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<ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geographic_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geographic_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geographic distribution</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geographic_distribution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geographic distribution subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geographic_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hong_Kong_and_Macau" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hong_Kong_and_Macau"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Hong Kong and Macau</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hong_Kong_and_Macau-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mainland_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mainland_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Mainland China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mainland_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southeast_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southeast_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Southeast Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southeast_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vietnam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vietnam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Vietnam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vietnam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malaysia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malaysia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Malaysia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malaysia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Singapore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Singapore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.3</span> <span>Singapore</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Singapore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cambodia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cambodia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.4</span> <span>Cambodia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cambodia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thailand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thailand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.5</span> <span>Thailand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thailand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indonesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indonesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.6</span> <span>Indonesia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indonesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philippines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philippines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.7</span> <span>Philippines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philippines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-California" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#California"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1.1</span> <span>California</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-California-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.2</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Western Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.1</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.2</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portugal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portugal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.3</span> <span>Portugal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portugal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_role" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_role"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Cultural role</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_role-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phonology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Initials_and_finals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Initials_and_finals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Initials and finals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Initials_and_finals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Tones</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Written_Cantonese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Written_Cantonese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Written Cantonese</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Written_Cantonese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romanization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romanization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Romanization</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Romanization-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Romanization subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Romanization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_Western_efforts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Western_efforts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Early Western efforts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Western_efforts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cantonese_romanization_in_Hong_Kong" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cantonese_romanization_in_Hong_Kong"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Cantonese romanization in Hong Kong</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cantonese_romanization_in_Hong_Kong-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Comparison</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Initials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Initials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.1</span> <span>Initials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Initials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.2</span> <span>Finals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tones_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tones_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.3</span> <span>Tones</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tones_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sample_text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sample_text"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Sample text</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sample_text-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Cantonese</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 82 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-82" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">82 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9C" title="कैंटोनीज – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="कैंटोनीज" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%8A%D8%A4" title="صينية يؤ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="صينية يؤ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A0%DC%AB%DC%A2%DC%90_%DC%A9%DC%A2%DC%9B%DC%98%DC%A2%DC%9D%DC%90" title="ܠܫܢܐ ܩܢܛܘܢܝܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܠܫܢܐ ܩܢܛܘܢܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanton_dili" title="Kanton dili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kanton dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="ক্যান্টনীয় উপভাষা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ক্যান্টনীয় উপভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%84g-chiu-%C5%8De" title="Kńg-chiu-ōe – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kńg-chiu-ōe" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82" title="Кантонскі дыялект – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кантонскі дыялект" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kantones" title="Kantones – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Kantones" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Кантонски език – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кантонски език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kantoneg" title="Kantoneg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kantoneg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton%C3%A8s" title="Cantonès – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cantonès" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanton%C5%A1tina" title="Kantonština – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kantonština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantoneg" title="Cantoneg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cantoneg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kantonesisk_(sprog)" title="Kantonesisk (sprog) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kantonesisk (sprog)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kantoni_keel" title="Kantoni keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kantoni keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%AD%CE%B6%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B7_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Καντονέζικη γλώσσα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Καντονέζικη γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chino_canton%C3%A9s" title="Chino cantonés – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Chino cantonés" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kantona_lingvo" title="Kantona lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kantona lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C" title="کانتونی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کانتونی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantonais_standard" title="Cantonais standard – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cantonais standard" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_cantonesa" title="Lingua cantonesa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua cantonesa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%BA%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8D%84%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8C%BA" title="𐌺𐌰𐌽𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌺𐌰𐌽𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B3ng-t%C3%BBng-fa" title="Kóng-tûng-fa – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Kóng-tûng-fa" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B4%91%EB%91%A5%EC%96%B4" title="광둥어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="광둥어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="कैण्टोनी भाषा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कैण्टोनी भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kantones" title="Kantones – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Kantones" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Kanton" title="Bahasa Kanton – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Kanton" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kant%C3%B3nska" title="Kantónska – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kantónska" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%96%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA" title="קנטונזית תקנית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קנטונזית תקנית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Kwangtung" title="Basa Kwangtung – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Basa Kwangtung" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kant%C9%94n%C9%9B%C9%9B_k%CA%8An%CA%8A%C5%8B" title="Kantɔnɛɛ kʊnʊŋ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Kantɔnɛɛ kʊnʊŋ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantonek" title="Cantonek – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Cantonek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%B8%E0%BB%89%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%96%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99" title="ພາສາກວາງຕຸ້ງມາດຕະຖານ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ພາສາກວາງຕຸ້ງມາດຕະຖານ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kantonie%C5%A1u_dialekts" title="Kantoniešu dialekts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kantoniešu dialekts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kantono_kin%C5%B3_kalba" title="Kantono kinų kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kantono kinų kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kantonees" title="Kantonees – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Kantonees" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kantoni_nyelv" title="Kantoni nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kantoni nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bh%C3%A2sa_Kanton" title="Bhâsa Kanton – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Bhâsa Kanton" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Кантонски јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кантонски јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_kant%C3%B4ney" title="Fiteny kantôney – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny kantôney" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7" title="കാന്റോനീസ് ഭാഷ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കാന്റോനീസ് ഭാഷ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9C_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="कँटोनीज भाषा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कँटोनीज भाषा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="یوئی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="یوئی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Kantonis" title="Bahasa Kantonis – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Kantonis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9F%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%81_%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯀꯦꯟꯇꯣꯅꯤꯁ ꯂꯣꯟ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯀꯦꯟꯇꯣꯅꯤꯁ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standaardkantonees" title="Standaardkantonees – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Standaardkantonees" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="क्यान्टोनिज भाषा – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="क्यान्टोनिज भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BA%83%E6%9D%B1%E8%AA%9E" title="広東語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="広東語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kantoneesk_spriak" title="Kantoneesk spriak – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Kantoneesk spriak" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_kantonesisk" title="Standard kantonesisk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Standard kantonesisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton%C3%A9s" title="Cantonés – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Cantonés" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%B9%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C" title="کینٹونی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کینٹونی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardowy_j%C4%99zyk_kanto%C5%84ski" title="Standardowy język kantoński – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Standardowy język kantoński" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_cantonesa" title="Língua cantonesa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua cantonesa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_cantonez%C4%83" title="Limba cantoneză – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba cantoneză" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82" title="Кантонский диалект – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кантонский