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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Gravitational wave detection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gravitational_wave_detection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gamma_ray_detection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gamma_ray_detection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Gamma ray detection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gamma_ray_detection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electromagnetic_follow-up" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electromagnetic_follow-up"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Electromagnetic follow-up</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electromagnetic_follow-up-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_detectors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_detectors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Other detectors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_detectors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Astrophysical_origin_and_products" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Astrophysical_origin_and_products"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Astrophysical origin and products</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Astrophysical_origin_and_products-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scientific_importance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientific_importance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Scientific importance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scientific_importance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label 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Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/GW170817" title="GW170817 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="GW170817" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AD%E0%A7%A6%E0%A7%AE%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AD" title="জিডব্লিউ১৭০৮১৭ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জিডব্লিউ১৭০৮১৭" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/GW170817" title="GW170817 – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="GW170817" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/GW170817" title="GW170817 – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="GW170817" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/GW170817" title="GW170817 – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="GW170817" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/GW170817" title="GW170817 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="GW170817" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/GW170817" title="GW170817 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="GW170817" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%AF%D8%A8%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88_%DB%B1%DB%B7%DB%B0%DB%B8%DB%B1%DB%B7" title="جی‌دبلیو ۱۷۰۸۱۷ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جی‌دبلیو ۱۷۰۸۱۷" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusion_d%27%C3%A9toiles_%C3%A0_neutrons_du_17_ao%C3%BBt_2017" title="Fusion d'étoiles à neutrons du 17 août 2017 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Fusion d'étoiles à neutrons du 17 août 2017" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/GW170817" title="GW170817 – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="GW170817" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/GW170817" title="GW170817 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="GW170817" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/GW170817" title="GW170817 – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="GW170817" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/GW170817" title="GW170817 – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="GW170817" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/GW170817" title="GW170817 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="GW170817" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/GW170817" title="GW170817 – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="GW170817" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/GW170817" title="GW170817 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="GW170817" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/GW170817" title="GW170817 – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="GW170817" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/GW170817" title="GW170817 – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="GW170817" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/GW170817" title="GW170817 – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="GW170817" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/GW170817" title="GW170817 – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="GW170817" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/GW170817" title="GW170817 – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="GW170817" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/GW170817" title="GW170817 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="GW170817" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> 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.sky-coordinates-display{font-size:85%}</style><span class="sky-coordinates-display plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a href="/wiki/Celestial_coordinate_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Celestial coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Sky map"><img alt="Sky map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Jupiter_and_moon.png/20px-Jupiter_and_moon.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Jupiter_and_moon.png/30px-Jupiter_and_moon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Jupiter_and_moon.png/40px-Jupiter_and_moon.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wikisky.org/?ra=13.163355555556&de=-23.381472222222&zoom=9&show_grid=1&show_constellation_lines=1&show_constellation_boundaries=1&show_const_names=1&show_galaxies=1&img_source=IMG_all">13<sup>h</sup> 09<sup>m</sup> 48.08<sup>s</sup>, −23° 22′ 53.3″</a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Gravitational-wave signal detected in 2017</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">GW170817</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:GW170817_spectrograms.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/GW170817_spectrograms.svg/290px-GW170817_spectrograms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="416" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/GW170817_spectrograms.svg/435px-GW170817_spectrograms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/GW170817_spectrograms.svg/580px-GW170817_spectrograms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="738" data-file-height="1058" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The GW170817 signal as measured by the LIGO and Virgo gravitational wave detectors. Signal is invisible in the Virgo data</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Event type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_wave" title="Gravitational wave">Gravitational wave</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data">144 million years ago<br /> (detected 17 August 2017, 12:41:04.4 UTC)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Duration</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1 minute and 40 seconds</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Instrument</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/LIGO" title="LIGO">LIGO</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virgo_interferometer" title="Virgo interferometer">Virgo</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Right_ascension" title="Right ascension">Right ascension</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">13<sup>h</sup> 09<sup>m</sup> 48.08<sup>s</sup></span><sup id="cite_ref-ApJ_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ApJ-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Declination" title="Declination">Declination</a></th><td class="infobox-data">−23° 22′ 53.3″<sup id="cite_ref-ApJ_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ApJ-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Epoch_(astronomy)" title="Epoch (astronomy)">Epoch</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/J2000.0" class="mw-redirect" title="J2000.0">J2000.0</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Distance</th><td class="infobox-data">144 million <a href="/wiki/Light-year" title="Light-year">ly</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Redshift" title="Redshift">Redshift</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0.0099</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Host</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/NGC_4993" title="NGC 4993">NGC 4993</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Progenitor</th><td class="infobox-data">2 <a href="/wiki/Neutron_star" title="Neutron star">neutron stars</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other designations</th><td class="infobox-data">GW170817</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:GW170817" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:GW170817">Related media on Commons</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><div class="metadata" style="text-align: right;">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38080891" class="extiw" title="d:Q38080891">edit on Wikidata</a>]</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>GW170817</b> was a <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_wave" title="Gravitational wave">gravitational wave</a> (GW) observed by the <a href="/wiki/LIGO" title="LIGO">LIGO</a> and <a href="/wiki/Virgo_interferometer" title="Virgo interferometer">Virgo</a> detectors on 17 August 2017, originating from the shell elliptical galaxy <a href="/wiki/NGC_4993" title="NGC 4993">NGC 4993</a>, about 144 million light years away. The wave was produced by the last moments of the <a href="/wiki/Inspiral" class="mw-redirect" title="Inspiral">inspiral</a> process of a binary pair of <a href="/wiki/Neutron_star" title="Neutron star">neutron stars</a>, ending with their <a href="/wiki/Neutron_star_merger" title="Neutron star merger">merger</a>. As of February 2025<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GW170817&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, it is the only GW detection to be definitively correlated with any <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Electromagnetic">electromagnetic</a> observation.<sup id="cite_ref-ApJ_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ApJ-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PhysRev2017_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PhysRev2017-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unlike the five prior GW detections—which were of merging <a href="/wiki/Black_hole" title="Black hole">black holes</a> and thus not expected to have detectable electromagnetic signals<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—the aftermath of this merger was seen across the <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum" title="Electromagnetic spectrum">electromagnetic spectrum</a> by 70 observatories on 7 continents and outside Earth, marking a significant breakthrough for <a href="/wiki/Multi-messenger_astronomy" title="Multi-messenger astronomy">multi-messenger astronomy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ApJ_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ApJ-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PhysRev2017_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PhysRev2017-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NASA-20171016_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20171016-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20171016_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20171016-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SkyandTelescope_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SkyandTelescope-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SM-20171016_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SM-20171016-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NAT-20170825_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAT-20170825-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Bundling_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This claim has too many footnotes for reading to be smooth. (February 2025)">excessive citations</span></a></i>]</sup> The discovery and subsequent observations of GW170817 were given the <a href="/wiki/Breakthrough_of_the_Year" title="Breakthrough of the Year">Breakthrough of the Year</a> award for 2017 by the journal <a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)"><i>Science</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>GW170817 had an audible duration of approximately 100 seconds and exhibited the characteristic intensity and frequency expected of the inspiral of two neutron stars. Analysis of the slight variation in arrival time of the GW at the three detector locations (two LIGO and one Virgo) yielded an approximate angular <a href="/wiki/Direction_finding" title="Direction finding">direction to the source</a>. Independently, a <a href="/wiki/Short_gamma-ray_burst" class="mw-redirect" title="Short gamma-ray burst">short gamma-ray burst</a> (sGRB) of around 2 seconds, designated <b>GRB 170817A</b>, was detected by the <a href="/wiki/Fermi_Gamma-ray_Space_Telescope" title="Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope">Fermi</a> and <a href="/wiki/INTEGRAL" title="INTEGRAL">INTEGRAL</a> spacecraft beginning 1.7 seconds after the GW emitted by the merger.