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href="#Use_and_language_revitalization_efforts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Use and language revitalization efforts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_and_language_revitalization_efforts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phonology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vowel_variants[14]" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowel_variants[14]"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Vowel variants<sup><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></sup></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowel_variants[14]-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modifiers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modifiers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> 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id="toc-Reduplication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reduplication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Reduplication</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reduplication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syntax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syntax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Syntax</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syntax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> 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class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Squamish language</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squamish_(Sprache)" title="Squamish (Sprache) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Squamish (Sprache)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squamish_(langue)" title="Squamish (langue) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Squamish (langue)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_squamish" title="Lingua squamish – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua squamish" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_squamish" title="Lingua squamish – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua squamish" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_squamish" title="Lenga squamish – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga squamish" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_squamish" title="Język squamish – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język squamish" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_squamish" title="Língua squamish – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua squamish" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%88" title="Скомиш – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Скомиш" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squamish_(spr%C3%A5k)" title="Squamish (språk) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Squamish (språk)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Coast Salish language spoken in Canada</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c0dde6;">Squamish</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c0dde6;"><span title="Squamish-language text"><i lang="squ">Sḵwx̱wú7mesh sníchim</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="sal-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[sqʷχʷoʔməʃ<span class="wrap"> </span>snit͡ʃim]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">4,700 <a href="/wiki/Squamish_people" title="Squamish people">Squamish people</a> (2022, <a href="/wiki/First_Peoples%27_Cultural_Council" title="First Peoples' Cultural Council">FPCC</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-fpcc2022_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fpcc2022-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">25 (2021, <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Canada" title="Statistics Canada">Statistics Canada</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Language_revitalization" title="Language revitalization">Revival</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">349 Active Language Learners<sup id="cite_ref-fpcc2022_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fpcc2022-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Salishan_languages" title="Salishan languages">Salishan</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Coast_Salish_languages" title="Coast Salish languages">Coast Salish</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Central<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Squamish</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Latin (Sḵwx̱wú7mesh alphabet)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c0dde6;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Squamish_Nation" title="Squamish Nation">Sḵwx̱wú7mesh Úxwumixw</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c0dde6;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/squ" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:squ">squ</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/squa1248">squa1248</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Endangered_Languages_Project" title="Endangered Languages Project">ELP</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/1450">Sḵwx̱wú7mesh sníchim (Squamish)</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Squamish-Territory-Wiki-Map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Squamish-Territory-Wiki-Map.svg/320px-Squamish-Territory-Wiki-Map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="414" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Squamish-Territory-Wiki-Map.svg/480px-Squamish-Territory-Wiki-Map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Squamish-Territory-Wiki-Map.svg/640px-Squamish-Territory-Wiki-Map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="612" data-file-height="792" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">Squamish territory</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Lang_Status_20-CR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Lang_Status_20-CR.svg/320px-Lang_Status_20-CR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Lang_Status_20-CR.svg/480px-Lang_Status_20-CR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Lang_Status_20-CR.svg/640px-Lang_Status_20-CR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="153" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Squamish is classified as Critically Endangered by the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/Atlas_of_the_World%27s_Languages_in_Danger" title="Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger">Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger</a></span></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="background:#fff6d9"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">Person</th><td class="infobox-data">Sḵwx̱wú7mesh</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">People</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Squamish_people" title="Squamish people">Sḵwx̱wú7mesh</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">Language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Skwxwú7mesh sníchim</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">Skwxwú7mesh-ulh Temíxw</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Squamish</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'w' in 'wind'">w</span><span title="/ɔː/: 'au' in 'fraud'">ɔː</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">SKWAW</span>-mish</i></a>;<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><span title="Squamish-language text"><i lang="squ">Sḵwx̱wú7mesh sníchim</i></span></i>, <i>sníchim</i> meaning "language") is a <a href="/wiki/Coast_Salish_languages" title="Coast Salish languages">Coast Salish language</a> spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Squamish_people" title="Squamish people">Squamish people</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a>. It is spoken in southwestern <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, centred on their <a href="/wiki/Indian_reserve" title="Indian reserve">reserve communities</a> in <a href="/wiki/Squamish,_British_Columbia" title="Squamish, British Columbia">Squamish</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Vancouver_(district_municipality)" title="North Vancouver (district municipality)">North Vancouver</a>, and <a href="/wiki/West_Vancouver" title="West Vancouver">West Vancouver</a>. An archaic historical rendering of the native <i><span title="Squamish-language text"><i lang="squ">Sḵwx̱wú7mesh</i></span></i> is <i>Sko-ko-mish</i> but this should not be confused with the name of the <a href="/wiki/Skokomish_people" title="Skokomish people">Skokomish people</a> of <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a> state. Squamish