexual behavior"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Animal_sexual_behaviour" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Animal_sexual_behaviour" title="Animal sexual behaviour">Animal sexual behaviour</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Animal_sexual_behaviour" title="Animal sexual behaviour">General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_selection" title="Sexual selection">Sexual selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_reproduction" title="Sexual reproduction">Sexual reproduction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_sexual_reproduction" title="Evolution of sexual reproduction">evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_system" title="Reproductive system">reproductive system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_hormones_on_sexual_motivation" title="Effects of hormones on sexual motivation">hormonal motivation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courtship_display" title="Courtship display">Courtship display</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_ornament" title="Biological ornament">sexual ornamentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handicap_principle" title="Handicap principle">handicap principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexy_son_hypothesis" title="Sexy son hypothesis">sexy son hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisherian_runaway" title="Fisherian runaway">Fisherian runaway</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mating_system" title="Mating system">Mating systems</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mate_choice" title="Mate choice">mate choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mating_call" title="Mating call">mating call</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mate_guarding" title="Mate guarding">mate guarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mating_plug" title="Mating plug">mating plug</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">lek mating</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copulation_(zoology)" title="Copulation (zoology)">Copulation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloacal_kiss" class="mw-redirect" title="Cloacal kiss">cloacal kiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_intercourse" title="Sexual intercourse">sexual intercourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelvic_thrust" title="Pelvic thrust">Pelvic thrust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudocopulation" title="Pseudocopulation">pseudocopulation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertilisation#Fertilisation_in_animals" title="Fertilisation">Fertilisation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internal_fertilization" title="Internal fertilization">internal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/External_fertilization" title="External fertilization">external</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sperm_competition" title="Sperm competition">sperm competition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traumatic_insemination" title="Traumatic insemination">traumatic insemination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penile_spines" title="Penile spines">penile spines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modes_of_reproduction" title="Modes of reproduction">Modes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monogamy_in_animals" title="Monogamy in animals">monogamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promiscuity" title="Promiscuity">promiscuity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyandry_in_animals" title="Polyandry in animals">polyandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygyny_in_animals" title="Polygyny in animals">polygyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygynandry" title="Polygynandry">polygynandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semelparity_and_iteroparity" title="Semelparity and iteroparity">semelparity and iteroparity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opportunistic_breeder" title="Opportunistic breeder">opportunistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermaphrodite" title="Hermaphrodite">hermaphroditism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuckold" title="Cuckold">cuckoldry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seasonal_breeder" title="Seasonal breeder">seasonal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_synchrony" title="Reproductive synchrony">synchrony</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism" title="Sexual dimorphism">Sexual dimorphism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anisogamy" title="Anisogamy">anisogamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oogamy" title="Oogamy">oogamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bateman%27s_principle" title="Bateman's principle">Bateman's principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_bimaturism" title="Sexual bimaturism">bimaturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_cannibalism" title="Sexual cannibalism">cannibalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_coercion_among_animals" title="Sexual coercion among animals">coercion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_conflict" title="Sexual conflict">Sexual conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interlocus_sexual_conflict" title="Interlocus sexual conflict">interlocus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intralocus_sexual_conflict" title="Intralocus sexual conflict">intralocus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)" title="Hybrid (biology)">Interspecies breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-reproductive_sexual_behavior_in_animals" title="Non-reproductive sexual behavior in animals">Non-reproductive behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisher%27s_principle" title="Fisher's principle">Fisher's principle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Animal_sexual_behaviour#Invertebrates" title="Animal sexual behaviour">Invertebrates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthropod#Reproduction_and_development" title="Arthropod">Arthropods</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crab#Reproduction_and_lifecycle" title="Crab">crab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spider#Reproduction_and_life_cycle" title="Spider">spider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorpion#Reproduction" title="Scorpion">scorpion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beetle#Mating" title="Beetle">beetle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insect#Reproduction_and_development" title="Insect">insect</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Butterfly#Life_cycle" title="Butterfly">butterfly</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cephalopod#Reproduction_and_life_cycle" title="Cephalopod">Cephalopods</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Octopus#Reproduction" title="Octopus">octopus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cnidaria#Sexual" title="Cnidaria">Cnidaria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sea_anemone#Lifecycle" title="Sea anemone">sea anemone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jellyfish#Reproduction" title="Jellyfish">jellyfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral#Sexual" title="Coral">coral</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echinoderm#Reproduction" title="Echinoderm">Echinoderms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mating_of_gastropods" title="Mating of