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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Mammalian types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mammalian_types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Mammalian types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mammalian_types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-IFN-α" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#IFN-α"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>IFN-α</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-IFN-α-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-IFN-β" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#IFN-β"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>IFN-β</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-IFN-β-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-IFN-ε,_-κ,_-τ,_-δ_and_-ζ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#IFN-ε,_-κ,_-τ,_-δ_and_-ζ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>IFN-ε, -κ, -τ, -δ and -ζ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-IFN-ε,_-κ,_-τ,_-δ_and_-ζ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-IFN-ω" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#IFN-ω"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>IFN-ω</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-IFN-ω-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-IFN-ν" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#IFN-ν"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>IFN-ν</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-IFN-ν-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interferon_type_I_in_cancer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interferon_type_I_in_cancer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Interferon type I in cancer</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Interferon_type_I_in_cancer-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Interferon type I in cancer subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Interferon_type_I_in_cancer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Therapeutics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Therapeutics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Therapeutics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Therapeutics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Copy_number_alteration_of_the_interferon_gene_cluster_in_cancer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Copy_number_alteration_of_the_interferon_gene_cluster_in_cancer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Copy number alteration of the interferon gene cluster in cancer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Copy_number_alteration_of_the_interferon_gene_cluster_in_cancer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_of_Interferon_type_I_in_therapeutics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_of_Interferon_type_I_in_therapeutics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Use of Interferon type I in therapeutics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Use_of_Interferon_type_I_in_therapeutics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Use of Interferon type I in therapeutics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Use_of_Interferon_type_I_in_therapeutics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_cancer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_cancer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>In cancer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_cancer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Combinational_therapy_with_PD-1/PD-L1_inhibitors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Combinational_therapy_with_PD-1/PD-L1_inhibitors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Combinational therapy with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Combinational_therapy_with_PD-1/PD-L1_inhibitors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_viral_infection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_viral_infection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>In viral infection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_viral_infection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_multiple_sclerosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_multiple_sclerosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>In multiple sclerosis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_multiple_sclerosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Side_effects_of_type_I_interferon_therapy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Side_effects_of_type_I_interferon_therapy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Side effects of type I interferon therapy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Side_effects_of_type_I_interferon_therapy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interferonopathies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interferonopathies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Interferonopathies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interferonopathies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-mammalian_types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-mammalian_types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Non-mammalian types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-mammalian_types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " 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Available in 14 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">14 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B9_1" title="إنترفيرون نوع 1 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إنترفيرون نوع 1" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interfer%C3%B3_tipus_I" title="Interferó tipus I – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Interferó tipus I" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFN-%CE%B1" title="IFN-α – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="IFN-α" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interfer%C3%B3n_de_tipo_I" title="Interferón de tipo I – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Interferón de tipo I" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B9_%DB%B1" title="اینترفرون نوع ۱ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اینترفرون نوع ۱" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interf%C3%A9ron_de_type_I" title="Interféron de type I – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Interféron de type I" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interfer%C3%B3n_de_tipo_I" title="Interferón de tipo I – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Interferón de tipo I" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferon_tipe_I" title="Interferon tipe I – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Interferon tipe I" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferoni_di_tipo_I" title="Interferoni di tipo I – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Interferoni di tipo I" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%E5%9E%8B%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%95%E3%82%A7%E3%83%AD%E3%83%B3" title="I型インターフェロン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="I型インターフェロン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferona_de_tipo_I" title="Interferona de tipo I – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Interferona de tipo I" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferon_tip_I" title="Interferon tip I – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Interferon tip I" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferon_tip_I" title="Interferon tip I – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Interferon tip I" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferon_lo%E1%BA%A1i_I" title="Interferon loại I – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Interferon loại I" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q6046488#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> 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.hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Interferon_type_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Interferon type II">Interferon type II</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Interferon Type I (α/β/δ...)</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:1AU1_Human_Interferon-Beta01.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/1AU1_Human_Interferon-Beta01.png/220px-1AU1_Human_Interferon-Beta01.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/1AU1_Human_Interferon-Beta01.png/330px-1AU1_Human_Interferon-Beta01.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/1AU1_Human_Interferon-Beta01.png/440px-1AU1_Human_Interferon-Beta01.png 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1673" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The molecular structure of human interferon-beta (<span class="plainlinks"><a href="/wiki/Protein_Data_Bank" title="Protein Data Bank">PDB</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1AU1">1AU1</a></span>).