<sup id="cite_ref-ApJ_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ApJ-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20171016_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20171016-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MN-20171016_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MN-20171016-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These detectors have very limited directional sensitivity, but indicated a large region of the sky which overlapped the gravitational wave direction. The co-occurrence confirmed a long-standing hypothesis that neutron star mergers describe an important class of sGRB progenitor event. </p><p>An intense observing campaign was prioritized, to scan the region indicated by the gravitational wave detection for the expected emission at optical wavelengths. During this search, 11 hours after the signal, an <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_transient" class="mw-redirect" title="Astronomical transient">astronomical transient</a> <b>SSS17a</b>, later designated <a href="/wiki/Kilonova" title="Kilonova">kilonova</a> <b>AT 2017gfo</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-ApJ_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ApJ-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was observed in the galaxy <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/NGC_4993" title="NGC 4993">NGC 4993</a></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-SM-20171016_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SM-20171016-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was captured by numerous telescopes in other electromagnetic bands, from radio to X-ray wavelengths, over the following days and weeks. It was found to be a fast-moving, rapidly-cooling cloud of neutron-rich material, as expected of debris ejected from a neutron-star merger. </p><p>In October 2018, astronomers reported that, in retrospect, an sGRB event detected in 2015 (<span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/GRB_150101B" title="GRB 150101B">GRB 150101B</a></span>) may represent an earlier case of the same astrophysics reported for GW170817. The similarities between the two events in terms of <a href="/wiki/Gamma_ray" title="Gamma ray">gamma ray</a>, <a href="/wiki/Optical" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical">optical</a>, and <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">x-ray</a> emissions, as well as to the nature of the associated host <a href="/wiki/Galaxy" title="Galaxy">galaxies</a>, were considered "striking", suggesting that the earlier event may also be the result of a neutron star merger, and that together these may signify a hitherto-unknown class of <a href="/wiki/Kilonova" title="Kilonova">kilonova</a> transients, making kilonovae more diverse and common in the universe than previously understood.<sup id="cite_ref-EA-20181016_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EA-20181016-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NC-20181016_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NC-20181016-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NASA-20181016_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20181016-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SPC-20181017_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SPC-20181017-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later research further construed <span class="nowrap">GRB 160821B</span>—another sGRB predating GW170817—also to belong to this class, again based on afterglow resemblance to the <span class="nowrap">AT 2017gfo</span> signature.<sup id="cite_ref-GRB160821B_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRB160821B-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Announcement">Announcement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GW170817&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Announcement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:30%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>It's the first time that we've observed a cataclysmic astrophysical event in both gravitational waves and electromagnetic waves—our cosmic messengers.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style=""><a href="/wiki/David_Reitze" title="David Reitze">Reitze D</a>, LIGO executive director</cite></div> </div> <p>The observations were officially announced on 16 October 2017 at press conferences at the <a href="/wiki/National_Press_Club_(United_States)" title="National Press Club (United States)">National Press Club</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, and at the <a href="/wiki/European_Southern_Observatory" title="European Southern Observatory">ESO</a> headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Garching_bei_M%C3%BCnchen" class="mw-redirect" title="Garching bei München">Garching bei München</a> in Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20171016_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20171016-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MN-20171016_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MN-20171016-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SM-20171016_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SM-20171016-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some information was leaked before the official announcement, beginning on 18 August 2017 when astronomer J. Craig Wheeler of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin" title="University of Texas at Austin">University of Texas at Austin</a> tweeted "New LIGO. Source with optical counterpart. Blow your sox off!"<sup id="cite_ref-SkyandTelescope_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SkyandTelescope-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He later deleted the tweet and apologized for <a href="/wiki/Scoop_(news)" title="Scoop (news)">scooping</a> the official <a href="/wiki/News_embargo" title="News embargo">announcement embargo</a>. Other people followed up on the rumor, and reported that the public logs of several major telescopes listed priority interruptions in order to observe <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/NGC_4993" title="NGC 4993">NGC 4993</a></span>, a galaxy 40 <a href="/wiki/Parsec#Megaparsecs_and_gigaparsecs" title="Parsec">Mpc</a> (130 <a href="/wiki/Light-year#Definitions" title="Light-year">Mly</a>) away in the <a href="/wiki/Hydra_(constellation)" title="Hydra (constellation)">Hydra constellation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NAT-20170825_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAT-20170825-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NS-20170823_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NS-20170823-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The collaboration had earlier declined to comment on the rumors, not adding to a previous announcement that there were several triggers under analysis.<sup id="cite_ref-LIGO-20170825_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LIGO-20170825-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NG-20170825_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NG-20170825-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gravitational_wave_detection">Gravitational wave detection</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GW170817&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Gravitational wave detection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Neutron_star_collision.ogv/220px--Neutron_star_collision.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="150" data-durationhint="24" data-mwtitle="Neutron_star_collision.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Neutron_star_collision.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/44/Neutron_star_collision.ogv/Neutron_star_collision.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="352" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/44/Neutron_star_collision.ogv/Neutron_star_collision.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="352" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Neutron_star_collision.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="352" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/44/Neutron_star_collision.ogv/Neutron_star_collision.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="212" data-height="144" /></video></span><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Artist%27s_impression" title="Artist's impression">Artist's impression</a> of the collision of two neutron stars. This is a general illustration, not specific to GW170817. (<a href="/wiki/File:Neutron_star_collision.ogv" title="File:Neutron star collision.ogv">00:23 video</a>.)</figcaption></figure> <p>The gravitational wave signal lasted for approximately 100 seconds starting from a frequency of 24 <a href="/wiki/Hertz" title="Hertz">hertz</a>. It covered approximately 3,000 cycles, increasing in amplitude and frequency to a few hundred hertz in the typical <a href="/wiki/Orbital_decay" title="Orbital decay">inspiral</a> chirp pattern, ending with the collision received at 12:41:04.4 <a href="/wiki/UTC" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC">UTC</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PhysRev2017_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PhysRev2017-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 2">: 2 </span></sup> It arrived first at the <a href="/wiki/Virgo_interferometer" title="Virgo interferometer">Virgo detector</a> in Italy, then 22 milliseconds later at the <a href="/wiki/LIGO#Observatories" title="LIGO">LIGO-Livingston detector</a> in Louisiana, United States, and another 3 milliseconds later at the LIGO-Hanford detector in the state of Washington, in the United States. The signal was detected and analyzed by a comparison with a prediction from <a href="/wiki/General_relativity" title="General relativity">general relativity</a> defined from the <a href="/wiki/Post-Newtonian_expansion" title="Post-Newtonian expansion">post-Newtonian expansion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ApJ_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ApJ-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 3">: 3 </span></sup> </p><p>An automatic computer search of the LIGO-Hanford datastream triggered an alert to the LIGO team about 6 minutes after the event. The <a href="/wiki/Gamma_ray" title="Gamma ray">gamma-ray</a> alert had already been issued at this point (16 seconds post-event),<sup id="cite_ref-GCN_524666471_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GCN_524666471-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so the timing near-coincidence was automatically flagged. The LIGO/Virgo team issued a preliminary alert (with only the crude gamma-ray position) to astronomers in the follow-up teams at 40 minutes post-event.<sup id="cite_ref-GCN_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GCN-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Davide_16_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davide_16-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sky localisation of the event required combining data from the three interferometers, but this was delayed by two problems. The Virgo data were delayed by a data transmission problem, and the LIGO Livingston data were contaminated by a brief burst of instrumental noise a few seconds prior to the event peak, which persisted parallel to the rising transient signal in the lowest frequencies. These required manual analysis and interpolation before the sky location could be announced about 4.5 hours after the event.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Davide_16_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davide_16-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The three detections localized the source to an area of 31 square degrees in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_celestial_hemisphere" title="Southern celestial hemisphere">southern sky</a> at 90% probability. More detailed calculations later refined the localization to within 28 square degrees.<sup id="cite_ref-GCN_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GCN-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PhysRev2017_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PhysRev2017-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, the absence of a clear detection by the Virgo interferometer implied that the source was localized within one of its blind spots, a constraint which reduced the search area considerably.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gamma_ray_detection">Gamma ray detection</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GW170817&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Gamma ray detection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Artist_NSIllustration_CREDIT_NSF_LIGO_Sonoma_State_University_A._Simonnet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Artist_NSIllustration_CREDIT_NSF_LIGO_Sonoma_State_University_A._Simonnet.jpg/150px-Artist_NSIllustration_CREDIT_NSF_LIGO_Sonoma_State_University_A._Simonnet.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Artist_NSIllustration_CREDIT_NSF_LIGO_Sonoma_State_University_A._Simonnet.jpg/225px-Artist_NSIllustration_CREDIT_NSF_LIGO_Sonoma_State_University_A._Simonnet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Artist_NSIllustration_CREDIT_NSF_LIGO_Sonoma_State_University_A._Simonnet.jpg/300px-Artist_NSIllustration_CREDIT_NSF_LIGO_Sonoma_State_University_A._Simonnet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5358" data-file-height="4753" /></a><figcaption>Artistic concept: two neutron stars merge</figcaption></figure> <p>The first electromagnetic signal detected was GRB 170817A, a <a href="/wiki/Gamma-ray_burst#Short_gamma-ray_bursts" title="Gamma-ray burst">short gamma-ray burst</a>, detected <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000174000000000000♠"></span>1.74<span style="margin-left:0.3em;margin-right:0.15em;">±</span>0.05 s</span> after the merger time and lasting for about 2 seconds.<sup id="cite_ref-MN-20171016_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MN-20171016-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NAT-20170825_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAT-20170825-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ApJ_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ApJ-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 5">: 5 </span></sup> </p><p>GRB 170817A was first recorded by the <a href="/wiki/Fermi_Gamma-ray_Space_Telescope" title="Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope">Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope</a>, which issued an automatic alert just 14 seconds after the detection. After the LIGO/Virgo circular 40 minutes later, manual processing of data from the <a href="/wiki/INTEGRAL" title="INTEGRAL">INTEGRAL</a> gamma-ray telescope retrieved independent data for the event. The difference in arrival time between Fermi and INTEGRAL helped to improve the sky localization. </p><p>This GRB was relatively faint given the proximity of the host galaxy <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/NGC_4993" title="NGC 4993">NGC 4993</a></span>, possibly due to its <a href="/wiki/Astrophysical_jet" title="Astrophysical jet">jets</a> not being pointed directly toward Earth, but rather at an angle of about 30 degrees off axis.