is most closely related to the <a href="/wiki/Sechelt_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sechelt language">Sechelt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Halkomelem" title="Halkomelem">Halkomelem</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nooksack_language" title="Nooksack language">Nooksack</a> languages. </p><p>The Squamish language was first documented in the 1880s by a German anthropologist; however the grammar of the language was documented by a Dutch linguist in the 1950s. The orthography or spelling system of the language came about in 1960s while the first Squamish dictionary was published only recently, specifically 2011. The language shares certain similarities with languages like Sechelt and Halkomelem which are spoken in similar regions. <sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Documentation">Documentation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Squamish_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Documentation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 2px solid #912424; width: 18em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Squamish_people" title="Squamish people">Squamish people</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chief_George_and_daughter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Chief_George_and_daughter.jpg/80px-Chief_George_and_daughter.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Chief_George_and_daughter.jpg/120px-Chief_George_and_daughter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Chief_George_and_daughter.jpg/160px-Chief_George_and_daughter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="253" data-file-height="320" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Squamish_Pole_Raising_Ceremony_-_North_Vancouver_-_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Squamish_Pole_Raising_Ceremony_-_North_Vancouver_-_2012.jpg/80px-Squamish_Pole_Raising_Ceremony_-_North_Vancouver_-_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Squamish_Pole_Raising_Ceremony_-_North_Vancouver_-_2012.jpg/120px-Squamish_Pole_Raising_Ceremony_-_North_Vancouver_-_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Squamish_Pole_Raising_Ceremony_-_North_Vancouver_-_2012.jpg/160px-Squamish_Pole_Raising_Ceremony_-_North_Vancouver_-_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3333" data-file-height="5000" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top: 2px dotted #912424;"> General information</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Squamish_people" title="Squamish people">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squamish_Nation" title="Squamish Nation">Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squamish_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Squamish history">History</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squamish_culture" title="Squamish culture">Culture</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top: 2px dotted #912424;"> Population</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> 3,893 approx.</td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top: 2px dotted #912424;"> Communities</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senakw" title="Senakw">Sen̓áḵw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X%CC%B1w%C3%A1%C3%BDx%CC%B1way" title="X̱wáýx̱way">X̱wáýx̱way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X%CC%B1wemelch%27stn" title="X̱wemelch'stn">X̱wemelch'stn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ustlawn" title="Ustlawn">Ustlawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stawamus_(village)" title="Stawamus (village)">Stawamus</a></li> <li>Ch’iyáḵmesh</li> <li>Puy̓ám̓</li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top: 2px dotted #912424;"> Related peoples</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/Tsleil-Waututh_First_Nation" title="Tsleil-Waututh First Nation">Tsleil-Waututh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Musqueam_Indian_Band" class="mw-redirect" title="Musqueam Indian Band">Musqueam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sechelt_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sechelt people">Shishalh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nooksack_people" title="Nooksack people">Nooksack</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coast_Salish_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Coast Salish peoples">Coast Salish</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Squamish_sidebar" title="Template:Squamish sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Squamish_sidebar" title="Template talk:Squamish sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Squamish_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Squamish sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Anthropologists and linguists have been researching the Squamish language since the 1880s. After some time a written system was formed for the Squamish language, which was once an oral language.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> German anthropologist <a href="/wiki/Franz_Boas" title="Franz Boas">Franz Boas</a> was the first to collect Squamish words, while anthropologist <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hill-Tout" title="Charles Hill-Tout">Charles Hill-Tout</a> recorded some Squamish sentences and stories. In the 1930s, anthropologist <a href="/wiki/Homer_Barnett" title="Homer Barnett">Homer Barnett</a> worked with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jimmy_Frank&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jimmy Frank (page does not exist)">Jimmy Frank</a> to collect information about traditional <a href="/wiki/Squamish_culture" title="Squamish culture">Squamish culture</a>, including some Squamish words. In the 1950s, Dutch linguist <a href="/wiki/Aert_H._Kuipers" title="Aert H. Kuipers">Aert H. Kuipers</a> worked on the first comprehensive grammar of the Squamish language, later published as <i>The Squamish Language</i> (1967). In 1968, the British Columbia Language Project undertook more documentation of the Squamish language and culture. The Squamish writing system presently in use was devised by Randy Bouchard and Dorothy Kennedy, the main collaborators on this project, using a modified Latin script called Sḵwx̱wú7mesh (1990).<sup id="cite_ref-howtoread_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-howtoread-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Squamish-English bilingual dictionary (edited by Peter Jacobs and Damara Jacobs) was published by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington_Press" title="University of Washington Press">University of Washington Press</a> in 2011. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_and_language_revitalization_efforts">Use and language revitalization efforts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Squamish_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Use and language revitalization efforts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bilingual_road_sign_in_squamish_language_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Bilingual_road_sign_in_squamish_language_2.jpg/200px-Bilingual_road_sign_in_squamish_language_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Bilingual_road_sign_in_squamish_language_2.jpg/300px-Bilingual_road_sign_in_squamish_language_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Bilingual_road_sign_in_squamish_language_2.jpg/400px-Bilingual_road_sign_in_squamish_language_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Bilingual road sign in Squamish and English languages, on Highway 99</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1990, the Chief and Council of the Squamish people declared Squamish to be the official language of their people, a declaration made to ensure funding for the language and its revitalization.<sup id="cite_ref-revitalization_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-revitalization-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2010, the <a href="/wiki/First_Peoples%27_Cultural_Council" title="First Peoples' Cultural Council">First Peoples’ Heritage, Language and Culture Council</a> considered the language to be "critically endangered" and "nearly extinct", with just 10 fluent speakers.<sup id="cite_ref-fphlccreport2010_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fphlccreport2010-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2011, the language was being taught using the <a href="/wiki/%22Where_Are_Your_Keys%3F%22" class="mw-redirect" title=""Where Are Your Keys?"">"Where Are Your Keys?"