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Bremen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adam_of_Bremen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prose_Edda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prose_Edda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span><i>Prose Edda</i></span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prose_Edda-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle <i>Prose Edda</i> subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Prose_Edda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gylfaginning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gylfaginning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span><i>Gylfaginning</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gylfaginning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Skaldic_poetry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Skaldic_poetry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Skaldic poetry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Skaldic_poetry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nafnaþulur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nafnaþulur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span><i>Nafnaþulur</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nafnaþulur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poetic_Edda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poetic_Edda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span><i>Poetic Edda</i></span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Poetic_Edda-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle <i>Poetic Edda</i> subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Poetic_Edda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Völuspá" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Völuspá"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span><i>Völuspá</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Völuspá-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grímnismál" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grímnismál"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span><i>Grímnismál</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grímnismál-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lokasenna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lokasenna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span><i>Lokasenna</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lokasenna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Skírnismál" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Skírnismál"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span><i>Skírnismál</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Skírnismál-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ynglinga_saga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ynglinga_saga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span><i>Ynglinga saga</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ynglinga_saga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ögmundar_þáttr_dytts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ögmundar_þáttr_dytts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span><i>Ögmundar þáttr dytts</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ögmundar_þáttr_dytts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_Icelandic_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_Icelandic_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Other Icelandic sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_Icelandic_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gesta_Danorum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gesta_Danorum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span><i>Gesta Danorum</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gesta_Danorum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yngvi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yngvi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Yngvi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yngvi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archaeological_record" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archaeological_record"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Archaeological record</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Archaeological_record-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Archaeological record subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Archaeological_record-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rällinge_statuette" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rällinge_statuette"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Rällinge statuette</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rällinge_statuette-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Skog_tapestry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Skog_tapestry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Skog tapestry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Skog_tapestry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gullgubber" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gullgubber"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Gullgubber</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gullgubber-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Toponyms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toponyms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Toponyms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toponyms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Modern influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.1</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Freyr</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 50 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-50" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">50 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freyr" title="Freyr – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Freyr" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freyr" title="Freyr – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Freyr" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="فري – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B9%D1%80" title="Фрэйр – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Фрэйр" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%80" title="Фрейр – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Фрейр" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freyr" title="Freyr – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Freyr" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freyr" title="Freyr – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Freyr" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freire_(d%C3%A9u)" title="Freire (déu) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Freire (déu)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frey" title="Frey – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Frey" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frej" title="Frej – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Frej" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freyr" title="Freyr – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Freyr" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freyr" title="Freyr – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Freyr" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%81%CE%AD%CE%B9%CF%81" title="Φρέιρ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φρέιρ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frey" title="Frey – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Frey" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frejo" title="Frejo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Frejo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frey" title="Frey – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Frey" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="فریر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فریر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Froyur" title="Froyur – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Froyur" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freyr" title="Freyr – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Freyr" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraer" title="Fraer – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Fraer" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frey" title="Frey – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Frey" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B4" title="프레이 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="프레이" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frey" title="Frey – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Frey" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freyr" title="Freyr – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Freyr" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freyr" title="Freyr – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Freyr" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freyr" title="Freyr – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Freyr" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A8_(%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94)" title="פרייר (מיתולוגיה) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרייר (מיתולוגיה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freirs" title="Freirs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Freirs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freiras" title="Freiras – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Freiras" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frei" title="Frei – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Frei" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frey" title="Frey – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Frey" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freyr_(god)" title="Freyr (god) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Freyr (god)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frey" title="Frey – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Frey" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%AC%E3%82%A4" title="フレイ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フレイ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%B8y" title="Frøy – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Frøy" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%B8y" title="Frøy – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Frøy" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frejr" title="Frejr – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Frejr" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frey" title="Frey – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Frey" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freyr" title="Freyr – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Freyr" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%80" title="Фрейр – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фрейр" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freyr" title="Freyr – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Freyr" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freyr" title="Freyr – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Freyr" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%98%D1%80" title="Фрејр – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Фрејр" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frey" title="Frey – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Frey" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freyr" title="Freyr – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Freyr" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frej" title="Frej – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Frej" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freyr" title="Freyr – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Freyr" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%80" title="Фрейр – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фрейр" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freyr" title="Freyr – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Freyr" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7" title="弗雷 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="弗雷" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q131474#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Frey" redirects here. For Freÿr, see <a href="/wiki/Castle_of_Fre%C3%BFr" title="Castle of Freÿr">Castle of Freÿr</a>. For other uses of "Frey" and "Freyr", see <a href="/wiki/Frey_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Frey (disambiguation)">Frey (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Norse deity</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frej_R%C3%A4llinge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Frej_R%C3%A4llinge.jpg/220px-Frej_R%C3%A4llinge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Frej_R%C3%A4llinge.jpg/330px-Frej_R%C3%A4llinge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Frej_R%C3%A4llinge.jpg/440px-Frej_R%C3%A4llinge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1327" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A4llinge_statuette" title="Rällinge statuette">Rällinge statuette</a> from <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6dermanland" title="Södermanland">Södermanland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, believed to depict Freyr, <a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindow2001121_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindow2001121-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Freyr</b> (<a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a>: 'Lord'), sometimes anglicized as <b>Frey</b>, is a widely attested <a href="/wiki/%C3%86sir" title="Æsir">god</a> in <a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a>, associated with kingship, fertility, peace, prosperity, fair weather, and good harvest. Freyr, sometimes referred to as <a href="/wiki/Yngvi" title="Yngvi">Yngvi</a>-Freyr, was especially associated with <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> and seen as an ancestor of the <a href="/wiki/Yngling" title="Yngling">Swedish royal house</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Adam_of_Bremen" title="Adam of Bremen">Adam of Bremen</a>, Freyr was associated with peace and pleasure, and was represented with a <a href="/wiki/Phallus" title="Phallus">phallic</a> statue in the <a href="/wiki/Temple_at_Uppsala" title="Temple at Uppsala">Temple at Uppsala</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/Snorri_Sturluson" title="Snorri Sturluson">Snorri Sturluson</a>, Freyr was "the most renowned of the <a href="/wiki/%C3%86sir" title="Æsir">æsir</a>", and was venerated for good harvest and peace. </p><p>In the mythological stories in the Icelandic books the <i><a href="/wiki/Poetic_Edda" title="Poetic Edda">Poetic Edda</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Prose_Edda" title="Prose Edda">Prose Edda</a></i>, Freyr is presented as one of the <a href="/wiki/Vanir" title="Vanir">Vanir</a>, the son of the god <a href="/wiki/Nj%C3%B6r%C3%B0r" title="Njörðr">Njörðr</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sister-wife_of_Nj%C3%B6r%C3%B0r" title="Sister-wife of Njörðr">his sister-wife</a>, as well as the twin brother of the goddess <a href="/wiki/Freyja" title="Freyja">Freyja</a>. The gods gave him <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lfheimr" title="Álfheimr">Álfheimr</a>, the realm of the <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lfar" class="mw-redirect" title="Álfar">Elves</a>, as a teething present. He rides the shining <a href="/wiki/Norse_dwarves" class="mw-redirect" title="Norse dwarves">dwarf</a>-made boar <a href="/wiki/Gullinbursti" title="Gullinbursti">Gullinbursti</a>, and possesses the ship <a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%AD%C3%B0bla%C3%B0nir" title="Skíðblaðnir">Skíðblaðnir</a>, which always has a favorable breeze and can be folded together and carried in a pouch when it is not being used. Freyr is also known to have been associated with the <a href="/wiki/Horses_in_Germanic_paganism" title="Horses in Germanic paganism">horse cult</a>. He also kept sacred horses in his sanctuary at <a href="/wiki/Trondheim" title="Trondheim">Trondheim</a> in Norway.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson196496–97_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson196496–97-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He has the servants <a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%ADrnir" title="Skírnir">Skírnir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Byggvir" title="Byggvir">Byggvir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beyla" title="Beyla">Beyla</a>. </p><p>The most extensive surviving Freyr <a href="/wiki/Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology">myth</a> relates Freyr's falling in love with the female <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6tunn" title="Jötunn">jötunn</a> <a href="/wiki/Ger%C3%B0r" title="Gerðr">Gerðr</a>. Eventually, she becomes his wife but first Freyr has to give away <a href="/wiki/Sword_of_Freyr" title="Sword of Freyr">his sword</a>, which fights on its own "if wise be he who wields it." Although deprived of this weapon, Freyr defeats the jötunn <a href="/wiki/Beli_(Norse_giant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Beli (Norse giant)">Beli</a> with an <a href="/wiki/Antler" title="Antler">antler</a>. However, lacking his sword, Freyr will be killed by the fire jötunn <a href="/wiki/Surtr" title="Surtr">Surtr</a> during the events of <a href="/wiki/Ragnar%C3%B6k" title="Ragnarök">Ragnarök</a>. </p><p>Like other Germanic deities, veneration of Freyr was revived during the modern period through the <a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Heathenry</a> movement. