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and state building in the historical context of Southern Africa","attachmentId":72073247,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/56926164/Becoming_Zimbabwe_or_becoming_Zimbabwean_identity_nationalism_and_state_building_in_the_historical_context_of_Southern_Africa","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/56926164/Becoming_Zimbabwe_or_becoming_Zimbabwean_identity_nationalism_and_state_building_in_the_historical_context_of_Southern_Africa"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" 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The discursive construction of Zimbabwean national identity</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2520300" href="https://independent.academia.edu/BrilliantSigabadeMhlanga">Professor Brilliant Sigabade Mhlanga</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">African Identities, 2013</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">In Zimbabwe, any attempt to discuss ethnicity risks being labelled as ‘tribalism’ and, therefore, divisive to a supposedly ‘united nation’. But what is ethnicity? This paper will attempt to discuss this issue, with particular focus on its intersection with nationalism and the construction of national identity. It will illuminate the liminal process of the ‘criminalisation of ethnicity’ through some moves aimed at blocking open discourse on ethnicity as a form of identity. Furthermore, the paper illustrates how Zimbabwe&#39;s Shona-dominated nationalist discourses tend to follow the social constructivist path, which publicly dismisses the existence of ethnicity while clandestinely embracing it for dubious political purposes. In the process, the paper will also challenge the Eurocentric theoretical perspectives underlying the normative engagement of ethnicity within the political and culturalist perspectives in Africa for presenting ethnicity as retrogressive and divisive. It is further argued that the scarcity of indigenous theoretical lenses of understanding ethnicity, exacerbated by grotesque forms of nationalism, as seen in Zimbabwe and elsewhere in Africa sustains the suppression of ethnic minority voices and the shrift dismissal of their issues as peripheral or regional. This lack of proper vent has thus led to the continued resurgence of violent ethnic upheavals across the African continent.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Ethnicity or tribalism? The discursive construction of Zimbabwean national identity","attachmentId":84039084,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/76174806/Ethnicity_or_tribalism_The_discursive_construction_of_Zimbabwean_national_identity","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/76174806/Ethnicity_or_tribalism_The_discursive_construction_of_Zimbabwean_national_identity"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="29667845" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/29667845/Beyond_Settler_and_Native_as_Political_Identities_Overcoming_the_Political_Legacy_of_Colonialism">Beyond Settler and Native as Political Identities: Overcoming the Political Legacy of Colonialism</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="39519640" href="https://independent.academia.edu/KwasiAkwamu">Kwasi Akwamu</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">BY MAHMOOD MAMDANI ----- My starting point is the generation that inherited Africa's colonial legacy. 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The popularity of political economy spread like a forest fire in the post-independence African academy precisely because it historicized colonial realities, even if in a narrowly economic way. Political economy provided a way of countering two kinds of colonial presumptions , embedded in various theories of modernization. 2 The first was that colonial cultures were not grounded in historical processes. The second was that colonial contact marked the beginning of a history for these societies, since colonialism was presumed to have animated them culturally, economically, and politically. The limits of political economy as a framework for political analysis began to surface in the face of postcolonial political violence, for political economy could only explain violence when it resulted from a clash between market-based identities—either class or division of labor. From this point of view, political violence had to be either revolutionary or counterrevolutionary. In the face of political violence that cut across social classes rather than between them—violence that was neither revolutionary nor counterrevolutionary but simply nonrevolutionary, violence animated mainly by distinctions crafted in colonial law rather than sprouting from the soil of a commodity economy—ex-651</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Beyond Settler and Native as Political Identities: Overcoming the Political Legacy of Colonialism","attachmentId":50102888,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/29667845/Beyond_Settler_and_Native_as_Political_Identities_Overcoming_the_Political_Legacy_of_Colonialism","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/29667845/Beyond_Settler_and_Native_as_Political_Identities_Overcoming_the_Political_Legacy_of_Colonialism"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="28721794" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/28721794/Confronting_the_settler_legacy_Indigenisation_and_transformation_in_South_Africa_and_Zimbabwe">Confronting the settler legacy: Indigenisation and transformation