</a> technique,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a Squamish–English dictionary was also completed in 2011. </p><p>A Squamish festival was scheduled for April 22, 2013, with two fluent elders, aiming to inspire more efforts to keep the language alive. Rebecca Campbell, one of the event's organizers, commented: </p> <blockquote> <p>The festival is part of a multi-faceted effort to ensure the language's long-term survival, not only by teaching it in the schools, but by encouraging parents to speak it at home. Squamish Nation cultural workers, for example, have begun to provide both parents and children with a list of common Squamish phrases that can be used around the home, as a way to reinforce the learning that takes place in the <a href="/wiki/School_District_48_Sea_to_Sky" title="School District 48 Sea to Sky">Sea to Sky School District</a> schools. So far 15 families in the Squamish area are part of the program ... "The goal is to revive the language by trying to have it used every day at home — getting the parents on board, not just the children."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>Currently, there are 449 Active Language Learners of the Squamish language.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2014, a Squamish-language program was made available at <a href="/wiki/Capilano_University" title="Capilano University">Capilano University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The program, Language and Culture Certificate, is designed to let its respective students learn about the language and culture. Additionally, <a href="/wiki/Simon_Fraser_University" title="Simon Fraser University">Simon Fraser University</a> has launched the Squamish Language Academy, in which students learn the Squamish language for two years. The aforementioned programs increase the number of active language learners each year. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Squamish_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Squamish_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The vowel system in Squamish phonemically features four sounds, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span>, as well as a <a href="/wiki/Schwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwa">schwa</a> sound <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ə/</span>, each with phonetic variants.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a fair amount of overlap between the vowel spaces, with <a href="/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)" title="Stress (linguistics)">stress</a> and adjacency relationships as main contributors. The <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowel</a> <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemes</a> of Squamish are listed below in <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> with the orthography following it.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">High</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨i⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨u⟩</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_vowel" title="Open-mid vowel">Open-mid</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨e⟩</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Low</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨a⟩</span> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vowel_variants[14]"><span id="Vowel_variants.5B14.5D"></span>Vowel variants<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Squamish_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Vowel variants[14]"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>/i/ has four main <a href="/wiki/Allophone" title="Allophone">allophones</a> [e, ɛ, ɛj, i], which surface depending on adjacency relationships to consonants, or stress. </p> <ul><li>[ɛ] surfaces preceding uvulars consonants, and can exist in a non-adjacent relationship so long as no other vowels intervene. [ɛj] surfaces proceeding a uvular consonant, before a non-uvular consonant.</li> <li>[e] surfaces in non-uvular environments when /i/ is in stressed syllables.</li></ul> <p>/a/ has four main allophones [ɛ, æ, ɔ, ɑ]. </p> <ul><li>[ɛ, æ] surfaces when palatals are present (with the exception of /j/</li> <li>[ɔ] surfaces when labial/labialized consonants are present (with the exception of /w/.</li> <li>[a] surfaces when not in the prior conditions. Stress usually does not change the vowel.</li></ul> <p>/u/ </p> <ul><li>[o] surfaces in stressed syllables.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Squamish_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonant</a> <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemes</a> of Squamish, first in <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> and then in the Squamish <a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">orthography</a>: <sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2"> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Post-<br />alveolar</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant">Uvular</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><small>plain</small></th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Sibilant" title="Sibilant">sibilant</a></small></th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">lateral</a></small> </th> <th><small>plain</small></th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Labialisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Labialisation">labial</a></small> </th> <th><small>plain</small></th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Labialisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Labialisation">labial</a></small> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Plosive</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">Affricate</a> </th> <th><small>plain</small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨p⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨t⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">t͡s</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ts⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t͡ʃ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ch⟩</span> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨k⟩</span>) </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">kʷ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨kw⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ḵ⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">qʷ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ḵw⟩</span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨7⟩</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Ejective_consonant" title="Ejective consonant">ejective</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_ejective_stop" title="Bilabial ejective stop">pʼ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨pʼ⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar ejective stop">tʼ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨tʼ⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_affricate" title="Alveolar ejective affricate">t͡sʼ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨tsʼ⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_lateral_ejective_affricate" title="Alveolar lateral ejective affricate">t͡ɬʼ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨tlʼ⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palato-alveolar_ejective_affricate" title="Palato-alveolar ejective affricate">t͡ʃʼ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨chʼ⟩</span> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Velar_ejective_stop" title="Velar ejective stop">kʼ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨kʼ⟩</span>) </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">kʷʼ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨kwʼ⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Uvular_ejective_stop" title="Uvular ejective stop">qʼ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ḵʼ⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">qʷʼ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ḵwʼ⟩</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨s⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative">ɬ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨lh⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨sh⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">xʷ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨xw⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨x̱⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">χʷ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨x̱w⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨h⟩</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Sonorant" title="Sonorant">Sonorant</a> </th> <th><small>plain</small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨m⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨n⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨l⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨y⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨w⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Glottalization" title="Glottalization">glottalized</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Creaky_voice" title="Creaky