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freyr&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> name <i>Freyr</i> ('lord') is generally thought to descend from a <a href="/wiki/Proto-Norse" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Norse">Proto-Norse</a> form reconstructed as <span title="uncoded-language text">*<i lang="mis">frawjaʀ</i></span>, stemming from the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a> noun <i>*<a href="/wiki/Fraujaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Fraujaz">frawjaz</a></i> ~ *<i>fraw(j)ōn</i> ('lord'), and <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognate</a> with <a href="/wiki/Gothic_language" title="Gothic language">Gothic</a> <span title="Gothic-language text"><i lang="got">frauja</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">frēa</i></span>, or <a href="/wiki/Old_High_German" title="Old High German">Old High German</a> <span title="Old High German (ca. 750-1050)-language text"><i lang="goh">frō</i></span>, all meaning 'lord, master'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Vries1962142_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Vries1962142-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrel2003112_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrel2003112-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The runic form <span title="uncoded-language text"><i lang="mis">frohila</i></span>, derived from an earlier <span title="uncoded-language text">*<i lang="mis">frōjila</i></span>, may also be related.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Vries1962142_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Vries1962142-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recently, however, an etymology deriving the name of the god from a nominalized form of the Proto-Scandinavian adjective *<i>fraiw(i)a</i>- ('fruitful, generative') has also been proposed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElmevik2003_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElmevik2003-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESundqvist201326_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESundqvist201326-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to linguist Guus Kroonen, "within Germanic, the attestation of ON <i>frjar</i>, <i>frjór</i>, <i>frær</i>, Icel. <i>frjór</i> <small>adj.</small> 'fertile; prolific' < *<i>fraiwa</i>- clearly seems to point to a stem *<i>frai(w)</i>- meaning 'fecund'. Both in form and meaning, <i>fraiwa</i>- ('seed') is reminiscent of <i>Freyr</i> 'fertility deity' < *<i>frauja</i>-. The possibility must be considered, therefore, that *<i>fraiwa</i>- was metathesized from *<i>frawja</i>-, a collective of some kind."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKroonen2013152–153_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKroonen2013152–153-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Freyr is also known by <a href="/wiki/List_of_names_of_Freyr" title="List of names of Freyr">a series of other names</a> which describe his attributes and role in religious practice and associated mythology. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adam_of_Bremen">Adam of Bremen</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freyr&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Adam of Bremen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Written <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1080, one of the oldest written sources on pre-Christian Scandinavian religious practices is <a href="/wiki/Adam_of_Bremen" title="Adam of Bremen">Adam of Bremen</a>'s <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Gesta_Hammaburgensis_ecclesiae_pontificum" title="Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum">Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum</a></i></span>. Adam claimed to have access to first-hand accounts on pagan practices in Sweden. He refers to Freyr with the <a href="/wiki/Latinized_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Latinized name">Latinized name</a> <b>Fricco</b> and mentions that an <a href="/wiki/Cult_image" title="Cult image">image</a> of him at <a href="/wiki/Skara" title="Skara">Skara</a> was destroyed by the Christian missionary <a href="/wiki/Egino_(Bishop_of_Dalby)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egino (Bishop of Dalby)">Bishop Egino</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adam's description of the <a href="/wiki/Temple_at_Uppsala" title="Temple at Uppsala">Temple at Uppsala</a> gives some details on the god. </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding: 1pt 10pt;">In hoc templo, quod totum ex auro paratum est, statuas atrium deorum veneratur populus, ita ut potentissimus eorum Thor in medio solium habeat triclinio; hinc et inde locum possident Wodan et Fricco. Quorum significationes eiusmodi sunt: 'Thor', inquiunt, 'praesidet in aere, qui tonitrus et fulmina, ventos ymbresque, serena et fruges gubernat. Alter Wodan, id est furor, bella gerit, hominique ministrat virtutem contra inimicos. Tertius est Fricco, pacem voluptatem que largiens mortalibus'. Cuius etiam simulacrum fingunt cum ingenti priapo. <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>Gesta Hammaburgensis</i> 26, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050207105412/http://hbar.phys.msu.su/gorm/chrons/bremen.htm">Waitz' edition</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> </td> <td style="padding: 1pt 10pt;"> <p>In this temple, entirely decked out in gold, the people worship the statues of three gods in such wise that the mightiest of them, <a href="/wiki/Thor" title="Thor">Thor</a>, occupies a throne in the middle of the chamber; <a href="/wiki/Woden" class="mw-redirect" title="Woden">Woden</a> and Frikko have places on either side. The significance of these gods is as follows: Thor, they say, presides over the air, which governs the thunder and lightning, the winds and rains, fair weather and crops. The other, Woden—that is, the Furious—carries on war and imparts to man strength against his enemies. The third is Frikko, who bestows peace and pleasure on mortals. His likeness, too, they fashion with an immense <a href="/wiki/Phallus" title="Phallus">phallus</a>. </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>Gesta Hammaburgensis</i> 26, Tschan's translation<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 164815</dd></dl></dd></dl> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Later in the account Adam states that when a marriage is performed a <a href="/wiki/Libation" title="Libation">libation</a> is made to the image of Fricco. </p><p>Historians are divided on the reliability of Adam's account.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prose_Edda"><i>Prose Edda</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freyr&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Prose Edda"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When <a href="/wiki/Snorri_Sturluson" title="Snorri Sturluson">Snorri Sturluson</a> was writing in 13th century Iceland, the indigenous Germanic gods were still remembered although they had not been openly worshiped for more than two centuries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gylfaginning"><i>Gylfaginning</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freyr&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Gylfaginning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <i><a href="/wiki/Gylfaginning" title="Gylfaginning">Gylfaginning</a></i> section of his <i><a href="/wiki/Prose_Edda" title="Prose Edda">Prose Edda</a></i>, Snorri introduces Freyr as one of the major gods. </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding: 1pt 10pt;"> <p>Njörðr í Nóatúnum gat síðan tvau börn, hét sonr Freyr en dóttir Freyja. Þau váru fögr álitum ok máttug. Freyr er hinn ágætasti af ásum. Hann ræðr fyrir regni ok skini sólar, ok þar með ávexti jarðar, ok á hann er gott at heita til árs ok friðar. Hann ræðr ok fésælu manna. <i>Gylfaginning</i> 24, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060219152329/http://www.hi.is/~eybjorn/gg/ggrpar23.html">EB's edition</a> </p> </td> <td style="padding: 1pt 10pt;"> <p><a href="/wiki/Nj%C3%B6rdr" class="mw-redirect" title="Njördr">Njördr</a> in <a href="/wiki/N%C3%B3at%C3%BAn_(mythology)" title="Nóatún (mythology)">Nóatún</a> begot afterward two children: the son was called Freyr, and the daughter <a href="/wiki/Freyja" title="Freyja">Freyja</a>; they were fair of face and mighty. Freyr is the most renowned of the <a href="/wiki/%C3%86sir" title="Æsir">Æsir</a>; he rules over the rain and the shining of the sun, and therewithal the fruit of the earth; and it is good to call on him for fruitful seasons and peace. He governs also the prosperity of men. <i>Gylfaginning</i> XXIV, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100401223136/http://northvegr.org/lore/prose/037040.php">Brodeur's translation</a> </p> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frey_had_seated_himself_on_the_throne_of_Odin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Frey_had_seated_himself_on_the_throne_of_Odin.jpg/220px-Frey_had_seated_himself_on_the_throne_of_Odin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="340" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Frey_had_seated_himself_on_the_throne_of_Odin.jpg/330px-Frey_had_seated_himself_on_the_throne_of_Odin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Frey_had_seated_himself_on_the_throne_of_Odin.jpg/440px-Frey_had_seated_himself_on_the_throne_of_Odin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="455" data-file-height="703" /></a><figcaption>Seated on Odin's throne Hliðskjálf, the god Freyr sits in contemplation in an illustration (1908) by Frederic Lawrence</figcaption></figure> <p>This description has similarities to the older account by Adam of Bremen but the differences are interesting. Adam assigns control of the weather and produce of the fields to Thor but Snorri says that Freyr rules over those areas. Snorri also omits any explicitly sexual references in Freyr's description. Those discrepancies can be explained in several ways. Adam and Snorri were writing with different goals in mind. It is possible that the Norse gods did not have exactly the same roles in Icelandic and Swedish paganism. Either Snorri or Adam may also have had distorted information. </p><p>The only extended myth related to Freyr in the <i>Prose Edda</i> is the story of his marriage. </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding: 1pt 10pt;"> <p>Þat var einn dag er Freyr hafði gengit í Hliðskjálf ok sá of heima alla. En er hann leit í norðrætt, þá sá hann á einum bœ mikit hús ok fagrt, ok til þess húss gekk kona, ok er hon tók upp höndum ok lauk hurð fyrir sér þá lýsti af höndum hennar bæði í lopt ok á lög, ok allir heimar birtusk af henni. <i>Gylfaginning</i> 37, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060219152340/http://www.hi.is/~eybjorn/gg/ggrpar33.html">EB's edition</a> </p> </td> <td style="padding: 1pt 10pt;"> <p>It chanced one day that Freyr had gone to <a href="/wiki/Hlidskj%C3%A1lf" class="mw-redirect" title="Hlidskjálf">Hlidskjálf</a>, and gazed over all the world; but when he looked over into the northern region, he saw on an estate a house great and fair. And toward this house went a woman; when she raised her hands and opened the door before her, brightness gleamed from her hands, both over sky and sea, and all the worlds were illumined of her. <i>Gylfaginning</i> XXXVII, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090604222039/http://www.northvegr.org/lore/prose/045048.php">Brodeur's translation</a> </p> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The woman is <a href="/wiki/Ger%C3%B0r" title="Gerðr">Gerðr</a>, a beautiful <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6tunn" title="Jötunn">giantess</a>. Freyr immediately falls in love with her and becomes depressed and taciturn. After a period of brooding, he consents to talk to <a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%ADrnir" title="Skírnir">Skírnir</a>, his foot-page. He tells Skírnir that he has fallen in love with a beautiful woman and thinks he will die if he cannot have her. He asks Skírnir to go and woo her for him. </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding: 1pt 10pt;"> <p>Þá svarar Skírnir, sagði svá at hann skal fara sendiferð en Freyr skal fá honum sverð sitt. Þat var svá gott sverð at sjálft vásk. En Freyr lét eigi þat til skorta ok gaf honum sverðit. Þá fór Skírnir ok bað honum konunnar ok fekk heitit hennar, ok níu nóttum síðar skyldi hon þar koma er Barey heitir ok ganga þá at brullaupinu með Frey. <i>Gylfaginning</i> 37, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060219152340/http://www.hi.is/~eybjorn/gg/ggrpar33.html">EB's edition</a> </p> </td> <td style="padding: 1pt 10pt;"> <p>Then Skírnir answered thus: he would go on his errand, but Freyr should give him his own sword—which is so good that it fights of itself—and Freyr did not refuse, but gave him the sword. Then Skírnir went forth and wooed the woman for him, and received her promise; and <a href="/wiki/Numbers_in_Norse_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Numbers in Norse mythology">nine nights later</a> she was to come to the place called <a href="/wiki/Barrey" class="mw-redirect" title="Barrey">Barrey</a>, and then go to the bridal with Freyr. <i>Gylfaginning</i> XXXVII, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090604221954/http://www.northvegr.org/lore/prose/049052.php">Brodeur's translation</a> </p> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The loss of <a href="/wiki/Sword_of_Freyr" title="Sword of Freyr">Freyr's sword</a> has consequences. According to the <i>Prose Edda</i>, Freyr had to fight <a href="/wiki/Beli_(Norse_giant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Beli (Norse giant)">Beli</a> without his sword, and slew him with an <a href="/wiki/Antler" title="Antler">antler</a>. But the result at <a href="/wiki/Ragnar%C3%B6k" title="Ragnarök">Ragnarök</a>, the end of the world, will be much more serious. Freyr is fated to fight the fire-giant <a href="/wiki/Surtr" title="Surtr">Surtr</a>, and since he does not have his sword he will be defeated. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Freyr_and_Surtr_by_Fr%C3%B8lich.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Freyr_and_Surtr_by_Fr%C3%B8lich.jpg/220px-Freyr_and_Surtr_by_Fr%C3%B8lich.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Freyr_and_Surtr_by_Fr%C3%B8lich.jpg/330px-Freyr_and_Surtr_by_Fr%C3%B8lich.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Freyr_and_Surtr_by_Fr%C3%B8lich.jpg/440px-Freyr_and_Surtr_by_Fr%C3%B8lich.jpg 2x" data-file-width="820" data-file-height="678" /></a><figcaption>The final battle between Freyr and Surtr, illustration by <a href="/wiki/Lorenz_Fr%C3%B8lich" title="Lorenz Frølich">Lorenz Frølich</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Even after the loss of his weapon Freyr still has two magical artifacts, both <a href="/wiki/Norse_dwarves" class="mw-redirect" title="Norse dwarves">dwarf</a>-made. One is the ship <a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%AD%C3%B0bla%C3%B0nir" title="Skíðblaðnir">Skíðblaðnir</a>, which will have favoring breeze wherever its owner wants to go and can also be folded together like a napkin and carried in a pouch. The other is the boar <a href="/wiki/Gullinbursti" title="Gullinbursti">Gullinbursti</a> whose mane glows to illuminate the way for his owner. No myths involving Skíðblaðnir have come down to us but Snorri relates that Freyr rode to <a href="/wiki/Baldr" title="Baldr">Baldr</a>'s funeral in a wagon pulled by Gullinbursti. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Skaldic_poetry">Skaldic poetry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freyr&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Skaldic poetry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Freyr is referred to several times in <a href="/wiki/Skaldic_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Skaldic poetry">skaldic poetry</a>. In <i><a href="/wiki/H%C3%BAsdr%C3%A1pa" title="Húsdrápa">Húsdrápa</a></i>, partially preserved in the Prose Edda, he is said to ride a boar to Baldr's funeral. </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding: 1pt 10pt;"> <dl><dd>Ríðr á börg til borgar</dd> <dd>böðfróðr sonar Óðins</dd> <dd>Freyr ok folkum stýrir</dd> <dd>fyrstr enum golli byrsta. <i>Húsdrápa</i> 7, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070304005008/http://www.hi.is/~eybjorn/ugm/skindex/hdr.html">FJ's edition</a></dd></dl> </td> <td style="padding: 1pt 10pt;"> <dl><dd>The battle-bold Freyr rideth</dd> <dd>First on the golden-bristled</dd> <dd>Barrow-boar to the bale-fire</dd> <dd>Of Baldr, and leads the people. <i>Húsdrápa</i> 7, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060108014642/http://www.northvegr.org/lore/prose/109112.php">Brodeur's translation</a></dd></dl> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In a poem by <a href="/wiki/Egill_Skalla-Gr%C3%ADmsson" class="mw-redirect" title="Egill Skalla-Grímsson">Egill Skalla-Grímsson</a>, Freyr is called upon along with <a href="/wiki/Nj%C3%B6r%C3%B0r" title="Njörðr">Njörðr</a> to drive <a href="/wiki/Eric_I_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Eric I of Norway">Eric Bloodaxe</a> from Norway. The same <a href="/wiki/Skald" title="Skald">skald</a> mentions in <i><a href="/wiki/Arinbjarnarkvi%C3%B0a" title="Arinbjarnarkviða">Arinbjarnarkviða</a></i> that his friend has been blessed by the two gods. </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding: 1pt 10pt;"> <dl><dd>[E]n Grjótbjörn</dd> <dd>of gæddan hefr</dd> <dd>Freyr ok Njörðr</dd> <dd>at féar afli. <i>Arinbjarnarkviða</i> 17, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070304005018/http://www.hi.is/~eybjorn/ugm/skindex/egar.html">FJ's edition</a></dd></dl> </td> <td style="padding: 1pt 10pt;"> <dl><dd>Frey and Njord</dd> <dd>have endowed</dd> <dd>rock-bear</dd> <dd>with wealth's force. <i>Arinbjarnarkviða</i> 17, Scudder's translation</dd></dl> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nafnaþulur"><span id="Nafna.C3.BEulur"></span><i>Nafnaþulur</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freyr&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Nafnaþulur"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Nafna%C3%BEulur" title="Nafnaþulur">Nafnaþulur</a></i> Freyr is said to ride the horse <a href="/wiki/Bl%C3%B3%C3%B0ugh%C3%B3fi" title="Blóðughófi">Blóðughófi</a> (<i>Bloody Hoof</i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Poetic_Edda"><i>Poetic Edda</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freyr&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Poetic Edda"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Detail_from_G_181.