in South Africa and Zimbabwe</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="33764" href="https://qub.academia.edu/StefanAndreasson">Stefan Andreasson</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Political Geography, 2010</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Confronting the settler legacy: Indigenisation and transformation in South Africa and Zimbabwe","attachmentId":49128521,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/28721794/Confronting_the_settler_legacy_Indigenisation_and_transformation_in_South_Africa_and_Zimbabwe","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/28721794/Confronting_the_settler_legacy_Indigenisation_and_transformation_in_South_Africa_and_Zimbabwe"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="56607901" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/56607901/Replacing_Whole_Limbs_with_Borrowed_Ones_Whiteness_Decolonization_and_Early_Nationalist_Identification">Replacing “Whole Limbs with Borrowed Ones”: Whiteness, Decolonization, and Early Nationalist Identification</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="5852550" href="https://csuci.academia.edu/RBaker">Raquel Baker</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">KENTE - Cape Coast Journal of Literature and the Arts</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">In this essay, I center an examination of the satirical play “The Blinkards,” written by Kobina Sekyi in 1915 in the context of British colonization of the Gold Coast in West Africa, present-day Ghana. I show that postcolonial modes of identification emerged within the conceptual framework of cultural nationalism. As such, I argue that emergent postcolonial practices of identification are grounded in transnational modes of modernity. My examination of a selection of Sekyi’s texts shows how whiteness structures oppositional self-making practices within a colonial context, positioning whiteness itself as a key ground of transnational subject positions that develop in modernity.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Replacing “Whole Limbs with Borrowed Ones”: Whiteness, Decolonization, and Early Nationalist Identification","attachmentId":71911210,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/56607901/Replacing_Whole_Limbs_with_Borrowed_Ones_Whiteness_Decolonization_and_Early_Nationalist_Identification","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/56607901/Replacing_Whole_Limbs_with_Borrowed_Ones_Whiteness_Decolonization_and_Early_Nationalist_Identification"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="38489787" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/38489787/De_settle_the_settler_in_Afrika_and_meet_the_man_Dispatches_from_Untimely_Notes_of_a_native_son">De-settle the settler in Afrika and meet the man: Dispatches from Untimely Notes of a native son.</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="67293770" href="https://independent.academia.edu/lepuru">Masilo Lepuru</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"De-settle the settler in Afrika and meet the man: Dispatches from Untimely Notes of a native son.","attachmentId":58556776,"attachmentType":"docx","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/38489787/De_settle_the_settler_in_Afrika_and_meet_the_man_Dispatches_from_Untimely_Notes_of_a_native_son","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/38489787/De_settle_the_settler_in_Afrika_and_meet_the_man_Dispatches_from_Untimely_Notes_of_a_native_son"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="8650672" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/8650672/The_Unbearable_Whiteness_of_Being_Land_Race_and_Belonging_in_the_Memoirs_of_White_Zimbabweans">The Unbearable Whiteness of Being: Land, Race and Belonging in the Memoirs of White Zimbabweans</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="18043134" href="https://ufs.academia.edu/RoryPilossof">Rory Pilossof</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">South African Historical Journal, 2009</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">As the crisis in Zimbabwe deepened after 2000, the plight of white Zimbabweans became international news. In turn, this created the space and the market for whites to tell and sell their story; an opportunity that has not gone unheeded. This review essay focuses on several examples of the latest evolution of Zimbabwe's white writing. While in no way trying to excuse or belittle the atrocious events that have happened to white farmers and others, what follows will probe the narratives produced to uncover some of the more troubling iterations and silences contained in them. In doing so, this review will illustrate many of the troubling continuities this genre of writing has with its colonial roots, not only in the audience it writes for or the way it ‘trains its gaze’, but also in the way it treats ‘Africa’, ‘Africans’ and the dilemmas of belonging.