voice">m̰</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨m̓⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Creaky_voice" title="Creaky voice">n̰</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨n̓⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Creaky_voice" title="Creaky voice">l̰</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨l̓⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Creaky_voice" title="Creaky voice">j̰</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨y̓⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Creaky_voice" title="Creaky voice">w̰</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨w̓⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modifiers">Modifiers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Squamish_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Modifiers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Other symbols include the <a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stop</a> and stress marks. </p><p><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">⟨ʔ⟩</span> or <i><span title="Squamish-language text"><span lang="squ">7</span></span></i> represent a glottal stop. Glottalization can occur on a variety of consonants (w, y, l, m, n), and after or before vowels. Glottalized sonorants are written with an apostrophe on top, whereas ejectives are written with an apostrophe after. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orthography">Orthography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Squamish_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Orthography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following table<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> shows the vowels and consonants and their respective <a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">orthographic</a> symbols. Consonants are sorted by place (bilabial to uvular descending) and type (Left – Plosives, Right – Sonorants and Fricatives). Squamish contains no voiced plosives, as is typical of Salish language family languages. Because the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʔ/</span> character glyph is not found on typewriters and did not exist in most fonts until the widespread adoption of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a>, the Squamish orthography conventionally represents the glottal stop with the number symbol <i><span title="Squamish-language text"><span lang="squ">7</span></span></i>; the same character glyph is also used as a digit to represent the number seven. </p><p>The other special character is a stress mark, or accent (á, é, í or ú). This indicates that the vowel should be realized as louder and slightly longer.<sup id="cite_ref-howtoread_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-howtoread-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Phoneme </th> <th>Orthography </th> <th>Phoneme </th> <th>Orthography </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4" style="background: #ececec; color: black; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; text-align: left;" class="table-rh">Vowels<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td>/i/ </td> <td>i </td> <td>/u/ </td> <td>u </td></tr> <tr> <td>/ə/ </td> <td>e </td> <td>/a/ </td> <td>a </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4" style="background: #ececec; color: black; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; text-align: left;" class="table-rh">Consonants </th></tr> <tr> <td>/p/ </td> <td>p </td> <td>/m/ </td> <td>m </td></tr> <tr> <td>/pʼ/ </td> <td>pʼ </td> <td>/ˀm/ </td> <td>m̓ </td></tr> <tr> <td>/t/ </td> <td>t </td> <td>/n/ </td> <td>n </td></tr> <tr> <td>/tʼ/ </td> <td>tʼ </td> <td>/ˀn/ </td> <td>n̓ </td></tr> <tr> <td>/ts/ </td> <td>ts </td> <td>/s/ </td> <td>s </td></tr> <tr> <td>/tsʼ/ </td> <td>tsʼ </td> <td>/l/ </td> <td>l </td></tr> <tr> <td>/tɬʼ/ </td> <td>tl’ </td> <td>/ˀl/ </td> <td>l̓ </td></tr> <tr> <td>/tʃ/ </td> <td>ch </td> <td>/ɬ/ </td> <td>lh </td></tr> <tr> <td>/tʃʼ/ </td> <td>chʼ </td> <td>/ʃ/ </td> <td>sh </td></tr> <tr> <td>/k/ </td> <td>k </td> <td>/j/ </td> <td>y </td></tr> <tr> <td>/kʼ/ </td> <td>k’ </td> <td>/ˀj/ </td> <td>y̓ </td></tr> <tr> <td>/kʷ/ </td> <td>kw </td> <td>/x/ </td> <td>x </td></tr> <tr> <td>/kʷʼ/ </td> <td>kwʼ </td> <td>/xʷ/ </td> <td>xw </td></tr> <tr> <td>/q/ </td> <td>ḵ </td> <td>/χ/ </td> <td>x̱ </td></tr> <tr> <td>/qʼ/ </td> <td>ḵ’ </td> <td>/χʷ/ </td> <td>x̱w </td></tr> <tr> <td>/qʷ/ </td> <td>ḵw </td> <td>/h/ </td> <td>h </td></tr> <tr> <td>/qʷʼ/ </td> <td>ḵwʼ </td></tr> <tr> <td>/ʔ/ </td> <td>7 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Squamish_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Squamish, like other Salish languages, has two main types of words: <a href="/wiki/Clitic" title="Clitic">Clitics</a> and full words. Clitics can be articles, or <a href="/wiki/Predicate_(grammar)" title="Predicate (grammar)">predicative clitics.</a> Squamish words are able to be subjected to <a href="/wiki/Reduplication" title="Reduplication">reduplication</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix">suffixation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prefix" title="Prefix">prefixation</a>. A common prefix is the nominalizer prefix /s-/, which occurs in a large number of fixed combinations with verb stems to make nouns (e.g: /t'iq/ "to be cold" -> /s-t'iq/ "(the) cold"). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reduplication">Reduplication</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Squamish_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Reduplication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Squamish_language&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2018</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Squamish uses a variety of reduplication types, serving to express functions such as pluralization, diminutive form, aspect, etc. Squamish contains a large variety of reduplicative processes due to its lack of inflectional devices that would otherwise mark plurality, which allows for a range of different interpretations.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syntax">Syntax</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Squamish_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Syntax"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Squamish sentences follow a <a href="/wiki/Verb%E2%80%93subject%E2%80%93object" class="mw-redirect" title="Verb–subject–object">Verb-Subject-Object</a> form (the action precedes the initiator and the initiator of an action precedes the goal). Sentences typically begin with a <a href="/wiki/Predicate_(grammar)" title="Predicate (grammar)">predicate</a> noun, but may also begin with a <a href="/wiki/Transitive_verb" title="Transitive verb">transitive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intransitive_verb" title="Intransitive verb">intransitive</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Passive_voice" title="Passive voice">passive verb</a>. </p><p>The table below summarizes the general order of elements in Squamish. <a href="/wiki/Referent" title="Referent">Referents</a> are <a href="/wiki/Nominal_(linguistics)" title="Nominal (linguistics)">nominal</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Order: </th> <th>1 </th> <th>2 </th> <th>3 </th> <th>4 </th> <th>5 </th></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Noun (predicate) </td> <td> </td> <td>Subject </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Verb (intransitive) </td> <td>R2 (other referent related term) </td> <td>Subject </td> <td> </td> <td>R1(referant related term) </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Verb (Transitive) </td> <td> </td> <td>Subject </td> <td>Object </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Verb (Passive) </td> <td>R1(Initiator of action) </td> <td>Subject </td> <td> </td> <td>R2 (other referent related term) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Squamish_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Squamish_Nation" title="Squamish Nation">Squamish Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Squamish_and_Tsleil-Waututh_longshoremen,_1863%E2%80%931963" title="History of Squamish and Tsleil-Waututh longshoremen, 1863–1963">History of Squamish and Tsleil-Waututh longshoremen, 1863–1963</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Squamish_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-fpcc2022-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fpcc2022_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fpcc2022_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fpcc.ca/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/FPCC-LanguageReport-23.02.14-FINAL.pdf">"Report on the Status of B.C. 