диалект" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="कैंटोनी भाषा – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="कैंटोनी भाषा" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%B4%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%BD_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱠᱮᱱᱴᱳᱱᱤᱡᱽ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱠᱮᱱᱴᱳᱱᱤᱡᱽ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Cantonese" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%93%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A" title="කැන්ටනීස් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කැන්ටනීස්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanton%C4%8Dina_(Kanton)" title="Kantončina (Kanton) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kantončina (Kanton)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kant%C5%8D%C5%84sk%C5%8F_g%C5%8Fdka" title="Kantōńskŏ gŏdka – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Kantōńskŏ gŏdka" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%86%D9%86%DB%8C" title="کانتۆنی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کانتۆنی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Кантонски језик – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кантонски језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardni_kantonski_jezik" title="Standardni kantonski jezik – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Standardni kantonski jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kantoninkiina" title="Kantoninkiina – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kantoninkiina" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Kantones" title="Wikang Kantones – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Kantones" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="கண்டோனீயம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கண்டோனீயம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Кантон теле – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Кантон теле" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99" title="ภาษากวางตุ้งมาตรฐาน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษากวางตุ้งมาตรฐาน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kantonca" title="Kantonca – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kantonca" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82" title="Кантонський діалект – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кантонський діалект" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%B9%D9%86%DB%8C" title="کینٹنی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کینٹنی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%DA%86%DB%95" title="كانتونچە – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="كانتونچە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_Ch%C3%A2u" title="Tiếng Quảng Châu – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Quảng Châu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinulongan_Cantones" title="Pinulongan Cantones – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Pinulongan Cantones" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B9%BF%E5%B7%9E%E8%AF%9D" title="广州话 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="广州话" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BB%A3%E5%BA%9C%E8%A9%B1" title="廣府話 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="廣府話" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B9%BF%E5%B7%9E%E8%AF%9D" title="广州话 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="广州话" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saro_Kanton" title="Saro Kanton – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Saro Kanton" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaku_Kanton" title="Jaku Kanton – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Jaku Kanton" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Kanton" title="Bahasa Kanton – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Bahasa Kanton" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Cantonese_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Cantonese (disambiguation)">Cantonese (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: salmon;">Cantonese</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: salmon;">Yue Chinese</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">Mainland China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Chinese" title="Overseas Chinese">overseas communities</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Pearl_River_Delta" title="Pearl River Delta">Pearl River Delta</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Sinitic_languages" title="Sinitic languages">Sinitic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Chinese" title="Varieties of Chinese">Chinese</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Yue_Chinese" title="Yue Chinese">Yue</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Yuehai_Yue" title="Yuehai Yue">Yuehai</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Cantonese</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early forms</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Sino-Tibetan" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Sino-Tibetan">Proto-Sino-Tibetan</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese" title="Old Chinese">Old Chinese</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Han_Chinese" title="Eastern Han Chinese">Eastern Han Chinese</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Dialects</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_Cantonese#California_Cantonese_language" title="California Cantonese">Californian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Cantonese" title="Malaysian Cantonese">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanka_people#Dialect" title="Tanka people">Tanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuzhou" title="Wuzhou">Wuzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiguan_dialect" title="Xiguan dialect">Xiguan</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Written_Cantonese" title="Written Cantonese">Written Cantonese</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Braille" title="Cantonese Braille">Cantonese Braille</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Written_Chinese" title="Written Chinese">Written Chinese</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: salmon;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_regulators" title="List of language regulators">Regulated by</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></b>:<br /><a href="/wiki/Education_Bureau" title="Education Bureau">Education Bureau</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a></b>:<br /><a href="/wiki/Education_and_Youth_Development_Bureau" title="Education and Youth Development Bureau">Education and Youth Development Bureau</a></li></ul> </div></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: salmon;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/Yue" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:Yue">Yue</a></code> (superset for all Yue dialects)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/cant1236">cant1236</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc=1&tr=lsr&nid=79-AAA-ma">79-AAA-ma</a></code></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <style 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class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:auto"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Cantonese_language" title="Category:Cantonese language">the series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantonese language">Cantonese language</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Yue_Chinese" title="Yue Chinese">Yue Chinese</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Cantonese_grammar" title="Cantonese grammar">Grammar</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_classifier" title="Chinese classifier">Measure words</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_pronouns" title="Cantonese pronouns">Pronouns</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Written_Cantonese" title="Written Cantonese">Orthography</a></li><li>Transcription</li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fanqie" title="Fanqie">Fanchit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Braille" title="Cantonese Braille">Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Bopomofo" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantonese Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantonese pinyin">Pinyin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Cantonese_phonology" title="Cantonese phonology">Phonology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_nasal-stop_alternation" title="Cantonese nasal-stop alternation">Nasal-stop alternation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changed_tone" title="Changed tone">Changed tone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proper_Cantonese_pronunciation" title="Proper Cantonese pronunciation">Proper Cantonese pronunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Cantonese" class="mw-redirect" title="Help:IPA for Cantonese">IPA</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cantonese_language" title="Template:Cantonese language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cantonese_language" title="Template talk:Cantonese language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cantonese_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cantonese language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Cantonese</b> is the traditional <a href="/wiki/Prestige_variety" class="mw-redirect" title="Prestige variety">prestige variety</a> of <a href="/wiki/Yue_Chinese" title="Yue Chinese">Yue Chinese</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Sinitic_languages" title="Sinitic languages">Sinitic language</a> belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_language_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-Tibetan language family">Sino-Tibetan language family</a>. It originated in the city of <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a> (formerly known as <a href="/wiki/Cantonese_people" title="Cantonese people">Canton</a>) and its surrounding <a href="/wiki/Pearl_River_Delta" title="Pearl River Delta">Pearl River Delta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cantonese is regarded as an integral and inextricable component of the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_identity" title="Cultural identity">cultural identity</a> of its native speakers across a vast expanse of <a href="/wiki/South_Central_China" title="South Central China">southeastern China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a>, as well as in <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Chinese" title="Overseas Chinese">overseas communities</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">mainland China</a>, Cantonese is the <i>lingua franca</i> of the Chinese province of <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a> (being the majority language of the <a href="/wiki/Pearl_River_Delta" title="Pearl River Delta">Pearl River Delta</a>) and neighbouring areas such as Guangxi. It is also the dominant and co-official language of <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a>. Furthermore, Cantonese is widely spoken among <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Chinese" title="Overseas Chinese">overseas Chinese</a> in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> (most notably in <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, as well as in <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a> to a lesser extent) and the Western world, such as <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the considerable overlap in vocabulary between Cantonese and Mandarin, as well as other <a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Chinese" title="Varieties of Chinese">varieties of Chinese</a>, these <a href="/wiki/Sinitic_languages" title="Sinitic languages">Sinitic languages</a> are not mutually intelligible. This is due to a combination of factors, including phonological differences and variations in grammar and vocabulary. Notably, there are instances where the sentence structure, particularly with regard to verb placement, differs between the two varieties. A noteworthy distinction between Cantonese and Mandarin is the manner in which the spoken word is written. Both languages can be recorded verbatim, yet a paucity of Cantonese speakers possess comprehensive knowledge of the written vocabulary. Consequently, a non-verbatim formalised written form is adopted, which bears resemblance to the written <a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-kataoka_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kataoka-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="There is no even remotely similar claim on the page given. In any case, this is about early missionary texts and not modern writing in Cantonese. (October 2024)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="This text only says that early texts had Cantonese elements in an otherwise Classical Chinese or Standard Chinese context. Again, this is not a claim about modern written Cantonese, nor are these early texts described as being truly written 'in' Cantonese. (October 2024)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> However, it is only non-verbatim with respect to vernacular Cantonese, it is possible to read <a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Chinese</a> text verbatim in formal Cantonese, often with only slight changes in lexicon that are optional depending on the reader's choice of register. This results in the situation in which a Cantonese and a Mandarin text may appear similar but are pronounced differently. Conversely, written (vernacular) Cantonese is mostly used in informal settings like <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a> and <a href="/wiki/Comic_book" title="Comic book">comic books.</a><sup id="cite_ref-kataoka_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kataoka-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (October 2024)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (October 2024)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names_of_Cantonese">Names of Cantonese</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cantonese&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Names of Cantonese"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Cantonese</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;">廣東話</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;">广东话</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Guǎngdōnghuà</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">ㄍㄨㄤˇ ㄉㄨㄥㄏㄨㄚˋ</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span>Kuang<sup>3</sup>-tung<sup>1</sup>-hua<sup>4</sup></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tongyong_Pinyin" title="Tongyong Pinyin">Tongyong Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Guǎngdong-huà</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[kwàŋ.tʊ́ŋ.xwâ]</a></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Gwóngdùng wá</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Gwong2 dung1 waa2</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn"><span class="IPA" lang="yue-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">[kʷɔŋ˧˥ tʊŋ˥ wa˧˥]</a></span></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">'Canton speech' or 'Guangzhou speech'</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;">廣州話</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Guǎngzhōuhuà</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">ㄍㄨㄤˇ ㄓㄡㄏㄨㄚˋ</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span>Kuang<sup>3</sup>-chou<sup>1</sup>-hua<sup>4</sup></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tongyong_Pinyin" title="Tongyong Pinyin">Tongyong Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Guǎngjhou-huà</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[kwàŋ.