</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3">Symbol</th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee">Interferons</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/Pfam" title="Pfam">Pfam</a></th><td class="infobox-data pfam" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/entry/pfam/PF00143">PF00143</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/InterPro" title="InterPro">InterPro</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/entry/IPR000471">IPR000471</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/Simple_Modular_Architecture_Research_Tool" title="Simple Modular Architecture Research Tool">SMART</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://smart.embl-heidelberg.de/smart/do_annotation.pl?DOMAIN=SM00076">SM00076</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/PROSITE" title="PROSITE">PROSITE</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://prosite.expasy.org/PDOC00225">PDOC00225</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/CATH_database" title="CATH database">CATH</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cathdb.info/pdb/1au1">1au1</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/Structural_Classification_of_Proteins" class="mw-redirect" title="Structural Classification of Proteins">SCOP2</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scop2.mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk/search?t=txt;q=1au1">1au1</a> / <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scop.berkeley.edu/pdb/code=1au1">SCOPe</a> / <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://supfam.org/SUPERFAMILY/cgi-bin/search.cgi?search_field=1au1">SUPFAM</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/Conserved_Domain_Database" title="Conserved Domain Database">CDD</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Structure/cdd/cddsrv.cgi?uid=cd00095">cd00095</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="background-color: #eee"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="float:none; clear:none; margin:0; border-width:0; border-collapse:collapse; text-align:left; width:100%"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd">Available protein structures:</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 2px 0 0;"><a href="/wiki/Pfam" title="Pfam">Pfam</a>  </th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 0 0 2px;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pfam.xfam.org/family/PF00143?tab=pdbBlock">structures</a> / <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://prodata.swmed.edu/ecod/complete/search?kw=PF00143">ECOD</a>  </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 2px 0 0;"><a href="/wiki/Protein_Data_Bank" title="Protein Data Bank">PDB</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 0 0 2px;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/search?q=rcsb_polymer_entity_annotation.annotation_id:PF00143%20AND%20rcsb_polymer_entity_annotation.type:Pfam">RCSB PDB</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe/entry/search/index?pfam_accession:PF00143">PDBe</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pdbj.org/search/pdb?other_db_select=PFam&other_db_field=PF00143">PDBj</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 2px 0 0;"><a href="/wiki/PDBsum" title="PDBsum">PDBsum</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 0 0 2px;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/thornton-srv/databases/cgi-bin/pdbsum/GetPfamStr.pl?pfam_id=PF00143">structure summary</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 2px 0 0;"><a href="/wiki/Protein_Data_Bank" title="Protein Data Bank">PDB</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 0 0 2px;"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/1b5l">1b5l</a></span> :24-187 <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/1ovi">1ovi</a></span> :24-185 <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/2hie">2hie</a></span> :24-186 <p><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/1itf">1itf</a></span> :24-186 <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/1au1">1au1</a></span>B:22-187 <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/2hif">2hif</a></span> :24-182 </p> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/1wu3">1wu3</a></span>I:22-182</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>type-I interferons</b> (IFN) are <a href="/wiki/Cytokine" title="Cytokine">cytokines</a> which play essential roles in <a href="/wiki/Inflammation" title="Inflammation">inflammation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Immunoregulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunoregulation">immunoregulation</a>, tumor cells recognition, and <a href="/wiki/T_cell" title="T cell">T-cell</a> responses. In the human genome, a cluster of thirteen functional IFN genes is located at the 9p21.3 cytoband over approximately 400 kb including coding genes for IFNα (<i>IFNA1, IFNA2, IFNA4, IFNA5, IFNA6, IFNA7, IFNA8, IFNA10, IFNA13, IFNA14, IFNA16, IFNA17</i> and <i>IFNA21</i>), IFNω (<i>IFNW1</i>), IFNɛ (<i>IFNE</i>), IFNк (<i>IFNK</i>) and IFNβ (<i>IFNB1</i>), plus 11 IFN pseudogenes.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Interferons bind to <a href="/wiki/Interferon_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Interferon receptor">interferon receptors</a>. All type I IFNs bind to a specific cell surface receptor complex known as the IFN-α receptor (<a href="/wiki/Interferon-alpha/beta_receptor" title="Interferon-alpha/beta receptor">IFNAR</a>) that consists of <a href="/wiki/IFNAR1" title="IFNAR1">IFNAR1</a> and <a href="/wiki/IFNAR2" title="IFNAR2">IFNAR2</a> chains. </p><p>Type I IFNs are found in all mammals, and homologous (similar) molecules have been found in birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish species.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15062646_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15062646-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources_and_functions">Sources and functions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interferon_type_I&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Sources and functions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>IFN-α and IFN-β are secreted by many cell types including <a href="/wiki/Lymphocytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Lymphocytes">lymphocytes</a> (<a href="/wiki/NK_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="NK cells">NK cells</a>, <a href="/wiki/B-cell" class="mw-redirect" title="B-cell">B-cells</a> and <a href="/wiki/T-cell" class="mw-redirect" title="T-cell">T-cells</a>), macrophages, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, osteoblasts and others. They stimulate both <a href="/wiki/Macrophage" title="Macrophage">macrophages</a> and NK cells to elicit an anti-viral response, involving IRF3/IRF7 antiviral pathways,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and are also active against <a href="/wiki/Tumor" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumor">tumors</a>. <a href="/wiki/Plasmacytoid_dendritic_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Plasmacytoid dendritic cells">Plasmacytoid dendritic cells</a> have been identified as being the most potent producers of type I IFNs in response to antigen, and have thus been coined natural IFN producing cells.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>IFN-ω is released by <a href="/wiki/Leukocyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Leukocyte">leukocytes</a> at the site of viral infection or tumors.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>IFN-α acts as a <a href="/wiki/Pyrogen_(fever)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyrogen (fever)">pyrogenic</a> factor by altering the activity of thermosensitive <a href="/wiki/Neuron" title="Neuron">neurons</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Hypothalamus" title="Hypothalamus">hypothalamus</a> thus causing fever. It does this by binding to <a href="/wiki/Opioid_receptor" title="Opioid receptor">opioid receptors</a> and eliciting the release of <a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin_E2" title="Prostaglandin E2">prostaglandin-E<sub>2</sub></a> (PGE<sub>2</sub>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A similar mechanism is used by IFN-α to reduce pain; IFN-α interacts with the μ-opioid receptor to act as an <a href="/wiki/Analgesic" title="Analgesic">analgesic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15465601_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15465601-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In mice, IFN-β inhibits immune cell production of growth factors, thereby slowing tumor growth, and inhibits other cells from producing vessel-producing growth factors, thereby blocking <a href="/wiki/Angiogenesis#Tumor_angiogenesis" title="Angiogenesis">tumor angiogenesis</a> and hindering the tumour from connecting into the blood vessel system.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid20237412_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid20237412-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In both mice and human, negative regulation of type I interferon signaling is known to be important. Few endogenous regulators have been found to elicit this important regulatory function, such as SOCS1 and <a href="/wiki/AH_receptor-interacting_protein" title="AH receptor-interacting protein">Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Interacting Protein</a> (AIP).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mammalian_types">Mammalian types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interferon_type_I&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Mammalian types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The mammalian types are designated IFN-α (alpha), IFN-β (beta), IFN-κ (kappa), IFN-δ (delta), IFN-ε (epsilon), IFN-τ (tau), IFN-ω (omega), and IFN-ζ (zeta, also known as limitin).<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15615256_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15615256-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid15233997_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15233997-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of these types, IFN-α, IFN -ω, and IFN-τ can work across species.