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University of British Columbia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Verbal+Plurality+and+Adverbial+Quantification%3A+A+Case+Study+of+Skwx%C3%BA7mesh+%28Squamish%29&rft.degree=MA&rft.inst=University+of+British+Columbia&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Bar-el&rft.aufirst=Leora&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASquamish+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBar-el2005" class="citation thesis cs1">Bar-el, Leora (2005). <i>Aspectual Distinctions in Skwxwú7mesh</i> (PhD thesis). University of British Columbia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Aspectual+Distinctions+in+Skwxw%C3%BA7mesh&rft.degree=PhD&rft.inst=University+of+British+Columbia&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Bar-el&rft.aufirst=Leora&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASquamish+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBar-el2005" class="citation conference cs1">Bar-el, Leora (2005). "Minimal and Maximal Events". In Armoskaite, S.; Thompson, J. (eds.). <i>Proceedings of WSCLA 10</i>. University of British Columbia Working Papers in Linguistics. Vol. 17. pp. 29–42.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Minimal+and+Maximal+Events&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+WSCLA+10&rft.series=University+of+British+Columbia+Working+Papers+in+Linguistics&rft.pages=29-42&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Bar-el&rft.aufirst=Leora&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASquamish+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBar-elDavisMatthewson2005" class="citation conference cs1">Bar-el, Leora; Davis, Henry; Matthewson, Lisa (2005). "On Non-Culminating Accomplishments". In Bateman, L.; Ussery, C. (eds.). <i>Proceedings of the 35th NELS Conference</i>. Amherst, MA: GLSA.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=On+Non-Culminating+Accomplishments&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+35th+NELS+Conference&rft.place=Amherst%2C+MA&rft.pub=GLSA&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Bar-el&rft.aufirst=Leora&rft.au=Davis%2C+Henry&rft.au=Matthewson%2C+Lisa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASquamish+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBar-elJacobsWiltschko2001" class="citation conference cs1">Bar-el, Leora; Jacobs, Peter; Wiltschko, Martina (2001). "A [+Interpretable] Number Feature in Squamish Salish". In Megerdoomian, Karine; Bar-el, Leora (eds.). <i>Proceedings of WCCFL 20</i>. Los Angeles: University of Southern California. pp. 43–55.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=A+%5B%2BInterpretable%5D+Number+Feature+in+Squamish+Salish&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+WCCFL+20&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pages=43-55&rft.pub=University+of+Southern+California&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Bar-el&rft.aufirst=Leora&rft.au=Jacobs%2C+Peter&rft.au=Wiltschko%2C+Martina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASquamish+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBar-elWatt1998" class="citation journal cs1">Bar-el, Leora; Watt, Linda T. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lingpapers.sites.olt.ubc.ca/files/2018/03/1998_Bar-el_Watt.pdf">"What Determines Stress in Skwxwú7mish (Squamish)?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>ICSNL</i>. <b>33</b>: 407–427.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ICSNL&rft.atitle=What+Determines+Stress+in+Skwxw%C3%BA7mish+%28Squamish%29%3F&rft.volume=33&rft.pages=407-427&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Bar-el&rft.aufirst=Leora&rft.au=Watt%2C+Linda+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flingpapers.sites.olt.ubc.ca%2Ffiles%2F2018%2F03%2F1998_Bar-el_Watt.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASquamish+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBar-elWatt2001" class="citation conference cs1">Bar-el, Leora; Watt, Linda T. (2001). "Word Internal Constituency in Skwxwú7mesh (Squamish Salish". In Gessner, S.; Oh, S.; Shiobara, K. (eds.). <i>Proceedings of WSCLA 5</i>. UBCWPL. Vol. 5. pp. 3–18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Word+Internal+Constituency+in+Skwxw%C3%BA7mesh+%28Squamish+Salish&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+WSCLA+5&rft.series=UBCWPL&rft.pages=3-18&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Bar-el&rft.aufirst=Leora&rft.au=Watt%2C+Linda+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASquamish+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurtonDavisJacobsWatt2001" class="citation conference cs1">Burton, Strang; Davis, Henry; Jacobs, Peter; Watt, Linda Tamburri; Wiltschko, Martina (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lingpapers.sites.olt.ubc.ca/files/2018/03/2001_Burton_et_al.pdf">"A Boy, a Dog, and a Frog"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>ICSNL 36</i>. UBCWPL. Vol. 6. pp. 37–54.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=A+Boy%2C+a+Dog%2C+and+a+Frog&rft.btitle=ICSNL+36&rft.series=UBCWPL&rft.pages=37-54&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Burton&rft.aufirst=Strang&rft.au=Davis%2C+Henry&rft.au=Jacobs%2C+Peter&rft.au=Watt%2C+Linda+Tamburri&rft.au=Wiltschko%2C+Martina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flingpapers.sites.olt.ubc.ca%2Ffiles%2F2018%2F03%2F2001_Burton_et_al.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASquamish+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurrie1996" class="citation conference cs1">Currie, Elizabeth (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lingpapers.sites.olt.ubc.ca/files/2018/03/1996_Currie.pdf">"Five Sqwuxwu7mish Futures"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Proceedings of the International Conference on Salishan and Neighboring Languages</i>. Vol. 31. pp. 23–28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Five+Sqwuxwu7mish+Futures&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+International+Conference+on+Salishan+and+Neighboring+Languages&rft.pages=23-28&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Currie&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flingpapers.sites.olt.ubc.ca%2Ffiles%2F2018%2F03%2F1996_Currie.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASquamish+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarnell1990" class="citation journal cs1">Darnell, Michael (1990). "Squamish /-m/ Constructions". <i>Berkeley Linguistics Society</i>. <b>16</b>: 19–31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Berkeley+Linguistics+Society&rft.atitle=Squamish+%2F-m%2F+Constructions&rft.volume=16&rft.pages=19-31&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Darnell&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASquamish+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarnell1997" class="citation thesis cs1">Darnell, Michael (1997). <i>A Functional Analysis of Voice in Squamish</i> (PhD thesis). Milwaukee: University of Wisconsin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=A+Functional+Analysis+of+Voice+in+Squamish&rft.degree=PhD&rft.inst=University+of+Wisconsin&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Darnell&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASquamish+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis1984a" class="citation conference cs1">Davis, Stuart (1984a). <i>Moras, Light Syllable Stress and Stress Clash in Squamish</i>. WCCFL. Vol. 3. pp. 62–74.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Moras%2C+Light+Syllable+Stress+and+Stress+Clash+in+Squamish&rft.pages=62-74&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASquamish+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis1984b" class="citation book cs1">Davis, Stuart (1984b). "Squamish Stress Clash". In Davis, S. (ed.). <i>Coyote Papers: Studies on Native American Languages, Japanese and Spanish</i>. Tucson: University of Arizona. pp. 2–18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Squamish+Stress+Clash&rft.btitle=Coyote+Papers%3A+Studies+on+Native+American+Languages%2C+Japanese+and+Spanish&rft.place=Tucson&rft.pages=2-18&rft.pub=University+of+Arizona&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASquamish+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDemersHorn1978" class="citation journal cs1">Demers, Richard; Horn, George (July 1978). "Stress Assignment in Squamish". <i>International Journal of American Linguistics</i>. <b>44</b> (3): 180–191. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F465543">10.1086/465543</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+American+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Stress+Assignment+in+Squamish&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=180-191&rft.date=1978-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F465543&rft.aulast=Demers&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Horn%2C+George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASquamish+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDéchaineWiltschko2002" class="citation conference cs1">Déchaine, Rose-Marie; Wiltschko, Martina (2002). "The Position of Negation and its Consequences". In Bar-el, L.; Watt, L.; Wilson, I. (eds.). <i>Proceedings of WSCLA 7</i>. UBCWPL. Vol. 10. pp. 29–42.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=The+Position+of+Negation+and+its+Consequences&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+WSCLA+7&rft.series=UBCWPL&rft.pages=29-42&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=D%C3%A9chaine&rft.aufirst=Rose-Marie&rft.au=Wiltschko%2C+Martina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASquamish+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Demirdache, Hamida, Dwight Gardiner, Peter Jacobs and Lisa Matthewson (1994). The Case for D-Quantification in Salish: 'All' in St'át'imcets, Squamish, and Secwepmectsin, <i>Papers for the 29th International Conference on Salish and Neighboring Languages</i>, 145–203. Pablo, Montana: Salish Kootenai College.</li> <li>Dyck, Ruth Anne (2004). <i>Prosodic and Morphological Factors in Squamish (Sḵwx̱wú7mesh) Stress Assignment</i>. Dissertation for University of Victoria. Retrieved <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://dspace.library.uvic.ca/bitstream/handle/1828/71/Dyck.pdf">[1]</a> (PDF) on January 7, 2017.</li> <li>Galloway, Brent (1996). An Etymological Analysis of the 59 Squamish and Halkomelem Place Names on Burrard Inlet Analyzed in Suttles Report of 1996. [Material filed in evidence in the land claims cases of Mathias vs. HMQ, Grant, and George; Grant vs. HMQ and Mathias; and George vs. HMQ and Mathias.]</li> <li>Gillon, Carrie (1998). Extraction from Skwxwú7mesh relative clauses. <i>Proceedings of the 14th Northwest Linguistics Conference</i>, eds. K.-J. Lee and M. Oliveira, 11–20.</li> <li>Gillon, Carrie (2001). Negation and Subject Agreement in Skwxwú7mesh (Squamish Salish). <i>Workshop on the Structure and Constituency of the Languages of the Americas</i> 6. Memorial University of Newfoundland, March 23–25, 2001.</li> <li>Gillon, Carrie (2006). 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Peterson.</li> <li>Jacobs, Peter (1992). <i>Subordinate Clauses in Squamish: a Coast Salish Language</i>. M.A. thesis, University of Oregon.</li> <li>Jacobs, Peter (1994). The Inverse in Squamish, in Talmy Givón (ed.) <i>Voice and Inversion</i>, 121–146. Amsterdam: Benjamins.</li> <li>Jacobs, Peter (2012). Vowel harmony and schwa strengthening in Skwxwu7mesh, <i>Proceedings of the International Conference on Salishan and Neighboring Languages</i> 47. UBC Working Papers in Linguistics 32.</li> <li>Jacobs, Peter et al. (eds.) (2011). <i>Squamish-English Dictionary</i>. University of Washington Press.</li> <li>Kuipers, Aert H. (1967). <i>The Squamish Language</i>. The Hague: Mouton.</li> <li>Kuipers, Aert H. (1968). The categories noun-verb and transitive-intransitive in English and Squamish, <i>Lingua</i> 21: 610–626.</li> <li>Kuipers, Aert H. (1969). <i>The Squamish Language</i>. Part II. The Hague: Mouton.</li> <li>Nakayama, Toshihide (1991). On the Position of the Nominalizer in Squamish, <i>Proceedings of the International Conference on Salishan and Neighboring Languages</i> 18: 293–300.</li> <li>Shipley, Dawn (1995). A structural semantic analysis of kinship terms in the Squamish language, <i>Proceedings of the International Conference on Salishan and Neighboring Languages</i> 30.</li> <li>Watt, Linda Tamburri, Michael Alford, Jen Cameron-Turley, Carrie Gillon and Peter Jacobs (2000). Skwxwú7mesh (Squamish Salish) Stress: A Look at the Acoustics of /a/ and /u/, <i>International Conference on Salishan and Neighboring Languages</i> 35: 199–217. (University of British Columbia Working Papers in Linguistics Volume 3).</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Squamish_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ydli.org/biblios/squabib.htm">Bibliography at Yinka Dene Language Institute</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.insidevancouver.ca/2011/06/27/wanna-speak-squamish-squamish-nation-publishes-dictionary/">"Squamish for Dummies: Cool new Squamish-English dictionary"</a>. <i>Inside Vancouver Blog</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-08-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Inside+Vancouver+Blog&rft.atitle=Squamish+for+Dummies%3A+Cool+new+Squamish-English+dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.insidevancouver.ca%2F2011%2F06%2F27%2Fwanna-speak-squamish-squamish-nation-publishes-dictionary%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASquamish+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://squamishlanguage.com/">"Squamish Language.com"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-08-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Squamish+Language.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsquamishlanguage.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASquamish+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoi_T._Arcand2011" class="citation news cs1">Joi T. Arcand (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.langara.bc.ca/prm/2011/articles/warrior.html">"Language Warrior"</a>. <i>Pacific Rim Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-08-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pacific+Rim+Magazine&rft.atitle=Language+Warrior&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Joi+T.+Arcand&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.langara.bc.ca%2Fprm%2F2011%2Farticles%2Fwarrior.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASquamish+language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li>Stelmexw, Kwi Awt (2016)."How To Read The Squamish Language". <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.kwiawtstelmexw.com/language_resources/how-to-read-the-squamish-language/">https://www.kwiawtstelmexw.com/language_resources/how-to-read-the-squamish-language/</a>.Retrieved 2016-10-29</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comox_language" title="Comox language">Comox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halkomelem" title="Halkomelem">Halkomelem</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Klallam_language" title="Klallam language">Klallam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lushootseed" title="Lushootseed">Lushootseed</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nooksack_language" title="Nooksack language">Nooksack</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Straits_Salish_language" title="North Straits Salish language">Northern Straits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lummi_dialect" title="Lummi dialect">Lummi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saanich_dialect" title="Saanich dialect">Saanich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songhees_dialect" title="Songhees dialect">Songhees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samish_dialect" title="Samish dialect">Samish</a></li> <li><i>Semiahmoo</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/T%27Sou-ke_dialect" title="T'Sou-ke dialect">T'Sou-ke</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pentlatch_language" title="Pentlatch language">Pentlatch</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C3%ADsh%C3%A1lh_language" title="Shíshálh language">shíshálh</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Squamish</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Twana_language" title="Twana language">Twana</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tsamosan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cowlitz_language" title="Cowlitz language">Cowlitz</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lower_Chehalis_language" title="Lower Chehalis language">Lower Chehalis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Upper_Chehalis_language" title="Upper Chehalis language">Upper Chehalis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quinault_language" title="Quinault language">Quinault</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tillamook</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tillamook_language" title="Tillamook language">Tillamook</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Interior_Salish_languages" title="Interior Salish languages">Interior Salish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lillooet_language" title="Lillooet