ʈʂóʊ.xwâ]</a></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Gwóngjàu wá</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Gwong2 zau1 waa2</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn"><span class="IPA" lang="yue-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">[kʷɔŋ˧˥.tsɐw˥ wa˧˥]</a></span></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In English, the term "Cantonese" can be ambiguous. "Cantonese" as used to refer to the language native to the city of Canton, which is the traditional English name of <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a>, was popularized by <i>An English and Cantonese Pocket Dictionary</i> (1859), a bestseller by the missionary <a href="/wiki/John_Chalmers_(missionary)" title="John Chalmers (missionary)">John Chalmers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-kataoka_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kataoka-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before 1859, this variant was often referred to in English as "the Canton dialect".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kataoka_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kataoka-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, "Cantonese" may also refer to the primary branch of Chinese that contains Cantonese proper as well as <a href="/wiki/Taishanese" title="Taishanese">Taishanese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gao-Yang_Yue" class="mw-redirect" title="Gao-Yang Yue">Gaoyang</a>; this broader usage may be specified as "<a href="/wiki/Yue_Chinese" title="Yue Chinese">Yue speech</a>" (<span lang="zh-Hant">粵語</span>; <span lang="zh-Hans">粤语</span>; <i><span lang="yue-Latn-jyutping">Jyut6 jyu5</span></i>; <i><span lang="yue-Latn">Yuhtyúh</span></i>). In this article, "Cantonese" is used for Cantonese proper. </p><p>Historically, speakers called this variety "Canton speech" (<span lang="zh-Hant">廣州話</span>; <span lang="zh-Hans">广州话</span>; <i><span lang="yue-Latn-jyutping">Gwong2 zau1 waa2</span></i>; <i><span lang="yue-Latn">Gwóngjàu wá</span></i>), although this term is now seldom used outside mainland China. In Guangdong and Guangxi, people also call it "provincial capital speech" (<span lang="zh-Hant">省城話</span>; <span lang="zh-Hans">省城话</span>; <i><span lang="yue-Latn-jyutping">Saang2 seng4 waa2</span></i>; <i><span lang="yue-Latn">Sáangsèhng wá</span></i>) or "plain speech" (<span lang="zh-Hant">白話</span>; <span lang="zh-Hans">白话</span>; <i><span lang="yue-Latn-jyutping">Baak6 waa2</span></i>; <i><span lang="yue-Latn">Baahkwá</span></i>). In academic linguistic circles, it is also referred to as "Canton prefecture speech" (<span lang="zh-Hant">廣府話</span>; <span lang="zh-Hans">广府话</span>; <i><span lang="yue-Latn-jyutping">Gwong2 fu2 waa2</span></i>; <i><span lang="yue-Latn">Gwóngfú wá</span></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Booney_1854_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Booney_1854-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Hong Kong and Macau, as well as among overseas Chinese communities, the language is referred to as "Guangdong speech" or "Canton Province Speech" (<span lang="zh-Hant">廣東話</span>; <span lang="zh-Hans">广东话</span>; <i><span lang="yue-Latn-jyutping">Gwong2 dung1 waa2</span></i>; <i><span lang="yue-Latn">Gwóngdùng wá</span></i>) or simply as "Chinese" (<span lang="zh">中文</span>; <i><span lang="yue-Latn-jyutping">Zung1 man2</span></i>; <i><span lang="yue-Latn">Jùngmán</span></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cantonese&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Yue_Chinese" title="Yue Chinese">Yue Chinese</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tangyun_-_Chinese_Dictionary_Museum.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Tangyun_-_Chinese_Dictionary_Museum.JPG/170px-Tangyun_-_Chinese_Dictionary_Museum.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Tangyun_-_Chinese_Dictionary_Museum.JPG/255px-Tangyun_-_Chinese_Dictionary_Museum.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Tangyun_-_Chinese_Dictionary_Museum.JPG/340px-Tangyun_-_Chinese_Dictionary_Museum.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1564" data-file-height="2240" /></a><figcaption>Chinese dictionary from the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a>. Modern Cantonese pronunciation preserves almost all terminal consonants (-m, -n, -ng, -p, -t, -k) from Middle Chinese.</figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Song_Dynasty#Southern_Song,_1127–1279" class="mw-redirect" title="Song Dynasty">Southern Song</a> period, Guangzhou became the cultural center of the region.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYue-Hashimoto19724_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYue-Hashimoto19724-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cantonese emerged as the <a href="/wiki/Prestige_(sociolinguistics)" title="Prestige (sociolinguistics)">prestige variety</a> of <a href="/wiki/Yue_Chinese" title="Yue Chinese">Yue Chinese</a> when the port city of <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Pearl_River_Delta" title="Pearl River Delta">Pearl River Delta</a> became the largest port in China, with a trade network stretching as far as Arabia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi2006126_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi2006126-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specifically, the mutually intelligible speech of the <i>Sam Yap</i> (<span lang="zh-Hant">三邑</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Sānyì</span></i>; <i><span lang="yue-Latn-jyutping">Sam1 jap1</span></i>), the Three Counties of Guangzhou, namely the historical counties of Panyu (<span lang="zh">番禺</span>), <a href="/wiki/Nanhai,_Foshan" title="Nanhai, Foshan">Nanhai</a> (<span lang="zh">南海</span>), and <a href="/wiki/Shunde" class="mw-redirect" title="Shunde">Shunde</a> (<span lang="zh-Hans">顺德</span>), came to be heralded as the standard.<sup id="cite_ref-Sousa2022_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sousa2022-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cantonese was also used in the popular <i>Yuè'ōu</i>, <i>Mùyú</i> and <i>Nányīn</i> folksong genres, as well as <a href="/wiki/Cantonese_opera" title="Cantonese opera">Cantonese opera</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYue-Hashimoto19725–6_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYue-Hashimoto19725–6-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamsey198799_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamsey198799-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, a distinct classical literature was developed in Cantonese, with <a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a> texts sounding more similar to modern Cantonese than other present-day Chinese varieties, including Mandarin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYue-Hashimoto19725_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYue-Hashimoto19725-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As Guangzhou became China's key commercial center for foreign trade and exchange in the 1700s, Cantonese became the variety of Chinese interacting most with the Western world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi2006126_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi2006126-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much of the sources for this period of early Cantonese, such as the 18th century <a href="/wiki/Rime_dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Rime dictionary">rime dictionary</a> <i>Fenyun Cuoyao</i> (<span lang="zh-Hant">分韻撮要</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Fēnyùn Cuòyào</span></i>; <i><span lang="yue-Latn-jyutping">Fan1 wan5 Cyut3 jiu3</span></i>) and the 1828 <i>Vocabulary of the Canton Dialect</i> by the missionary <a href="/wiki/Robert_Morrison_(missionary)" title="Robert Morrison (missionary)">Robert Morrison</a>, were written in Guangzhou during this period of prosperity.<sup id="cite_ref-Sham2020_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sham2020-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/First_Opium_War" title="First Opium War">First Opium War</a>, centuries of maritime prohibitions (<span lang="zh">海禁</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">hǎijìn</span></i>; <i><span lang="yue-Latn-jyutping">hoi2 gam3</span></i>) ended. Large numbers of Cantonese people from the Pearl River Delta, especially merchants, subsequently migrated by boat to other parts of Guangdong and Guangxi. These migrants established enclaves of Cantonese in areas that primarily spoke other forms of Yue or even non-Sinitic languages such as <a href="/wiki/Zhuang_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhuang language">Zhuang</a>, for example in the way the <a href="/wiki/Yong%E2%80%93Xun_Yue" title="Yong–Xun Yue">Yong–Xun Yue</a> dialect of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nanning_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nanning dialect (page does not exist)">Nanning</a> emerged.<sup id="cite_ref-Sousa2022_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sousa2022-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Cantonese migrants sailed overseas, bringing the Cantonese language with the <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Chinese" title="Overseas Chinese">overseas Chinese</a> to Southeast Asia, North and South America, and Western Europe. Such enclaves of Cantonese are found in <a href="/wiki/Chinatowns" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinatowns">Chinatowns</a> across many of these major cities outside China.<sup id="cite_ref-Sousa2022_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sousa2022-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the late 19th century, the pedagogical work <i>Cantonese made easy</i>, written by <a href="/wiki/James_Dyer_Ball" title="James Dyer Ball">James Dyer Ball</a> in 1883, articulated the provenance of the prestige accent of Cantonese: that of the district of <a href="/wiki/Xiguan" title="Xiguan">Xiguan</a> (<span lang="zh-Hans">西关</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">西關</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Xīguān</span></i>; <i><span lang="yue-Latn-jyutping">Sai1 Gwaan1</span></i>) in the west of Guangzhou.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is known for its distinctive use of an <a href="/wiki/Apical_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Apical vowel">apical vowel</a> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɿ/</span>, or in more conventional <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ź̩~ɯ~ɨ/</span>) in some cases where modern Cantonese would use a <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span> final.<sup id="cite_ref-Sham2020_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sham2020-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout the 19th century and continuing into the 1900s, the ancestors of most of the population of <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a> arrived from Guangzhou and surrounding areas after they were ceded to <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">Britain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portugal</a>, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYue-Hashimoto197270_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYue-Hashimoto197270-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The influx of such migrants into Hong Kong established Cantonese as the main language of the city, supplanting local Yue Chinese varieties, which were closer to the dialects of neighboring <a href="/wiki/Shenzhen" title="Shenzhen">Shenzhen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dongguan" title="Dongguan">Dongguan</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a> varieties of the region.<sup id="cite_ref-Sousa2022_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sousa2022-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With subsequent waves of migration into Hong Kong, even as late as the 1950s, the proportion of Cantonese speakers in Hong Kong had not yet surpassed 50%; nonetheless, this figure has risen to above 90% since the 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-Sousa2022_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sousa2022-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, the indigenous variety of Yue Chinese in Macau had been close to that of <a href="/wiki/Zhongshan" title="Zhongshan">Zhongshan</a>, and this has had an effect on the tonal phonology of the Cantonese spoken in Macau.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sousa2022_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sousa2022-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a significant proportion of the entertainment industry in China migrated to Hong Kong in the early decades of the 20th century, the Hong Kong-based entertainment industry underwent a transformation to suit overseas as well as domestic audiences.<sup id="cite_ref-Bordwell2000_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bordwell2000-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the bifurcation of <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Hong_Kong" title="Cinema of Hong Kong">the film industry</a> into Cantonese and Mandarin,<sup id="cite_ref-Bordwell2000_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bordwell2000-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the use of the Xiguan accent of Guangzhou as a conservative prestige accent of standard Cantonese was maintained in mass media, with films from the 1930s making prominent use of it. However, during this time many phonological changes can be detected, indicating the change from Early Cantonese to Modern Cantonese.<sup id="cite_ref-Sham2020_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sham2020-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In mainland China, <a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a> has been heavily promoted as the medium of instruction in schools and as the official language, especially after the communist takeover in 1949. Meanwhile, Cantonese has remained the official variety of Chinese in Hong Kong and Macau, both during and after the colonial period, under the policy of '<a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Hong_Kong#Government_linguistic_policy" title="Culture of Hong Kong">biliteracy and trilingualism</a>' (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">兩文三語</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">liǎngwén sānyǔ</span></i>; <a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a>: <i><span lang="yue-Latn-jyutping">loeng3 man4 saam1 jyu5</span></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhangYang2004154_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhangYang2004154-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Government and law still function predominantly in Cantonese in these jurisdictions, and officials speak Cantonese even at the most formal occasions.