<sup id="cite_ref-Yang07_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yang07-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="IFN-α"><span id="IFN-.CE.B1"></span>IFN-α</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interferon_type_I&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: IFN-α"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The IFN-α proteins are produced mainly by <a href="/wiki/Plasmacytoid_dendritic_cell" title="Plasmacytoid dendritic cell">plasmacytoid dendritic cells</a> (pDCs). They are mainly involved in innate immunity against viral infection. The genes responsible for their synthesis come in 13 subtypes that are called <a href="/wiki/IFNA1" class="mw-redirect" title="IFNA1">IFNA1</a>, <a href="/wiki/IFNA2" title="IFNA2">IFNA2</a>, <a href="/wiki/IFNA4" title="IFNA4">IFNA4</a>, <a href="/wiki/IFNA5" title="IFNA5">IFNA5</a>, <a href="/wiki/IFNA6" title="IFNA6">IFNA6</a>, <a href="/wiki/IFNA7" title="IFNA7">IFNA7</a>, <a href="/wiki/IFNA8" title="IFNA8">IFNA8</a>, <a href="/wiki/IFNA10" title="IFNA10">IFNA10</a>, <a href="/wiki/IFNA13" title="IFNA13">IFNA13</a>, <a href="/wiki/IFNA14" title="IFNA14">IFNA14</a>, <a href="/wiki/IFNA16" title="IFNA16">IFNA16</a>, <a href="/wiki/IFNA17" title="IFNA17">IFNA17</a>, <a href="/wiki/IFNA21" title="IFNA21">IFNA21</a>. These genes are found together in a cluster on chromosome 9. </p><p>IFN-α is also made synthetically as <a href="/wiki/Medication" title="Medication">medication</a> in hairy cell leukemia. The <a href="/wiki/International_Nonproprietary_Name" class="mw-redirect" title="International Nonproprietary Name">International Nonproprietary Name</a> (INN) for the product is <a href="/wiki/Interferon_alfa" title="Interferon alfa">interferon alfa</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Recombinant_DNA" title="Recombinant DNA">recombinant</a> type is <a href="/wiki/Interferon_alfacon-1" title="Interferon alfacon-1">interferon alfacon-1</a>. The <a href="/wiki/PEGylation" title="PEGylation">pegylated</a> types are <a href="/wiki/Pegylated_interferon_alfa-2a" class="mw-redirect" title="Pegylated interferon alfa-2a">pegylated interferon alfa-2a</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pegylated_interferon_alfa-2b" class="mw-redirect" title="Pegylated interferon alfa-2b">pegylated interferon alfa-2b</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Recombinant_feline_interferon_omega" title="Recombinant feline interferon omega">Recombinant feline interferon omega</a> is a form of <a href="/wiki/Cat" title="Cat">cat</a> IFN-α (not ω) for veterinary use.<sup id="cite_ref-Yang07_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yang07-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="IFN-β"><span id="IFN-.CE.B2"></span>IFN-β</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interferon_type_I&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: IFN-β"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The IFN-β proteins are produced in large quantities by <a href="/wiki/Fibroblasts" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibroblasts">fibroblasts</a>. They have antiviral activity that is involved mainly in innate immune response. Two types of IFN-β have been described, IFN-β1 (<a href="/wiki/IFNB1" title="IFNB1">IFNB1</a>) and IFN-β3 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=IFNB3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IFNB3 (page does not exist)">IFNB3</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-pmid1440058_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid1440058-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (a gene designated IFN-β2 is actually <a href="/wiki/Interleukin-6" class="mw-redirect" title="Interleukin-6">IL-6</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="IFN-ε,_-κ,_-τ,_-δ_and_-ζ"><span id="IFN-.CE.B5.2C_-.CE.BA.2C_-.CF.84.2C_-.CE.B4_and_-.CE.B6"></span>IFN-ε, -κ, -τ, -δ and -ζ</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interferon_type_I&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: IFN-ε, -κ, -τ, -δ and -ζ"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>IFN-ε, -κ, -τ, and -ζ appear, at this time, to come in a single isoform in humans, <i><a href="/wiki/IFNK" title="IFNK">IFNK</a></i>. Only ruminants encode IFN-τ, a variant of IFN-ω. So far, IFN-ζ is only found in mice, while a structural homolog, IFN-δ is found in a diverse array of non-primate and non-rodent placental mammals. Most but not all placental mammals encode functional IFN-ε and IFN-κ genes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="IFN-ω"><span id="IFN-.CF.89"></span>IFN-ω</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interferon_type_I&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: IFN-ω"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>IFN-ω, although having only one functional form described to date (<i><a href="/wiki/IFNW1" title="IFNW1">IFNW1</a></i>), has several <a href="/wiki/Pseudogene" title="Pseudogene">pseudogenes</a>: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genenames.org/tools/search/#!/genes?query=IFNWP2">IFNWP2</a></i>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genenames.org/tools/search/#!/genes?query=IFNWP4">IFNWP4</a></i>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genenames.org/tools/search/#!/genes?query=IFNWP5">IFNWP5</a></i>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genenames.org/tools/search/#!/genes?query=IFNWP9">IFNWP9</a></i>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genenames.org/tools/search/#!/genes?query=IFNWP15">IFNWP15</a></i>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genenames.org/tools/search/#!/genes?query=IFNWP18">IFNWP18</a></i>, and <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genenames.org/tools/search/#!/genes?query=IFNWP19">IFNWP19</a></i> in humans. Many non-primate placental mammals express multiple IFN-ω subtypes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="IFN-ν"><span id="IFN-.CE.BD"></span>IFN-ν</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interferon_type_I&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: IFN-ν"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Interferon_gamma" title="Interferon gamma">Interferon gamma</a> or <a href="/wiki/IFN-%CE%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="IFN-γ">IFN-γ</a>.</div> <p>This subtype of type I IFN was recently described as a pseudogene in human, but potentially functional in the domestic cat genome. In all other genomes of non-feline placental mammals, IFN-ν is a pseudogene; in some species, the pseudogene is well preserved, while in others, it is badly mutilated or is undetectable. Moreover, in the cat genome, the IFN-ν promoter is deleteriously mutated. It is likely that the IFN-ν gene family was rendered useless prior to mammalian diversification. Its presence on the edge of the type I IFN locus in mammals may have shielded it from obliteration, allowing its detection.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interferon_type_I_in_cancer">Interferon type I in cancer</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interferon_type_I&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Interferon type I in cancer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Therapeutics">Therapeutics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interferon_type_I&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Therapeutics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From the 1980s onward, members of type-I IFN family have been the standard care as immunotherapeutic agents in cancer therapy. In particular, IFNα has been approved by the <a href="/wiki/US_food_and_drug_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="US food and drug administration">US Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA) for cancer. To date, pharmaceutical companies produce several types of recombinant and <a href="/wiki/Pegylated" class="mw-redirect" title="Pegylated">pegylated</a> IFNα for clinical use; e.g., IFNα2a (<a href="/wiki/Roferon_A" class="mw-redirect" title="Roferon A">Roferon-A</a>, Roche), IFNα2b (<a href="/wiki/Intron_A" class="mw-redirect" title="Intron A">Intron-A</a>, Schering-Plough) and pegylated IFNα2b (Sylatron, Schering Corporation) for treatment of <a href="/wiki/Hairy_cell_leukemia" title="Hairy cell leukemia">hairy cell leukemia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melanoma" title="Melanoma">melanoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Renal_cell_carcinoma" title="Renal cell carcinoma">renal cell carcinoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaposi%27s_sarcoma" title="Kaposi's sarcoma">Kaposi's sarcoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Multiple_myeloma" title="Multiple myeloma">multiple myeloma</a>, follicular and non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and <a href="/wiki/Chronic_myelogenous_leukemia" title="Chronic myelogenous leukemia">chronic myelogenous leukemia</a>. Human IFNβ (<a href="/wiki/Feron" class="mw-redirect" title="Feron">Feron</a>, Toray ltd.) has also been approved in Japan to treat <a href="/wiki/Glioblastoma" title="Glioblastoma">glioblastoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medulloblastoma" title="Medulloblastoma">medulloblastoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astrocytoma" title="Astrocytoma">astrocytoma</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Melanoma" title="Melanoma">melanoma</a>.