language">Lillooet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuswap_language" title="Shuswap language">Shuswap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thompson_language" title="Thompson language">Thompson River Salish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coeur_d%27Alene_language" title="Coeur d'Alene language">Coeur d’Alene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia-Moses_language" title="Columbia-Moses language">Columbia-Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okanagan_language" title="Okanagan language">Colville-Okanagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salish%E2%80%93Spokane%E2%80%93Kalispel_language" title="Salish–Spokane–Kalispel language">Montana Salish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Canada" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Canada" title="Template:Languages of Canada"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Canada" title="Template 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abenaki_language" title="Abenaki language">Abenaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algonquin_language" title="Algonquin language">Algonquin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_language" title="Blackfoot language">Blackfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cree_language" title="Cree language">Cree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Innu language">Innu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malecite-Passamaquoddy_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malecite-Passamaquoddy language">Malecite-Passamaquoddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%EA%9E%8Ckmaq_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Miꞌkmaq language">Miꞌkmaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munsee_language" title="Munsee language">Munsee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naskapi_language" title="Naskapi language">Naskapi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_language" title="Ojibwe language">Ojibwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottawa_dialect" title="Ottawa dialect">Ottawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potawatomi_language" title="Potawatomi language">Potawatomi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Athabaskan_languages" title="Athabaskan languages">Athabaskan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babine-Witsuwit%CA%BCen_language" title="Babine-Witsuwitʼen language">Babine-Witsuwitʼen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrier_language" title="Carrier language">Carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsilhqot%CA%BCin_language" title="Tsilhqotʼin language">Chilcotin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chipewyan_language" title="Chipewyan language">Chipewyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogrib_language" title="Dogrib language">Dogrib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwich%CA%BCin_language" title="Gwichʼin language">Gwichʼin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A4n_language" title="Hän language">Hän</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaska_language" title="Kaska language">Kaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicola_language" title="Nicola language">Nicola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekani_language" title="Sekani language">Sekani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavey_language" title="Slavey language">Slavey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagish_language" title="Tagish language">Tagish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahltan_language" title="Tahltan language">Tahltan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsuut%CA%BCina_language" title="Tsuutʼina language">Tsuutʼina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutchone_language" title="Tutchone language">Tutchone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Inuit_languages" title="Inuit languages">Inuit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inuinnaqtun" title="Inuinnaqtun">Inuinnaqtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuktitut" title="Inuktitut">Inuktitut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inupiat_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Inupiat language">Inupiaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuvialuktun" title="Inuvialuktun">Inuvialuktun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iroquoian_languages" title="Iroquoian languages">Iroquoian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cayuga_language" title="Cayuga language">Cayuga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_language" title="Mohawk language">Mohawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneida_language" title="Oneida language">Oneida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onondaga_language" title="Onondaga language">Onondaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_language" title="Seneca language">Seneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuscarora_language" title="Tuscarora language">Tuscarora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyandot_language" title="Wyandot language">Wyandot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Salishan_languages" title="Salishan languages">Salishan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bella_Coola_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bella Coola language">Bella Coola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comox_language" title="Comox language">Comox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halkomelem" title="Halkomelem">Halkomelem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lillooet_language" title="Lillooet language">Lillooet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okanagan_language" title="Okanagan language">Okanagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saanich_dialect" title="Saanich dialect">Saanich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C3%ADsh%C3%A1lh_language" title="Shíshálh language">shíshálh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuswap_language" title="Shuswap language">Shuswap</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Squamish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thompson_language" title="Thompson language">Thompson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wakashan_languages" title="Wakashan languages">Wakashan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ditidaht_language" title="Ditidaht language">Ditidaht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haisla_language" title="Haisla language">Haisla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heiltsuk-Oowekyala_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Heiltsuk-Oowekyala language">Heiltsuk-Oowekyala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwak%CA%BCwala" title="Kwakʼwala">Kwakʼwala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuu-chah-nulth_language" title="Nuu-chah-nulth language">Nuu-chah-nulth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Siouan_languages" title="Siouan languages">Siouan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stoney_language" title="Stoney language">Stoney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sioux_language" title="Sioux language">Sioux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assiniboine_language" title="Assiniboine language">Assiniboine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beothuk_language" title="Beothuk language">Beothuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_language" title="Haida language">Haida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutenai_language" title="Kutenai language">Kutenai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlingit_language" title="Tlingit language">Tlingit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coast_Tsimshian_dialect" title="Coast Tsimshian dialect">Coast Tsimshian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pidgins, creoles and mixed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algonquian%E2%80%93Basque_pidgin" title="Algonquian–Basque pidgin">Algonquian–Basque pidgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broken_Slavey" class="mw-redirect" title="Broken Slavey">Broken Slavey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bungi_Creole" class="mw-redirect" title="Bungi Creole">Bungee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinook_Jargon" title="Chinook Jargon">Chinook Jargon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labrador_Inuit_Pidgin_French" title="Labrador Inuit Pidgin French">Labrador Inuit Pidgin