<sup id="cite_ref-Sousa2022_12-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sousa2022-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographic_distribution">Geographic distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cantonese&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Geographic distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hong_Kong_and_Macau">Hong Kong and Macau</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cantonese&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Hong Kong and Macau"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Cantonese" title="Hong Kong Cantonese">Hong Kong Cantonese</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official languages</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> are Chinese and English, as defined in the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Basic_Law" title="Hong Kong Basic Law">Hong Kong Basic Law</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Chinese language has <a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Chinese" title="Varieties of Chinese">many different varieties</a>, of which Cantonese is one. Given the traditional predominance of Cantonese within Hong Kong, it is the <i>de facto</i> official spoken form of the Chinese language used in the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Hong_Kong" title="Government of Hong Kong">Hong Kong Government</a> and all courts and tribunals. It is also used as the <a href="/wiki/Medium_of_instruction" title="Medium of instruction">medium of instruction</a> in schools, alongside English. </p><p>A similar situation also exists in neighboring <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a>, where Chinese is an official language alongside <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>. As in Hong Kong, Cantonese is the predominant spoken <a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Chinese" title="Varieties of Chinese">variety of Chinese</a> used in everyday life and is thus the official form of Chinese used in the government. The Cantonese spoken in Hong Kong and Macau is <a href="/wiki/Mutually_intelligible" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutually intelligible">mutually intelligible</a> with the Cantonese spoken in the mainland city of <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a>, although there exist some minor differences in accent, pronunciation, and vocabulary. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mainland_China">Mainland China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cantonese&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Mainland China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ping_and_Yue_dialect_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Ping_and_Yue_dialect_map.svg/330px-Ping_and_Yue_dialect_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Ping_and_Yue_dialect_map.svg/495px-Ping_and_Yue_dialect_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Ping_and_Yue_dialect_map.svg/660px-Ping_and_Yue_dialect_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="323" /></a><figcaption>Distribution of Yue Chinese languages in southeastern China. Standard Cantonese and closely related dialects are highlighted in pink.</figcaption></figure> <p>Cantonese first developed around the port city of <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Pearl_River_Delta" title="Pearl River Delta">Pearl River Delta</a> region of southeastern China. Due to the city's long standing role as an important cultural center, Cantonese emerged as the prestige dialect of the <a href="/wiki/Yue_Chinese" title="Yue Chinese">Yue varieties of Chinese</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Song" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Song">Southern Song</a> dynasty and its usage spread around most of what is now the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">Guangxi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYue-Hashimoto19724_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYue-Hashimoto19724-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the cession of <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nanking" title="Treaty of Nanking">Hong Kong to Britain</a> in 1842 and <a href="/wiki/Sino-Portuguese_Treaty_of_Peking" title="Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Peking">Macau to Portugal</a> in 1887, the ethnic Chinese population of the two territories largely originated from the 19th and 20th century immigration from Guangzhou and surrounding areas, making Cantonese the predominant Chinese language in the territories. On the mainland, Cantonese continued to serve as the <i><a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">Guangxi</a> even after Mandarin was made the official language of the government by the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> in the early 1900s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoblin2000549–550_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoblin2000549–550-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cantonese remained a dominant and influential language in southeastern China until the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949 and its promotion of <a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin Chinese</a> as the sole official language of the nation throughout the last half of the 20th century, although its influence still remains strong within the region.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamsey19873–15_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamsey19873–15-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the Chinese government encourages the use of Standard Mandarin rather than local varieties of Chinese in broadcasts,<sup id="cite_ref-sarft-1_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sarft-1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cantonese enjoys a relatively higher standing than other Chinese languages, with its own media and usage in public transportation in Guangdong province. Furthermore, it is also a medium of instruction in select academic curricula, including some university elective courses and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_as_a_foreign_language" title="Chinese as a foreign language">Chinese as a foreign language</a> programs.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The permitted usage of Cantonese in mainland China is largely a countermeasure against Hong Kong's influence, as the autonomous territory has the right to freedom of the press and speech and its Cantonese-language media have a substantial exposure and following in Guangdong.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhangYang2004154_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhangYang2004154-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nevertheless, the place of local Cantonese language and <a href="/wiki/Cantonese_culture" title="Cantonese culture">culture</a> remains contentious, as with other non-Mandarin Chinese languages.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2010 <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou_Television_Cantonese_controversy" title="Guangzhou Television Cantonese controversy">proposal to switch some programming on Guangzhou television</a> from Cantonese to Mandarin was abandoned following massive public protests, the largest since the <a href="/wiki/Tiananmen_Square_protests_of_1989" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiananmen Square protests of 1989">Tiananmen Square protests of 1989</a>. As a major economic center of China, there have been concerns that the use of Cantonese in Guangzhou is diminishing in favour of Mandarin, both through the continual influx of Mandarin-speaking migrants from impoverished areas and strict government policies. As a result, Cantonese is being given a more important status by the natives than ever before as a common identity of the local people.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has led to initiatives to revive the language such as its introduction into school curricula and locally produced programs on broadcast media.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southeast_Asia">Southeast Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cantonese&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Southeast Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cantonese has historically served as a <i>lingua franca</i> among overseas Chinese in Southeast Asia, who speak a variety of other forms of Chinese including <a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teochew_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Teochew dialect">Teochew</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, Cantonese media and popular culture such as <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Hong_Kong" title="Cinema of Hong Kong">cinema of Hong Kong</a> is popular throughout the region. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vietnam">Vietnam</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cantonese&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Vietnam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hoa_people" title="Hoa people">Hoa people</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, Cantonese is the dominant language of the main ethnic Chinese community, usually referred to as <i><a href="/wiki/Hoa_people" title="Hoa people">Hoa</a></i>, which numbers about one million people and constitutes one of the largest minority groups in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-GSO2019_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GSO2019-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over half of the ethnic Chinese population in Vietnam speaks Cantonese as a native language and the variety also serves as a lingua franca between the different Chinese dialect groups.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhanh199331_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhanh199331-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many speakers reflect their exposure to <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a> with a Vietnamese accent or a tendency to <a href="/wiki/Code-switching" title="Code-switching">code-switch</a> between Cantonese and Vietnamese. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Malaysia">Malaysia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cantonese&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Malaysia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Cantonese" title="Malaysian Cantonese">Malaysian Cantonese</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Chinese#Cantonese" title="Malaysian Chinese">Malaysian Chinese § Cantonese</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, Cantonese is widely spoken among the <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Chinese" title="Malaysian Chinese">Malaysian Chinese</a> community in the capital city of <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the surrounding areas in the <a href="/wiki/Klang_Valley" title="Klang Valley">Klang Valley</a> (<a href="/wiki/Petaling_Jaya" title="Petaling Jaya">Petaling Jaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ampang,_Selangor" class="mw-redirect" title="Ampang, Selangor">Ampang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Putrajaya" title="Putrajaya">Putrajaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cheras,_Selangor" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheras, Selangor">Cheras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Selayang" title="Selayang">Selayang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sungai_Buloh" title="Sungai Buloh">Sungai Buloh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puchong" title="Puchong">Puchong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shah_Alam" title="Shah Alam">Shah Alam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kajang" title="Kajang">Kajang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangi,_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangi, Malaysia">Bangi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Subang_Jaya" title="Subang Jaya">Subang Jaya</a>). The language is also widely spoken as well in the town of <a href="/wiki/Sekinchan" title="Sekinchan">Sekinchan</a> in the district of <a href="/wiki/Sabak_Bernam" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabak Bernam">Sabak Bernam</a> located in the northern part of <a href="/wiki/Selangor" title="Selangor">Selangor</a> state and also in the state of <a href="/wiki/Perak" title="Perak">Perak</a>, especially in the state capital city of <a href="/wiki/Ipoh" title="Ipoh">Ipoh</a> and its surrounding towns of <a href="/wiki/Gopeng" title="Gopeng">Gopeng</a>, <a href="/wiki/Batu_Gajah" title="Batu Gajah">Batu Gajah</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kampar,_Perak" title="Kampar, Perak">Kampar</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kinta_Valley" title="Kinta Valley">Kinta Valley</a> region plus the towns of <a href="/wiki/Tapah" title="Tapah">Tapah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bidor" title="Bidor">Bidor</a> in the southern part of the <a href="/wiki/Perak" title="Perak">Perak</a> state, and also widely spoken in the eastern <a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabahan</a> town of <a href="/wiki/Sandakan" title="Sandakan">Sandakan</a> as well as the towns of <a href="/wiki/Kuantan" title="Kuantan">Kuantan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raub,_Pahang" title="Raub, Pahang">Raub</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bentong" title="Bentong">Bentong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Temerloh" title="Temerloh">Temerloh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pekan,_Pahang" title="Pekan, Pahang">Pekan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jerantut" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerantut">Jerantut</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Cameron_Highlands" title="Cameron Highlands">Cameron Highlands</a> in Pahang state, and they are also found in other areas like <a href="/wiki/Sarikei" title="Sarikei">Sarikei</a>, Sarawak, and <a href="/wiki/Mersing" title="Mersing">Mersing</a>, Johor. </p><p>Although <a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> is the most natively spoken variety of Chinese and Mandarin is the medium of education at <a href="/wiki/Chinese-language_schools" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese-language schools">Chinese-language schools</a>, Cantonese is largely influential in the local Chinese media and is used in commerce by Chinese Malaysians.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to the popularity of <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_popular_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong popular culture">Hong Kong popular culture</a>, especially through drama series and popular music, Cantonese is widely understood by the Chinese in all parts of Malaysia, even though a large proportion of the Chinese Malaysian population is non-Cantonese. Television networks in Malaysia regularly broadcast Hong Kong television programmes in their original Cantonese audio and soundtrack. Cantonese radio is also available in the nation and Cantonese is prevalent in locally produced Chinese television.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cantonese spoken in Malaysia and Singapore often exhibits influences from <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> and other Chinese varieties spoken in the country, like Hokkien and Teochew.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Singapore">Singapore</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cantonese&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Singapore"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Singaporeans" title="Chinese Singaporeans">Chinese Singaporeans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Singapore" title="Languages of Singapore">Languages of Singapore</a></div> <p>The Singapore government uses Mandarin as the official Chinese variety and has a <a href="/wiki/Speak_Mandarin_Campaign" title="Speak Mandarin Campaign">Speak Mandarin Campaign</a> (SMC) seeking to actively promote using Mandarin at the expense of other Chinese varieties. A little over 15% of Chinese households in Singapore speak Cantonese. Despite the government actively promoting SMC, the Cantonese-speaking Chinese community has been relatively successful in preserving its language from Mandarin compared with other dialect groups.