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neo.2021.08.004">[1]</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Copy_number_alteration_of_the_interferon_gene_cluster_in_cancer">Copy number alteration of the interferon gene cluster in cancer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interferon_type_I&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Copy number alteration of the interferon gene cluster in cancer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A large individual patient data meta-analysis using 9937 patients obtained from cBioportal indicates that copy number alteration of the IFN gene cluster is prevalent among 24 <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a> types. Notably deletion of this cluster is significantly associated with increased mortality in many cancer types particularly <a href="/wiki/Uterus_cancer" class="mw-redirect" title="Uterus cancer">uterus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kidney_cancer" title="Kidney cancer">kidney</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Brain_tumor" title="Brain tumor">brain</a> cancers. The Cancer Genome Atlas <a href="/wiki/Pan-cancer_analysis" title="Pan-cancer analysis">PanCancer</a> analysis also showed that copy number alteration of the IFN gene cluster is significantly associated with decreased <a href="/wiki/Overall_survival" class="mw-redirect" title="Overall survival">overall survival</a>. For instance, the overall survival of patients with brain <a href="/wiki/Glioma" title="Glioma">glioma</a> reduced from 93 months (diploidy) to 24 months. In conclusion, the copy number alteration of the IFN gene cluster is associated with increased <a href="/wiki/Mortality_rate" title="Mortality rate">mortality</a> and decreased <a href="/wiki/Overall_survival" class="mw-redirect" title="Overall survival">overall survival</a> in cancer.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_of_Interferon_type_I_in_therapeutics">Use of Interferon type I in therapeutics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interferon_type_I&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Use of Interferon type I in therapeutics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_cancer">In cancer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interferon_type_I&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: In cancer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From the 1980s onward, members of type-I IFN family have been the standard care as immunotherapeutic agents in cancer therapy. In particular, IFNα has been approved by the <a href="/wiki/US_food_and_drug_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="US food and drug administration">US Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA) for cancer. To date, pharmaceutical companies produce several types of recombinant and <a href="/wiki/Pegylated" class="mw-redirect" title="Pegylated">pegylated</a> IFNα for clinical use; e.g., IFNα2a (<a href="/wiki/Roferon_A" class="mw-redirect" title="Roferon A">Roferon-A</a>, Roche), IFNα2b (<a href="/wiki/Intron_A" class="mw-redirect" title="Intron A">Intron-A</a>, Schering-Plough) and pegylated IFNα2b (Sylatron, Schering Corporation) for treatment of <a href="/wiki/Hairy_cell_leukemia" title="Hairy cell leukemia">hairy cell leukemia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melanoma" title="Melanoma">melanoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Renal_cell_carcinoma" title="Renal cell carcinoma">renal cell carcinoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaposi%27s_sarcoma" title="Kaposi's sarcoma">Kaposi's sarcoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Multiple_myeloma" title="Multiple myeloma">multiple myeloma</a>, follicular and non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and <a href="/wiki/Chronic_myelogenous_leukemia" title="Chronic myelogenous leukemia">chronic myelogenous leukemia</a>. Human IFNβ (<a href="/wiki/Feron" class="mw-redirect" title="Feron">Feron</a>, Toray ltd.) has also been approved in Japan to treat <a href="/wiki/Glioblastoma" title="Glioblastoma">glioblastoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medulloblastoma" title="Medulloblastoma">medulloblastoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astrocytoma" title="Astrocytoma">astrocytoma</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Melanoma" title="Melanoma">melanoma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Combinational_therapy_with_PD-1/PD-L1_inhibitors"><span id="Combinational_therapy_with_PD-1.2FPD-L1_inhibitors"></span>Combinational therapy with <a href="/wiki/PD-1_and_PD-L1_inhibitors" title="PD-1 and PD-L1 inhibitors">PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors</a></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interferon_type_I&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Combinational therapy with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By combining <a href="/wiki/PD-1_and_PD-L1_inhibitors" title="PD-1 and PD-L1 inhibitors">PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors</a> with type I interferons, researchers aim to tackle multiple resistance mechanisms and enhance the overall anti-tumor immune response. The approach is supported by preclinical and clinical studies that show promising synergistic effects, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Melanoma" title="Melanoma">melanoma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Renal_cell_carcinoma" title="Renal cell carcinoma">renal carcinoma</a>. These studies reveal increased infiltration and <a href="/wiki/T_cell_activation" class="mw-redirect" title="T cell activation">activation of T cells</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Tumor_microenvironment" title="Tumor microenvironment">tumor microenvironment</a>, the development of <a href="/wiki/Memory_T_cell" title="Memory T cell">memory T cells</a>, and prolonged patient survival.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_viral_infection">In viral infection</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interferon_type_I&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: In viral infection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Due to their strong antiviral properties, recombinant type 1 IFNs can be used for the treatment for persistent viral infection. Pegylated IFN-α is the current standard of care when it comes to chronic Hepatitis B and C infection.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_multiple_sclerosis">In multiple sclerosis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interferon_type_I&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: In multiple sclerosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Currently, there are four FDA approved variants of IFN-β1 used as a treatment for relapsing <a href="/wiki/Multiple_sclerosis" title="Multiple sclerosis">multiple sclerosis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> IFN-β1 is not an appropriate treatment for patients with progressive, non-relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis.<sup id="cite_ref-AANfive_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AANfive-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whilst the mechanism of action is not completely understood, the use of IFN-β1 has been found to reduce brain lesions, increase the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines and reduce T cell infiltration into the brain.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Side_effects_of_type_I_interferon_therapy">Side effects of type I interferon therapy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interferon_type_I&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Side effects of type I interferon therapy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the major limiting factors in the efficacy of type I interferon therapy are the high rates of side effects. Between 15% - 40% of people undergoing type 1 IFN treatment develop major depressive disorders.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Less commonly, interferon treatment has also been associated with anxiety, lethargy, psychosis and parkinsonism.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mood disorders associated with IFN therapy can be reversed by discontinuation of treatment, and IFN therapy related depression is effectively treated with the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor class of antidepressants.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interferonopathies">Interferonopathies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interferon_type_I&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Interferonopathies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Interferonopathies are a class of hereditary auto-inflammatory and autoimmune diseases characterised by upregulated type 1 interferon and downstream interferon stimulated genes. The symptoms of these diseases fall in a wide clinical spectrum, and often resemble those of viral infections acquired while the child is in utero, although lacking any infectious origin.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The aetiology is largely still unknown, but the most common genetic mutations are associated with nucleic acid regulation, leading most researchers to suggest these arise from the failure of antiviral systems to differentiate between host and viral DNA and RNA.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Non-mammalian_types">Non-mammalian types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interferon_type_I&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Non-mammalian types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Avian type I IFNs have been characterized and preliminarily assigned to subtypes (IFN I, IFN II, and IFN III), but their classification into subtypes should await a more extensive characterization of avian genomes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Functional lizard type I IFNs can be found in lizard genome databases.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Turtle type I IFNs have been purified (references from 1970s needed). They resemble mammalian homologs. </p><p>The existence of amphibian type I IFNs have been inferred by the discovery of the genes encoding their receptor chains. They have not yet been purified, or their genes cloned. </p><p>Piscine (bony fish) type I IFN has been cloned first in zebrafish.