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Unbearable Whiteness of Being: Land, Race and Belonging in the Memoirs of White Zimbabweans","attachmentId":35023838,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/8650672/The_Unbearable_Whiteness_of_Being_Land_Race_and_Belonging_in_the_Memoirs_of_White_Zimbabweans","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/8650672/The_Unbearable_Whiteness_of_Being_Land_Race_and_Belonging_in_the_Memoirs_of_White_Zimbabweans"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="31812017" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/31812017/Contested_Foreignness_Indian_Migrants_and_the_Politics_of_Exclusion_in_Early_Colonial_Zimbabwe_1890_to_1923">Contested Foreignness: Indian Migrants and the Politics of Exclusion in Early Colonial Zimbabwe, 1890 to 1923</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="4959791" href="https://uky.academia.edu/FrancisMusoni">Francis Musoni</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The British South Africa Company’s conquest of Zimbabwe in the 1890s opened the country to settlement by immigrants from Europe, South Africa, India and other regions. Using their position as benefactors of the emerging colony, the British-born settlers used various notions of foreignness to marginalize the indigenous populations and other groups. Focusing on thirty-three years of company rule in Zimbabwe, this article examines how Indian immigrants contested the British attempts to foreignize them in the emerging colony. Rather than presenting Indian migrants as passive victims of discrimination and marginalization, the study emphasizes their creativity and determination to establish their own destiny, against all odds. It also shows that foreignness in colonial Zimbabwe was a key factor in the politics of power, identity formation and nation-state building. In that respect, the article explores the constructed-ness as well as the malleability of foreignness in processes of nation-state formation in Africa.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Contested Foreignness: Indian Migrants and the Politics of Exclusion in Early Colonial Zimbabwe, 1890 to 1923","attachmentId":54530198,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/31812017/Contested_Foreignness_Indian_Migrants_and_the_Politics_of_Exclusion_in_Early_Colonial_Zimbabwe_1890_to_1923","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/31812017/Contested_Foreignness_Indian_Migrants_and_the_Politics_of_Exclusion_in_Early_Colonial_Zimbabwe_1890_to_1923"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="35751516" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/35751516/Critical_discussion_regarding_the_legacies_of_settler_colonialism_and_the_building_of_liberal_democracy_as_it_relates_to_the_question_of_citizen_identities_in_South_Africa">Critical discussion regarding the legacies of settler colonialism and the building of liberal democracy as it relates to the question of citizen identities in South Africa</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="11151072" href="https://uct.academia.edu/PaulBailey">Paul Bailey</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The following essay will critically discuss the legacies of settler colonialism in relation to contemporary states that are still in the initial stages of building liberal democracies. The focal point of this discussion will be that of an analysis of citizen identities within post-colonial states and a further discussion will look at how the post-colonial state can effectively accommodate and assimilate the multiple identities of its citizens in its task of uniting a society that was built upon the notion of Manichean citizenship based on identity as a result of the settler-colonial legacies. The issue that will be drawn upon is that of reconciliation, restitution and citizen identity in the post-colonial context of South Africa, as this is a unique transitional occurrence due to the negotiated settlement that was initiated by the political elite.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Critical discussion regarding the legacies of settler colonialism and the building of liberal democracy as it relates to the question of citizen identities in South Africa","attachmentId":55626831,"attachmentType":"docx","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/35751516/Critical_discussion_regarding_the_legacies_of_settler_colonialism_and_the_building_of_liberal_democracy_as_it_relates_to_the_question_of_citizen_identities_in_South_Africa","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/35751516/Critical_discussion_regarding_the_legacies_of_settler_colonialism_and_the_building_of_liberal_democracy_as_it_relates_to_the_question_of_citizen_identities_in_South_Africa"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="23492165" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/23492165/African_Studies_Introduction_The_Paradox_of_Post_Apartheid_Afrikaner_Identity_Deployments_of_Ethnicity_and_Neo_Liberalism">African Studies Introduction: The Paradox of Post- Apartheid 'Afrikaner' Identity: Deployments of Ethnicity and Neo- Liberalism</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="45482526" href="https://independent.academia.edu/StephanBezuidenhout">Stephan Bezuidenhout</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"African Studies Introduction: The Paradox of Post- Apartheid 'Afrikaner' Identity: Deployments of Ethnicity and Neo- Liberalism","attachmentId":43928209,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/23492165/African_Studies_Introduction_The_Paradox_of_Post_Apartheid_Afrikaner_Identity_Deployments_of_Ethnicity_and_Neo_Liberalism","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/23492165/African_Studies_Introduction_The_Paradox_of_Post_Apartheid_Afrikaner_Identity_Deployments_of_Ethnicity_and_Neo_Liberalism"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":35667852,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":35667852,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_35667852" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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