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Notably, all nationally produced non-Mandarin Chinese TV and radio programs were stopped after 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-cna_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cna-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The prime minister, <a href="/wiki/Lee_Kuan_Yew" title="Lee Kuan Yew">Lee Kuan Yew</a>, then, also stopped giving speeches in <a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> to prevent giving conflicting signals to the people.<sup id="cite_ref-cna_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cna-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hong Kong (Cantonese) and <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Hokkien" title="Taiwanese Hokkien">Taiwanese</a> dramas are unavailable in their untranslated form on free-to-air television, though drama series in non-Chinese languages are available in their original languages. Cantonese drama series on terrestrial TV channels are instead dubbed in Mandarin and broadcast without the original Cantonese audio and soundtrack. However, originals may be available through other sources like cable television and online videos. </p><p>Furthermore, an offshoot of SMC is the translation to <a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a> of certain terms which originated from southern Chinese varieties. For instance, <a href="/wiki/Dim_sum" title="Dim sum">dim sum</a> is often known as <i>diǎn xīn</i> in Singapore's English-language media, though this is largely a matter of style, and most Singaporeans will still refer to it as <i>dim sum</i> when speaking English.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nevertheless, since the government restriction on media in non-Mandarin varieties was relaxed in the mid-1990s and 2000s, presence of Cantonese in Singapore has grown substantially. Forms of popular culture from Hong Kong, like <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_television_drama" title="Hong Kong television drama">television series</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong cinema">cinema</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cantopop" title="Cantopop">pop music</a> have become popular in Singaporean society, and non-dubbed original versions of the media became widely available. Consequently, the number of non-Cantonese Chinese Singaporeans being able to understand or speak Cantonese to some varying extent is growing, with a number of educational institutes offering Cantonese as an elective language course.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cambodia">Cambodia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cantonese&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Cambodia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cantonese is widely used as the inter-communal language among <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Cambodian" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Cambodian">Chinese Cambodians</a>, especially in <a href="/wiki/Phnom_Penh" title="Phnom Penh">Phnom Penh</a> and other urban areas. While Teochew speakers form the majority of the Chinese population in <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>, Cantonese is often used as a vernacular in commerce and with other Chinese variant groups in the nation.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chinese-language schools in Cambodia are conducted in both Cantonese and Mandarin, but schools may be conducted exclusively in one Chinese variant or the other.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Thailand">Thailand</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cantonese&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Thailand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> is home to the <a href="/wiki/Thai_Chinese" title="Thai Chinese">largest overseas Chinese community</a> in the world, the vast majority of ethnic Chinese in the country speak Thai exclusively.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among Chinese-speaking Thai households, Cantonese is the fourth most-spoken Chinese variety after <a href="/wiki/Teochew_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Teochew language">Teochew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hainanese" title="Hainanese">Hainanese</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, within the Thai Chinese commercial sector, it serves as a common language alongside Teochew or Thai. Chinese-language schools in Thailand have also traditionally been conducted in Cantonese. Furthermore, Cantonese serves as the lingua franca with other Chinese communities in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indonesia">Indonesia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cantonese&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Indonesia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, Cantonese is locally known as <i>Konghu</i> and is one of the variants spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Indonesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Indonesian">Chinese Indonesian</a> community, with speakers largely concentrated in certain major cities like <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medan" title="Medan">Medan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surabaya" title="Surabaya">Surabaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Makassar" title="Makassar">Makassar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Semarang" title="Semarang">Semarang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manado" title="Manado">Manado</a> and <a href="/wiki/Batam" title="Batam">Batam</a>. However, it has a relatively minor presence compared to other Southeast Asian nations, being the fourth most spoken Chinese variety after Hokkien, Hakka and Teochew.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis2005391_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2005391-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Philippines">Philippines</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cantonese&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Philippines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite the majority of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Filipinos" title="Chinese Filipinos">Chinese Filipinos</a> are <a href="/wiki/Hokkien_People" class="mw-redirect" title="Hokkien People">Fujianese</a>, there are also sizeable Cantonese population in the Philippines, with many of them mainly came from <a href="/wiki/Taishan,_Guangdong" title="Taishan, Guangdong">Taishan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a>. Many of the Cantonese people and their descendants live in <a href="/wiki/Baguio" title="Baguio">Baguio</a> and its province <a href="/wiki/Benguet" title="Benguet">Benguet</a>, where the Cantonese made up the majority of the city's and province's Chinese Filipino residents, with some of them have residences in Metro Manila. They speak Cantonese and its dialects such as <a href="/wiki/Taishanese" title="Taishanese">Taishanese</a> at home or in their circles, though they also learned <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Hokkien" title="Philippine Hokkien">Hokkien</a>—a community lingua franca and trade language among Chinese Filipinos—to interact with the majority of Chinese Filipinos for business purposes, even to the point of assimilating into their Fujianese neighbors, as well as <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Spanish" title="Philippine Spanish">Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippine_English" title="Philippine English">English</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philippine_languages" title="Philippine languages">Philippine languages</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a>/<a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cebuano_language" title="Cebuano language">Cebuano</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ilocano_language" title="Ilocano language">Ilocano</a>. Like the Fujianese, newer generations of Chinese Filipinos of Cantonese descent barely speak Cantonese or Hokkien as their second or third languages or none at all due to assimilation into the local Filipino population over the years, making Tagalog/Filipino and other Philippine languages such as Cebuano and Ilocano as their first languages and English as second.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, most of the Chinese-run schools, colleges and universities currently employs <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a> as the subject and <a href="/wiki/Medium_of_instruction" title="Medium of instruction">medium of instruction</a> for teaching <a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Chinese</a> class subjects, often nearly replacing Hokkien and Cantonese, due to the mainland Chinese and Taiwanese influence in the country since the late 20th century. This also made Cantonese, Hokkien and other Chinese variants endangered languages in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there are efforts to preserve Cantonese Chinese culture and language in the Philippines by volunteers within the Cantonese community to teach it to younger fellow Cantonese. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America">North America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cantonese&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cantonese&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language_in_the_United_States" title="Chinese language in the United States">Chinese language in the United States</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:San_Francisco_China_Town_MC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/San_Francisco_China_Town_MC.jpg/220px-San_Francisco_China_Town_MC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/San_Francisco_China_Town_MC.jpg/330px-San_Francisco_China_Town_MC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/San_Francisco_China_Town_MC.jpg/440px-San_Francisco_China_Town_MC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2250" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Street in <a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_San_Francisco" title="Chinatown, San Francisco">Chinatown, San Francisco</a>. Cantonese has traditionally been the dominant Chinese variant among Chinese populations in the Western world.</figcaption></figure> <p>Over a period of 150 years (from 1850 to the 2000s), Guangdong has been the place-of-origin for most Chinese emigrants to Western nations; one coastal county, <a href="/wiki/Taishan,_Guangdong" title="Taishan, Guangdong">Taishan</a> (or Tóisàn, where the Sìyì or <i>sei yap</i> variety of Yue is spoken), alone may be the origin of the vast majority of Chinese immigrants to the U.S. before 1965.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, Yue languages such as Cantonese and the closely related variety of <a href="/wiki/Taishanese" title="Taishanese">Taishanese</a> have been the major Chinese varieties traditionally spoken in the United States. In 2009, 458,840 Americans spoke Cantonese at home according to an American Community Survey.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Zhongshan variant of Cantonese, which originated from the western Pearl River Delta, is spoken by many Chinese immigrants in Hawaii, and some in San Francisco and the <a href="/wiki/Sacramento_River" title="Sacramento River">Sacramento River</a> Delta (see <a href="/wiki/Locke,_California" title="Locke, California">Locke, California</a>). It is a Yuehai variety much like Guangzhou Cantonese but has "flatter" tones. Chinese is the second most widely spoken non-English language in the United States when both Cantonese and Mandarin are combined, behind Spanish.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many institutes of higher education have traditionally had Chinese programs based on Cantonese, with some continuing to offer these programs despite the rise of Mandarin. The most popular romanization for learning Cantonese in the United States is <a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale romanization</a>. </p><p>The majority of Chinese emigrants have traditionally originated from Guangdong and Guangxi, as well as Hong Kong and Macau (beginning in the latter half of the 20th century and before the <a href="/wiki/Handover_of_Hong_Kong" title="Handover of Hong Kong">handover</a>) and Southeast Asia, with Cantonese as their native language. However, more recent immigrants are arriving from the rest of mainland China and Taiwan and most often speak <a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a> (Putonghua) as their native language,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although some may also speak their native local variety, such as <a href="/wiki/Shanghainese" title="Shanghainese">Shanghainese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fuzhounese" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuzhounese">Fuzhounese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hakka_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hakka language">Hakka</a>, etc. As a result, Mandarin is becoming more common among the Chinese American community. </p><p>The increase of Mandarin-speaking communities has resulted in the rise of separate neighborhoods or enclaves segregated by the primary Chinese variety spoken. Socioeconomic statuses are also a factor.<sup id="cite_ref-Chee_Beng_Tan_2007_115_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chee_Beng_Tan_2007_115-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, in New York City, Cantonese still predominates in the city's <a href="/wiki/Mott_Street" title="Mott Street">older, traditional western portion</a> of <a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Manhattan" title="Chinatown, Manhattan">Chinatown</a> in <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a> and in Brooklyn's small new Chinatowns in <a href="/wiki/Bensonhurst,_Brooklyn" title="Bensonhurst, Brooklyn">Bensonhurst</a> and <a href="/wiki/Homecrest,_Brooklyn" title="Homecrest, Brooklyn">Homecrest</a>. The newly emerged <a href="/wiki/Little_Fuzhou" title="Little Fuzhou">Little Fuzhou</a> eastern portion of Manhattan's Chinatown and <a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Brooklyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinatown, Brooklyn">Brooklyn's main large Chinatown</a> in and around <a href="/wiki/Sunset_Park,_Brooklyn" title="Sunset Park, Brooklyn">Sunset Park</a> are mostly populated by <a href="/wiki/Fuzhounese" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuzhounese">Fuzhounese speakers</a>, who often speak Mandarin as well. The Cantonese and Fuzhounese enclaves in New York City are more working class. However, due to the rapid gentrification of Manhattan's Chinatown and with NYC's Cantonese and Fuzhou populations now increasingly shifting to other Chinese enclaves in the <a href="/wiki/Boroughs_of_New_York_City" title="Boroughs of New York City">Outer Boroughs of NYC</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Queens" title="Queens">Queens</a>, but mainly in Brooklyn's newer Chinatowns, the Cantonese speaking population in NYC is now increasingly concentrated in <a href="/wiki/Bensonhurst,_Brooklyn" title="Bensonhurst, Brooklyn">Bensonhurst's Little Hong Kong/Guangdong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Homecrest,_Brooklyn" title="Homecrest, Brooklyn">Homecrest's Little Hong Kong/Guangdong</a>. The Fuzhou population of NYC is becoming increasingly concentrated in Brooklyn's Sunset Park, also known as <a href="/wiki/Chinatowns_in_Brooklyn" title="Chinatowns in Brooklyn">Little Fuzhou</a>, which is causing the city's growing Cantonese and Fuzhou enclaves to become increasingly distanced and isolated from both each other and other Chinese enclaves in Queens. <a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Flushing" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinatown, Flushing">Flushing's Chinatown</a>, which is now the largest Chinatown in the city, and <a href="/wiki/Elmhurst,_Queens" title="Elmhurst, Queens">Elmhurst's smaller Chinatown</a> in Queens are very diverse, with large numbers of Mandarin speakers from different regions of China and Taiwan. The Chinatowns of Queens comprise the primary cultural center for New York City's Chinese population and are more middle class.