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid12525633_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid12525633-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid12869211_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid12869211-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and then in many other teleost species including salmon and mandarin fish.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid29432791_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid29432791-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid27827855_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid27827855-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With few exceptions, and in stark contrast to avian and especially mammalian IFNs, they are present as single genes (multiple genes are however seen in polyploid fish genomes, possibly arising from whole-genome duplication). Unlike amniote IFN genes, piscine type I IFN genes contain introns, in similar positions as do their orthologs, certain interleukins. Despite this important difference, based on their 3-D structure these piscine IFNs have been assigned as Type I IFNs.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid21653665_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid21653665-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While in mammalian species all Type I IFNs bind to a single receptor complex, the different groups of piscine type I IFNs bind to different receptor complexes.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid19717522_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19717522-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until now several type I IFNs (IFNa, b, c, d, e, f and h) has been identified in teleost fish with as low as only one subtype in green pufferfish and as many as six subtypes in salmon with an addition of recently identified novel subtype, IFNh in mandarin fish.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid29432791_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid29432791-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid27827855_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid27827855-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interferon_type_I&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output 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id="cite_note-pmid21653665-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid21653665_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammingLutfallaLevraudHartmann2011" class="citation journal cs1">Hamming OJ, Lutfalla G, Levraud JP, Hartmann R (August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3147990">"Crystal structure of Zebrafish interferons I and II reveals conservation of type I interferon structure in vertebrates"</a>. <i>Journal of Virology</i>. <b>85</b> (16): 8181–8187. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1128%2FJVI.00521-11">10.1128/JVI.00521-11</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Virology&rft.atitle=Crystal+structure+of+Zebrafish+interferons+I+and+II+reveals+conservation+of+type+I+interferon+structure+in+vertebrates&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=16&rft.pages=8181-8187&rft.date=2011-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3147990%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21653665&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1128%2FJVI.00521-11&rft.aulast=Hamming&rft.aufirst=OJ&rft.au=Lutfalla%2C+G&rft.au=Levraud%2C+JP&rft.au=Hartmann%2C+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3147990&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterferon+type+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid19717522-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid19717522_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite 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template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cell_signaling:_cytokines" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cell_signaling" title="Cell signaling">Cell signaling</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cytokine" title="Cytokine">cytokines</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chemokine" title="Chemokine">Chemokine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">CCL</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CCL1" title="CCL1">CCL1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCL2" title="CCL2">CCL2</a>/MCP1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCL3" title="CCL3">CCL3</a>/MIP1α</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCL4" title="CCL4">CCL4</a>/MIP1β</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCL5" title="CCL5">CCL5</a>/RANTES</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCL6" title="CCL6">CCL6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCL7" title="CCL7">CCL7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCL8" title="CCL8">CCL8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCL9" title="CCL9">CCL9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCL11" title="CCL11">CCL11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCL12" title="CCL12">CCL12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCL13" title="CCL13">CCL13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCL14" title="CCL14">CCL14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCL15" title="CCL15">CCL15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCL16" title="CCL16">CCL16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCL17" title="CCL17">CCL17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCL18" title="CCL18">CCL18</a>/PARC/DCCK1/AMAC1/MIP4</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCL19" title="CCL19">CCL19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCL20" title="CCL20">CCL20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCL21" title="CCL21">CCL21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCL22" title="CCL22">CCL22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCL23" title="CCL23">CCL23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCL24" title="CCL24">CCL24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCL25" title="CCL25">CCL25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCL26" title="CCL26">CCL26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-C_motif_chemokine_ligand_27" title="C-C motif chemokine ligand 27">CCL27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCL28" title="CCL28">CCL28</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">CXCL</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CXCL1" title="CXCL1">CXCL1</a>/KC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CXCL2" title="CXCL2">CXCL2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CXCL3" title="CXCL3">CXCL3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platelet_factor_4" title="Platelet factor 4">CXCL4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CXCL5" title="CXCL5">CXCL5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CXCL6" title="CXCL6">CXCL6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CXCL7" title="CXCL7">CXCL7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_8" title="Interleukin 8">CXCL8/IL8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CXCL9" title="CXCL9">CXCL9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CXCL10" title="CXCL10">CXCL10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CXCL11" title="CXCL11">CXCL11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SDF-1_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="SDF-1 (biology)">CXCL12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CXCL13" title="CXCL13">CXCL13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CXCL14" title="CXCL14">CXCL14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CXCL15" title="CXCL15">CXCL15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CXCL16" title="CXCL16">CXCL16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CXCL17" title="CXCL17">CXCL17</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">CX3CL</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CX3CL1" title="CX3CL1">CX3CL1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">XCL</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/XCL1" title="XCL1">XCL1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XCL2" title="XCL2">XCL2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tumor_necrosis_factors" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumor necrosis factors">TNF</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tumor_necrosis_factor_alpha" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumor necrosis factor alpha">TNFA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymphotoxin" title="Lymphotoxin">Lymphotoxin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lymphotoxin_alpha" title="Lymphotoxin alpha">TNFB/LTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymphotoxin_beta" title="Lymphotoxin beta">TNFC/LTB</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OX40L" class="mw-redirect" title="OX40L">TNFSF4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD154" title="CD154">TNFSF5/CD40LG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fas_ligand" title="Fas ligand">TNFSF6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD70" title="CD70">TNFSF7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD153" title="CD153">TNFSF8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-1BB_ligand" class="mw-redirect" title="4-1BB ligand">TNFSF9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRAIL" title="TRAIL">TNFSF10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RANKL" title="RANKL">TNFSF11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_proliferation-inducing_ligand" class="mw-redirect" title="A proliferation-inducing ligand">TNFSF13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B-cell_activating_factor" title="B-cell activating factor">TNFSF13B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EDA_(gene)" class="mw-redirect" title="EDA (gene)">EDA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Interleukin" title="Interleukin">Interleukin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Type_I_cytokine_receptor" title="Type I cytokine receptor">Type I</a><br />(grouped by<br />receptor<br />subunit)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Common_gamma_chain" title="Common gamma chain">γ chain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_2" title="Interleukin 2">IL2</a>/<a href="/wiki/Interleukin_15" title="Interleukin 15">IL15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_4" title="Interleukin 4">IL4</a>/<a href="/wiki/Interleukin_13" title="Interleukin 13">IL13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_7" title="Interleukin 7">IL7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_9" title="Interleukin 9">IL9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_21" title="Interleukin 21">IL21</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/CSF2RB" title="CSF2RB">β chain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_3" title="Interleukin 3">IL3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_5" title="Interleukin 5">IL5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granulocyte_macrophage_colony-stimulating_factor" class="mw-redirect" title="Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor">GMCSF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">IL6 like/<a href="/wiki/Glycoprotein_130" title="Glycoprotein 130">gp130</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_6" title="Interleukin 6">IL6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_11" title="Interleukin 11">IL11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_27" title="Interleukin 27">IL27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_30" title="Interleukin 30">IL30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_31" title="Interleukin 31">IL31</a> <ul><li>+non IL <a href="/wiki/Oncostatin_M" title="Oncostatin M">OSM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leukemia_inhibitory_factor" title="Leukemia inhibitory factor">LIF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciliary_neurotrophic_factor" title="Ciliary neurotrophic factor">CNTF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiotrophin_1" title="Cardiotrophin 1">CTF1</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=IL12_family&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IL12 family (page does not exist)">IL12 family</a>/<a href="/wiki/Interleukin_12_receptor,_beta_1_subunit" title="Interleukin 12 receptor, beta 1 subunit">IL12RB1</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_12" title="Interleukin 12">IL12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_23" title="Interleukin 23">IL23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_27" title="Interleukin 27">IL27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_35" title="Interleukin 35">IL35</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-taxilin" title="Alpha-taxilin">IL14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_16" title="Interleukin 16">IL16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_32" title="Interleukin 32">IL32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_34" title="Interleukin 34">IL34</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Type_II_cytokine_receptor" title="Type II cytokine receptor">Type II</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IL10_family" class="mw-redirect" title="IL10 family">IL10 family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_10" title="Interleukin 10">IL10</a>/<a href="/wiki/Interleukin_22" title="Interleukin 22">IL22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_19" title="Interleukin 19">IL19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_20" title="Interleukin 20">IL20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_24" title="Interleukin 24">IL24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_26" title="Interleukin 26">IL26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interferon_type_III" title="Interferon type III">Interferon type III</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_28" title="Interleukin 28">IL28/IFNL2+3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_29" title="Interleukin 29">IL29/IFNL1</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Interferon" title="Interferon">Interferon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">I</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interferon_alpha_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Interferon alpha 1">IFNA1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IFNA2" title="IFNA2">IFNA2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IFNA4" title="IFNA4">IFNA4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IFNA5" title="IFNA5">IFNA5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IFNA6" title="IFNA6">IFNA6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IFNA7" title="IFNA7">IFNA7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IFNA8" title="IFNA8">IFNA8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IFNA10" title="IFNA10">IFNA10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IFNA13" title="IFNA13">IFNA13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IFNA14" title="IFNA14">IFNA14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IFNA16" title="IFNA16">IFNA16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IFNA17" title="IFNA17">IFNA17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IFNA21" title="IFNA21">IFNA21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IFNB1" title="IFNB1">IFNB1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IFNK" title="IFNK">IFNK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IFNW1" title="IFNW1">IFNW1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Interferon_type_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Interferon type II">II</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interferon_gamma" title="Interferon gamma">IFNG</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Immunoglobulin_superfamily" title="Immunoglobulin superfamily">Ig superfamily</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_1_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Interleukin 1 family">IL1 family</a>: <a href="/wiki/IL1A" class="mw-redirect" title="IL1A">IL1A/IL1F1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_1_beta" title="Interleukin 1 beta">IL1B/IL1F2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_1_receptor_antagonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Interleukin 1 receptor antagonist">1Ra/IL1F3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IL1F5" class="mw-redirect" title="IL1F5">IL1F5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IL36A" title="IL36A">IL1F6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IL1F7" class="mw-redirect" title="IL1F7">IL1F7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IL36B" title="IL36B">IL1F8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IL1F9" class="mw-redirect" title="IL1F9">IL1F9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IL1F10" title="IL1F10">IL1F10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_33" title="Interleukin 33">33/IL1F11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_18" title="Interleukin 18">18/IL1G</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IL17_family" class="mw-redirect" title="IL17 family">IL17 family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_17" title="Interleukin 17">IL17</a>/<a href="/wiki/Interleukin_25" title="Interleukin 25">IL25</a> (<a href="/wiki/IL17A" class="mw-redirect" title="IL17A">IL17A</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hematopoietic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hematopoietic">Hematopoietic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stem_cell_factor" title="Stem cell factor">KITLG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony-stimulating_factor" title="Colony-stimulating factor">Colony-stimulating factor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osteopontin" title="Osteopontin">SPP1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrophage_migration_inhibitory_factor" title="Macrophage migration inhibitory factor">MIF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By function/<br />cell</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proinflammatory_cytokine" class="mw-redirect" title="Proinflammatory cytokine">proinflammatory cytokine</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Interleukin 1">IL1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumor_necrosis_factor_alpha" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumor necrosis factor alpha">TNFA</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monokine" title="Monokine">Monokine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymphokine" title="Lymphokine">Lymphokine</a> <ul><li><i>T<sub>h</sub>1</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interferon_gamma" title="Interferon gamma">IFNγ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumor_necrosis_factor_beta" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumor necrosis factor beta">TNFβ</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>T<sub>h</sub>2</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_4" title="Interleukin 4">IL4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_5" title="Interleukin 5">IL5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_6" title="Interleukin 6">IL6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_10" title="Interleukin 10">IL10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_13" title="Interleukin 13">IL13</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cytokine_receptor_modulators" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cytokine_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Cytokine receptor modulators"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cytokine_receptor_modulators" title="Template talk:Cytokine receptor modulators"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cytokine_receptor_modulators" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cytokine receptor modulators"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cytokine_receptor_modulators" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cytokine_receptor" title="Cytokine receptor">Cytokine receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Receptor_modulator" title="Receptor modulator">modulators</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Chemokine_receptor" title="Chemokine receptor">Chemokine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>See <a href="/wiki/Template:Chemokine_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Chemokine receptor modulators">here</a> instead.