<sup id="cite_ref-SM-20171016_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SM-20171016-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-spacecom_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spacecom-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electromagnetic_follow-up">Electromagnetic follow-up</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GW170817&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Electromagnetic follow-up"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NGC_4993_and_GRB170817A_after_glow.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/NGC_4993_and_GRB170817A_after_glow.gif/220px-NGC_4993_and_GRB170817A_after_glow.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/NGC_4993_and_GRB170817A_after_glow.gif/330px-NGC_4993_and_GRB170817A_after_glow.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/NGC_4993_and_GRB170817A_after_glow.gif/440px-NGC_4993_and_GRB170817A_after_glow.gif 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="534" /></a><figcaption>Hubble picture of NGC 4993 with inset showing GRB 170817A over 6 days. <i>Credit: NASA and ESA</i></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eso1733f.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Eso1733f.svg/220px-Eso1733f.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Eso1733f.svg/330px-Eso1733f.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Eso1733f.svg/440px-Eso1733f.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="532" data-file-height="416" /></a><figcaption>Optical lightcurves</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eso1733j_X-shooter_spectra_montage_of_kilonova_in_NGC4993.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Eso1733j_X-shooter_spectra_montage_of_kilonova_in_NGC4993.png/220px-Eso1733j_X-shooter_spectra_montage_of_kilonova_in_NGC4993.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="464" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Eso1733j_X-shooter_spectra_montage_of_kilonova_in_NGC4993.png/330px-Eso1733j_X-shooter_spectra_montage_of_kilonova_in_NGC4993.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Eso1733j_X-shooter_spectra_montage_of_kilonova_in_NGC4993.png/440px-Eso1733j_X-shooter_spectra_montage_of_kilonova_in_NGC4993.png 2x" data-file-width="1421" data-file-height="2999" /></a><figcaption>The change in optical and near-infrared spectra</figcaption></figure> <p>A series of alerts to other astronomers were issued, beginning with a report of the gamma-ray detection and single-detector LIGO trigger at 13:21 UTC, and a three-detector sky location at 17:54 UTC.<sup id="cite_ref-GCN_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GCN-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These prompted a massive search by many <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_survey" title="Astronomical survey">survey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robotic_telescope" title="Robotic telescope">robotic telescopes</a>. In addition to the expected large size of the search area (about 150 times the area of a <a href="/wiki/Full_moon" title="Full moon">full moon</a>), this search was challenging because the search area was near the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a> in the sky and thus visible for at most a few hours after <a href="/wiki/Dusk" title="Dusk">dusk</a> for any given telescope.<sup id="cite_ref-Davide_16_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davide_16-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In total six teams (One-Meter, Two Hemispheres (1M2H),<sup id="cite_ref-1m2h_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1m2h-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> DLT40, <a href="/wiki/VISTA_(telescope)" title="VISTA (telescope)">VISTA</a>, Master, <a href="/wiki/DECam" class="mw-redirect" title="DECam">DECam</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Las_Cumbres_Observatory" title="Las Cumbres Observatory">Las Cumbres Observatory</a> (Chile)) imaged the same new source independently in a 90-minute interval.<sup id="cite_ref-ApJ_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ApJ-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 5">: 5 </span></sup> The first to detect optical light associated with the collision was the 1M2H team running the <a href="/wiki/Swope_Supernova_Survey" class="mw-redirect" title="Swope Supernova Survey">Swope Supernova Survey</a>, which found it in an image of <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/NGC_4993" title="NGC 4993">NGC 4993</a></span> taken 10 hours and 52 minutes after the GW event<sup id="cite_ref-MN-20171016_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MN-20171016-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ApJ_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ApJ-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Drout_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drout-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by the 1-meter diameter (3.3 ft) Swope Telescope operating in the <a href="/wiki/Near_infrared" class="mw-redirect" title="Near infrared">near infrared</a> at <a href="/wiki/Las_Campanas_Observatory" title="Las Campanas Observatory">Las Campanas Observatory</a>, Chile. They were also the first to announce it, naming their detection <i>SSS17a</i> in a circular issued 12<sup>h</sup>26<sup>m</sup> post-event.<sup id="cite_ref-1m2h_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1m2h-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new source was later given an official <a href="/wiki/International_Astronomical_Union" title="International Astronomical Union">International Astronomical Union</a> (IAU) designation <i>AT 2017gfo</i>. </p><p>The 1M2H team surveyed all galaxies in the region of space predicted by the gravitational wave observations, and identified a single new transient.<sup id="cite_ref-spacecom_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spacecom-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Drout_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drout-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By identifying the host galaxy of the merger, it is possible to provide an accurate distance consistent with that based on gravitational waves alone.<sup id="cite_ref-ApJ_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ApJ-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 5">: 5 </span></sup> </p><p>The detection of the optical and near-infrared source provided a huge improvement in localisation, reducing the uncertainty from several degrees to 0.0001 degree; this enabled many large ground and space telescopes to follow up the source over the following days and weeks. Within hours after localization, many additional observations were made across the infrared and visible spectrum.<sup id="cite_ref-Drout_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drout-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the following days, the color of the optical source changed from blue to red as the source expanded and cooled.<sup id="cite_ref-spacecom_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spacecom-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Numerous optical and infrared spectra were observed; early spectra were nearly featureless, but after a few days, broad features emerged indicative of material ejected at roughly 10 percent of light speed. There are multiple strong lines of evidence that AT 2017gfo is indeed the aftermath of GW170817. The color evolution and spectra are dramatically different from any known supernova. The distance of NGC 4993 is consistent with that independently estimated from the GW signal. No other transient has been found in the GW sky localisation region. Finally, various archive images show nothing at the location of AT 2017gfo, ruling out a foreground variable star in the Milky Way.<sup id="cite_ref-1m2h_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1m2h-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The source was detected in the ultraviolet (but not in X-rays) 15.3 hours after the event by the <a href="/wiki/Swift_Gamma-Ray_Burst_Mission" class="mw-redirect" title="Swift Gamma-Ray Burst Mission">Swift Gamma-Ray Burst Mission</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA-20171016_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20171016-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After initial lack of X-ray and radio detections, the source was detected in X-rays 9 days later<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> using the <a href="/wiki/Chandra_X-ray_Observatory" title="Chandra X-ray Observatory">Chandra X-ray Observatory</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 16 days later in the radio<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> using the <a href="/wiki/Karl_G._Jansky_Very_Large_Array" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array">Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array</a> (VLA) in <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SM-20171016_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SM-20171016-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than 70 observatories covering the <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum" title="Electromagnetic spectrum">electromagnetic spectrum</a> observed the source.<sup id="cite_ref-SM-20171016_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SM-20171016-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The radio and X-ray light increased to a peak 150 days after the merger,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> diminishing afterwards.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Astronomers have monitored the optical afterglow of GW170817 using the <a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SD-20190911_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SD-20190911-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 2020, continued X-ray emission at 5-sigma was observed by the Chandra Observatory 940 days after the merger.<sup id="cite_ref-AT-20200318_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AT-20200318-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_detectors">Other detectors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GW170817&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Other detectors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>No <a href="/wiki/Neutrino" title="Neutrino">neutrinos</a> consistent with the source were found in follow-up searches by the <a href="/wiki/IceCube_Neutrino_Observatory" title="IceCube Neutrino Observatory">IceCube</a> and <a href="/wiki/ANTARES_(telescope)" title="ANTARES (telescope)">ANTARES</a> neutrino observatories and the <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Auger_Observatory" title="Pierre Auger Observatory">Pierre Auger Observatory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PhysRev2017_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PhysRev2017-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ApJ_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ApJ-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A possible explanation for the non-detection of neutrinos is because the event was observed at a large off-axis angle and thus the outflow jet was not directed towards Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IceCube_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IceCube-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Astrophysical_origin_and_products">Astrophysical origin and products</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GW170817&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Astrophysical origin and products"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The origin and properties (masses and spins) of a double neutron star system like GW170817 are the result of a long sequence of complex binary star interactions.<sup id="cite_ref-TaurisKramerFreire2017_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TaurisKramerFreire2017-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The gravitational wave signal indicated that it was produced by the <a href="/wiki/Neutron_star_collision" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutron star collision">collision of two neutron stars</a><sup id="cite_ref-NAT-20170825_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAT-20170825-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NS-20170823_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NS-20170823-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NG-20170825_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NG-20170825-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WIRED-20170825_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WIRED-20170825-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a total mass of <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000282000000000000♠"></span>2.82<span style="margin-left:0.3em;"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:85%;text-align:right;">+0.47<br />−0.09</span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Solar_mass" title="Solar mass">solar masses</a> (<var>M</var><sub>☉</sub>).<sup id="cite_ref-PhysRev2017_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PhysRev2017-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If low <a href="/wiki/Stellar_rotation" title="Stellar rotation">spins</a> are assumed, consistent with those observed in binary <a href="/wiki/Neutron_star" title="Neutron star">neutron stars</a> expected to merge within (twice<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) the <a href="/wiki/Hubble%27s_law" title="Hubble's law">Hubble time</a>, the total mass is <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7030544862700000000♠"></span>2.74<span style="margin-left:0.3em;"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:85%;text-align:right;">+0.04<br />−0.01</span></span> <i>M</i><sub>☉</sub></span>. The total energy output of the gravitational wave was ≃63 <a href="/wiki/Foe_(unit)" title="Foe (unit)">Foe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The masses of the progenitor stars have greater uncertainty. The <a href="/wiki/Chirp_mass" title="Chirp mass">chirp mass</a>, a directly observable parameter which may be roughly equated to the geometric mean of the prior masses, was measured at <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7030236239739999999♠"></span>1.188<span style="margin-left:0.3em;"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:85%;text-align:right;">+0.004<br />−0.002</span></span> <i>M</i><sub>☉</sub></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Abbott^3_AJT_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abbott^3_AJT-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The larger progenitor (<span class="texhtml"><i>m</i><sub>1</sub></span>) has a 90% probability of being between <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7030270442800000000♠"></span>1.36 and 2.26 <i>M</i><sub>☉</sub></span>, and the smaller (<span class="texhtml"><i>m</i><sub>2</sub></span>) has a 90% probability of being between <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7030171015300000000♠"></span>0.86 and 1.36 <i>M</i><sub>☉</sub></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Abbott^3_AJT_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abbott^3_AJT-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the low spin assumption, the ranges are <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7030270442800000000♠"></span>1.36 to 1.60 <i>M</i><sub>☉</sub></span> for <span class="texhtml"><i>m</i><sub>1</sub></span> and <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7030232660350000000♠"></span>1.17 to 1.36 <i>M</i><sub>☉</sub></span> for <span class="texhtml"><i>m</i><sub>2</sub></span>, inside a 12 km radius.