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While a number of more-established Taiwanese immigrants have learned Cantonese to foster relations with the traditional Cantonese-speaking Chinese American population, more recent arrivals and the larger number of mainland Chinese immigrants have largely continued to use Mandarin as the exclusive variety of Chinese. This has led to a <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_discrimination" title="Linguistic discrimination">linguistic discrimination</a> that has also contributed to social conflicts between the two sides, with a growing number of Chinese Americans (including <a href="/wiki/American-born_Chinese" title="American-born Chinese">American-born Chinese</a>) of Cantonese background defending the historic Chinese-American culture against the impacts of increasing Mandarin-speaking new arrivals.<sup id="cite_ref-Chee_Beng_Tan_2007_115_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chee_Beng_Tan_2007_115-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HML_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HML-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="California">California</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cantonese&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: California"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/California_Cantonese" title="California Cantonese">California Cantonese</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Northern_California" title="Northern California">Northern California</a>, especially the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area" title="San Francisco Bay Area">San Francisco Bay Area</a>, the <a href="/wiki/California_Cantonese" title="California Cantonese">California Cantonese</a> have historically dominated in the Chinatowns of <a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_San_Francisco" title="Chinatown, San Francisco">San Francisco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Oakland" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinatown, Oakland">Oakland</a>, as well as the surrounding suburbs and metropolitan area, although since the late 2000s a concentration of Mandarin speakers has formed in <a href="/wiki/Silicon_Valley" title="Silicon Valley">Silicon Valley</a>. In contrast, <a href="/wiki/Southern_California" title="Southern California">Southern California</a> hosts a much larger Mandarin-speaking population, with Cantonese found in more historical Chinese communities such as that of <a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Los_Angeles" title="Chinatown, Los Angeles">Chinatown, Los Angeles</a>, and older Chinese ethnoburbs such as <a href="/wiki/San_Gabriel,_California" title="San Gabriel, California">San Gabriel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rosemead,_California" title="Rosemead, California">Rosemead</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Temple_City,_California" title="Temple City, California">Temple City</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mandarin predominates in much of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_enclaves_in_the_San_Gabriel_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese enclaves in the San Gabriel Valley">emergent Chinese American enclaves</a> in eastern Los Angeles County and other areas of the metropolitan region. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canada">Canada</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cantonese&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cantonese is the most common Chinese variety spoken among <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Canadians" title="Chinese Canadians">Chinese Canadians</a>. According to the <a href="/wiki/Canada_2016_census" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada 2016 census">Canada 2016 census</a>, there were 565,275 Canadian residents who reported Cantonese as their native language. Among the self-reported Cantonese speakers, 44% were born in Hong Kong, 27% were born in Guangdong Province in China, and 18% were Canadian-born. Cantonese-speakers can be found in every city with a Chinese community. The majority of Cantonese-speakers in Canada live in the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Toronto_Area" title="Greater Toronto Area">Greater Toronto Area</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metro_Vancouver" class="mw-redirect" title="Metro Vancouver">Metro Vancouver</a>. There are sufficient Cantonese-speakers in Canada that there exist locally produced Cantonese TV and radio programming, such as <a href="/wiki/Fairchild_TV" title="Fairchild TV">Fairchild TV</a>. </p><p>As in the United States, the Chinese Canadian community traces its roots to early immigrants from Guangdong during the latter half of the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later Chinese immigrants came from Hong Kong in two waves, first in the late 1960s to mid 1970s, and again in the 1980s to late 1990s on fears arising from the <a href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests">1989 Tiananmen Square protests</a> and impending handover to the People's Republic of China. Chinese-speaking immigrants from conflict zones in Southeast Asia, especially Vietnam, arrived as well, beginning in the mid-1970s and were also largely Cantonese-speaking. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_Europe">Western Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cantonese&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Western Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cantonese&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The overwhelming majority of Chinese speakers in the United Kingdom use Cantonese, with about 300,000 British people claiming it as their first language.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is largely due to the presence of <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_people_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong people in the United Kingdom">British Hong Kongers</a> and the fact that many <a href="/wiki/British_Chinese" title="British Chinese">British Chinese</a> also have origins in the former British colonies in Southeast Asia of Singapore and Malaysia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="France">France</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cantonese&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Among the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_community_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese community in France">Chinese community in France</a>, Cantonese is spoken by immigrants who fled the former <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French Indochina</a> (Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos) following the conflicts and communist takeovers in the region during the 1970s. While a slight majority of ethnic Chinese from Indochina speak Teochew at home, knowledge of Cantonese is prevalent due to its historic prestige status in the region and is used for commercial and community purposes between the different Chinese variety groups. As in the United States, there is a divide between Cantonese-speakers and those speaking other mainland Chinese varieties.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Portugal">Portugal</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cantonese&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Portugal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cantonese is spoken by ethnic <a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Portugal" title="Chinese people in Portugal">Chinese in Portugal</a> who <a href="/wiki/Macanese_people" title="Macanese people">originate from Macau</a>, the most established Chinese community in the nation with a presence dating back to the 16th century and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Macau" title="Portuguese Macau">Portuguese colonialism</a>. Since the late-20th century, however, Mandarin- and Wu-speaking migrants from mainland China have outnumbered those from Macau, although Cantonese is still retained among mainstream Chinese community associations.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cantonese&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cantonese was the dominant Chinese language of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Australian">Chinese Australian</a> community from the time the first ethnic Chinese settlers arrived in the 1850s until the mid-2000s, when a heavy increase in immigration from Mandarin-speakers largely from mainland China led to Mandarin surpassing Cantonese as the dominant Chinese dialect spoken. Cantonese is the third most-spoken language in Australia. In the 2011 census, the Australian Bureau of Statistics listed 336,410 and 263,673 speakers of Mandarin and Cantonese, respectively. By 2016, those numbers became 596,711 and 280,943.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_role">Cultural role</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cantonese&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Cultural role"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cantonese_culture" title="Cantonese culture">Cantonese culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Hong_Kong" title="Culture of Hong Kong">Culture of Hong Kong</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/%E5%AD%97%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%97%E8%AA%9E_%E6%89%8B%E9%81%8A%22%E8%AA%B2%E9%87%91%22_%E6%9B%BE%E9%88%BA%E6%88%90_am730.webm/220px-seek%3D94-%E5%AD%97%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%97%E8%AA%9E_%E6%89%8B%E9%81%8A%22%E8%AA%B2%E9%87%91%22_%E6%9B%BE%E9%88%BA%E6%88%90_am730.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="247" data-mwtitle="字言字語_手遊"課金"_曾鈺成_am730.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:%E5%AD%97%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%97%E8%AA%9E_%E6%89%8B%E9%81%8A%22%E8%AA%B2%E9%87%91%22_%E6%9B%BE%E9%88%BA%E6%88%90_am730.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1a/%E5%AD%97%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%97%E8%AA%9E_%E6%89%8B%E9%81%8A%22%E8%AA%B2%E9%87%91%22_%E6%9B%BE%E9%88%BA%E6%88%90_am730.webm/%E5%AD%97%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%97%E8%AA%9E_%E6%89%8B%E9%81%8A%22%E8%AA%B2%E9%87%91%22_%E6%9B%BE%E9%88%BA%E6%88%90_am730.webm.480p.vp9.webm#t=00:00:49,00:02:35" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1a/%E5%AD%97%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%97%E8%AA%9E_%E6%89%8B%E9%81%8A%22%E8%AA%B2%E9%87%91%22_%E6%9B%BE%E9%88%BA%E6%88%90_am730.webm/%E5%AD%97%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%97%E8%AA%9E_%E6%89%8B%E9%81%8A%22%E8%AA%B2%E9%87%91%22_%E6%9B%BE%E9%88%BA%E6%88%90_am730.webm.720p.vp9.webm#t=00:00:49,00:02:35" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/%E5%AD%97%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%97%E8%AA%9E_%E6%89%8B%E9%81%8A%22%E8%AA%B2%E9%87%91%22_%E6%9B%BE%E9%88%BA%E6%88%90_am730.webm#t=00:00:49,00:02:35" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, vorbis"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1a/%E5%AD%97%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%97%E8%AA%9E_%E6%89%8B%E9%81%8A%22%E8%AA%B2%E9%87%91%22_%E6%9B%BE%E9%88%BA%E6%88%90_am730.webm/%E5%AD%97%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%97%E8%AA%9E_%E6%89%8B%E9%81%8A%22%E8%AA%B2%E9%87%91%22_%E6%9B%BE%E9%88%BA%E6%88%90_am730.webm.240p.vp9.webm#t=00:00:49,00:02:35" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1a/%E5%AD%97%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%97%E8%AA%9E_%E6%89%8B%E9%81%8A%22%E8%AA%B2%E9%87%91%22_%E6%9B%BE%E9%88%BA%E6%88%90_am730.webm/%E5%AD%97%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%97%E8%AA%9E_%E6%89%8B%E9%81%8A%22%E8%AA%B2%E9%87%91%22_%E6%9B%BE%E9%88%BA%E6%88%90_am730.webm.360p.vp9.webm#t=00:00:49,00:02:35" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1a/%E5%AD%97%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%97%E8%AA%9E_%E6%89%8B%E9%81%8A%22%E8%AA%B2%E9%87%91%22_%E6%9B%BE%E9%88%BA%E6%88%90_am730.webm/%E5%AD%97%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%97%E8%AA%9E_%E6%89%8B%E9%81%8A%22%E8%AA%B2%E9%87%91%22_%E6%9B%BE%E9%88%BA%E6%88%90_am730.webm.360p.webm#t=00:00:49,00:02:35" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption><i>Letter to <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Renzong_of_Song" title="Emperor Renzong of Song">the Emperor</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Su_Xun" title="Su Xun">Su Xun</a>, <a href="/wiki/1058" title="1058">1058</a>, recited and explained in Cantonese by <a href="/wiki/Jasper_Tsang" title="Jasper Tsang">Jasper Tsang</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Spoken_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Spoken Chinese">Spoken Chinese</a> exhibits a multitude of regional and local varieties, many of which are <a href="/wiki/Mutual_intelligibility" title="Mutual intelligibility">mutually unintelligible</a>. The majority of these varieties are not widely spoken outside of their native regions, although they may be encountered in other parts of the world. Additionally, numerous varieties possess both literary and colloquial readings of Chinese characters for newer standard reading sounds. Since a 1909 decree of the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a>, the government of China has promoted <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a> for use in education, the media, and official communications.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the proclamation of <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a> as the official national language was not fully accepted by the Cantonese authorities in the early In the 20th century, proponents of the regional uniqueness of their local language and the commercial importance of the region argued that Cantonese should be preserved. In contrast to other non-Mandarin Chinese varieties, Cantonese persists in a few state <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radio_broadcasts" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio broadcasts">radio broadcasts</a> today. </p><p>Nevertheless, there have been recent efforts to reduce the use of Cantonese in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>. The most notable of these has been the 2010 proposal put forth by <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou_Television" class="mw-redirect" title="Guangzhou Television">Guangzhou Television</a>, which called for an increase in Mandarin broadcasts at the expense of Cantonese programmes. This, however, resulted in protests in Guangzhou, which ultimately dissuaded the authorities from pursuing the proposal. Furthermore, there are reports of students being punished for speaking other <a href="/wiki/Chinese_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese languages">Chinese languages</a> at school, which has led to a reluctance among younger children to communicate in their native languages, including Cantonese.