</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Colony-stimulating_factor_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony-stimulating factor receptor">CSF</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Erythropoietin_receptor" title="Erythropoietin receptor">Erythropoietin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Agonists:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=ARA-290&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ARA-290 (page does not exist)">ARA-290</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asialo_erythropoietin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asialo erythropoietin (page does not exist)">Asialo erythropoietin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbamylated_erythropoietin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carbamylated erythropoietin (page does not exist)">Carbamylated erythropoietin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CNTO-530&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CNTO-530 (page does not exist)">CNTO-530</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darbepoetin_alfa" title="Darbepoetin alfa">Darbepoetin alfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epoetin_alfa" title="Epoetin alfa">Epoetin alfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epoetin_beta" title="Epoetin beta">Epoetin beta</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epoetin_delta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Epoetin delta (page does not exist)">Epoetin delta</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epoetin_epsilon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Epoetin epsilon (page does not exist)">Epoetin epsilon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epoetin_gamma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Epoetin gamma (page does not exist)">Epoetin gamma</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epoetin_kappa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Epoetin kappa (page does not exist)">Epoetin kappa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epoetin_omega&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Epoetin omega (page does not exist)">Epoetin omega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epoetin_theta" title="Epoetin theta">Epoetin theta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epoetin_zeta" class="mw-redirect" title="Epoetin zeta">Epoetin zeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythropoietin" title="Erythropoietin">Erythropoietin (EPO)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erythropoietin-Fc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erythropoietin-Fc (page does not exist)">Erythropoietin-Fc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxy_polyethylene_glycol-epoetin_beta" title="Methoxy polyethylene glycol-epoetin beta">Methoxy polyethylene glycol-epoetin beta (CERA/Mircera)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peginesatide" title="Peginesatide">Peginesatide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pegol_sihematide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pegol sihematide (page does not exist)">Pegol sihematide (EPO-018B)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Granulocyte_colony-stimulating_factor_receptor" title="Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor">G-CSF (CSF3)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Agonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/Filgrastim" title="Filgrastim">Filgrastim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granulocyte_colony-stimulating_factor" title="Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor">Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenograstim" title="Lenograstim">Lenograstim</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leridistim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leridistim (page does not exist)">Leridistim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipegfilgrastim" title="Lipegfilgrastim">Lipegfilgrastim</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nartograstim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nartograstim (page does not exist)">Nartograstim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegfilgrastim" title="Pegfilgrastim">Pegfilgrastim</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pegnartograstim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pegnartograstim (page does not exist)">Pegnartograstim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Granulocyte_macrophage_colony-stimulating_factor_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor">GM-CSF (CSF2)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Agonists:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecogramostim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ecogramostim (page does not exist)">Ecogramostim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granulocyte_macrophage_colony-stimulating_factor" class="mw-redirect" title="Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor">Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milodistim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Milodistim (page does not exist)">Milodistim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molgramostim" title="Molgramostim">Molgramostim</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regramostim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Regramostim (page does not exist)">Regramostim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sargramostim" title="Sargramostim">Sargramostim</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Antibodies:</i> <a href="/wiki/Mavrilimumab" title="Mavrilimumab">Mavrilimumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namilumab" title="Namilumab">Namilumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otilimab" title="Otilimab">Otilimab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Macrophage_colony-stimulating_factor_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor">M-CSF (CSF1)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Agonists:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cilmostim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cilmostim (page does not exist)">Cilmostim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin-34" class="mw-redirect" title="Interleukin-34">Interleukin-34</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lanimostim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lanimostim (page does not exist)">Lanimostim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrophage_colony-stimulating_factor" title="Macrophage colony-stimulating factor">Macrophage colony-stimulating factor</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mirimostim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mirimostim (page does not exist)">Mirimostim</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Kinase inhibitors:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Agerafenib&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agerafenib (page does not exist)">Agerafenib</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/CD117" class="mw-redirect" title="CD117">SCF (c-Kit)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>See <a href="/wiki/Template:Growth_factor_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Growth factor receptor modulators">here</a> instead.</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Thrombopoietin_receptor" title="Thrombopoietin receptor">Thrombopoietin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Agonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/Eltrombopag" title="Eltrombopag">Eltrombopag</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pegacaristim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pegacaristim (page does not exist)">Pegacaristim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promegapoietin" title="Promegapoietin">Promegapoietin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romiplostim" title="Romiplostim">Romiplostim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrombopoietin" title="Thrombopoietin">Thrombopoietin (THPO, MGDF)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Interferon_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Interferon receptor">Interferon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Interferon-alpha/beta_receptor" title="Interferon-alpha/beta receptor">IFNAR (α/β, I)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Agonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/Albinterferon" title="Albinterferon">Albinterferon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interferon_alpha" class="mw-redirect" title="Interferon alpha">Interferon alpha (interferon alfa, IFN-α)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interferon_alfa" title="Interferon alfa">Interferon alfa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Interferon_alpha_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Interferon alpha 1">IFNA1</a>, <a href="/wiki/IFNA2" title="IFNA2">IFNA2</a>, <a