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Detail_from_G_181.jpg/300px-Detail_from_G_181.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Detail_from_G_181.jpg/450px-Detail_from_G_181.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Detail_from_G_181.jpg/600px-Detail_from_G_181.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1709" data-file-height="1241" /></a><figcaption>A detail from <a href="/wiki/Gotland" title="Gotland">Gotland</a> <a href="/wiki/Runestone" title="Runestone">runestone</a> <a href="/wiki/Gotland_Runic_Inscription_181" title="Gotland Runic Inscription 181">G 181</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Museum_of_National_Antiquities" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish Museum of National Antiquities">Swedish Museum of National Antiquities</a> in <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>. The three men are interpreted as <a href="/wiki/Odin" title="Odin">Odin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thor" title="Thor">Thor</a>, and Freyr.</figcaption></figure> <p>Freyr is mentioned in several of the poems in the <i><a href="/wiki/Poetic_Edda" title="Poetic Edda">Poetic Edda</a></i>. The information there is largely consistent with that of the <i>Prose Edda</i> while each collection has some details not found in the other. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Völuspá"><span id="V.C3.B6lusp.C3.A1"></span><i>Völuspá</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freyr&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Völuspá"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lusp%C3%A1" title="Völuspá">Völuspá</a></i>, the best known of the Eddic poems, describes the final confrontation between Freyr and Surtr during Ragnarök. </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding: 1pt 10pt;"> <dl><dd>Surtr fer sunnan</dd> <dd>með sviga lævi,</dd> <dd>skínn af sverði</dd> <dd>sól valtíva.</dd> <dd>Grjótbjörg gnata,</dd> <dd>en gífr rata,</dd> <dd>troða halir helveg,</dd> <dd>en himinn klofnar.</dd></dl> <dl><dd>Þá kømr Hlínar</dd> <dd>harmr annarr fram,</dd> <dd>er Óðinn ferr</dd> <dd>við úlf vega,</dd> <dd>en bani Belja</dd> <dd>bjartr at Surti,</dd> <dd>þá mun Friggjar</dd> <dd>falla angan. <i>Völuspá</i> 51–52, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090413124631/http://www3.hi.is/~eybjorn/ugm/vsp3.html">EB's edition</a></dd></dl> </td> <td style="padding: 1pt 10pt;"> <dl><dd>Surtr moves from the south</dd> <dd>with the scathe of branches:<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd>there shines from his sword</dd> <dd>the sun of Gods of the Slain.</dd> <dd>Stone peaks clash,</dd> <dd>and troll wives take to the road.</dd> <dd>Warriors tread the path from <a href="/wiki/Hel_(realm)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hel (realm)">Hel</a>,</dd> <dd>and heaven breaks apart.</dd></dl> <dl><dd>Then is fulfilled <a href="/wiki/Hl%C3%ADn" title="Hlín">Hlín</a>'s</dd> <dd>second sorrow,</dd> <dd>when Óðinn goes</dd> <dd>to fight with the <a href="/wiki/Fenrisulfr" class="mw-redirect" title="Fenrisulfr">wolf</a>,</dd> <dd>and <a href="/wiki/List_of_names_of_Freyr" title="List of names of Freyr">Beli's slayer</a>,</dd> <dd>bright, against Surtr.</dd> <dd>Then shall <a href="/wiki/Frigg" title="Frigg">Frigg</a>'s</dd> <dd>sweet friend fall. <i>Völuspá</i> 50–51, <a href="/wiki/Ursula_Dronke" title="Ursula Dronke">Dronke</a>'s translation</dd></dl> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Some scholars have preferred a slightly different translation, in which the sun shines "from the sword of the gods". The idea is that the sword which Surtr slays Freyr with is the "sword of the gods" which Freyr had earlier bargained away for Gerðr. This would add a further layer of tragedy to the myth. <a href="/wiki/Sigur%C3%B0ur_Nordal" title="Sigurður Nordal">Sigurður Nordal</a> argued for this view but the possibility represented by <a href="/wiki/Ursula_Dronke" title="Ursula Dronke">Ursula Dronke</a>'s translation above is equally possible. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grímnismál"><span id="Gr.C3.ADmnism.C3.A1l"></span><i>Grímnismál</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freyr&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Grímnismál"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%ADmnism%C3%A1l" title="Grímnismál">Grímnismál</a></i>, a poem which largely consists of miscellaneous information about the gods, mentions Freyr's abode. </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding: 1pt 10pt;"> <dl><dd>Alfheim Frey</dd> <dd>gáfu í árdaga</dd> <dd>tívar at tannféi. <i>Grímnismál</i> 5, GJ's edition<sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></dd></dl> </td> <td style="padding: 1pt 10pt;"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Alfheim" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfheim">Alfheim</a> the gods to Frey</dd> <dd>gave in days of yore</dd> <dd>for a tooth-gift. <i>Grímnismál</i> 5, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080106055516/http://www.northvegr.org/lore/poetic2/003_01.php">Thorpe's translation</a></dd></dl> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tooth-gift&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tooth-gift (page does not exist)">tooth-gift</a> was a gift given to an infant on the cutting of the first tooth. Since <i>Alfheimr</i> or <i>Álfheimr</i> means "World of <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lfar" class="mw-redirect" title="Álfar">Álfar</a> (Elves)" the fact that Freyr should own it is one of the indications of a connection between the Vanir and the obscure Álfar. <i>Grímnismál</i> also mentions that the sons of <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dvaldi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ívaldi">Ívaldi</a> made Skíðblaðnir for Freyr and that it is the best of ships. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lokasenna"><i>Lokasenna</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freyr&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Lokasenna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the poem <i><a href="/wiki/Lokasenna" title="Lokasenna">Lokasenna</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Loki" title="Loki">Loki</a> accuses the gods of various misdeeds. He criticizes the Vanir for <a href="/wiki/Incest" title="Incest">incest</a>, saying that <a href="/wiki/Nj%C3%B6r%C3%B0r" title="Njörðr">Njörðr</a> had Freyr with <a href="/wiki/Sister-wife_of_Nj%C3%B6r%C3%B0r" title="Sister-wife of Njörðr">his sister</a>. He also states that the gods discovered Freyr and Freyja having sex together. The god <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BDr" title="Týr">Týr</a> speaks up in Freyr's defense. </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding: 1pt 10pt;"> <dl><dd>Freyr er beztr</dd> <dd>allra ballriða</dd> <dd>ása görðum í;</dd> <dd>mey hann né grætir</dd> <dd>né manns konu</dd> <dd>ok leysir ór höftum hvern. <i>Lokasenna</i> 37, GJ's edition<sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></dd></dl> </td> <td style="padding: 1pt 10pt;"> <dl><dd>Frey is best</dd> <dd>of all the exalted gods</dd> <dd>in the Æsir's courts:</dd> <dd>no maid he makes to weep,</dd> <dd>no wife of man,</dd> <dd>and from bonds looses all. <i>Lokasenna</i> 37, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100330165232/http://www.northvegr.org/lore/poetic2/013_02.php">Thorpe's translation</a></dd></dl> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i>Lokasenna</i> also mentions that Freyr has servants called <a href="/wiki/Byggvir" title="Byggvir">Byggvir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beyla" title="Beyla">Beyla</a>. They seem to have been associated with the making of bread. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Skírnismál"><span id="Sk.C3.ADrnism.C3.A1l"></span><i>Skírnismál</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freyr&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Skírnismál"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Lovesickness_of_Frey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/The_Lovesickness_of_Frey.jpg/220px-The_Lovesickness_of_Frey.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/The_Lovesickness_of_Frey.jpg/330px-The_Lovesickness_of_Frey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/The_Lovesickness_of_Frey.jpg/440px-The_Lovesickness_of_Frey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1964" data-file-height="1452" /></a><figcaption>"The Lovesickness of Frey" (1908) by W. G. Collingwood.</figcaption></figure> <p>The courtship of Freyr and Gerðr is dealt with extensively in the poem <i><a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%ADrnism%C3%A1l" title="Skírnismál">Skírnismál</a></i>. Freyr is depressed after seeing Gerðr. Njörðr and <a href="/wiki/Ska%C3%B0i" title="Skaði">Skaði</a> ask Skírnir to go and talk with him. Freyr reveals the cause of his grief and asks Skírnir to go to <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6tunheimr" title="Jötunheimr">Jötunheimr</a> to woo Gerðr for him. Freyr gives Skírnir a steed and <a href="/wiki/Sword_of_Freyr" title="Sword of Freyr">his magical sword</a> for the journey. </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding: 1pt 10pt;"> <dl><dd>Mar ek þér þann gef,</dd> <dd>er þik um myrkvan berr</dd> <dd>vísan vafrloga,</dd> <dd>ok þat sverð,</dd> <dd>er sjalft mun vegask</dd> <dd>ef sá er horskr, er hefr. <i>Skírnismál</i> 9, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wayback.vefsafn.is/wayback/20070910215457/http%3A//www.heimskringla.no/original/edda/skirnismal.php">GJ's edition</a></dd></dl> </td> <td style="padding: 1pt 10pt;"> <dl><dd>My steed I lend thee</dd> <dd>to lift thee o'er the weird</dd> <dd>ring of flickering flame,</dd> <dd>the sword also</dd> <dd>which swings itself,</dd> <dd>if wise be he who wields it. <i>Skírnismál</i> 9, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060226015034/http://www.jackowitch.com/Skirnismal.html">Hollander's translation</a></dd></dl> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>When Skírnir finds Gerðr he starts by offering her treasures if she will marry Freyr. When she declines he forces her to accept by threatening her with destructive magic. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Freyr&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2008</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ynglinga_saga"><i>Ynglinga saga</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freyr&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Ynglinga saga"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yngve_Frey_bygger_Gamla_Upsala_tempel_by_Hugo_Hamilton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Yngve_Frey_bygger_Gamla_Upsala_tempel_by_Hugo_Hamilton.jpg/220px-Yngve_Frey_bygger_Gamla_Upsala_tempel_by_Hugo_Hamilton.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Yngve_Frey_bygger_Gamla_Upsala_tempel_by_Hugo_Hamilton.jpg/330px-Yngve_Frey_bygger_Gamla_Upsala_tempel_by_Hugo_Hamilton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Yngve_Frey_bygger_Gamla_Upsala_tempel_by_Hugo_Hamilton.jpg/440px-Yngve_Frey_bygger_Gamla_Upsala_tempel_by_Hugo_Hamilton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="355" /></a><figcaption>Yngvi-Freyr constructs the <a href="/wiki/Temple_at_Uppsala" title="Temple at Uppsala">Temple at Uppsala</a> in this early 19th century artwork by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Hamilton_(artist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hugo Hamilton (artist) (page does not exist)">Hugo Hamilton</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:In_Freyers_Tempel_bei_Upsala_by_F._W._Heine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/In_Freyers_Tempel_bei_Upsala_by_F._W._Heine.jpg/220px-In_Freyers_Tempel_bei_Upsala_by_F._W._Heine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/In_Freyers_Tempel_bei_Upsala_by_F._W._Heine.jpg/330px-In_Freyers_Tempel_bei_Upsala_by_F._W._Heine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/In_Freyers_Tempel_bei_Upsala_by_F._W._Heine.jpg/440px-In_Freyers_Tempel_bei_Upsala_by_F._W._Heine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="634" data-file-height="788" /></a><figcaption>"In Freyr's Temple near Uppsala" (1882) by <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Heine" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Heine">Friedrich Wilhelm Heine</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Snorri_Sturluson" title="Snorri Sturluson">Snorri Sturluson</a> starts his epic history of the kings of Norway with <i><a href="/wiki/Ynglinga_saga" title="Ynglinga saga">Ynglinga saga</a></i>, a euhemerized account of the Norse gods. Here Odin and the Æsir are men from Asia who gain power through their prowess in war and Odin's skills. But when Odin attacks the Vanir he bites off more than he can chew and peace is negotiated after the destructive and indecisive <a href="/wiki/%C3%86sir-Vanir_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Æsir-Vanir War">Æsir-Vanir War</a>. Hostages are exchanged to seal the peace deal and the Vanir send Freyr and Njörðr to live with the Æsir. At this point the saga, like <i>Lokasenna</i>, mentions that incest was practised among the Vanir. </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding: 1pt 10pt;"> <p>Þá er Njörðr var með Vönum, þá hafði hann átta systur sína, því at þat váru þar lög; váru þeirra börn Freyr ok Freyja. En þat var bannat með Ásum at byggja svá náit at frændsemi. <i>Ynglinga saga</i> 4, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heimskringla.no/original/heimskringla/ynglingasaga.php">Schultz's edition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.bibalex.org/web/20051231070651/http://www.heimskringla.no/original/heimskringla/ynglingasaga.php">Archived</a> 31 December 2005 at <a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_Alexandrina#Internet_Archive_partnership" title="Bibliotheca Alexandrina">Bibliotheca Alexandrina</a> </p> </td> <td style="padding: 1pt 10pt;"> <p>While Njord was with the Vanaland people he had taken his own sister in marriage, for that was allowed by their law; and their children were Frey and Freya. But among the Asaland people it was forbidden to intermarry with such near relations. <i>Ynglinga saga</i> 4, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051211092306/http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/OMACL/Heimskringla/ynglinga.html">Laing's translation</a> </p> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Odin makes Njörðr and Freyr priests of sacrifices and they become influential leaders. Odin goes on to conquer the North and settles in Sweden where he rules as king, collects taxes and maintains sacrifices. After Odin's death, Njörðr takes the throne. During his rule there is peace and good harvest and the Swedes come to believe that Njörðr controls these things. Eventually Njörðr falls ill and dies. </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding: 1pt 10pt;"> <p>Freyr tók þá ríki eptir Njörð; var hann kallaðr dróttinn yfir Svíum ok tók skattgjafir af þeim; hann var vinsæll ok ársæll sem faðir hans. Freyr reisti at Uppsölum <a href="/wiki/Heathen_hofs" class="mw-redirect" title="Heathen hofs">hof</a> mikit, ok setti þar höfuðstað sinn; lagði þar til allar skyldir sínar, lönd ok lausa aura; þá hófst Uppsala auðr, ok hefir haldizt æ síðan. Á hans dögum hófst Fróða friðr, þá var ok ár um öll lönd; kendu Svíar þat Frey. Var hann því meir dýrkaðr en önnur goðin, sem á hans dögum varð landsfólkit auðgara en fyrr af friðinum ok ári. Gerðr Gýmis dóttir hét kona hans; sonr þeirra hét Fjölnir. Freyr hét Yngvi öðru nafni; Yngva nafn var lengi síðan haft í hans ætt fyrir tignarnafn, ok Ynglingar váru síðan kallaðir hans ættmenn. Freyr tók sótt; en er at honum leið sóttin, leituðu menn sér ráðs, ok létu fá menn til hans koma, en bjoggu haug mikinn, ok létu dyrr á ok 3 glugga. En er Freyr var dauðr, báru þeir hann leyniliga í hauginn, ok sögðu Svíum at hann lifði, ok varðveittu hann þar 3 vetr. En skatt öllum heltu þeir í hauginn, í einn glugg gullinu, en í annan silfrinu, í hinn þriðja eirpenningum. Þá hélzt ár ok friðr. <i>Ynglinga saga</i> 12, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heimskringla.no/original/heimskringla/ynglingasaga.php">Schultz's edition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.bibalex.org/web/20051231070651/http://www.heimskringla.no/original/heimskringla/ynglingasaga.php">Archived</a> 31 December 2005 at <a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_Alexandrina#Internet_Archive_partnership" title="Bibliotheca Alexandrina">Bibliotheca Alexandrina</a> </p> </td> <td style="padding: 1pt 10pt;"> <p>Frey took the kingdom after Njord, and was called <i>drot</i> by the Swedes, and they paid taxes to him. He was, like his father, fortunate in friends and in good seasons. Frey built a great temple at Upsal, made it his chief seat, and gave it all his taxes, his land, and goods. Then began the <a href="/wiki/Uppsala_%C3%B6d" title="Uppsala öd">Upsal domains</a>, which have remained ever since. Then began in his days the <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%B3%C3%B0i%27s_Peace" title="Fróði's Peace">Frode-peace</a>; and then there were good seasons, in all the land, which the Swedes ascribed to Frey, so that he was more worshipped than the other gods, as the people became much richer in his days by reason of the peace and good seasons. His wife was called Gerd, daughter of <a href="/wiki/Gymir_(father_of_Ger%C3%B0r)" title="Gymir (father of Gerðr)">Gymir</a>, and their son was called <a href="/wiki/Fj%C3%B6lnir" title="Fjölnir">Fjolne</a>. Frey was called by another name, <a href="/wiki/Yngvi" title="Yngvi">Yngve</a>; and this name Yngve was considered long after in his race as a name of honour, so that his descendants have since been called <a href="/wiki/Yngling" title="Yngling">Ynglinger</a>. Frey fell into a sickness; and as his illness took the upper hand, his men took the plan of letting few approach him. In the meantime they raised a great <a href="/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus">mound</a>, in which they placed a door with three holes in it. Now when Frey died they bore him secretly into the mound, but told the Swedes he was alive; and they kept watch over him for three years. They brought all the taxes into the mound, and through the one hole they put in the gold, through the other the silver, and through the third the copper money that was paid. Peace and good seasons continued. <i>Ynglinga saga</i> 12, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051211092306/http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/OMACL/Heimskringla/ynglinga.html">Laing's translation</a> </p> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding: 1pt 10pt;"> <p>Þá er allir Svíar vissu, at Freyr var dauðr, en hélzt ár ok friðr, þá trúðu þeir, at svá mundi vera, meðan Freyr væri á Svíþjóð, ok vildu eigi brenna hann, ok kölluðu hann veraldar goð ok blótuðu mest til árs ok friðar alla ævi síðan. <i>Ynglinga saga</i> 13, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heimskringla.no/original/heimskringla/ynglingasaga.php">Schultz's edition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.bibalex.org/web/20051231070651/http://www.heimskringla.no/original/heimskringla/ynglingasaga.php">Archived</a> 31 December 2005 at <a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_Alexandrina#Internet_Archive_partnership" title="Bibliotheca Alexandrina">Bibliotheca Alexandrina</a> </p> </td> <td style="padding: 1pt 10pt;"> <p>When it became known to the Swedes that Frey was dead, and yet peace and good seasons continued, they believed that it must be so as long as Frey remained in Sweden; and therefore they would not burn his remains, but called him the <a href="/wiki/List_of_names_of_Freyr" title="List of names of Freyr">god of this world</a>, and afterwards offered continually <a href="/wiki/Bl%C3%B3t" title="Blót">blood-sacrifices</a> to him, principally for peace and good seasons. <i>Ynglinga saga</i> 13, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051211092306/http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/OMACL/Heimskringla/ynglinga.html">Laing's translation</a> </p> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Freyr had a son named <a href="/wiki/Fj%C3%B6lnir" title="Fjölnir">Fjölnir</a>, who succeeds him as king and rules during the continuing period of peace and good seasons. Fjölnir's descendants are enumerated in <i><a href="/wiki/Ynglingatal" title="Ynglingatal">Ynglingatal</a></i> which describes the <a href="/wiki/Mythological_kings_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythological kings of Sweden">mythological kings of Sweden</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ögmundar_þáttr_dytts"><span id=".C3.96gmundar_.C3.BE.C3.A1ttr_dytts"></span><i>Ögmundar þáttr dytts</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freyr&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Ögmundar þáttr dytts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 14th century Icelandic <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%96gmundar_%C3%BE%C3%A1ttr_dytts" title="Ögmundar þáttr dytts">Ögmundar þáttr dytts</a></i> contains a tradition of how Freyr was transported in a wagon and administered by a priestess, in Sweden. Freyr's role as a fertility god needed a female counterpart in a divine couple (McKinnell's translation 1987<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>): </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Great heathen sacrifices were held there at that time, and for a long while Frey had been the god who was worshipped most there – and so much power had been gained by Frey's statue that the devil used to speak to people out of the mouth of the idol, and a young and beautiful woman had been obtained to serve Frey. It was the faith of the local people that Frey was alive, as seemed to some extent to be the case, and they thought he would need to have a sexual relationship with his wife; along with Frey she was to have complete control over the temple settlement and all that belonged to it.</p></blockquote> <p>In this short story, a man named Gunnar was suspected of manslaughter and escaped to Sweden, where Gunnar became acquainted with this young priestess. He helped her drive Freyr's wagon with the god effigy in it, but the god did not appreciate Gunnar and so attacked him and would have killed Gunnar if he had not promised himself to return to the Christian faith if he would make it back to Norway. When Gunnar had promised this, a demon jumped out of the god effigy and so Freyr was nothing but a piece of wood. Gunnar destroyed the <a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphic_wooden_cult_figurines_of_Central_and_Northern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropomorphic wooden cult figurines of Central and Northern Europe">wooden idol</a> and dressed himself as Freyr, then Gunnar and the priestess travelled across Sweden where people were happy to see the god visiting them. After a while he made the priestess pregnant, but this was seen by the Swedes as confirmation that Freyr was truly a fertility god and not a scam. Finally, Gunnar had to flee back to Norway with his young bride and had her baptized at the court of <a href="/wiki/Olaf_Tryggvason" title="Olaf Tryggvason">Olaf Tryggvason</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_Icelandic_sources">Other Icelandic sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freyr&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Other Icelandic sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Worship of Freyr is alluded to in several <a href="/wiki/Icelanders%27_sagas" class="mw-redirect" title="Icelanders' sagas">Icelanders' sagas</a>. </p><p>The protagonist of <i><a href="/wiki/Hrafnkels_saga" title="Hrafnkels saga">Hrafnkels saga</a></i> is a <a href="/wiki/Go%C3%B0i" class="mw-redirect" title="Goði">priest</a> of Freyr. He <a href="/wiki/Horses_in_Germanic_paganism#Dedication_to_gods" title="Horses in Germanic paganism">dedicates a horse to the god</a> and kills a man for riding it, setting in motion a chain of fateful events. </p><p>In <i><a href="/wiki/G%C3%ADsla_saga" title="Gísla saga">Gísla saga</a></i> a chieftain named <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%9Eorgr%C3%ADmr_Freysgo%C3%B0i&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Þorgrímr Freysgoði (page does not exist)">Þorgrímr Freysgoði</a></i> is an ardent worshipper of Freyr. When he dies he is buried in a <a href="/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus">howe</a>. </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td> <p><i>Varð og sá hlutur einn er nýnæmum þótti gegna að aldrei festi snæ utan og sunnan á haugi Þorgríms og eigi fraus; og gátu menn þess til að hann myndi Frey svo ávarður fyrir blótin að hann myndi eigi vilja að freri á milli þeirra.</i><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td> <td> <p>And now, too, a thing happened which seemed strange and new. No snow lodged on the south side of Thorgrim's howe, nor did it freeze there. And men guessed it was because Thorgrim had been so dear to Frey for his worship's sake that the god would not suffer the frost to come between them. -<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Hallfre%C3%B0ar_saga" title="Hallfreðar saga">Hallfreðar saga</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/V%C3%ADga-Gl%C3%BAms_saga" title="Víga-Glúms saga">Víga-Glúms saga</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Vatnsd%C5%93la_saga" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatnsdœla saga">Vatnsdœla saga</a></i> also mention Freyr. </p><p>Other Icelandic sources referring to Freyr include <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dslendingab%C3%B3k" title="Íslendingabók">Íslendingabók</a></i>, <span title="Icelandic-language text"><i lang="is"><a href="/wiki/Landn%C3%A1mab%C3%B3k" title="Landnámabók">Landnámabók</a></i></span>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Hervarar_saga" class="mw-redirect" title="Hervarar saga">Hervarar saga</a></i>. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dslendingab%C3%B3k" title="Íslendingabók">Íslendingabók</a></i>, written <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1125, is the oldest Icelandic source that mentions Freyr, including him in a genealogy of Swedish kings. <span title="Icelandic-language text"><i lang="is"><a href="/wiki/Landn%C3%A1mab%C3%B3k" title="Landnámabók">Landnámabók</a></i></span> includes a heathen oath to be sworn at an assembly where Freyr, Njörðr, and "<a href="/wiki/Alm%C3%A1ttki_%C3%A1ss" title="Almáttki áss">the almighty <i>áss</i></a>" are invoked. <i><a href="/wiki/Hervarar_saga" class="mw-redirect" title="Hervarar saga">Hervarar saga</a></i> mentions a <a href="/wiki/Yule" title="Yule">Yuletide</a> sacrifice of a boar to Freyr. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gesta_Danorum"><i>Gesta Danorum</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freyr&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Gesta Danorum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 12th Century Danish <i><a href="/wiki/Gesta_Danorum" title="Gesta Danorum">Gesta Danorum</a></i> describes Freyr, under the name <b>Frø</b>, as the "viceroy of the gods". </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding: 1pt 10pt;"> <p>Frø quoque deorum satrapa sedem haud procul Upsala cepit, ubi veterem litationis morem tot gentibus ac saeculis usurpatum tristi infandoque piaculo mutavit. Siquidem humani generis hostias mactare aggressus foeda superis libamenta persolvit. <i>Gesta Danorum</i> 3, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kb.dk/elib/lit/dan/saxo/lat/or.dsr/3/2/index.htm">Olrik's edition</a> </p> </td> <td style="padding: 1pt 10pt;"> <p>There was also a viceroy of the gods, Frø, who took up residence not far from Uppsala and altered the ancient system of sacrifice practised for centuries among many peoples to a morbid and unspeakable form of expiation. He delivered abominable offerings to the powers above by instituting the slaughter of human victims. <i>Gesta Danorum</i> 3, Fisher's translation </p> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>That Freyr had a <a href="/wiki/Cult_(religion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cult (religion)">cult</a> at Uppsala is well confirmed from other sources. The reference to the change in sacrificial ritual may also reflect some historical memory. There is archaeological evidence for an increase in <a href="/wiki/Human_sacrifice" title="Human sacrifice">human sacrifices</a> in the late <a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though among the Norse gods human sacrifice is most often linked to Odin. Another reference to Frø and sacrifices is found earlier in the work, where the beginning of an annual <i><a href="/wiki/Bl%C3%B3t" title="Blót">blót</a></i> to him is related. King <a href="/wiki/Hadingus" title="Hadingus">Hadingus</a> is cursed after killing a divine being and atones for his crime with a sacrifice. </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td> <p>Siquidem propitiandorum numinum gratia Frø deo rem divinam furvis hostiis fecit. Quem litationis morem annuo feriarum circuitu repetitum posteris imitandum reliquit. Frøblot Sueones vocant. <i>Gesta Danorum</i> 1, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kb.dk/elib/lit/dan/saxo/lat/or.dsr/1/8/index.htm">Olrik's edition</a> </p> </td> <td> <p>[I]n order to mollify the divinities he did indeed make a holy sacrifice of dark-coloured victims to the god Frø. He repeated this mode of propitiation at an annual festival and left it to be imitated by his descendants. The Swedes call it Frøblot. <i>Gesta Danorum</i> 1, Fisher's translation </p> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The sacrifice of dark-coloured victims to Freyr has a parallel in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Ancient Greek religion</a> where the <a href="/wiki/Chthonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Chthonic">chthonic</a> fertility deities preferred dark-coloured victims to lighter ones. </p><p>In book 9, Saxo identifies Frø as the "king of Sweden" (<i>rex Suetiae</i>): </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td> <p>Quo tempore rex Suetiae Frø, interfecto Norvagiensium rege Sywardo, coniuges necessariorum eius prostibulo relegatas publice constuprandas exhibuit. <i>Gesta Danorum</i> 9, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kb.dk/elib/lit/dan/saxo/lat/or.dsr/9/4/index.htm">Olrik's edition</a> </p> </td> <td> <p>About this time the Swedish ruler Frø, after killing Sivard, king of the Norwegians, removed the wives of Sivard's relatives to a brothel and exposed them to public prostitution. <i>Gesta Danorum</i> 9, Fisher's translation </p> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The reference to public prostitution may be a memory of fertility cult practices. Such a memory may also be the source of a description in book 6 of the stay of <a href="/wiki/Starcatherus" class="mw-redirect" title="Starcatherus">Starcatherus</a>, a follower of Odin, in Sweden. </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td> <p>Mortuo autem Bemono, Starcatherus ab athletis Biarmensibus ob virtutem accitus, cum plurima apud eos memoratu digna edidisset facinora, Sueonum fines ingreditur. Ubi cum filiis Frø septennio feriatus ab his tandem ad Haconem Daniae tyrannum se contulit, quod apud Upsalam sacrificiorum tempore constitutus effeminatos corporum motus scaenicosque mimorum plausus ac mollia nolarum crepitacula fastidiret. Unde patet, quam remotum a lascivia animum habuerit, qui ne eius quidem spectator esse sustinuit. Adeo virtus luxui resistit. <i>Gesta Danorum</i> 6, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kb.dk/elib/lit/dan/saxo/lat/or.dsr/6/5/index.htm">Olrik's edition</a> </p> </td> <td> <p>After Bemoni's death Starkather, because of his valour, was summoned by the Biarmian champions and there performed many feats worthy of the tellings. Then he entered Swedish territory where he spent seven years in a leisurely stay with the sons of Frø, after which he departed to join Haki, the lord of Denmark, for, living at Uppsala in the period of sacrifices, he had become disgusted with the womanish body movements, the clatter of actors on the stage and the soft tinkling of bells. It is obvious how far his heart was removed from frivolity if he could not even bear to watch these occasions. A manly individual is resistant to wantonness. <i>Gesta Danorum</i> 6, Fisher's translation </p> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Yngvi">Yngvi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freyr&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Yngvi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Yngvi" title="Yngvi">Yngvi</a></div> <p>A strophe of the Anglo-Saxon <a href="/wiki/Rune_poem" title="Rune poem">rune poem</a> (c. 1100) records that: </p> <dl><dd><i>Ing was first among the <a href="/wiki/East_Dane" class="mw-redirect" title="East Dane">East Danes</a> seen by men</i></dd></dl> <p>This may refer to the origins of the worship of <b><a href="/wiki/Ingui" class="mw-redirect" title="Ingui">Ingui</a></b> in the tribal areas that <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a> mentions in his <i><a href="/wiki/Germania_(book)" title="Germania (book)">Germania</a></i> as being populated by the Inguieonnic tribes. A later Danish chronicler lists Ingui was one of three brothers that the Danish tribes descended from. The strophe also states that "then he (Ingui) went back over the waves, his wagon behind him" which could connect Ingui to earlier conceptions of the wagon processions of <a href="/wiki/Nerthus" title="Nerthus">Nerthus</a> and the later Scandinavian conceptions of Freyr's wagon journeys. </p><p>Ingui is mentioned also in some later Anglo-Saxon literature under varying forms of his name, such as "For what doth Ingeld have to do with Christ" and the variants used in <a href="/wiki/Beowulf" title="Beowulf">Beowulf</a> to designate the kings as 'leader of the friends of Ing'. The compound Ingui-Frea (OE) and Yngvi-Freyr (ON) likely refer to the connection between the god and the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_king" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic king">Germanic kings</a>' role as priests during the sacrifices in the pagan period, as <i>Frea</i> and <i>Freyr</i> are titles meaning 'Lord'. </p><p>The Swedish royal dynasty was known as the <a href="/wiki/Yngling" title="Yngling">Ynglings</a> from their descent from Yngvi-Freyr. This is supported by Tacitus, who wrote about the Germans: "In their ancient songs, their only way of remembering or recording the past they celebrate an earth-born god <a href="/wiki/Tuisco" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuisco">Tuisco</a>, and his son <a href="/wiki/Mannus" title="Mannus">Mannus</a>, as the origin of their race, as their founders. To Mannus they assign three sons, from whose names, they say, the coast tribes are called <a href="/wiki/Ingaevones" title="Ingaevones">Ingaevones</a>; those of the interior, <a href="/wiki/Herminones" class="mw-redirect" title="Herminones">Herminones</a>; all the rest, <a href="/wiki/Istaevones" class="mw-redirect" title="Istaevones">Istaevones</a>". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archaeological_record">Archaeological record</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freyr&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Archaeological record"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rällinge_statuette"><span id="R.C3.A4llinge_statuette"></span>Rällinge statuette</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freyr&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Rällinge statuette"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A4llinge_statuette" title="Rällinge statuette">Rällinge statuette</a></div> <p>In 1904, a <a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a> statuette identified as a depiction of Freyr was discovered on the farm Rällinge in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lunda,_S%C3%B6dermanland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lunda, Södermanland (page does not exist)">Lunda, Södermanland</a> parish in the province of <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6dermanland" title="Södermanland">Södermanland</a>, Sweden. The depiction features a cross-legged seated, bearded male with an erect penis. He is wearing a pointed cap or helmet and stroking his triangular beard. The seven-centimeter-tall statue is displayed at the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Museum_of_National_Antiquities" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish Museum of National Antiquities">Swedish Museum of National Antiquities</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NATANTSTAT_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NATANTSTAT-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Skog_tapestry">Skog tapestry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freyr&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Skog tapestry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Skog_tapestry" title="Skog tapestry">Skog tapestry</a></div> <p>A part of the Swedish Skog tapestry depicts three figures that have been interpreted as allusions to Odin, Thor, and Freyr,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but also as the three Scandinavian holy kings <a href="/wiki/Canute_IV_of_Denmark" title="Canute IV of Denmark">Canute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eric_IX_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Eric IX of Sweden">Eric</a> and <a href="/wiki/Olaf_II_of_Norway" title="Olaf II of Norway">Olaf</a>. The figures coincide with 11th century descriptions of statue arrangements recorded by Adam of Bremen at the Temple at Uppsala and written accounts of the gods during the late Viking Age. The tapestry is originally from <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A4lsingland" title="Hälsingland">Hälsingland</a>, Sweden but is now housed at the Swedish Museum of National Antiquities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gullgubber">Gullgubber</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freyr&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Gullgubber"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gullgubber" title="Gullgubber">Gullgubber</a></div> <p>Small pieces of gold foil featuring engravings dating from the <a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a> into the early <a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a> (known as <i><a href="/wiki/Gullgubber" title="Gullgubber">gullgubber</a></i>) have been discovered in various locations in <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a>, at one site almost 2,500. The foil pieces have been found largely on the sites of buildings, only rarely in graves. The figures are sometimes single, occasionally an animal, sometimes a man and a woman with a leafy bough between them, facing or embracing one another. The human figures are almost always clothed and are sometimes depicted with their knees bent. Scholar <a href="/wiki/Hilda_Ellis_Davidson" title="Hilda Ellis Davidson">Hilda Ellis Davidson</a> says that it has been suggested that the figures are taking part in a dance, and that they may have been connected with weddings, as well as linked to the <a href="/wiki/Vanir" title="Vanir">Vanir</a> group of gods, representing the notion of a divine marriage, such as in the <i>Poetic Edda</i> poem <i><a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%ADrnism%C3%A1l" title="Skírnismál">Skírnismál</a></i>; the coming together of Gerðr and Freyr.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson1988121_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson1988121-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Guldgubbe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Guldgubbe.jpg/80px-Guldgubbe.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Guldgubbe.jpg/119px-Guldgubbe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Guldgubbe.jpg/159px-Guldgubbe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1328" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Three_kings_or_three_gods.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Skog Church Tapestry portion possibly depicting Odin, Thor and Freyr"><img alt="The Skog Church Tapestry portion possibly depicting Odin, Thor and Freyr" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Three_kings_or_three_gods.jpg/94px-Three_kings_or_three_gods.jpg" decoding="async" width="94" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Three_kings_or_three_gods.jpg/141px-Three_kings_or_three_gods.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Three_kings_or_three_gods.jpg/188px-Three_kings_or_three_gods.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1566" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Skog Church Tapestry portion possibly depicting Odin, Thor and Freyr</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Goldgubb.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An example of the small gold pieces of foil that may depict Gerðr and Freyr"><img alt="An example of the small gold pieces of foil that may depict Gerðr and Freyr" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Goldgubb.jpg/94px-Goldgubb.jpg" decoding="async" width="94" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Goldgubb.jpg/142px-Goldgubb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Goldgubb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="170" data-file-height="216" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An example of the small gold pieces of foil that may depict Gerðr and Freyr</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Toponyms">Toponyms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freyr&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Toponyms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> </p> <ul><li><i>Freysakr</i> ("Freyr's field") - name of two old farms in <a href="/wiki/Gol,_Norway" title="Gol, Norway">Gol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Torpa,_Norway" title="Torpa, Norway">Torpa</a>.</li> <li><i>Freyshof</i> ("Freyr's temple") - name of two old farms in <a href="/wiki/Hole,_Norway" title="Hole, Norway">Hole</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%B8gstad" title="Trøgstad">Trøgstad</a>.</li> <li><i>Freysland</i> ("Freyr's land/field") - name of six old farms in <a href="/wiki/Feda,_Norway" title="Feda, Norway">Feda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Halse,_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Halse, Norway">Halse</a>, <a href="/wiki/F%C3%B8rde" title="Førde">Førde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sogndal" title="Sogndal">Sogndal</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8gne" title="Søgne">Søgne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Torpa,_Norway" title="Torpa, Norway">Torpa</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><i>Freyslíð</i> ("Freyr's hill") - name of two old farms in <a href="/wiki/Lunner" title="Lunner">Lunner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Torpa,_Norway" title="Torpa, Norway">Torpa</a>.</li> <li><i>Freysnes</i> ("Freyr's headland") - name of an old farm in <a href="/wiki/Sandnes" title="Sandnes">Sandnes</a>.</li> <li><i>Freyssetr</i> ("Freyr's farm") - name of two old farms in <a href="/wiki/Masfjorden" title="Masfjorden">Masfjorden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soknedal_(municipality)" class="mw-redirect" title="Soknedal (municipality)">Soknedal</a>.</li> <li><i>Freyssteinn</i> ("Freyr's stone") - name of an old farm in <a href="/wiki/Lista" title="Lista">Lista</a>.</li> <li><i>Freysteigr</i> ("Freyr's field") - name of an old farm in <a href="/wiki/Ramnes_Municipality" title="Ramnes Municipality">Ramnes</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fresvik" title="Fresvik">Freysvík</a></i> ("Freyr's inlet/bay") - name of two old farms in <a href="/wiki/Fresvik" title="Fresvik">Fresvik</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ullensvang" title="Ullensvang">Ullensvang</a>.</li> <li><i>Freysvin</i> ("Freyr's meadow") - name of four old farms in <a href="/wiki/Hole,_Norway" title="Hole, Norway">Hole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lom,_Norway" title="Lom, Norway">Lom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sunnylven" title="Sunnylven">Sunnylven</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%98stre_Gausdal" class="mw-redirect" title="Østre Gausdal">Østre Gausdal</a>.</li> <li><i>Freysvǫllr</i> ("Freyr's field") - name of an old farm in <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8r-Odal" title="Sør-Odal">Sør-Odal</a>.</li> <li><i>Freysþveit</i> ("Freyr's thwaite") - name of an old farm in <a href="/wiki/Hedrum" title="Hedrum">Hedrum</a>.</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> </p> <ul><li><i>Fröslunda</i> ("Freyr's grove") - <a href="/wiki/Uppland" title="Uppland">Uppland</a></li> <li><i>Frösåker</i> ("Freyr's field") - <a href="/wiki/Uppland" title="Uppland">Uppland</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%B6s%C3%B6n" title="Frösön">Frösön</a></i> ("Freyr's island") - <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A4mtland" title="Jämtland">Jämtland</a></li> <li><i>Fröseke</i> ("Freyr's oak forest") - <a href="/wiki/Sm%C3%A5land" title="Småland">Småland</a></li> <li><i>Frösve</i> ("Freyr's sanctuary") - <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4sterg%C3%B6tland" title="Västergötland">Västergötland</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%B6sakull" title="Frösakull">Frösakull</a></i> ("Freyr's hill") – <a href="/wiki/Halland" title="Halland">Halland</a></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fr%C3%B8s_Herred&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frøs Herred (page does not exist)">Frøs Herred</a></i> ("Freyr's Shire") - <a href="/wiki/Southern_Jutland" title="Southern Jutland">Southern Jutland</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_influence">Modern influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freyr&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Modern influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Freyr appears in numerous works of modern art and literature. He appears, for example, alongside numerous other figures from Norse mythology in the Danish poet <a href="/wiki/Adam_Gottlob_Oehlenschl%C3%A4ger" class="mw-redirect" title="Adam Gottlob Oehlenschläger">Adam Gottlob Oehlenschläger</a>'s <i>Nordens Guder</i> (1819). He also appears in Icelandic poet <a href="/wiki/Ger%C3%B0ur_Kristn%C3%BD" title="Gerður Kristný">Gerður Kristný</a>'s <i>Blóðhófnir</i> (2010),<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a feminist retelling of the Eddic poem <i>Skírnismál</i> that won the 2010 <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Literature_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Icelandic Literature Award">Icelandic Literature Award</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freyr&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Freyr" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Freyr">Freyr</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Germanic_deities" title="List of Germanic deities">List of Germanic deities</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freyr&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELindow2001121-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindow2001121_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLindow2001">Lindow 2001</a>, p. 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson196496–97-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson196496–97_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavidson1964">Davidson 1964</a>, pp. 96–97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Vries1962142-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Vries1962142_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Vries1962142_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFde_Vries1962">de Vries 1962</a>, p. 142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrel2003112-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrel2003112_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOrel2003">Orel 2003</a>, p. 112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElmevik2003-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElmevik2003_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElmevik2003">Elmevik 2003</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESundqvist201326-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESundqvist201326_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSundqvist2013">Sundqvist 2013</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKroonen2013152–153-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKroonen2013152–153_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKroonen2013">Kroonen 2013</a>, pp. 152–153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTschan2002">Tschan 2002</a>, p. 192 (Book 4, ix (9))</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTschan2002">Tschan 2002</a>, p. 207 (Book 4, xxvi (26))</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Haastrup 2004, pp. 18–24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A <i><a href="/wiki/Kenning" title="Kenning">kenning</a></i> meaning "fire".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://userpage.fu-berlin.de/~alvismal/3search.pdf">"Heinrichs, Anne: <i>The Search for Identity: A Problem after the Conversion</i>, in <i>alvíssmál 3</i>. pp. 54–55"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040610190449/http://userpage.fu-berlin.de/~alvismal/3search.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 10 June 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Heinrichs%2C+Anne%3A+The+Search+for+Identity%3A+A+Problem+after+the+Conversion%2C+in+alv%C3%ADssm%C3%A1l+3.+pp.+54%E2%80%9355.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuserpage.fu-berlin.de%2F~alvismal%2F3search.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreyr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.snerpa.is/net/isl/gisl.htm">"Gísla saga Súrssonar"</a>. <i>www.snerpa.is</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.snerpa.is&rft.atitle=G%C3%ADsla+saga+S%C3%BArssonar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.snerpa.is%2Fnet%2Fisl%2Fgisl.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreyr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080605035403/http://www.northvegr.org/lore/gisli/015.php">"The Story of Gisli The Outlaw"</a>. <i>Northvegr</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://northvegr.org/lore/gisli/015.php">the original</a> on 5 June 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Northvegr&rft.atitle=The+Story+of+Gisli+The+Outlaw&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnorthvegr.org%2Flore%2Fgisli%2F015.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreyr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davidson 1999, Vol. II, p. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NATANTSTAT-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NATANTSTAT_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Swedish Museum of National Antiquities inventory number 14232. Viewable online: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.historiska.se/historia/jarnaldern/vikingar/hedniskagudar/relaterade-bilder-hedniska-gudar/frejstatyett/">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leiren, Terje I. (1999). <i>From Pagan to Christian: The Story in the 12th-Century Tapestry of the Skog Church</i>. Published online: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://faculty.washington.edu/leiren/vikings2.html">http://faculty.washington.edu/leiren/vikings2.html</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071231052200/http://faculty.washington.edu/leiren/vikings2.html">Archived</a> 31 December 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson1988121-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson1988121_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavidson1988">Davidson 1988</a>, p. 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKristný2010" class="citation book cs1">Kristný, Gerður (2010). <i>Blóðhófnir</i>. Mál og menning.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bl%C3%B3%C3%B0h%C3%B3fnir&rft.pub=M%C3%A1l+og+menning&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Kristn%C3%BD&rft.aufirst=Ger%C3%B0ur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreyr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrockerGeeraert2022" class="citation book cs1">Crocker, Christopher; Geeraert, Dustin (2022). <i>Cultural legacies of Old Norse literature: new perspectives</i>. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84384-638-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84384-638-3"><bdi>978-1-84384-638-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultural+legacies+of+Old+Norse+literature%3A+new+perspectives&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=D.+S.+Brewer&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-84384-638-3&rft.aulast=Crocker&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft.au=Geeraert%2C+Dustin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreyr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freyr&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Ásgeir Blöndal Magnússon (1989). <i>Íslensk orðsifjabók</i>. Reykjavík: Orðabók Háskólans.