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Short_gamma-ray_burst" class="mw-redirect" title="Short gamma-ray burst">short gamma-ray burst</a> was followed over the next several months by its slower-evolving <a href="/wiki/Kilonova" title="Kilonova">kilonova</a> counterpart, a spherically expanding optical afterglow powered by the <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">radioactive decay</a> of heavy <a href="/wiki/R-process" title="R-process"><i>r</i>-process</a> nuclei produced and ejected at the initial cataclysmic instant.<sup id="cite_ref-Spher_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spher-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> GW170817 therefore confirmed neutron star mergers to be viable sites for the <i>r</i>-process, where the nucleosynthesis of around half the isotopes in elements heavier than iron can occur.<sup id="cite_ref-SM-20171016_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SM-20171016-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A total of 16,000 times the <a href="/wiki/Earth_mass" title="Earth mass">mass of the Earth</a> in heavy elements is believed to have formed, including approximately 10 Earth masses just of the two elements gold and platinum.<sup id="cite_ref-EdoBerger_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EdoBerger-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A hypermassive neutron star was believed to have formed initially, as evidenced by the large amount of ejecta (much of which would have been swallowed by an immediately forming black hole). At first, the lack of evidence for emissions being powered by neutron star spindown, which would occur for longer-surviving neutron stars, suggested it collapsed into a black hole within milliseconds.<sup id="cite_ref-Margalit2017_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Margalit2017-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, a more detailed analysis of the GW170817 signal tail later found evidence of further features consistent with the seconds-long spindown of an intermediate or remnant hypermassive <a href="/wiki/Magnetar" title="Magnetar">magnetar</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-vanPutten_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vanPutten-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the energy of which was below the estimated sensitivity of the LIGO search algorithms at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was confirmed in 2023 by a statistically independent method of analysis revealing the central engine of GRB<span class="nowrap"> </span>170817A.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2024<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GW170817&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the precise nature of the ultimately stable remnant remains uncertain.<sup id="cite_ref-vanPutten_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vanPutten-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AT-20200318_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AT-20200318-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scientific_importance">Scientific importance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GW170817&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Scientific importance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Artist%E2%80%99s_impression_of_strontium_emerging_from_a_neutron_star_merger.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Artist%E2%80%99s_impression_of_strontium_emerging_from_a_neutron_star_merger.jpg/220px-Artist%E2%80%99s_impression_of_strontium_emerging_from_a_neutron_star_merger.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Artist%E2%80%99s_impression_of_strontium_emerging_from_a_neutron_star_merger.jpg/330px-Artist%E2%80%99s_impression_of_strontium_emerging_from_a_neutron_star_merger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Artist%E2%80%99s_impression_of_strontium_emerging_from_a_neutron_star_merger.jpg/440px-Artist%E2%80%99s_impression_of_strontium_emerging_from_a_neutron_star_merger.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="3293" /></a><figcaption>Artist's impression of strontium emerging from a neutron star merger.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Scientific interest in the event was enormous, with dozens of preliminary papers (and almost 100 <a href="/wiki/Manuscript_(publishing)#Preprint" title="Manuscript (publishing)">preprints</a><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) published the day of the announcement, including 8 letters in <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-SM-20171016_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SM-20171016-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 6 in <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i>, and 32 in a special issue of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Astrophysical_Journal_Letters" class="mw-redirect" title="The Astrophysical Journal Letters">The Astrophysical Journal Letters</a></i> devoted to the subject.<sup id="cite_ref-ApJL_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ApJL-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The interest and effort was global: The paper describing the multi-messenger observations<sup id="cite_ref-ApJ_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ApJ-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is coauthored by almost 4,000 astronomers (about one-third of the worldwide astronomical community) from more than 900 institutions, using more than 70 observatories on all 7 continents and in space.<sup id="cite_ref-SkyandTelescope_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SkyandTelescope-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SM-20171016_8-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SM-20171016-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The event also provided a limit on the difference between the speed of light and that of gravity. Assuming the first photons were emitted between zero and ten seconds after peak gravitational wave emission, the difference between the speeds of gravitational and electromagnetic waves, <i>v<sub>GW</sub> − v<sub>EM</sub></i>, is constrained to between −3×10<sup>−15</sup> and +7×10<sup>−16</sup> times the speed of light, which improves on the previous estimate by about 14 orders of magnitude.<sup id="cite_ref-Abbott^3_AJT_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abbott^3_AJT-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schmidt_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmidt-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition, GW170817 allowed investigation of the <a href="/wiki/Equivalence_principle" title="Equivalence principle">equivalence principle</a> (through <a href="/wiki/Shapiro_delay" class="mw-redirect" title="Shapiro delay">Shapiro delay</a> measurement) and <a href="/wiki/Lorentz_covariance" title="Lorentz covariance">Lorentz invariance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PhysRev2017_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PhysRev2017-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The limits of possible violations of Lorentz invariance (values of 'gravity sector coefficients') are reduced by the new observations by up to ten orders of magnitude.<sup id="cite_ref-Abbott^3_AJT_45-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abbott^3_AJT-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The event also excluded some <a href="/wiki/Alternatives_to_general_relativity" title="Alternatives to general relativity">alternatives to general relativity</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including variants of <a href="/wiki/Scalar%E2%80%93tensor_theory" title="Scalar–tensor theory">scalar–tensor theory</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dark_Energy_after_GW170817_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dark_Energy_after_GW170817-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dark_Energy_After_GW170817:_Dead_En_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dark_Energy_After_GW170817:_Dead_En-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ho%C5%99ava%E2%80%93Lifshitz_gravity" title="Hořava–Lifshitz gravity">Hořava–Lifshitz gravity</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Dark_Energy_after_GW170817_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dark_Energy_after_GW170817-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dark_Energy_After_GW170817:_Dead_En_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dark_Energy_After_GW170817:_Dead_En-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dark Matter Emulators,<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Bimetric_gravity" title="Bimetric gravity">bimetric gravity</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, an analysis published in July 2018 used GW170817 to show that gravitational waves propagate fully through the 3+1 curved spacetime described by general relativity, ruling out hypotheses involving "leakage" into higher, non-compact spatial dimensions.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-arxiv.org_2_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arxiv.org_2-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gravitational wave signals such as GW170817 may be used as a <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_distance_ladder#Standard_siren" title="Cosmic distance ladder">standard siren</a> to provide an independent measurement of the <a href="/wiki/Hubble_constant" class="mw-redirect" title="Hubble constant">Hubble constant</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nat24471_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nat24471-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AM-20170818_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AM-20170818-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An initial estimate of the constant derived from the observation is <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001700000000000000♠"></span>70.0<span style="margin-left:0.3em;"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:85%;text-align:right;">+12.0<br />−8.0</span></span></span> (km/s)/Mpc, broadly consistent with current <a href="/wiki/Hubble%27s_law#Measurements_of_the_Hubble_constant" title="Hubble's law">best estimates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nat24471_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nat24471-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further studies improved the measurement to <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001703000000000000♠"></span>70.3<span style="margin-left:0.3em;"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:85%;text-align:right;">+5.3<br />−5.0</span></span></span> (km/s)/Mpc.<sup id="cite_ref-NAT-20190708_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAT-20190708-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EA-20190708_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EA-20190708-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NRAO-20190708_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NRAO-20190708-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Together with the observation of future events of this kind, the uncertainty is expected to reach two percent within five years and one percent within ten years.<sup id="cite_ref-PHYS-20181022_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PHYS-20181022-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NAT-20181017_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAT-20181017-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Electromagnetic observations help support the theory that <a href="/wiki/Neutron_star_merger" title="Neutron star merger">neutron star mergers</a> contribute to rapid neutron capture (<a href="/wiki/R-process" title="R-process"><i>r</i>-process</a>) nucleosynthesis<sup id="cite_ref-Drout_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drout-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—previously assumed to be associated with supernova explosions—and are therefore the primary source of <i>r</i>-process elements heavier than iron,<sup id="cite_ref-ApJ_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ApJ-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including gold and platinum.<sup id="cite_ref-EdoBerger_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EdoBerger-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first identification of <i>r</i>-process elements in a neutron star merger was obtained during a re-analysis of GW170817 spectra.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The spectra provided direct proof of <a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">strontium</a> production during a neutron star merger. This also provided the most direct proof that neutron stars are made of neutron-rich matter. Since then, several <i>r</i>-process elements have been identified in the ejecta including <a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">yttrium</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">lanthanum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">cerium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 2017, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking">Stephen Hawking</a>, in his last broadcast interview, discussed the overall scientific importance of GW170817.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC-20180326_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-20180326-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 2018, astronomers reported related studies about possible mergers of <a href="/wiki/Neutron_star" title="Neutron star">neutron stars</a> (NS) and <a href="/wiki/White_dwarf" title="White dwarf">white dwarfs</a> (WD): including NS-NS, NS-WD, and WD-WD mergers.