French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michif" title="Michif">Michif</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minority languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandarin language">Mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantonese language">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog (Filipino)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Gaelic" title="Canadian Gaelic">Canadian Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutterite_German" title="Hutterite German">Hutterite German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doukhobor_Russian" title="Doukhobor Russian">Doukhobor Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language_in_Newfoundland" title="Irish language in Newfoundland">Newfoundland Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_German" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennsylvania German">Pennsylvania German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plautdietsch" title="Plautdietsch">Plautdietsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Ukrainian" title="Canadian Ukrainian">Ukrainian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Sign_Language" title="Quebec Sign Language">Quebec Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_Sign_Language" title="Inuit Sign Language">Inuk Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plains_Indian_Sign_Language" title="Plains Indian Sign Language">Plains Indian Sign Language</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Sign_Language" title="Maritime Sign Language">Maritime Sign Language</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Canada#Canadian_style_guides" title="Bibliography of Canada">Canadian style guides</a> - <a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_English_dictionaries" title="List of Canadian English dictionaries">Canadian dictionaries 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_British_Columbia" title="Template talk:Languages of British Columbia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_British_Columbia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of British Columbia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_British_Columbia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of British Columbia">Languages of British Columbia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">English</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Oral Indigenous<br />languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plains_Cree_language" title="Plains Cree language">Plains Cree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Den%C3%A9%E2%80%93Yeniseian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Dené–Yeniseian languages">Dené–Yeniseian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carrier_language" title="Carrier language">Carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dane-zaa_language" title="Dane-zaa language">Dane-zaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaska_language" title="Kaska language">Kaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babine-Witsuwit%CA%BCen_language" title="Babine-Witsuwitʼen language">Babine-Witsuwitʼen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahltan_language" title="Tahltan language">Tahltan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlingit_language" title="Tlingit language">Tlingit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekani_language" title="Sekani language">Sekani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilcotin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Chilcotin language">Chilcotin</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nicola_language" title="Nicola language">Nicola</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tsetsaut_language" title="Tsetsaut language">Tsetsaut</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Salishan_languages" title="Salishan languages">Salishan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comox_language" title="Comox language">Comox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halkomelem" title="Halkomelem">Halkomelem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thompson_language" title="Thompson language">Thompson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scw%27exmx" class="mw-redirect" title="Scw'exmx">Scw'exmx</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okanagan_language" title="Okanagan language">Okanagan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinixt_dialect" title="Sinixt dialect">Sinixt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Straits_Salish_language" title="North Straits Salish language">North Straits Salish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saanich_dialect" title="Saanich dialect">Saanich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samish_dialect" title="Samish dialect">Samish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lummi_dialect" title="Lummi dialect">Lummi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuxalk_language" title="Nuxalk language">Nuxalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuswap_language" title="Shuswap language">Shuswap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sechelt_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sechelt language">Sechelt</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Squamish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lillooet_language" title="Lillooet language">Lillooet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tsimshianic_languages" title="Tsimshianic languages">Tsimshianic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gitxsan_language" title="Gitxsan language">Gitxsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisga%27a_language" title="Nisga'a language">Nisga'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Tsimshian_dialect" title="Southern Tsimshian dialect">Southern Tsimshian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coast_Tsimshian_dialect" title="Coast Tsimshian dialect">Coast Tsimshian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wakashan_languages" title="Wakashan languages">Wakashan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ditidaht_language" title="Ditidaht language">Ditidaht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heiltsuk-Oowekyala_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Heiltsuk-Oowekyala language">Heiltsuk-Oowekyala</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heiltsuk_dialect" title="Heiltsuk dialect">Heiltsuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oowekyala" title="Oowekyala">Oowekyala</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwak%CA%BCwala" title="Kwakʼwala">Kwakʼwala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liq%CA%BCwala" class="mw-redirect" title="Liqʼwala">Liqʼwala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuu-chah-nulth_language" title="Nuu-chah-nulth language">Nuu-chah-nulth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haisla_language" title="Haisla language">Haisla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other/isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kutenai_language" title="Kutenai language">Kutenai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_language" title="Haida language">Haida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">Sign languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American Sign Language (ASL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Sign_Language_family" title="French Sign Language family">Francosign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plains_Indian_Sign_Language" title="Plains Indian Sign Language">Plains Sign Talk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plateau_Sign_Language" title="Plateau Sign Language">Plateau Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pidgin" title="Pidgin">Pidgins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">creoles</a> and mixed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinook_Jargon" title="Chinook Jargon">Chinook Jargon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigrant languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_French" title="Canadian French">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doukhobor_Russian" title="Doukhobor Russian">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Ukrainian" title="Canadian Ukrainian">Ukrainian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Squamish_language&oldid=1244559536">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Squamish_language&oldid=1244559536</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Squamish_people" title="Category:Squamish people">Squamish people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coast_Salish_languages" title="Category:Coast 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