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerger1988" class="citation book cs1">Berger, Pamela (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6kAj30ftRaAC"><i>Goddess Obscured: Transformation of the Grain Protectress from Goddess to Saint</i></a>. Beacon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-6723-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-6723-9"><bdi>978-0-8070-6723-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Goddess+Obscured%3A+Transformation+of+the+Grain+Protectress+from+Goddess+to+Saint&rft.pub=Beacon+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-8070-6723-9&rft.aulast=Berger&rft.aufirst=Pamela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6kAj30ftRaAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreyr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Gilchrist_Brodeur" title="Arthur Gilchrist Brodeur">Brodeur, Arthur Gilchrist</a> (tr.) (1916). <i>The Prose Edda by Snorri Sturluson</i>. New York: The American-Scandinavian Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110917032757/http://www.cybersamurai.net/Mythology/nordic_gods/LegendsSagas/Edda/ProseEdda/">Available online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidson1964" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hilda_Ellis_Davidson" title="Hilda Ellis Davidson">Davidson, Hilda E.</a> (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mxuqQRczoFYC"><i>Gods and Myths of Northern Europe</i></a>. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-194150-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-194150-9"><bdi>978-0-14-194150-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gods+and+Myths+of+Northern+Europe&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1964&rft.isbn=978-0-14-194150-9&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=Hilda+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmxuqQRczoFYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreyr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidson1988" class="citation book cs1">Davidson, H. R. Ellis (1988). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mythssymbolsinpa00davi"><i>Myths and Symbols in Pagan Europe: Early Scandinavian and Celtic Religions</i></a></span>. Manchester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-2579-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-2579-2"><bdi>978-0-7190-2579-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Myths+and+Symbols+in+Pagan+Europe%3A+Early+Scandinavian+and+Celtic+Religions&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-2579-2&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=H.+R.+Ellis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmythssymbolsinpa00davi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreyr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Vries1962" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jan_de_Vries_(linguist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jan de Vries (linguist)">de Vries, Jan</a> (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hLceAAAAIAAJ"><i>Altnordisches Etymologisches Worterbuch</i></a> (1977 ed.). Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-05436-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-05436-3"><bdi>978-90-04-05436-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Altnordisches+Etymologisches+Worterbuch&rft.edition=1977&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1962&rft.isbn=978-90-04-05436-3&rft.aulast=de+Vries&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhLceAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreyr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDronke1997" class="citation book cs1">Dronke, Ursula (1997). <i>The Poetic Edda: Mythological poems</i>. Oxford University Press, USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-811181-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-811181-8"><bdi>978-0-19-811181-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Poetic+Edda%3A+Mythological+poems&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+USA&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-19-811181-8&rft.aulast=Dronke&rft.aufirst=Ursula&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreyr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDumézil1973" class="citation book cs1">Dumézil, Georges (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k7C9CRAI4TYC"><i>From Myth to Fiction: The Saga of Hadingus</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-16972-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-16972-9"><bdi>978-0-226-16972-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Myth+to+Fiction%3A+The+Saga+of+Hadingus&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-226-16972-9&rft.aulast=Dum%C3%A9zil&rft.aufirst=Georges&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk7C9CRAI4TYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreyr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElmevik2003" class="citation journal cs1">Elmevik, Lennart (2003). "<i>Freyr</i>, <i>Freyja</i>, och <i>Freyfaxi</i>". <i>Studia Anthroponymica Scandinavica</i>. <b>21</b>: 5–13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studia+Anthroponymica+Scandinavica&rft.atitle=Freyr%2C+Freyja%2C+och+Freyfaxi&rft.volume=21&rft.pages=5-13&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Elmevik&rft.aufirst=Lennart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreyr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Eysteinn Björnsson (ed.) (2005). <i>Snorra-Edda: Formáli & Gylfaginning : Textar fjögurra meginhandrita</i>. Published online: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080611212105/http://www.hi.is/~eybjorn/gg/">GYLFAGINNING</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnur_J%C3%B3nsson" title="Finnur Jónsson">Finnur Jónsson</a> (1913). <i>Goðafræði Norðmanna og Íslendinga eftir heimildum</i>. Reykjavík: Hið íslenska bókmentafjelag.</li> <li>Finnur Jónsson (1931). <i>Lexicon Poeticum</i>. København: S. L. Møllers Bogtrykkeri.</li> <li>Guðni Jónsson (ed.) (1949). Eddukvæði : Sæmundar Edda. Reykjavík: Íslendingasagnaútgáfan.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaspersenHaastrup2004" class="citation book cs1">Kaspersen, Søren; Haastrup, Ulla. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ib3VTuP87i0C"><i>Images of Cult and Devotion: Function and Reception of Christian Images in Medieval and Post-Medieval E Urope</i></a>. Museum Tusculanum Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-87-7289-903-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-87-7289-903-9"><bdi>978-87-7289-903-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Images+of+Cult+and+Devotion%3A+Function+and+Reception+of+Christian+Images+in+Medieval+and+Post-Medieval+E+Urope&rft.pub=Museum+Tusculanum+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-87-7289-903-9&rft.aulast=Kaspersen&rft.aufirst=S%C3%B8ren&rft.au=Haastrup%2C+Ulla.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIb3VTuP87i0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreyr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKroonen2013" class="citation book cs1">Kroonen, Guus (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cgmFRAAACAAJ"><i>Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic</i></a>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004183407" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004183407"><bdi>978-9004183407</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Etymological+Dictionary+of+Proto-Germanic&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-9004183407&rft.aulast=Kroonen&rft.aufirst=Guus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcgmFRAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreyr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee_Milton_Hollander1986" class="citation book cs1">Lee Milton Hollander (1986). <i>The Poetic Edda</i>. University of Texas Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-76499-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-76499-6"><bdi>978-0-292-76499-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Poetic+Edda&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-292-76499-6&rft.au=Lee+Milton+Hollander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreyr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Leiren, Terje I. (1999). <i>From Pagan to Christian: The Story in the 12th-Century Tapestry of the Skog Church</i>. Published online: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://faculty.washington.edu/leiren/vikings2.html">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071231052200/http://faculty.washington.edu/leiren/vikings2.html">Archived</a> 31 December 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindow2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Lindow" title="John Lindow">Lindow, John</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KlT7tv3eMSwC"><i>Norse Mythology: A Guide to Gods, Heroes, Rituals, and Beliefs</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-983969-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-983969-8"><bdi>978-0-19-983969-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Norse+Mythology%3A+A+Guide+to+Gods%2C+Heroes%2C+Rituals%2C+and+Beliefs&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-983969-8&rft.aulast=Lindow&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKlT7tv3eMSwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreyr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrel2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Orel" title="Vladimir Orel">Orel, Vladimir E.</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LY1iAAAAMAAJ"><i>A Handbook of Germanic Etymology</i></a>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12875-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12875-0"><bdi>978-90-04-12875-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Handbook+of+Germanic+Etymology&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-90-04-12875-0&rft.aulast=Orel&rft.aufirst=Vladimir+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLY1iAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreyr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>"Rällinge-Frö" <i>Historiska museet</i>. Retrieved 6 February 2006, from the World Wide Web. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060212105546/http://www.historiska.se/collections/treasures/viking/frej.html">Rällinge-Frö</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSundqvist2020" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Sundqvist, Olof (2020). "Freyr". In Schjødt, Jens Peter; Lindow, John; Andrén, Andres (eds.). <i>The Pre-Christian Religions of the North: History and Structures</i>. Vol. 3, ch. 43. Turnhout: Brepols. pp. 1195–1245.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Freyr&rft.btitle=The+Pre-Christian+Religions+of+the+North%3A+History+and+Structures&rft.place=Turnhout&rft.pages=1195-1245&rft.pub=Brepols&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Sundqvist&rft.aufirst=Olof&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreyr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSundqvist2013" class="citation journal cs1">Sundqvist, Olof (2013). "On <i>Freyr</i>: The 'Lord' or 'The Fertile One'? Some Comments on the Discussion of Etymology from the Historian of Religions' Point of View". <i>Onoma</i>. <b>48</b>: 11–35.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Onoma&rft.atitle=On+Freyr%3A+The+%27Lord%27+or+%27The+Fertile+One%27%3F+Some+Comments+on+the+Discussion+of+Etymology+from+the+Historian+of+Religions%27+Point+of+View&rft.volume=48&rft.pages=11-35&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Sundqvist&rft.aufirst=Olof&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreyr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Thordeman, Bengt (ed.) (1954) <i>Erik den helige : historia, kult, reliker</i>. Stockholm: Nordisk rotogravyr.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Thorpe" title="Benjamin Thorpe">Thorpe, Benjamin</a> (tr.) (1866). <i>Edda Sæmundar Hinns Froða : The Edda of Sæmund The Learned</i>. (2 vols.) London: Trübner & Co. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.germanicmythology.com/works/ThorpeEdda/ThorpeMAIN.html">Available online</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freyr&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam_of_Bremen" title="Adam of Bremen">Adam of Bremen</a> (edited by G. Waitz) (1876). <i>Gesta Hammaburgensis Ecclesiae Pontificum</i>. Berlin. Available online Translation of the section on the Temple at Uppsala available at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.germanicmythology.com/works/uppsalatemple.html">The Temple at Old Uppsala: Adam of Bremen</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTschan2002" class="citation book cs1">Adam of Bremen (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4XfoxDEcIcgC"><i>History of the archbishops of Hamburg-Bremen</i></a>. Tschan, Francis J. (trans.). Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-12575-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-12575-8"><bdi>978-0-231-12575-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+archbishops+of+Hamburg-Bremen&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-231-12575-8&rft.au=Adam+of+Bremen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4XfoxDEcIcgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreyr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaxo1979" class="citation book cs1">Saxo, Grammaticus (1979). <i>The History of the Danes</i>. DS Brewer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85991-502-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85991-502-1"><bdi>978-0-85991-502-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Danes&rft.pub=DS+Brewer&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-85991-502-1&rft.aulast=Saxo&rft.aufirst=Grammaticus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreyr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Olrik, J. and H. Ræder (1931). <i>Saxo Grammaticus : Gesta Danorum</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kb.dk/elib/lit/dan/saxo/lat/or.dsr/index.htm">Available online</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Nj%C3%B6r%C3%B0r" title="Njörðr">Njörðr</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Mythological_king_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythological king of Sweden">Mythological king of Sweden</a> </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Fj%C3%B6lnir" title="Fjölnir">Fjölnir</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_god_Freyr_in_Germanic_paganism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e7e7e7"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Freyr" title="Template:Freyr"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Freyr" title="Template talk:Freyr"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Freyr" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Freyr"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_god_Freyr_in_Germanic_paganism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">The god <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Freyr</a> in <a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic paganism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background:#e7e7e7"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ingunar-Freyr" title="Ingunar-Freyr">Ingunar-Freyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yngvi" title="Yngvi">Yngvi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e7e7e7;width:1%">Attributes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lfheimr" title="Álfheimr">Álfheimr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barri" title="Barri">Barri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bl%C3%B3%C3%B0ugh%C3%B3fi" title="Blóðughófi">Blóðughófi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%B3%C3%B0i%27s_Peace" title="Fróði's Peace">Fróði's Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullinbursti" title="Gullinbursti">Gullinbursti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%AD%C3%B0bla%C3%B0nir" title="Skíðblaðnir">Skíðblaðnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword_of_Freyr" title="Sword of Freyr">Sword of Freyr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e7e7e7;width:1%">Major attestations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hrafnkels_saga" title="Hrafnkels saga">Hrafnkels saga</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%96gmundar_%C3%BE%C3%A1ttr_dytts" title="Ögmundar þáttr dytts">Ögmundar þáttr dytts</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%ADrnism%C3%A1l" title="Skírnismál">Skírnismál</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/V%C3%ADga-Gl%C3%BAms_saga" title="Víga-Glúms saga">Víga-Glúms saga</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lusp%C3%A1" title="Völuspá">Völuspá</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ynglinga_Saga" class="mw-redirect" title="Ynglinga Saga">Ynglinga Saga</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e7e7e7;width:1%">Names and associates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Freyr" class="mw-redirect" title="Names of Freyr">Names of Freyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beyla" title="Beyla">Beyla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byggvir" title="Byggvir">Byggvir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fj%C3%B6lnir" title="Fjölnir">Fjölnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ger%C3%B0r" title="Gerðr">Gerðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%ADrnir" title="Skírnir">Skírnir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e7e7e7;width:1%">Cult</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_boar_helmet" title="Germanic boar helmet">Germanic boar helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heitstrenging" title="Heitstrenging">Heitstrenging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A4llinge_statuette" title="Rällinge statuette">Rällinge statuette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonarg%C3%B6ltr" title="Sonargöltr">Sonargöltr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_at_Uppsala" title="Temple at Uppsala">Temple at