href="/wiki/IFNA4" title="IFNA4">IFNA4</a>, <a href="/wiki/IFNA5" title="IFNA5">IFNA5</a>, <a href="/wiki/IFNA6" title="IFNA6">IFNA6</a>, <a href="/wiki/IFNA7" title="IFNA7">IFNA7</a>, <a href="/wiki/IFNA8" title="IFNA8">IFNA8</a>, <a href="/wiki/IFNA10" title="IFNA10">IFNA10</a>, <a href="/wiki/IFNA13" title="IFNA13">IFNA13</a>, <a href="/wiki/IFNA14" title="IFNA14">IFNA14</a>, <a href="/wiki/IFNA16" title="IFNA16">IFNA16</a>, <a href="/wiki/IFNA17" title="IFNA17">IFNA17</a>, <a href="/wiki/IFNA21" title="IFNA21">IFNA21</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interferon_alfa_2a" class="mw-redirect" title="Interferon alfa 2a">Interferon alfa 2a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interferon_alfa_2b" class="mw-redirect" title="Interferon alfa 2b">Interferon alfa 2b</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interferon_alfa_n1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Interferon alfa n1 (page does not exist)">Interferon alfa n1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interferon_alfacon-1" title="Interferon alfacon-1">Interferon alfacon-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interferon_alpha-n3" title="Interferon alpha-n3">Interferon alpha-n3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interferon_beta" class="mw-redirect" title="Interferon beta">Interferon beta (IFN-β)</a> (<a href="/wiki/IFNB1" title="IFNB1">IFNB1</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=IFNB3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IFNB3 (page does not exist)">IFNB3</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interferon_beta_1a" class="mw-redirect" title="Interferon beta 1a">Interferon beta 1a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interferon_beta_1b" class="mw-redirect" title="Interferon beta 1b">Interferon beta 1b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interferon_kappa" class="mw-redirect" title="Interferon kappa">Interferon kappa (IFN-ε/κ/τ/ζ, IFNK)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interferon_omega" class="mw-redirect" title="Interferon omega">Interferon omega (IFN-ω, IFNW1)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peginterferon_alfa-2a" title="Peginterferon alfa-2a">Peginterferon alfa-2a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peginterferon_alfa-2b" title="Peginterferon alfa-2b">Peginterferon alfa-2b</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Antibodies:</i> <a href="/wiki/Anifrolumab" title="Anifrolumab">Anifrolumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faralimomab" title="Faralimomab">Faralimomab</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MEDI-545&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MEDI-545 (page does not exist)">MEDI-545</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rontalizumab" title="Rontalizumab">Rontalizumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sifalimumab" title="Sifalimumab">Sifalimumab</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Decoy receptors:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bifarcept&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bifarcept (page does not exist)">Bifarcept</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Interferon-gamma_receptor" title="Interferon-gamma receptor">IFNGR (γ, II)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Agonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/Interferon_gamma" title="Interferon gamma">Interferon gamma (IFN-γ)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interferon_gamma_1b" class="mw-redirect" title="Interferon gamma 1b">Interferon gamma 1b</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Antibodies:</i> <a href="/wiki/Emapalumab" title="Emapalumab">Emapalumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontolizumab" title="Fontolizumab">Fontolizumab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Interferon-lambda_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Interferon-lambda receptor">IFNLR (λ, III)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>See IL-28R (IFNLR) <a href="/wiki/Template:Interleukin_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Interleukin receptor modulators">here</a> instead.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_receptor" title="Interleukin receptor">Interleukin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>See <a href="/wiki/Template:Interleukin_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Interleukin receptor modulators">here</a> instead.</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Transforming_growth_factor_beta_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Transforming growth factor beta receptor">TGFβ</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>See <a href="/wiki/Template:TGF%CE%B2_receptor_superfamily_modulators" title="Template:TGFβ receptor superfamily modulators">here</a> instead.</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Tumor_necrosis_factor_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumor necrosis factor receptor">TNF</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>See <a href="/wiki/Template:TNF_receptor_superfamily_modulators" title="Template:TNF receptor superfamily modulators">here</a> instead.</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Janus_kinase" title="Janus kinase">JAK</a><br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/Janus_kinase_inhibitor" title="Janus kinase inhibitor">inhibitors</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/JAK1" class="mw-redirect" title="JAK1">JAK1</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrocitinib" title="Abrocitinib">Abrocitinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baricitinib" title="Baricitinib">Baricitinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deuruxolitinib" title="Deuruxolitinib">Deuruxolitinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filgotinib" title="Filgotinib">Filgotinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Momelotinib" title="Momelotinib">Momelotinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oclacitinib" title="Oclacitinib">Oclacitinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peficitinib" title="Peficitinib">Peficitinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruxolitinib" title="Ruxolitinib">Ruxolitinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofacitinib" title="Tofacitinib">Tofacitinib (tasocitinib)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upadacitinib" title="Upadacitinib">Upadacitinib</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/JAK2" class="mw-redirect" title="JAK2">JAK2</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atiprimod" title="Atiprimod">Atiprimod</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AZD-1480&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AZD-1480 (page does not exist)">AZD-1480</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baricitinib" title="Baricitinib">Baricitinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHZ868" title="CHZ868">CHZ868</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cucurbitacin_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Cucurbitacin I">Cucurbitacin I (elatericin B, JSI-124)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYT387" class="mw-redirect" title="CYT387">CYT387</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deuruxolitinib" title="Deuruxolitinib">Deuruxolitinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lestaurtinib" title="Lestaurtinib">Lestaurtinib</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NSC-7908&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NSC-7908 (page does not exist)">NSC-7908</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NSC-33994&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NSC-33994 (page does not exist)">NSC-33994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacritinib" title="Pacritinib">Pacritinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peficitinib" title="Peficitinib">Peficitinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruxolitinib" title="Ruxolitinib">Ruxolitinib</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SD-1008&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SD-1008 (page does not exist)">SD-1008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofacitinib" title="Tofacitinib">Tofacitinib (tasocitinib)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/JAK3" class="mw-redirect" title="JAK3">JAK3</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cercosporamide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cercosporamide (page does not exist)">Cercosporamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decernotinib" title="Decernotinib">Decernotinib (VX-509)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peficitinib" title="Peficitinib">Peficitinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritlecitinib" title="Ritlecitinib">Ritlecitinib</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=TCS-21311&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TCS-21311 (page does not exist)">TCS-21311</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofacitinib" title="Tofacitinib">Tofacitinib (tasocitinib)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=WHI-P_154&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="WHI-P 154 (page does not exist)">WHI-P 154</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ZM-39923&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ZM-39923 (page does not exist)">ZM-39923</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ZM-449829&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ZM-449829 (page does not exist)">ZM-449829</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Tyrosine_kinase_2" title="Tyrosine kinase 2">TYK2</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deucravacitinib" 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