<sup id="cite_ref-ARX-20180928_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ARX-20180928-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GW170817&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GW170817&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Without a <a href="/wiki/Bayesian_statistics" title="Bayesian statistics">Bayesian</a> prior, the expected periodicity of a time series based on a single observation converges towards two times the observing period.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The previous constraint on the difference between the speeds of light and gravity was about ±20%.<sup id="cite_ref-Schmidt_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmidt-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Compactified dimensions cannot be ruled out by GW studies because the fundamental diffraction limit for waves with frequencies in the tens to hundreds of Hz limits their probative resolution to scales no smaller than thousands of kilometers, leaving features below this scale unresolved.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GW170817&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ApJ-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ApJ_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ApJ_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ApJ_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ApJ_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ApJ_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ApJ_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ApJ_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ApJ_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ApJ_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ApJ_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ApJ_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ApJ_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ApJ_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ApJ_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAbbott2017" class="citation journal cs1">Abbott BP, et al. (LIGO, Virgo and other collaborations) (October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dcc.ligo.org/public/0145/P1700294/007/ApJL-MMAP-171017.pdf">"Multi-messenger Observations of a Binary Neutron Star Merger"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Astrophysical_Journal" title="The Astrophysical Journal">The Astrophysical Journal</a></i>. <b>848</b> (2): L12. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1710.05833">1710.05833</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ApJ...848L..12A">2017ApJ...848L..12A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3847%2F2041-8213%2Faa91c9">10.3847/2041-8213/aa91c9</a></span>. <q>The optical and near-infrared spectra over these few days provided convincing arguments that this transient was unlike any other discovered in extensive optical wide-field surveys over the past decade.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&rft.atitle=Multi-messenger+Observations+of+a+Binary+Neutron+Star+Merger&rft.volume=848&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=L12&rft.date=2017-10&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1710.05833&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3847%2F2041-8213%2Faa91c9&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017ApJ...848L..12A&rft.aulast=Abbott&rft.aufirst=BP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdcc.ligo.org%2Fpublic%2F0145%2FP1700294%2F007%2FApJL-MMAP-171017.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGW170817" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PhysRev2017-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PhysRev2017_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PhysRev2017_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PhysRev2017_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PhysRev2017_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PhysRev2017_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PhysRev2017_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PhysRev2017_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbbottAbbottAbbottAcernese2017" class="citation journal cs1">Abbott BP, Abbott R, Abbott TD, Acernese F, Ackley K, Adams C, et al. (<a href="/wiki/LIGO_Scientific_Collaboration" title="LIGO Scientific Collaboration">LIGO Scientific Collaboration</a> & <a href="/wiki/Virgo_interferometer" title="Virgo interferometer">Virgo Collaboration</a>) (October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.119.161101">"GW170817: Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Neutron Star Inspiral"</a>. <i>Physical Review Letters</i>. <b>119</b> (16): 161101. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1710.05832">1710.05832</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PhRvL.119p1101A">2017PhRvL.119p1101A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.119.161101">10.1103/PhysRevLett.119.161101</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29099225">29099225</a>.</cite><span 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"GRB 170817A-GW170817-AT 2017gfo and the observations of NS-NS, NS-WD, and WD-WD mergers". <i>Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics</i>. <b>2018</b> (10): 006. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1802.10027">1802.10027</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JCAP...10..006R">2018JCAP...10..006R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1475-7516%2F2018%2F10%2F006">10.1088/1475-7516/2018/10/006</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119369873">119369873</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cosmology+and+Astroparticle+Physics&rft.atitle=GRB+170817A-GW170817-AT+2017gfo+and+the+observations+of+NS-NS%2C+NS-WD%2C+and+WD-WD+mergers&rft.volume=2018&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=006&rft.date=2018-09-28&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1802.10027&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A119369873%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F1475-7516%2F2018%2F10%2F006&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018JCAP...10..006R&rft.aulast=Rueda&rft.aufirst=JA&rft.au=Ruffini%2C+R&rft.au=Wang%2C+Y&rft.au=Aimuratov%2C+Y&rft.au=de+Almeida%2C+UB&rft.au=Bianco%2C+CL&rft.au=Chen%2C+YC&rft.au=Lobato%2C+RV&rft.au=Maia%2C+C&rft.au=Primorac%2C+D&rft.au=Moradi%2C+R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGW170817" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GW170817&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kilonova.space/kne/GW170817/">the original</a> on 17 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Follow-up+observations+of+GW170817&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkilonova.space%2Fkne%2FGW170817%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGW170817" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Related videos (16 October 2017): <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mtLPKYl4AHs"><span class="plainlinks">NSF LIGO-Virgo press conference: 2 panels and Q&As (03:21)</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_SQbaILipjY"><span class="plainlinks">MPI: Sound of the merger (0:32)</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gravitational-wave_astronomy227" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gravitational waves"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gravitational-wave_astronomy227" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gravitational-wave_astronomy" title="Gravitational-wave astronomy">Gravitational-wave astronomy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_wave" title="Gravitational wave">Gravitational wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational-wave_observatory" title="Gravitational-wave observatory">Gravitational-wave observatory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gravitational-wave_observatory" title="Gravitational-wave observatory">Detectors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gravitational-wave_observatory#Weber_bars" title="Gravitational-wave observatory">Resonant mass<br /> antennas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NAUTILUS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NAUTILUS (page does not exist)">NAUTILUS</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Gravitational_Event_Collaboration&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Gravitational Event Collaboration (page does not exist)">IGEC</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AURIGA" title="AURIGA">AURIGA</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Gravitational_Event_Collaboration&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Gravitational Event Collaboration (page does not exist)">IGEC</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MiniGrail" title="MiniGrail">MiniGRAIL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Schenberg_(Gravitational_Wave_Detector)" title="Mario Schenberg (Gravitational Wave Detector)">Mario Schenberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=EXPLORER&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EXPLORER (page does not exist)">EXPLORER</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Gravitational_Event_Collaboration&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Gravitational Event Collaboration (page does not exist)">IGEC</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allegro_gravitational-wave_detector" title="Allegro gravitational-wave detector">ALLEGRO</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Gravitational_Event_Collaboration&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Gravitational Event Collaboration (page does not exist)">IGEC</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NIOBE" title="NIOBE">NIOBE</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Gravitational_Event_Collaboration&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Gravitational Event Collaboration (page does not exist)">IGEC</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanford_gravitational_wave_detector&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stanford gravitational wave detector (page does not exist)">Stanford gravitational wave detector</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ALTAIR_(gravitational_wave_detector)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ALTAIR (gravitational wave detector) (page does not exist)">ALTAIR</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GEOGRAV&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GEOGRAV (page does not exist)">GEOGRAV</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AGATA_(gravitational_wave_detector)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AGATA (gravitational wave detector) (page does not exist)">AGATA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weber_bar" title="Weber bar">Weber bar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torsion-bar_antenna" title="Torsion-bar antenna">TOBA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past proposals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MiniGrail" title="MiniGrail">GRAIL</a> (downsized to <a href="/wiki/MiniGrail" title="MiniGrail">MiniGRAIL</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Truncated_Icosahedral_Gravitational_Wave_Antenna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Truncated Icosahedral Gravitational Wave Antenna (page does not exist)">TIGA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SFERA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SFERA (page does not exist)">SFERA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Schenberg_(Gravitational_Wave_Detector)" title="Mario Schenberg (Gravitational Wave Detector)">Graviton</a> (downsized to <a href="/wiki/Mario_Schenberg_(Gravitational_Wave_Detector)" title="Mario Schenberg (Gravitational Wave Detector)">Mario Schenberg</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ground-based_interferometric_gravitational-wave_search" title="Ground-based interferometric gravitational-wave search"> Ground-based<br />interferometers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AIGO" title="AIGO">AIGO</a> (<a href="/wiki/ACIGA" title="ACIGA">ACIGA</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLIO" title="CLIO">CLIO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holometer" title="Holometer">Fermilab holometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GEO600" title="GEO600">GEO600</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LIGO" title="LIGO">Advanced LIGO</a> (<a href="/wiki/LIGO_Scientific_Collaboration" title="LIGO Scientific Collaboration">LIGO Scientific Collaboration</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/KAGRA" title="KAGRA">KAGRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgo_interferometer" title="Virgo interferometer">Advanced Virgo</a> (<a href="/wiki/European_Gravitational_Observatory" title="European Gravitational Observatory">European Gravitational Observatory</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TAMA_300" title="TAMA 300">TAMA 300</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAMA_300" title="TAMA 300">TAMA 20, later known as LISM</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=TENKO-100&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TENKO-100 (page does not exist)">TENKO-100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LIGO#Background" title="LIGO">Caltech 40m interferometer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Planned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Initiative_in_Gravitational-wave_Observations" title="Indian Initiative in Gravitational-wave Observations">INDIGO (LIGO-India)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Explorer_(gravitational_wave_observatory)" title="Cosmic Explorer (gravitational wave observatory)">Cosmic Explorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein_Telescope" title="Einstein Telescope">Einstein Telescope</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past proposals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LIGO-Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="LIGO-Australia">LIGO-Australia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Space-based<br />interferometers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Planned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laser_Interferometer_Space_Antenna" title="Laser Interferometer Space Antenna">LISA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Bang_Observer" title="Big Bang Observer">Big Bang Observer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deci-hertz_Interferometer_Gravitational_wave_Observatory" title="Deci-hertz