Uppsala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uppsala_%C3%B6d" title="Uppsala öd">Uppsala öd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yngling" title="Yngling">Yngling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Old_Norse_religion_and_mythology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#d6dbbe;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Norse_paganism_footer" title="Template:Norse paganism footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Norse_paganism_footer" title="Template talk:Norse paganism footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Norse_paganism_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Norse paganism footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Old_Norse_religion_and_mythology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Old Norse religion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">mythology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#d6dbbe;"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_people,_items_and_places_in_Norse_mythology" title="List of people, items and places in Norse mythology">Mythological Norse people, items and places</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Germanic_deities" title="List of Germanic deities">Deities</a>, <br /> <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_(folklore)" title="Dwarf (folklore)">dwarfs</a>, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6tunn" title="Jötunn">jötnar</a>,<br />and other figures</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%C3%86sir" title="Æsir">Æsir</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alm%C3%A1ttki_%C3%A1ss" title="Almáttki áss">Almáttki áss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldr" title="Baldr">Baldr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bragi" title="Bragi">Bragi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dellingr" title="Dellingr">Dellingr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forseti" title="Forseti">Forseti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimdall" title="Heimdall">Heimdall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herm%C3%B3%C3%B0r" title="Hermóðr">Hermóðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6%C3%B0r" title="Höðr">Höðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%93nir" title="Hœnir">Hœnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dtreksj%C3%B3%C3%B0" title="Ítreksjóð">Ítreksjóð</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%B3%C3%B0urr" title="Lóðurr">Lóðurr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loki" title="Loki">Loki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1ni" title="Máni">Máni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meili" title="Meili">Meili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%ADmir" title="Mímir">Mímir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B3%C3%B0i_and_Magni" title="Móði and Magni">Móði and Magni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odin" title="Odin">Odin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93%C3%B0r" title="Óðr">Óðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor" title="Thor">Thor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BDr" title="Týr">Týr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ullr" title="Ullr">Ullr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1li" title="Váli">Váli (son of Odin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%AD%C3%B0arr" title="Víðarr">Víðarr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vili_and_V%C3%A9" title="Vili and Vé">Vili and Vé</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%C3%86sir" title="Æsir">Ásynjur</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hj%C3%BAki_and_Bil" title="Hjúki and Bil">Bil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eir" title="Eir">Eir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frigg" title="Frigg">Frigg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulla" title="Fulla">Fulla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gefjon" title="Gefjon">Gefjon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ger%C3%B0r" title="Gerðr">Gerðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gn%C3%A1_and_H%C3%B3fvarpnir" title="Gná and Hófvarpnir">Gná</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hl%C3%ADn" title="Hlín">Hlín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%C3%B0unn" title="Iðunn">Iðunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilmr" title="Ilmr">Ilmr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Eorger%C3%B0r_H%C3%B6lgabr%C3%BA%C3%B0r_and_Irpa" title="Þorgerðr Hölgabrúðr and Irpa">Irpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lofn" title="Lofn">Lofn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanna_(Norse_deity)" title="Nanna (Norse deity)">Nanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nj%C3%B6run" title="Njörun">Njörun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A1n" title="Rán">Rán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rindr" title="Rindr">Rindr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1ga_and_S%C3%B6kkvabekkr" title="Sága and Sökkvabekkr">Sága</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sif" title="Sif">Sif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigyn" title="Sigyn">Sigyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sj%C3%B6fn" title="Sjöfn">Sjöfn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ska%C3%B0i" title="Skaði">Skaði</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snotra" title="Snotra">Snotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B3l_(Germanic_mythology)" title="Sól (Germanic mythology)">Sól</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syn_(goddess)" title="Syn (goddess)">Syn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Eorger%C3%B0r_H%C3%B6lgabr%C3%BA%C3%B0r_and_Irpa" title="Þorgerðr Hölgabrúðr and Irpa">Þorgerðr Hölgabrúðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Er%C3%BA%C3%B0r" title="Þrúðr">Þrúðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1r" title="Vár">Vár</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6r" title="Vör">Vör</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vanir" title="Vanir">Vanir</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freyja" title="Freyja">Freyja</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Freyr</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ingunar-Freyr" title="Ingunar-Freyr">Ingunar-Freyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yngvi" title="Yngvi">Yngvi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gersemi" title="Gersemi">Gersemi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullveig" title="Gullveig">Gullveig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hnoss" title="Hnoss">Hnoss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kvasir" title="Kvasir">Kvasir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nj%C3%B6r%C3%B0r" title="Njörðr">Njörðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister-wife_of_Nj%C3%B6r%C3%B0r" title="Sister-wife of Njörðr">Sister-wife of Njörðr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_j%C3%B6tnar_in_Norse_mythology" title="List of jötnar in Norse mythology">Jötnar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86gir" title="Ægir">Ægir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvaldi" title="Alvaldi">Alvaldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angrbo%C3%B0a" title="Angrboða">Angrboða</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurbo%C3%B0a" title="Aurboða">Aurboða</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baugi" title="Baugi">Baugi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beli_(j%C3%B6tunn)" title="Beli (jötunn)">Beli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bergelmir" title="Bergelmir">Bergelmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bestla" title="Bestla">Bestla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6l%C3%BEorn" title="Bölþorn">Bölþorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BDleistr" title="Býleistr">Býleistr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg%C3%BE%C3%A9r" title="Eggþér">Eggþér</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1rbauti" title="Fárbauti">Fárbauti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fj%C3%B6lvar" title="Fjölvar">Fjölvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fornj%C3%B3t" title="Fornjót">Fornjót</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangr" title="Gangr">Gangr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geirr%C3%B6%C3%B0r" title="Geirröðr">Geirröðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillingr" title="Gillingr">Gillingr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gj%C3%A1lp_and_Greip" title="Gjálp and Greip">Gjálp and Greip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%AD%C3%B0r" title="Gríðr">Gríðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnl%C3%B6%C3%B0" title="Gunnlöð">Gunnlöð</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymir_(father_of_Ger%C3%B0r)" title="Gymir (father of Gerðr)">Gymir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Har%C3%B0greipr" title="Harðgreipr">Harðgreipr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helblindi" title="Helblindi">Helblindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helreginn" title="Helreginn">Helreginn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hljod" title="Hljod">Hljod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hr%C3%A6svelgr" title="Hræsvelgr">Hræsvelgr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hr%C3%ADmger%C3%B0r" title="Hrímgerðr">Hrímgerðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hr%C3%ADmgr%C3%ADmnir" title="Hrímgrímnir">Hrímgrímnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hr%C3%ADmnir" title="Hrímnir">Hrímnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hro%C3%B0r" title="Hroðr">Hroðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrungnir" title="Hrungnir">Hrungnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrymr" title="Hrymr">Hrymr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymir" title="Hymir">Hymir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyrrokkin" title="Hyrrokkin">Hyrrokkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%C3%B0i" title="Iði">Iði</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dm" title="Ím">Ím</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1rnsaxa" title="Járnsaxa">Járnsaxa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laufey_(mythology)" title="Laufey (mythology)">Laufey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leikn" title="Leikn">Leikn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litr" title="Litr">Litr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logi_(mythology)" title="Logi (mythology)">Logi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6g%C3%BErasir" title="Mögþrasir">Mögþrasir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narfi" title="Narfi">Narfi (father of Nott)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6kkm%C3%ADmir" title="Sökkmímir">Sökkmímir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surtr" title="Surtr">Surtr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suttungr" title="Suttungr">Suttungr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Ejazi" title="Þjazi">Þjazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9E%C3%B6kk" title="Þökk">Þökk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Er%C3%ADvaldi" title="Þrívaldi">Þrívaldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Er%C3%BA%C3%B0gelmir" title="Þrúðgelmir">Þrúðgelmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Erymr" title="Þrymr">Þrymr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Atgar%C3%B0a-Loki" title="Útgarða-Loki">Útgarða-Loki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaf%C3%BEr%C3%BA%C3%B0nir" title="Vafþrúðnir">Vafþrúðnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%AD%C3%B0blindi" title="Víðblindi">Víðblindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vosud" title="Vosud">Vosud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6rnir" title="Vörnir">Vörnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ymir" title="Ymir">Ymir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_dwarfs_in_Norse_mythology" title="List of dwarfs in Norse mythology">Dwarfs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alv%C3%ADss" title="Alvíss">Alvíss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andvari" title="Andvari">Andvari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austri,_Vestri,_Nor%C3%B0ri_and_Su%C3%B0ri" title="Austri, Vestri, Norðri and Suðri">Austri, Vestri, Norðri and Suðri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billingr" title="Billingr">Billingr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1inn_(Norse_dwarf)" title="Dáinn (Norse dwarf)">Dáinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durinn" title="Durinn">Durinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BArnir" title="Dúrnir">Dúrnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvalinn" title="Dvalinn">Dvalinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1fnir" title="Fáfnir">Fáfnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fjalar_and_Galar" title="Fjalar and Galar">Fjalar and Galar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandalf_(mythology)" title="Gandalf (mythology)">Gandalf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrei%C3%B0marr" title="Hreiðmarr">Hreiðmarr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litr" title="Litr">Litr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B3tsognir" title="Mótsognir">Mótsognir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93tr" title="Ótr">Ótr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regin" title="Regin">Regin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Ivaldi" title="Sons of Ivaldi">Sons of Ivaldi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brokkr" title="Brokkr">Brokkr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eitri" title="Eitri">Eitri</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_heroic_legend" title="Germanic heroic legend">Heroes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend" title="Lists of figures in Germanic heroic legend">List of figures in Germanic heroic legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend,_A" title="List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, A"> A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend,_B%E2%80%93C" title="List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, B–C"> B–C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend,_D%E2%80%93E" title="List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, D–E"> D–E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend,_F%E2%80%93G" title="List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, F–G"> F–G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend,_H%E2%80%93He" title="List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, H–He"> H–He</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend,_Hi%E2%80%93Hy" title="List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, Hi–Hy"> Hi–Hy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend,_I%E2%80%93O" title="List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, I–O"> I–O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend,_P%E2%80%93S" title="List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, P–S"> P–S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend,_T%E2%80%93Y" title="List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, T–Y"> T–Y</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people,_clan,_and_place_names_in_Germanic_heroic_legend" title="List of people, clan, and place names in Germanic heroic legend">people, clan, and place names in Germanic heroic legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_named_animals_and_plants_in_Germanic_heroic_legend" title="List of named animals and plants in Germanic heroic legend">named animals and plants </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_named_weapons,_armour_and_treasures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend" title="List of named weapons, armour and treasures in Germanic heroic legend">named weapons, armour and treasures</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ask_and_Embla" title="Ask and Embla">Ask and Embla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Au%C3%B0r_(mythology)" title="Auðr (mythology)">Auðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Au%C3%B0umbla" title="Auðumbla">Auðumbla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurvandill" title="Aurvandill">Aurvandill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beyla" title="Beyla">Beyla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borr" title="Borr">Borr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BAri" title="Búri">Búri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byggvir" title="Byggvir">Byggvir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%ADs" title="Dís">Dísir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Landd%C3%ADsir" title="Landdísir">Landdísir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_dragon" title="Germanic dragon">Dragons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Draugs">Draugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einherjar" title="Einherjar">Einherjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eldir" title="Eldir">Eldir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elf" title="Elf">Elves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6kk%C3%A1lfar_and_Lj%C3%B3s%C3%A1lfar" title="Dökkálfar and Ljósálfar">Dark elves (Dökkálfar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6kk%C3%A1lfar_and_Lj%C3%B3s%C3%A1lfar" title="Dökkálfar and Ljósálfar">Light elves (Ljósálfar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svart%C3%A1lfar" title="Svartálfar">Black elves (Svartálfar)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fimafeng" title="Fimafeng">Fimafeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fjalar_(rooster)" title="Fjalar (rooster)">Fjalar (rooster)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenrir" title="Fenrir">Fenrir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fj%C3%B6rgyn_and_Fj%C3%B6rgynn" title="Fjörgyn and Fjörgynn">Fjörgyn and Fjörgynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fylgja" title="Fylgja">Fylgja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garmr" title="Garmr">Garmr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullinbursti" title="Gullinbursti">Gullinbursti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hati_Hr%C3%B3%C3%B0vitnisson" title="Hati Hróðvitnisson">Hati Hróðvitnisson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hel_(mythological_being)" title="Hel (mythological being)">Hel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildisv%C3%ADni" class="mw-redirect" title="Hildisvíni">Hildisvíni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hj%C3%BAki_and_Bil" title="Hjúki and Bil">Hjúki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_of_the_%C3%86sir" title="Horses of the Æsir">Horses of the Æsir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81rvakr_and_Alsvi%C3%B0r" title="Árvakr and Alsviðr">Árvakr and Alsviðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bl%C3%B3%C3%B0ugh%C3%B3fi" title="Blóðughófi">Blóðughófi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falh%C3%B3fnir" title="Falhófnir">Falhófnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%ADsl" class="mw-redirect" title="Gísl">Gísl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gla%C3%B0r" title="Glaðr">Glaðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gl%C3%A6r" title="Glær">Glær</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenr" title="Glenr">Glenr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grani" title="Grani">Grani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullfaxi" title="Gullfaxi">Gullfaxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulltoppr" title="Gulltoppr">Gulltoppr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyllir" title="Gyllir">Gyllir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamskerpir_and_Gar%C3%B0rofa" title="Hamskerpir and Garðrofa">Hamskerpir and Garðrofa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gn%C3%A1_and_H%C3%B3fvarpnir" title="Gná and Hófvarpnir">Hófvarpnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skinfaxi_and_Hr%C3%ADmfaxi" title="Skinfaxi and Hrímfaxi">Skinfaxi and Hrímfaxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleipnir" title="Sleipnir">Sleipnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sva%C3%B0ilfari" title="Svaðilfari">Svaðilfari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6r%C3%B0" title="Jörð">Jörð</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6rmungandr" title="Jörmungandr">Jörmungandr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%ADf_and_L%C3%ADfthrasir" class="mw-redirect" title="Líf and Lífthrasir">Líf and Lífthrasir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loddf%C3%A1fnir" title="Loddfáfnir">Loddfáfnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B3%C3%B0gu%C3%B0r" title="Móðguðr">Móðguðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Daughters_of_%C3%86gir_and_R%C3%A1n" title="Nine Daughters of Ægir and Rán">Nine Daughters of Ægir and Rán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Mothers_of_Heimdallr" title="Nine Mothers of Heimdallr">Nine Mothers of Heimdallr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narfi_(son_of_Loki)" title="Narfi (son of Loki)">Narfi (son of Loki)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%AD%C3%B0h%C3%B6ggr" title="Níðhöggr">Níðhöggr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norns" title="Norns">Norns</a></li> <li>Personifications <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dagr" title="Dagr">Dagr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elli" title="Elli">Elli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%B3tt" title="Nótt">Nótt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumarr_and_Vetr" title="Sumarr and Vetr">Sumarr and Vetr</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A6hr%C3%ADmnir" title="Sæhrímnir">Sæhrímnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%ADrnir" title="Skírnir">Skírnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%B6ll" title="Sköll">Sköll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shield-maiden" title="Shield-maiden">Shield-maiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanngrisnir_and_Tanngnj%C3%B3str" title="Tanngrisnir and Tanngnjóstr">Tanngrisnir and Tanngnjóstr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troll" title="Troll">Troll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Ej%C3%A1lfi_and_R%C3%B6skva" title="Þjálfi and Röskva">Þjálfi and Röskva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A6ttir" class="mw-redirect" title="Vættir">Vættir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Landv%C3%A6ttir" title="Landvættir">Landvættir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1li_(son_of_Loki)" title="Váli (son of Loki)">Váli (son of Loki)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valkyrie" title="Valkyrie">Valkyries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayland_the_Smith" title="Wayland the Smith">Völundr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6r%C3%B0r" title="Vörðr">Vörðr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Locations_in_Norse_mythology" title="Category:Locations in Norse mythology">Locations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">Underworld</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hel_(location)" title="Hel (location)">Hel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lj%C3%BA%C3%B0nir" title="Éljúðnir">Éljúðnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gjallarbr%C3%BA" title="Gjallarbrú">Gjallarbrú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A1str%C3%B6nd" title="Náströnd">Náströnd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niflhel" title="Niflhel">Niflhel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%B0afj%C3%B6ll" title="Niðafjöll">Niðafjöll</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">Rivers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89liv%C3%A1gar" title="Élivágar">Élivágar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gj%C3%B6ll" title="Gjöll">Gjöll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dfingr" title="Ífingr">Ífingr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerlaugar" title="Kerlaugar">Kerlaugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6rmt_and_%C3%96rmt" title="Körmt and Örmt">Körmt and Örmt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slidr_River" title="Slidr River">Slidr River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadgelmir" title="Vadgelmir">Vadgelmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vimur_River" title="Vimur River">Vimur River</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">Other locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asgard" title="Asgard">Asgard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amsvartnir" title="Amsvartnir">Amsvartnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andlang" title="Andlang">Andlang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barri" title="Barri">Barri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bifr%C3%B6st" title="Bifröst">Bifröst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilskirnir" title="Bilskirnir">Bilskirnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Br%C3%A1vellir" title="Brávellir">Brávellir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brimir" title="Brimir">Brimir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fensalir" title="Fensalir">Fensalir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%B3lkvangr" title="Fólkvangr">Fólkvangr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signhildsberg" title="Signhildsberg">Fornsigtuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyrisvellir" title="Fyrisvellir">Fyrisvellir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A1lgvi%C3%B0r" title="Gálgviðr">Gálgviðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandvik" title="Gandvik">Gandvik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastropnir" title="Gastropnir">Gastropnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giml%C3%A9" title="Gimlé">Gimlé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginnungagap" title="Ginnungagap">Ginnungagap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gla%C3%B0sheimr" title="Glaðsheimr">Glaðsheimr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gl%C3%A6sisvellir" title="Glæsisvellir">Glæsisvellir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glitnir" class="mw-redirect" title="Glitnir">Glitnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnipahellir" title="Gnipahellir">Gnipahellir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grove_of_fetters" class="mw-redirect" title="Grove of fetters">Grove of fetters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hei%C3%B0r" title="Heiðr">Heiðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himinbj%C3%B6rg" title="Himinbjörg">Himinbjörg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindarfjall" title="Hindarfjall">Hindarfjall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hlidskjalf" title="Hlidskjalf">Hlidskjalf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hnitbjorg" title="Hnitbjorg">Hnitbjorg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoddm%C3%ADmis_holt" title="Hoddmímis holt">Hoddmímis holt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%C3%B0av%C3%B6llr" title="Iðavöllr">Iðavöllr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1rnvi%C3%B0r" title="Járnviðr">Járnviðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6tunheimr" title="Jötunheimr">Jötunheimr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%ADmamei%C3%B0r" title="Mímameiðr">Mímameiðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrkvi%C3%B0r" title="Myrkviðr">Myrkviðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munarv%C3%A1gr" title="Munarvágr">Munarvágr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%B3at%C3%BAn_(mythology)" title="Nóatún (mythology)">Nóatún</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okolnir" title="Okolnir">Okolnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sessr%C3%BAmnir" title="Sessrúmnir">Sessrúmnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindri_(mythology)" title="Sindri (mythology)">Sindri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singasteinn" title="Singasteinn">Singasteinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Er%C3%BA%C3%B0heimr" title="Þrúðheimr">Þrúðheimr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Er%C3%BA%C3%B0vangr" title="Þrúðvangr">Þrúðvangr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Erymheimr" title="Þrymheimr">Þrymheimr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamla_Uppsala" title="Gamla Uppsala">Uppsala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Atgar%C3%B0ar" title="Útgarðar">Útgarðar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valaskj%C3%A1lf" title="Valaskjálf">Valaskjálf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valhalla" title="Valhalla">Valhalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanaheimr" title="Vanaheimr">Vanaheimr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%AD%C3%B0bl%C3%A1inn" title="Víðbláinn">Víðbláinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%ADgr%C3%AD%C3%B0r" title="Vígríðr">Vígríðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ving%C3%B3lf" title="Vingólf">Vingólf</a></li> <li>Wells <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hvergelmir" title="Hvergelmir">Hvergelmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%ADmisbrunnr" title="Mímisbrunnr">Mímisbrunnr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ur%C3%B0arbrunnr" title="Urðarbrunnr">Urðarbrunnr</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Ddalir" title="Ýdalir">Ýdalir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yggdrasil" title="Yggdrasil">Yggdrasil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Events_in_Norse_mythology" title="Category:Events in Norse mythology">Events</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86sir%E2%80%93Vanir_War" title="Æsir–Vanir War">Æsir–Vanir War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fimbulwinter" title="Fimbulwinter">Fimbulvetr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%B3%C3%B0i%27s_Peace" title="Fróði's Peace">Fróði's Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hja%C3%B0ningav%C3%ADg" title="Hjaðningavíg">Hjaðningavíg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnar%C3%B6k" title="Ragnarök">Ragnarök</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Gesta_Danorum" title="Gesta Danorum">Gesta Danorum</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edda" title="Edda">Edda</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Poetic_Edda" title="Poetic Edda">Poetic Edda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prose_Edda" title="Prose Edda">Prose Edda</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runestone" title="Runestone">Runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saga" title="Saga">Sagas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3msv%C3%ADkinga_saga" title="Jómsvíkinga saga">Jómsvíkinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legendary_saga" title="Legendary saga">Legendary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrfing_Cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyrfing Cycle">Tyrfing Cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lsung_Cycle" title="Völsung Cycle">Völsung Cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_orthography" title="Old Norse orthography">Orthography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology_in_popular_culture" title="Norse mythology in popular culture">Later influence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">Religious practice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphic_wooden_cult_figurines_of_Central_and_Northern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropomorphic wooden cult figurines of Central and Northern Europe">Anthropomorphic wooden cult figurines of Central and Northern Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bl%C3%B3t" title="Blót">Blót</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathen_hof" title="Heathen hof">Hof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heitstrenging" title="Heitstrenging">Heitstrenging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_Germanic_paganism" title="Horses in Germanic paganism">Horses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6rgr" title="Hörgr">Hörgr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_rituals" title="Norse rituals">Worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96ndvegiss%C3%BAlur" title="Öndvegissúlur">Öndvegissúlur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginnaglar" title="Reginnaglar">Reginnaglar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_trees_and_groves_in_Germanic_paganism_and_mythology" title="Sacred trees and groves in Germanic paganism and mythology">Sacred trees and groves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonarg%C3%B6ltr" title="Sonargöltr">Sonargöltr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_at_Uppsala" title="Temple at Uppsala">Temple at Uppsala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Vé">Vé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetlands_and_islands_in_Germanic_paganism" title="Wetlands and islands in Germanic paganism">Wetlands and islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">Festivals and holy periods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lfabl%C3%B3t" title="Álfablót">Álfablót</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%ADsabl%C3%B3t" title="Dísablót">Dísablót</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic calendar">Germanic calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Eorrabl%C3%B3t" title="Þorrablót">Þorrablót</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vetrn%C3%A6tr" class="mw-redirect" title="Vetrnætr">Vetrnætr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule" title="Yule">Yule</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Death_in_Norse_paganism" title="Death in Norse paganism">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergi" title="Ergi">Ergi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lag" title="Félag">Félag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galdr" title="Galdr">Galdr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothi" title="Gothi">Goði</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamingja" title="Hamingja">Hamingja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heiti" title="Heiti">Heiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenning" title="Kenning">Kenning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mead_hall" title="Mead hall">Mead hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%AB%C3%BE" title="Nīþ">Nīþ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_cosmology" title="Norse cosmology">Norse cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numbers_in_Norse_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Numbers in Norse mythology">Numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_philosophy" title="Old Norse philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_in_Germanic_cultures" class="mw-redirect" title="Rings in Germanic cultures">Rings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Runes">Runes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sei%C3%B0r" title="Seiðr">Seiðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skald" title="Skald">Skald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lva" class="mw-redirect" title="Völva">Völva</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Heathenry (new religious movement)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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