gastropods">Gastropods</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apophallation" title="Apophallation">apophallation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_dart" title="Love dart">love dart</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sponge#Reproduction" title="Sponge">Sponge</a></li> <li>Worms <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earthworm#Reproduction" title="Earthworm">earthworm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epitoky" title="Epitoky">epitoky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penis_fencing" title="Penis fencing">penis fencing</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fish_reproduction" title="Fish reproduction">Fish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spawn_(biology)#Spawning_strategies" class="mw-redirect" title="Spawn (biology)">Spawning strategies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyandry_in_fish" title="Polyandry in fish">Polyandry in fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eel_life_history" title="Eel life history">Eels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_run" title="Salmon run">Salmon run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seahorse#Reproduction" title="Seahorse">Seahorse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark#Life_history" title="Shark">Sharks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Amphibian#Reproduction" title="Amphibian">Amphibians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_selection_in_amphibians" title="Sexual selection in amphibians">Sexual selection</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_selection_in_amphibians" title="Sexual selection in amphibians">frogs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frog#Reproduction" title="Frog">Frog reproduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salamander#Reproduction_and_development" title="Salamander">Salamanders</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reptile#Reproduction" title="Reptile">Reptiles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_selection_in_scaled_reptiles" title="Sexual selection in scaled reptiles">Sexual selection in scaled reptiles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_selection_in_scaled_reptiles" title="Sexual selection in scaled reptiles">lizards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_selection_in_scaled_reptiles" title="Sexual selection in scaled reptiles">snakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_side-blotched_lizard" title="Common side-blotched lizard">side-blotched lizard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crocodilia#Reproduction_and_parenting" title="Crocodilia">Crocodilians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuatara#Reproduction" title="Tuatara">Tuatara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bird#Breeding" title="Bird">Birds</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_selection_in_birds" title="Sexual selection in birds">Sexual selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird#Breeding" title="Bird">Breeding behaviour</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reproduction_and_life_cycle_of_the_golden_eagle" title="Reproduction and life cycle of the golden eagle">golden eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seabird_breeding_behavior" title="Seabird breeding behavior">seabirds</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_displaying_homosexual_behavior" title="List of birds displaying homosexual behavior">Homosexual behavior</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mammalian_reproduction" title="Mammalian reproduction">Mammals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_selection_in_mammals" title="Sexual selection in mammals">Sexual selection</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rut_(mammalian_reproduction)" title="Rut (mammalian reproduction)">rut</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lordosis_behavior" title="Lordosis behavior">Lordosis behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_displaying_homosexual_behavior" title="List of mammals displaying homosexual behavior">Homosexual behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canidae#Life_history" title="Canidae">Canid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_wild_dog#Social_and_reproductive_behaviour" title="African wild dog">African wild dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coyote#Social_and_reproductive_behaviors" title="Coyote">coyote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dingo#Reproduction" title="Dingo">dingo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canine_reproduction#Copulation" title="Canine reproduction">domestic dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf#Reproduction_and_development" title="Wolf">gray wolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_fox#Reproduction_and_development" title="Red fox">red fox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolphin#Reproduction_and_sexuality" title="Dolphin">Dolphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephant#Sexual_behaviour" title="Elephant">Elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_badger#Reproduction_and_development" title="European badger">European badger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felidae" title="Felidae">Felidae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lion#Reproduction_and_life_cycle" title="Lion">lion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger#Reproduction" title="Tiger">tiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheetah#Reproduction" title="Cheetah">cheetah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat#Reproduction" title="Cat">domestic cat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossa_(animal)#Breeding" title="Fossa (animal)">Fossa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippopotamus#Reproduction" title="Hippopotamus">Hippopotamus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spotted_hyena#Reproduction_and_development" title="Spotted hyena">Spotted hyena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsupial#Reproductive_system" title="Marsupial">Marsupial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kangaroo#Sexual_behavior" title="Kangaroo">kangaroo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinniped#Reproductive_behavior" title="Pinniped">Pinnipeds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walrus#Reproduction" title="Walrus">walrus</a></li></ul></li> <li>Primates <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_sexual_activity" title="Human sexual activity">human</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonobo#Sociosexual_behaviour" title="Bonobo">bonobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorilla#Reproduction_and_parenting" title="Gorilla">gorilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olive_baboon#Reproduction_and_parenting" title="Olive baboon">olive baboon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandrill#Mating" title="Mandrill">mandrill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring-tailed_lemur#Breeding_and_reproduction" title="Ring-tailed lemur">ringtailed lemur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_swelling" title="Sexual swelling">sexual swelling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raccoon#Reproduction" title="Raccoon">Raccoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodent#Mating_strategies" title="Rodent">Rodent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short-beaked_echidna#Reproduction" title="Short-beaked echidna">Short-beaked echidna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" 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