Interferometer Gravitational wave Observatory">DECIGO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TianQin" title="TianQin">TianQin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pulsar_timing_array" title="Pulsar timing array">Pulsar timing arrays</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Pulsar_Timing_Array" title="European Pulsar Timing Array">EPTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Pulsar_Timing_Array" title="International Pulsar Timing Array">IPTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Nanohertz_Observatory_for_Gravitational_Waves" title="North American Nanohertz Observatory for Gravitational Waves">NANOGrav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkes_Observatory" title="Parkes Observatory">PPTA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Data analysis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Einstein@Home" title="Einstein@Home">Einstein@Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PyCBC" title="PyCBC">PyCBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zooniverse" title="Zooniverse">Zooniverse</a>: Gravity Spy</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gravitational_wave_observations" title="List of gravitational wave observations">List of observations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_observation_of_gravitational_waves" title="First observation of gravitational waves">First observation (GW150914)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GW151226" title="GW151226">GW151226</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GW170104" title="GW170104">GW170104</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GW170608" title="GW170608">GW170608</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GW170814" title="GW170814">GW170814</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">GW170817</a> (first <a href="/wiki/Neutron_star_merger" title="Neutron star merger">neutron star merger</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GW190412" title="GW190412">GW190412</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GW190521" title="GW190521">GW190521</a> (first-ever possible light from bh-bh merger)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GW190814" title="GW190814">GW190814</a> (first-ever "mass gap" collision)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GW200105&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GW200105 (page does not exist)">GW200105</a> (first black hole - neutron star merger)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Direct detection <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interferometric_gravitational-wave_detector" class="mw-redirect" title="Interferometric gravitational-wave detector">Laser interferometers</a></li> <li>Resonant mass detectors</li> <li><i>Proposed: <a href="/wiki/Atom_interferometer" title="Atom interferometer">Atom interferometers</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Indirect detection <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_microwave_background#B-modes" title="Cosmic microwave background">B-modes</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_microwave_background" title="Cosmic microwave background">CMB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulsar_timing_array" title="Pulsar timing array">Pulsar timing array</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binary_pulsar" title="Binary pulsar">Binary pulsar</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_relativity" title="General relativity">General relativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tests_of_general_relativity" title="Tests of general relativity">Tests of general relativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternatives_to_general_relativity" title="Alternatives to general relativity">Metric theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graviton" title="Graviton">Graviton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Effects / properties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_wave#Effects_of_passing" title="Gravitational wave">Polarization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spin-flip" title="Spin-flip">Spin-flip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redshift" title="Redshift">Redshift</a></li> <li>Travel with <a href="/wiki/Speed_of_light" title="Speed of light">speed of light</a></li> <li>h strain</li> <li>Chirp signal (<a href="/wiki/Chirp_mass" title="Chirp mass">chirp mass</a>)</li> <li>Carried <a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_wave_background" title="Gravitational wave background">Gravitational wave background</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types / sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stochastic" title="Stochastic">Stochastic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_inflation" title="Cosmic inflation">Cosmic inflation</a>-<a href="/wiki/Quantum_fluctuation" title="Quantum fluctuation">quantum fluctuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phase_transition" title="Phase transition">Phase transition</a></li></ul></li> <li>Binary inspiral <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supermassive_black_hole" title="Supermassive black hole">Supermassive black holes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_black_hole" title="Stellar black hole">Stellar black holes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_star" title="Neutron star">Neutron stars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_mass_ratio_inspiral" title="Extreme mass ratio inspiral">EMRI</a></li></ul></li> <li>Continuous <ul><li>Rotating neutron star</li></ul></li> <li>Burst <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">Supernova</a> or from <i>unknown</i> sources</li></ul></li> <li>Hypothesis <ul><li>Colliding <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_string" title="Cosmic string">cosmic string</a> and <i>other unknown</i> sources</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Science_Breakthroughs_of_the_Year112" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Breakthrough_of_the_Year" title="Template:Breakthrough of the Year"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Breakthrough_of_the_Year" title="Template talk:Breakthrough of the Year"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Breakthrough_of_the_Year" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Breakthrough of the Year"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Science_Breakthroughs_of_the_Year112" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Breakthrough_of_the_Year" title="Breakthrough of the Year"><i>Science</i> Breakthroughs of the Year</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i><br />journal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1996: <a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a> understanding</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1997: <a href="/wiki/Dolly_(sheep)" title="Dolly (sheep)">Dolly the sheep</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1998: <a href="/wiki/Accelerating_expansion_of_the_universe" title="Accelerating expansion of the universe">Accelerating universe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1999: <a href="/wiki/Stem_cell" title="Stem cell">Stem cell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2000: <a href="/wiki/Whole_genome_sequencing" title="Whole genome sequencing">Whole genome sequencing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2001: <a href="/wiki/Nanocircuitry" title="Nanocircuitry">Nanocircuits</a> or <a href="/wiki/Molecular_scale_electronics" title="Molecular scale electronics">Molecular circuit</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2002: <a href="/wiki/RNA_interference" title="RNA interference">RNA interference</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2003: <a href="/wiki/Dark_energy" title="Dark energy">Dark energy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2004: <a href="/wiki/Spirit_(rover)" title="Spirit (rover)"><i>Spirit</i> rover</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2005: <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">Evolution</a> in action</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2006: <a href="/wiki/Poincar%C3%A9_conjecture" title="Poincaré conjecture">Poincaré conjecture</a> proof</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2007: <a href="/wiki/Human_genetic_variation" title="Human genetic variation">Human genetic variation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2008: <a href="/wiki/Induced_pluripotent_stem_cell" title="Induced pluripotent stem cell">Cellular reprogramming</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2009: <i><a href="/wiki/Ardipithecus_ramidus" title="Ardipithecus ramidus">Ardipithecus ramidus</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2010: First <a href="/wiki/Quantum_machine" title="Quantum machine">quantum machine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2011: <a href="/wiki/HPTN_052" title="HPTN 052">HPTN 052</a> clinical trial</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2012: <a href="/wiki/Higgs_boson" title="Higgs boson">Higgs boson</a> discovery</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2013: <a href="/wiki/Cancer_immunotherapy" title="Cancer immunotherapy">Cancer immunotherapy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2014: <a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(spacecraft)" title="Rosetta (spacecraft)"><i>Rosetta</i> comet mission</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2015: <a href="/wiki/CRISPR_gene_editing" title="CRISPR gene editing">CRISPR genome-editing method</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2016: <a href="/wiki/First_observation_of_gravitational_waves" title="First observation of gravitational waves">First observation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_wave" title="Gravitational wave">gravitational waves</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2017: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">GW170817</a> (<a href="/wiki/Neutron_star_merger" title="Neutron star merger">neutron star merger</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2018: <a href="/wiki/Single-cell_sequencing" title="Single-cell sequencing">Single-cell sequencing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2019: A <a href="/wiki/Black_hole" title="Black hole">black hole</a> <a href="/wiki/Messier_87" title="Messier 87">made visible</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2020: <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine" title="COVID-19 vaccine">COVID-19 vaccines</a> developed at record speed</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2021: <a href="/wiki/AlphaFold" title="AlphaFold">AI</a> brings <a href="/wiki/Protein_structure_prediction" title="Protein structure prediction">protein structures</a> to all</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2022: <a href="/wiki/James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="James Webb Space Telescope">James Webb Space Telescope</a> debut</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2023: <a href="/wiki/GLP-1_receptor_agonist" title="GLP-1 receptor agonist">GLP-1 drugs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2024: <a href="/wiki/Lenacapavir" title="Lenacapavir">Lenacapavir</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="2017_in_space1148" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:2017_in_space" title="Template:2017 in space"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:2017_in_space" title="Template talk:2017 in space"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:2017_in_space" title="Special:EditPage/Template:2017 in space"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="2017_in_space1148" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2017 in space</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><div style="float: left;"> « <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Template:2016_in_space" title="Template:2016 in space">2016</a></span> </div> <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Template:2018_in_space" title="Template:2018 in space">2018</a></span> » </div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/2017_in_spaceflight" title="2017 in spaceflight">Space probe launches</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Category:Space_probes_launched_in_2017" title="Category:Space probes launched in 2017"><img alt="Space probes launched in 2017" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/15px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/30px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASTERIA_(spacecraft)" title="ASTERIA (spacecraft)">ASTERIA</a> (miniature space telescope; August 2017)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding-left: 0.5em;"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA21423_-_Surface_of_TRAPPIST-1f.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/PIA21423_-_Surface_of_TRAPPIST-1f.jpg/150px-PIA21423_-_Surface_of_TRAPPIST-1f.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/PIA21423_-_Surface_of_TRAPPIST-1f.jpg/225px-PIA21423_-_Surface_of_TRAPPIST-1f.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/PIA21423_-_Surface_of_TRAPPIST-1f.jpg/300px-PIA21423_-_Surface_of_TRAPPIST-1f.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4534" data-file-height="2550" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eso1733s_Artist%27s_impression_of_merging_neutron_stars.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Eso1733s_Artist%27s_impression_of_merging_neutron_stars.jpg/150px-Eso1733s_Artist%27s_impression_of_merging_neutron_stars.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Eso1733s_Artist%27s_impression_of_merging_neutron_stars.jpg/225px-Eso1733s_Artist%27s_impression_of_merging_neutron_stars.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Eso1733s_Artist%27s_impression_of_merging_neutron_stars.jpg/300px-Eso1733s_Artist%27s_impression_of_merging_neutron_stars.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6152" data-file-height="4026" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Artist%27s_impression_of_%CA%BBOumuamua.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Artist%27s_impression_of_%CA%BBOumuamua.jpg/150px-Artist%27s_impression_of_%CA%BBOumuamua.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Artist%27s_impression_of_%CA%BBOumuamua.jpg/225px-Artist%27s_impression_of_%CA%BBOumuamua.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Artist%27s_impression_of_%CA%BBOumuamua.jpg/300px-Artist%27s_impression_of_%CA%BBOumuamua.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2522" data-file-height="1649" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Impact_event" title="Impact event">Impact events</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bolides_in_2017" title="List of bolides in 2017">Bolides in 2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_China_bolide" title="2017 China bolide">2017 China bolide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Selected <a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_object" title="Near-Earth object">NEOs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_asteroid_close_approaches_to_Earth_in_2017" title="List of asteroid close approaches to Earth in 2017">Asteroid close approaches</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2017_AG13" title="2017 AG13">2017 AG<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">13</span></span></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2017_BS5" title="2017 BS5">2017 BS<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">5</span></span></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2017_BQ6" title="2017 BQ6">2017 BQ<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">6</span></span></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2016_WF9" title="2016 WF9">2016 WF<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">9</span></span></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/(671294)_2014_JO25" title="(671294) 2014 JO25">(671294) 2014 JO<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">25</span></span></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2017_OO1" title="2017 OO1">2017 OO<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">1</span></span></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2017_QP1" title="2017 QP1">2017 QP<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">1</span></span></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3122_Florence" title="3122 Florence">3122 Florence</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2017_SX17" title="2017 SX17">2017 SX<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">17</span></span></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2012_TC4" title="2012 TC4">2012 TC<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">4</span></span></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2017_TD6" title="2017 TD6">2017 TD<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">6</span></span></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2017_VL2" title="2017 VL2">2017 VL<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">2</span></span></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2017_VW13" title="2017 VW13">2017 VW<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">13</span></span></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2017_XO2" title="2017 XO2">2017 XO<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">2</span></span></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3200_Phaethon" title="3200 Phaethon">3200 Phaethon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_in_2017" title="List of exoplanets discovered in 2017">Exoplanets</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Category:Exoplanets_discovered_in_2017" title="Category:Exoplanets discovered in 2017"><img alt="Exoplanets discovered in 2017" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/15px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/30px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HATS-36b" title="HATS-36b">HATS-36b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_113996_b" class="mw-redirect" title="HD 113996 b">HD 113996 b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KELT-18b" title="KELT-18b">KELT-18b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-19d" class="mw-redirect" title="Kepler-19d">Kepler-19d</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-80" title="Kepler-80">Kepler-80g</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-90i" title="Kepler-90i">Kepler-90i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K2-66b" title="K2-66b">K2-66b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K2-138b" title="K2-138b">K2-138b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LHS_1140_b" title="LHS 1140 b">LHS 1140 b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luyten_b" title="Luyten b">Luyten b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGTS-1b" title="NGTS-1b">NGTS-1b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OGLE-2016-BLG-1190Lb" title="OGLE-2016-BLG-1190Lb">OGLE-2016-BLG-1190Lb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OGLE-2016-BLG-1195Lb" title="OGLE-2016-BLG-1195Lb">OGLE-2016-BLG-1195Lb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_128_b" title="Ross 128 b">Ross 128 b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tau_Ceti#Planetary_system" title="Tau Ceti">Tau Ceti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tau_Ceti_g" class="mw-redirect" title="Tau Ceti g">g</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tau_Ceti_h" class="mw-redirect" title="Tau Ceti h">h</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRAPPIST-1" title="TRAPPIST-1">TRAPPIST-1</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TRAPPIST-1e" title="TRAPPIST-1e">e</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRAPPIST-1f" title="TRAPPIST-1f">f</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRAPPIST-1g" title="TRAPPIST-1g">g</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRAPPIST-1h" title="TRAPPIST-1h">h</a></li></ul></li> <li>dark <a href="/wiki/Albedo" title="Albedo">albedo</a> of <a href="/wiki/WASP-12b" title="WASP-12b">WASP-12b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WASP-107b" title="WASP-107b">WASP-107b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YZ_Ceti" title="YZ Ceti">YZ Ceti</a> <ul><li>b</li> <li>c</li> <li>d</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discoveries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GW170104" title="GW170104">GW170104</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haumea#Ring" title="Haumea">Ring of Haumea</a></li> <li>2 <a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Jupiter" title="Moons of Jupiter">moons of Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GW170608" title="GW170608">GW170608</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati_Supercluster" title="Saraswati Supercluster">Saraswati Supercluster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GW170814" title="GW170814">GW170814</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IGR_J17329-2731" title="IGR J17329-2731">IGR J17329-2731</a> (X-ray source)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">GW170817</a> <a href="/wiki/Neutron_star_merger" title="Neutron star merger">neutron star merger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BBOumuamua" title="ʻOumuamua">ʻOumuamua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ULAS_J1342%2B0928" title="ULAS J1342+0928">ULAS J1342+0928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RZ_Piscium" title="RZ Piscium">RZ Piscium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Comets <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Category:Comets_in_2017" title="Category:Comets in 2017"><img alt="Comets in 2017" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/15px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/30px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C/2016_U1_(NEOWISE)" title="C/2016 U1 (NEOWISE)">C/2016 U1 (NEOWISE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/41P/Tuttle%E2%80%93Giacobini%E2%80%93Kres%C3%A1k" title="41P/Tuttle–Giacobini–Kresák">41P/Tuttle–Giacobini–Kresák</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/103P/Hartley" title="103P/Hartley">103P/Hartley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2015_ER61_(PanSTARRS)" title="C/2015 ER61 (PanSTARRS)">C/2015 ER<sub>61</sub> (PanSTARRS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2015_V2_(Johnson)" title="C/2015 V2 (Johnson)">C/2015 V2 (Johnson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/(300163)_2006_VW139" title="(300163) 2006 VW139">P/2006 VW139</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2017_O1_(ASASSN)" title="C/2017 O1 (ASASSN)">C/2017 O1 (ASASSN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/96P/Machholz" title="96P/Machholz">96P/Machholz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Space exploration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cassini_retirement" title="Cassini retirement"><i>Cassini</i> retirement</a> (impacted into Saturn; Sep 2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSIRIS-REx" title="OSIRIS-REx">OSIRIS-REx</a> (Earth gravity assist; Sep 2017)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/32px-Earth-moon.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/48px-Earth-moon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/64px-Earth-moon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Outer_space" title="Portal:Outer space">Outer space portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:2016_in_outer_space" title="Category:2016 in outer space">Category:2016 in outer space</a> — <b><a href="/wiki/Category:2017_in_outer_space" title="Category:2017 in outer space">Category:2017 in outer space</a></b> — <a href="/wiki/Category:2018_in_outer_space" title="Category:2018 in outer space">Category:2018 in outer space</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Constellation_of_Hydra227" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hydra_(constellation)" title="Template:Hydra (constellation)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hydra_(constellation)" title="Template talk:Hydra (constellation)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hydra_(constellation)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hydra (constellation)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Constellation_of_Hydra227" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hydra_(constellation)" title="Hydra (constellation)">Constellation of Hydra</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stars_in_Hydra" title="List of stars in Hydra">List of stars in Hydra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydra_in_Chinese_astronomy" title="Hydra in Chinese astronomy">Hydra in Chinese astronomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Star" title="Star">Stars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bayer_designation" title="Bayer designation">Bayer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alphard" title="Alphard">α (Alphard)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Hydrae" title="Beta Hydrae">β</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma_Hydrae" title="Gamma Hydrae">γ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_Hydrae" title="Delta Hydrae">δ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epsilon_Hydrae" title="Epsilon Hydrae">ε (Ashlesha)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeta_Hydrae" title="Zeta Hydrae">ζ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eta_Hydrae" title="Eta Hydrae">η</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theta_Hydrae" title="Theta Hydrae">θ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iota_Hydrae" title="Iota Hydrae">ι (Ukdah)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappa_Hydrae" title="Kappa Hydrae">κ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambda_Hydrae" title="Lambda Hydrae">λ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu_Hydrae" title="Mu Hydrae">μ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nu_Hydrae" title="Nu Hydrae">ν</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Hydrae" title="Xi Hydrae">ξ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omicron_Hydrae" title="Omicron Hydrae">ο</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi_Hydrae" title="Pi Hydrae">π</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rho_Hydrae" title="Rho Hydrae">ρ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigma_Hydrae" title="Sigma Hydrae">σ (Minchir)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tau1_Hydrae" title="Tau1 Hydrae">τ<sup>1</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tau2_Hydrae" title="Tau2 Hydrae">τ<sup>2</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upsilon1_Hydrae" title="Upsilon1 Hydrae">υ<sup>1</sup> (Zhang)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upsilon2_Hydrae" title="Upsilon2 Hydrae">υ<sup>2</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phi1_Hydrae" title="Phi1 Hydrae">φ<sup>1</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phi2_Hydrae" title="Phi2 Hydrae">φ<sup>2</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phi3_Hydrae" title="Phi3 Hydrae">φ<sup>3</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chi1_Hydrae" title="Chi1 Hydrae">χ<sup>1</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chi2_Hydrae" title="Chi2 Hydrae">χ<sup>2</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psi_Hydrae" title="Psi Hydrae">ψ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omega_Hydrae" title="Omega Hydrae">ω</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Flamsteed_designation" title="Flamsteed designation">Flamsteed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1_Hydrae" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Hydrae">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Hydrae" class="mw-redirect" title="2 Hydrae">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_Hydrae" class="mw-redirect" title="3 Hydrae">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6_Hydrae" title="6 Hydrae">6 (a)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9_Hydrae" title="9 Hydrae">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10_Hydrae" class="mw-redirect" title="10 Hydrae">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12_Hydrae" title="12 Hydrae">12 (D)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14_Hydrae" class="mw-redirect" title="14 Hydrae">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15_Hydrae" class="mw-redirect" title="15 Hydrae">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17_Hydrae" class="mw-redirect" title="17 Hydrae">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19_Hydrae" class="mw-redirect" title="19 Hydrae">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20_Hydrae" class="mw-redirect" title="20 Hydrae">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21_Hydrae" class="mw-redirect" title="21 Hydrae">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/23_Hydrae" class="mw-redirect" title="23 Hydrae">23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/24_Hydrae" class="mw-redirect" title="24 Hydrae">24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/25_Hydrae" class="mw-redirect" title="25 Hydrae">25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/26_Hydrae" title="26 Hydrae">26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/27_Hydrae" title="27 Hydrae">27 (P)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/28_Hydrae" class="mw-redirect" title="28 Hydrae">28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/29_Hydrae" class="mw-redirect" title="29 Hydrae">29</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/33_Hydrae" class="mw-redirect" title="33 Hydrae">33 (A)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/34_Hydrae" class="mw-redirect" title="34 Hydrae">34</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/37_Hydrae" class="mw-redirect" title="37 Hydrae">37</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/44_Hydrae" class="mw-redirect" title="44 Hydrae">44</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/47_Hydrae" class="mw-redirect" title="47 Hydrae">47</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/48_Hydrae" class="mw-redirect" title="48 Hydrae">48</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/50_Hydrae" class="mw-redirect" title="50 Hydrae">50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/51_Hydrae" title="51 Hydrae">51 (k)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/52_Hydrae" title="52 Hydrae">52 (l)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/54_Hydrae" class="mw-redirect" title="54 Hydrae">54 (m)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/55_Hydrae" class="mw-redirect" title="55 Hydrae">55</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/56_Hydrae" class="mw-redirect" title="56 Hydrae">56</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/57_Hydrae" class="mw-redirect" title="57 Hydrae">57</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/58_Hydrae" title="58 Hydrae">58 (E)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/59_Hydrae" class="mw-redirect" title="59 Hydrae">59</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/60_Hydrae" class="mw-redirect" title="60 Hydrae">60</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_93397" class="mw-redirect" title="HD 93397"><i>3 Crt</i> (b<sup>1</sup>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_94046" class="mw-redirect" title="HD 94046"><i>5 Crt</i> (b<sup>2</sup>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_94388" class="mw-redirect" title="HD 94388"><i>6 Crt</i> (b<sup>3</sup>)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/HD_96819" title="HD 96819">10 Crt</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17_Crateris" title="17 Crateris"><i>17 Crt</i> (N)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/HR_4458" title="HR 4458">20 Crt</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/14_Librae" class="mw-redirect" title="14 Librae">14 Lib</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/30_Monocerotis" class="mw-redirect" title="30 Monocerotis"><i>30 Mon</i> (C)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F_Hydrae" title="F Hydrae"><i>31 Mon</i> (F)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/2_Sextantis" title="2 Sextantis">2 Sex</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Variable_star_designation" class="mw-redirect" title="Variable star designation">Variable</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/R_Hydrae" title="R Hydrae">R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U_Hydrae" title="U Hydrae">U</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V_Hydrae" title="V Hydrae">V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W_Hydrae" title="W Hydrae">W</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TW_Hydrae" title="TW Hydrae">TW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EX_Hydrae" title="EX Hydrae">EX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HS_Hydrae" title="HS Hydrae">HS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KU_Hydrae" title="KU Hydrae">KU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LQ_Hydrae" title="LQ Hydrae">LQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_92945" title="HD 92945">V419</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelu-1" title="Kelu-1">V421</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SSSPM_J0829-1309" class="mw-redirect" title="SSSPM J0829-1309">V434</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_70573" title="HD 70573">V478</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bright_Star_Catalogue" title="Bright Star Catalogue">HR</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HD_72561" title="HD 72561">3378</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_76151" title="HD 76151">3538</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_81799" title="HD 81799">3749 (G)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_81809" class="mw-redirect" title="HD 81809">3750</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_83953" title="HD 83953">3858 (I)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_84117" title="HD 84117">3862</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_85859" title="HD 85859">3919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_85951" title="HD 85951">3923 (Felis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_92036" title="HD 92036">4162</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_96700" title="HD 96700">4328</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HR_4339" title="HR 4339">4339</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_100307" title="HD 100307">4445</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_122430" title="HD 122430">5265</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Draper_Catalogue" title="Henry Draper Catalogue">HD</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HD_72659" title="HD 72659">72659</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_74156" title="HD 74156">74156</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_82943" title="HD 82943">82943</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_86226" title="HD 86226">86226</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_86264" title="HD 86264">86264</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_90156" title="HD 90156">90156</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gliese_Catalogue_of_Nearby_Stars" title="Gliese Catalogue of Nearby Stars">Gliese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gliese_328" title="Gliese 328">328</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gliese_357" title="Gliese 357">357</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gliese_433" title="Gliese 433">433</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gliese_453" class="mw-redirect" title="Gliese 453">453</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GJ_3517" class="mw-redirect" title="GJ 3517">3517</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GJ_3634" title="GJ 3634">3634</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HE_1256-2738" title="HE 1256-2738">HE 1256-2738</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HE_1327-2326" title="HE 1327-2326">HE 1327-2326</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LHS_2065" title="LHS 2065">LHS 2065</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LHS_3003" class="mw-redirect" title="LHS 3003">LHS 3003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LTT_3780" title="LTT 3780">LTT 3780</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2MASS_J11145133%E2%88%922618235" title="2MASS J11145133−2618235">2MASS 1114−2618</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WASP-25" title="WASP-25">WASP-25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WASP-36" title="WASP-36">WASP-36</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WASP-84" title="WASP-84">WASP-84</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WISE_0855%E2%88%920714" title="WISE 0855−0714">WISE 0855−0714</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Star_cluster" title="Star cluster">Star clusters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Open_cluster" title="Open cluster">Open</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Messier_48" title="Messier 48">Messier 48</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Globular_cluster" title="Globular cluster">Globular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Messier_68" title="Messier 68">Messier 68</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_5694" title="NGC 5694">NGC 5694</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nebula" title="Nebula">Nebulae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Planetary30" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Planetary_nebula" title="Planetary nebula">Planetary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abell_33" title="Abell 33">Abell 33</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abell_35" title="Abell 35">Abell 35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_3242" title="NGC 3242">NGC 3242</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Galaxies" class="mw-redirect" title="Galaxies">Galaxies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Messier_objects" class="mw-redirect" title="Messier objects">Messier</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Messier_83" title="Messier 83">83</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_General_Catalogue" title="New General Catalogue">NGC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NGC_2617" title="NGC 2617">2617</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_2697" title="NGC 2697">2697</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_2708" title="NGC 2708">2708</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_2835" title="NGC 2835">2835</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_2865" title="NGC 2865">2865</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_2890" title="NGC 2890">2890</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_2936" title="NGC 2936">2936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_2937" title="NGC 2937">2937</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_2962" title="NGC 2962">2962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_2992" title="NGC 2992">2992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_3054" title="NGC 3054">3054</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_3081" title="NGC 3081">3081</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_3109" title="NGC 3109">3109</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_3124" title="NGC 3124">3124</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_3285" title="NGC 3285">3285</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_3305" title="NGC 3305">3305</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_3307" title="NGC 3307">3307</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_3308" title="NGC 3308">3308</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_3309" title="NGC 3309">3309</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_3311" title="NGC 3311">3311</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_3312" title="NGC 3312">3312</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_3313" title="NGC 3313">3313</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_3314" title="NGC 3314">3314</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_3315" title="NGC 3315">3315</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_3316" title="NGC 3316">3316</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_3336" title="NGC 3336">3336</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_3369" title="NGC 3369">3369</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_3393" title="NGC 3393">3393</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_3402" title="NGC 3402">3402</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_3464" title="NGC 3464">3464</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_3585" title="NGC 3585">3585</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_3621" title="NGC 3621">3621</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_3717" title="NGC 3717">3717</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_3923" title="NGC 3923">3923</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_4980" title="NGC 4980">4980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_4993" title="NGC 4993">4993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_5078" title="NGC 5078">5078</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_5101" title="NGC 5101">5101</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_5135" title="NGC 5135">5135</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_5260" title="NGC 5260">5260</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_5264" title="NGC 5264">5264</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_5495" title="NGC 5495">5495</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3C_196.1" title="3C 196.1">3C 196.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AM_1316-241" title="AM 1316-241">AM 1316-241</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arp_7" title="Arp 7">Arp 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESO_510-G13" title="ESO 510-G13">ESO 510-G13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GAMA202627" title="GAMA202627">GAMA202627</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IC_535" title="IC 535">IC 535</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MRC_1138-262" title="MRC 1138-262">MRC 1138-262</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peekaboo_Galaxy" title="Peekaboo Galaxy">Peekaboo Galaxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TN_J0924-2201" title="TN J0924-2201">TN J0924-2201</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tololo_1247-232" title="Tololo 1247-232">Tololo 1247-232</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_cluster" title="Galaxy cluster">Galaxy clusters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abell_Catalogue" class="mw-redirect" title="Abell Catalogue">Abell</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abell_754" title="Abell 754">754</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abell_3411" title="Abell 3411">3411</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abell_3412" title="Abell 3412">3412</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hickson_40" title="Hickson 40">Hickson 40</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Time-domain_astronomy" title="Time-domain astronomy">Astronomical events</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">GW170817</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 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