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such actions have further provoked Cantonese speakers to cherish their linguistic identity in contrast to migrants who have generally arrived from poorer areas of China and largely speak Mandarin or other Chinese languages.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to the linguistic history of <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a>, and the use of Cantonese in many established <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Chinese" title="Overseas Chinese">overseas Chinese</a> communities, the use of Cantonese is quite widespread compared to the presence of its speakers residing in China. Cantonese is the predominant Chinese variety spoken in Hong Kong and Macau. In these areas, public discourse takes place almost exclusively in Cantonese, making it the only variety of Chinese other than Mandarin to be used as an official language in the world. Because of their dominance in Chinese diaspora overseas, standard Cantonese and its dialect <a href="/wiki/Taishanese" title="Taishanese">Taishanese</a> are among the most common Chinese languages that one may encounter in the West. </p><p>Increasingly since the <a href="/wiki/Handover_of_Hong_Kong" title="Handover of Hong Kong">1997 handover</a>, Cantonese has been used as a symbol of local identity in Hong Kong, largely through the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_development_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic development in Hong Kong">development of democracy in the territory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Desinicization#Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Desinicization">desinicization</a> practices to emphasise a separate Hong Kong identity.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A similar identity issue exists in the United States, where conflicts have arisen among Chinese-speakers due to a large recent influx of Mandarin-speakers. While older Taiwanese immigrants have learned Cantonese to foster integration within the traditional Chinese American populations, more recent arrivals from the mainland continue to use Mandarin exclusively. This has contributed to a segregation of communities based on linguistic cleavage. In particular, some Chinese Americans (including <a href="/wiki/American-born_Chinese" title="American-born Chinese">American-born Chinese</a>) of Cantonese background emphasise their non-mainland origins (e.g. Hong Kong, Macau, Vietnam, etc.) to assert their identity in the face of new waves of immigration.<sup id="cite_ref-Chee_Beng_Tan_2007_115_57-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chee_Beng_Tan_2007_115-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HML_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HML-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Along with Mandarin and <a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a>, Cantonese has its own popular music, <a href="/wiki/Cantopop" title="Cantopop">Cantopop</a>, which is the predominant genre in Hong Kong. Many artists from the mainland and Taiwan have learned Cantonese to break into the market.<sup id="cite_ref-Donald_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Donald-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Popular native Mandarin-speaking singers, including <a href="/wiki/Faye_Wong" title="Faye Wong">Faye Wong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eric_Moo" title="Eric Moo">Eric Moo</a>, and singers from Taiwan, have been trained in Cantonese to add "Hong Kong-ness" to their performances.<sup id="cite_ref-Donald_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Donald-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cantonese films date to the early days of Chinese cinema, and the first Cantonese talkie, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Gold_Dragon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="White Gold Dragon (page does not exist)">White Gold Dragon</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E9%87%91%E9%BE%99_(%E7%94%B5%E5%BD%B1)" class="extiw" title="zh:白金龙 (电影)">zh</a>]</sup></i>, was made in 1932 by the <a href="/wiki/Tianyi_Film_Company" title="Tianyi Film Company">Tianyi Film Company</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite a ban on Cantonese films by the <a href="/wiki/Nanjing_decade" title="Nanjing decade">Nanjing authority</a> in the 1930s, Cantonese film production continued in Hong Kong which was then under British colonial rule.<sup id="cite_ref-Cantonese_film_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cantonese_film-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the mid-1970s to the 1990s, <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Hong_Kong" title="Cinema of Hong Kong">Cantonese films</a> made in Hong Kong were very popular in the Chinese speaking world. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cantonese&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cantonese_phonology" title="Cantonese phonology">Cantonese phonology</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Cantonese" title="Hong Kong Cantonese">Hong Kong Cantonese</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Initials_and_finals">Initials and finals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cantonese&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Initials and finals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The de facto standard for Cantonese pronunciation is that of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Canton</a> (<a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a>). While there are some minor phonological variations between <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Cantonese" title="Hong Kong Cantonese">Hong Kong Cantonese</a> and standard Guangzhou Cantonese, the two forms are almost identical. </p><p>The phonemic systems of <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> and Macau exhibit a tendency to merge certain phoneme pairs. Despite the fact that this phenomenon has been described as a lazy sound/pronunciation (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-HK">懶音</span></span>) furthermore, this pronunciation is regarded as inferior to that of Guangzhou, and has been prevalent in the territories since the early 20th century. The most notable difference between Hong Kong and Guangzhou pronunciation is substituting liquid nasal <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span> for nasal initial <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span> in many words.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthewsYip20114_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthewsYip20114-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An example is manifested in the word for you (<span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%BD%A0#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:你">你</a></span>), pronounced as [nei˩˧] in Guangzhou and as [lei˩˧] in Hong Kong. </p><p>Another key feature of Hong Kong Cantonese is the two syllabic nasals <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋ̩˨˩/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/m̩˨˩/</span> merging. This can be exemplified in the elimination of the contrast of sounds between 吳 (<a href="/wiki/Ng_(surname)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ng (surname)">Ng</a>, a surname) ([ŋ̩˨˩] in Guangzhou pronunciation) and <span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%94%94#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:唔">唔</a></span> (not) ([m̩˨˩] in Guangzhou pronunciation). Hong Kong Cantonese pronounce both words as the latter.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthewsYip201137_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthewsYip201137-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lastly, the initials <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kʷ/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kʷʰ/</span> are merging into <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kʰ/</span> when followed by <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔː/</span>. An example is in the word for country (國), pronounced in standard Guangzhou as <i>[kʷɔk]</i> but as <i>[kɔk]</i> with the merge. Unlike the above two differences, this merge is alongside the standard pronunciation in Hong Kong rather than being replaced. Educated speakers often stick to the standard pronunciation but can exemplify the merged pronunciation in casual speech. In contrast, less educated speakers pronounce the merge more frequently.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthewsYip201137_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthewsYip201137-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Less prevalent, but still notable differences found among a number of Hong Kong speakers include: </p> <ul><li>Merging <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋ/</span> initial into null initial</li> <li>Merging <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋ/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span> codas into <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span> codas respectively, eliminating contrast between these pairs of finals (except after <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o/</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (August 2020)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup>): <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aːn/</span>-<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aːŋ/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aːt/</span>-<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aːk/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɐn/</span>-<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɐŋ/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɐt/</span>-<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɐk/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔːn/</span>-<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔːŋ/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔːt/</span>-<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔːk/</span>.</li> <li>Merging the rising tones (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">陰上</span></span> 2nd and <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">陽上</span></span> 5th).<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Cantonese vowels tend to be traced further back to <a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a> than their Mandarin analogues, such as M. /aɪ/ vs. C. /ɔːi/; M. /i/ vs. C. /ɐi/; M. /ɤ/ vs. C. /ɔː/; M. /ɑʊ/ vs. C. /ou/ etc.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="What does this mean? Both varieties originate from Middle Chinese, both of their vowel systems consist of reflexes of the same Middle Chinese vowels, which means that their vowels can both be traced to the exact same period, namely Middle Chinese, so one is not 'traced further back' than the other. Is the idea that the pronunciations of the Cantonese reflexes are phonetically closer to the Middle Chinese pronunciations? Or that the Cantonese vowel system preserves more of the phonemic distinctions that Middle Chinese had? In either case, a comparison with Middle Chinese pronunciations should be added here in order to both prove the point being made and just make it clearer what is being claimed. (October 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> For consonants, some differences include M. /ɕ, tɕ, tɕʰ/ vs. C. /h, k, kʰ/; M. /ʐ/ vs. C. /j/; and a greater syllable coda diversity in Cantonese (like syllables ending in <i>-p</i>, <i>-t</i> or <i>-k</i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tones">Tones</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cantonese&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Tones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Generally speaking, Cantonese is a <a href="/wiki/Tonal_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonal language">tonal language</a> with six phonetic tones, two more than the four in Standard Chinese Mandarin. This makes Cantonese in general harder to master due to required ability of users to readily be able to process two additional phonetic tones. People who grew up using Cantonese tones can usually hear the tonal differences with no problem, but adults who were brought up speaking non-tonal languages like English and most Western European languages may not be able to distinguish the tonal differences quick enough to optimally use the language. This difficulty also applies to tonal language speakers with fewer tones attempting to master languages with more tones such as Mandarin natives trying to learn spoken Cantonese as adults. </p><p>Historically, finals that end in a <a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">stop consonant</a> were considered as "<a href="/wiki/Checked_tone" title="Checked tone">checked tones</a>" and treated separately by <a href="/wiki/Historical_linguistics" title="Historical linguistics">diachronic</a> convention, identifying Cantonese with nine tones (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">九声六调</span></span>). However, these are seldom counted as <a href="/wiki/Phonemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonemic">phonemic</a> tones in modern linguistics, which prefer to analyse them as <a href="/wiki/Allophone" title="Allophone">conditioned</a> by the following consonant.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Syllable type</th> <th colspan="6"> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Tone_name" title="Tone name">Tone name</a> </th> <td>dark flat<br />(<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">陰平</span></span>)</td> <td>dark rising<br />(<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">陰上</span></span>)</td> <td>dark departing<br />(<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">陰去</span></span>) </td> <td>light flat<br />(<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">陽平</span></span>)</td> <td>light rising<br />(<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">陽上</span></span>)</td> <td>light departing<br />(<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">陽去</span></span>) </td></tr> <tr> <th>Description </th> <td>high falling,<br />high level</td> <td>medium rising</td> <td>medium level </td> <td>low falling,<br />very low level</td> <td>low rising</td> <td>low level </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale</a> or <a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Tone_number" title="Tone number">tone number</a> </th> <td>1</td> <td>2</td> <td>3 </td> <td>4</td> <td>5</td> <td>6 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Example </th> <td>詩</td> <td><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%8F%B2#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:史">史</a></span></td> <td>試 </td> <td>時</td> <td><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%B8%82#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:市">市</a></span></td> <td><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%98%AF#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:是">是</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Tone_letter" title="Tone letter">Tone letter</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">siː˥˧</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">siː˥</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">siː˧˥</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">siː˧</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">siː˨˩</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">siː˩</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">siː˩˧</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">siː˨</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> diacritic </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">sîː</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">síː</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">sǐː</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">sīː</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">si̖ː</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">sı̏ː</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">si̗ː</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">sìː</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Yale diacritic<sup id="cite_ref-dictionary_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dictionary-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td>sì</td> <td>sí</td> <td>si </td> <td>sìh</td> <td>síh</td> <td>sih </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Written_Cantonese">Written Cantonese</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cantonese&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Written Cantonese"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Written_Cantonese" title="Written Cantonese">Written Cantonese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Braille" title="Cantonese Braille">Cantonese Braille</a></div> <p>As Cantonese is predominantly utilised in Hong Kong, Macau, and other overseas Chinese communities, it is typically inscribed with traditional Chinese characters. Nevertheless, it incorporates supplementary characters and characters with disparate meanings from written vernacular Chinese, due to the presence of lexical items that are either absent from standard Chinese or correspond with spoken Cantonese. This written Cantonese system frequently manifests in colloquial contexts, such as entertainment magazines, social media, and advertisements. </p><p>In contrast, formal literature, professional and government documents, television and movie subtitles, and news media continue to use standard written Chinese. Nevertheless, colloquial characters may be present in formal written communications such as legal testimonies and newspapers when an individual is being quoted, rather than paraphrasing spoken Cantonese into standard written Chinese. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Romanization">Romanization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cantonese&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Romanization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Romanization_of_Cantonese" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Romanization of Cantonese">Romanization of Cantonese</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Cantonese" title="Special:EditPage/Cantonese">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Cantonese%22">"Cantonese"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Cantonese%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Cantonese%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Cantonese%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Cantonese%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Cantonese%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Systems of Cantonese romanization are based on the accents of Canton and Hong Kong and have helped define the concept of Standard Cantonese. The major systems are (in order of their invention from newest to oldest): <a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a>, the Chinese government's <a href="/wiki/Guangdong_Romanization" title="Guangdong Romanization">Guangdong Romanization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yale_Romanization_of_Cantonese" class="mw-redirect" title="Yale Romanization of Cantonese">Yale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meyer%E2%80%93Wempe" title="Meyer–Wempe">Meyer–Wempe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Standard_Romanization_(Cantonese)" title="Standard Romanization (Cantonese)">Standard Romanization</a>. Jyutping and Yale are the two most used and taught systems today in the West,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_72-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and they do not differ greatly from one another except in how they mark tones. Additionally, Hong Kong linguist <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Lau" title="Sidney Lau">Sidney Lau</a> <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Lau_romanisation" title="Sidney Lau romanisation">modified the Yale system</a> for his popular Cantonese-as-a-second-language course, and his variant is another system in use today. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Government_Cantonese_Romanisation" title="Hong Kong Government Cantonese Romanisation">Hong Kong</a>'s and <a href="/wiki/Macau_Government_Cantonese_Romanization" title="Macau Government Cantonese Romanization">Macau</a>'s governments use systems of romanization for proper names and geographic locations, but they transcribe some sounds inconsistently. These systems are not taught in schools. Macau's system differs slightly from Hong Kong's in that the spellings are influenced by <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese language</a> due to colonial history. For example, while many words in Macau's system are the same as Hong Kong's (e.g. surnames <i>Lam</i> 林, <i>Chan</i> 陳), instances of the letter <span class="nowrap">⟨u⟩</span> under Hong Kong's system are often replaced by <span class="nowrap">⟨o⟩</span> in Macau's (e.g. <i>Chau</i> vs. <i>Chao</i> 周, <i>Leung</i> vs <i>Leong</i> 梁). Neither the spellings of Hong Kong's system nor of Macau's look very similar to mainland China's system called <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>, chiefly because it distinguishes between Mandarin's two series of stops while they, although the pronunciation of Standard Cantonese's two series is similar to the Mandarin, do not generally distinguish them, they thus rendering not only /pʰ/, /tʰ/, and so forth, but also /p/, /t/, and the remaining non-aspirates, by the simple spellings <span class="nowrap">⟨p⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨t⟩</span>, etc. vs. it rendering the latter series by <span class="nowrap">⟨b⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨d⟩</span>, and the like. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Western_efforts">Early Western efforts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cantonese&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Early Western efforts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Systematic efforts to develop an alphabetic representation of Cantonese began with Protestant missionaries arriving in China early in the nineteenth century. Romanization was considered both a tool to help new missionaries learn the variety more easily and a quick route for the unlettered to achieve gospel-literacy. Earlier Catholic missionaries, mostly Portuguese, had developed romanization-schemes for the pronunciation current in the court and capital city of China but made few efforts to romanize other varieties. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Robert_Morrison_(missionary)" title="Robert Morrison (missionary)">Robert Morrison</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> missionary in China, published a <i>Vocabulary of the Canton Dialect</i> (1828) with a rather unsystematic romanized pronunciation. <a href="/wiki/Elijah_Coleman_Bridgman" title="Elijah Coleman Bridgman">Elijah Coleman Bridgman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Wells_Williams" title="Samuel Wells Williams">Samuel Wells Williams</a> in their <i>Chinese Chrestomathy in the Canton Dialect</i> (1841) were the progenitors of a long-lived lineage of related romanizations that with minor variations are embodied in the works of <a href="/wiki/James_Dyer_Ball" title="James Dyer Ball">James Dyer Ball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Johann_Eitel" title="Ernst Johann Eitel">Ernst Johann Eitel</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Immanuel_Gottlieb_Gen%C3%A4hr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Immanuel Gottlieb Genähr (page does not exist)">Immanuel Gottlieb Genähr</a> (1910). Bridgman and Williams based their system on the phonetic alphabet and diacritics proposed by <a href="/wiki/William_Jones_(philologist)" title="William Jones (philologist)">Sir William Jones</a> for South Asian languages. </p><p>Their system of romanization embodied the phonological system of a local-dialect rhyme-dictionary, the <i>Fenyun cuoyao</i>, which was widely used and easily obtainable at the time and is still available today. Samuel Wells Willams' <i>Tonic Dictionary of the Chinese Language in the Canton Dialect</i> (<i>Yinghua fenyun cuoyao</i>, 1856) is an alphabetic rearrangement, translation, and annotation of this <i>Fenyun</i>. To adapt the system to the needs of users in an era when there was no standard, but rather only a range of local variants—although the speech of the western suburbs (Xiguan 西關) of Guangzhou was the prestige variety—Williams suggested that users learn and follow their teacher's pronunciation of his chart of Cantonese syllables. It was apparently Bridgman's innovation to mark the tones with (for the upper-register ones) open circles vs. (for the lower-register tones) underlined open circles, in either case at the four corners of the romanized word in analogy with the traditional Chinese system of marking the tone of a character with a circle (lower left for "even", upper left for "rising", upper right for "going", and lower right for "entering" tones). </p><p><a href="/wiki/John_Chalmers_(missionary)" title="John Chalmers (missionary)">John Chalmers</a> in his <i>English and Cantonese Pocket-Dictionary</i> (1859) simplified the tone-markings by using: a syllable-final acute accent to mark "rising" tones, a syllable-final grave one to mark the "going" tones, no diacritic for the "even" tones, and italics (or in hand-written work underlining) to mark tones as belonging to the upper register. "Entering" tones could be distinguished by the consonants with which they end (p/t/k). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicholas_Belfeld_Dennys&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicholas Belfeld Dennys (page does not exist)">Nicholas Belfeld Dennys</a> used Chalmers' romanization in his primer. This method of marking tones was in most of its details used later also by the <a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Yale" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantonese Yale">Yale romanization</a>, where however, importantly, instead of the upper-register tones being marked by italics, the lower-register ones are marked by an 'h' (which comes after whatever letter spells the last vocalic element in the syllable). Another innovation of Chalmers in this dictionary was to eliminate acute/grave accents on top of vowels by adding more distinctions of vowel-spelling (e.g. a/aa, o/oh), so that the presence vs. absence of an accent over the vowel was no longer needed to distinguish different pronunciations of it. </p><p>This new style of romanization still embodied the phonology of the <i>Fenyun</i>, and the name of <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Tipson" title="Ernest Tipson">Tipson</a> is associated with its particular variety that then was fixed upon by his missionary peers to become <a href="/wiki/Standard_Romanization_(Cantonese)" title="Standard Romanization (Cantonese)">Standard Romanization</a>. This was the system used importantly: (with virtually no deviation) by <a href="/wiki/Meyer-Wempe" class="mw-redirect" title="Meyer-Wempe">Meyer-Wempe</a>'s dictionary, (even more faithfully) by Cowles' dictionaries (of 1917 & 1965), by O'Melia's textbook, and by many other works in the first two thirds of the twentieth century. It reigned without serious challenge as the standard spelling until Yale's system was devised and became an important rival to it. </p><p>The major linguist <a href="/wiki/Yuen_Ren_Chao" title="Yuen Ren Chao">Y. R. Chao</a> developed a Cantonese adaptation of his <a href="/wiki/Gwoyeu_Romatzyh" title="Gwoyeu Romatzyh">Gwoyeu Romatzyh</a> system. It was first used in Chao's <i>Cantonese Primer</i>, published in 1947 by Harvard University Press (which then in 1948, changed by him very little beyond swapping in of Pekingese for the Cantonese, became his <i>Mandarin Primer</i>, published by the same Press). The system was then modified by K. M. A. Barnett in 1950 into the <a href="/wiki/Barnett-Chao" class="mw-redirect" title="Barnett-Chao">Barnett-Chao</a> romanization system.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The B–C system was used in a handful of texts, including textbooks published by the Hong Kong government, such as <i>Cantonese Conversation Grammar</i>, published in 1963. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cantonese_romanization_in_Hong_Kong">Cantonese romanization in Hong Kong</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cantonese&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Cantonese romanization in Hong Kong"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Government_Cantonese_Romanisation" title="Hong Kong Government Cantonese Romanisation">Hong Kong Government Cantonese Romanisation</a></div> <p>An influential work on Cantonese, <i><a href="/wiki/A_Chinese_Syllabary_Pronounced_According_to_the_Dialect_of_Canton" title="A Chinese Syllabary Pronounced According to the Dialect of Canton">A Chinese Syllabary Pronounced According to the Dialect of Canton</a>,</i> written by <a href="/wiki/Wong_Shik_Ling" title="Wong Shik Ling">Wong Shik Ling</a>, was published in 1941. He devised an <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>-based system of transcription, the <a href="/wiki/S._L._Wong_(phonetic_symbols)" title="S. L. Wong (phonetic symbols)">S. L. Wong system</a>, used by many Chinese dictionaries later published in Hong Kong. Although Wong also devised a romanization-scheme, likewise known as the <a href="/wiki/S._L._Wong_(romanisation)" title="S. L. Wong (romanisation)">S. L. Wong system</a>, the latter is not as widely used as his transcription. This system succeeded the <a href="/wiki/Barnett%E2%80%93Chao" class="mw-redirect" title="Barnett–Chao">Barnett–Chao</a> system as being the one used by the Hong Kong Government Language School. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_Society_of_Hong_Kong" title="Linguistic Society of Hong Kong">Linguistic Society of Hong Kong</a> (LSHK) has advocated the romanization it devised (and named <a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a>). An arguable advantage of it is that its particular use of J for instance (as at the beginning of its name) matches IPA in contrast to most other systems' using Y, resembling English. Some effort has been made to promote Jyutping, but it has yet to be examined how successfully this has caused use of it to proliferate in the region. </p><p>Another popular scheme is <a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantonese Pinyin">Cantonese Pinyin</a>, the only system of romanization accepted by the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Education_and_Manpower_Bureau" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong Education and Manpower Bureau">Hong Kong Education and Manpower Bureau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Examinations_and_Assessment_Authority" title="Hong Kong Examinations and Assessment Authority">Hong Kong Examinations and Assessment Authority</a>. Books and studies for teachers and students in primary and secondary schools usually use this scheme, but some teachers and students use S.L. Wong's system of transcription. </p><p>Those learning Cantonese may feel frustrated that, despite efforts to standardize Cantonese romanizations, most native Cantonese speakers, regardless of their level of education, are unfamiliar with any romanization beyond the conventional, Latin-letter spellings of Cantonese names. Because Cantonese is primarily a spoken language, meaning that its speakers do not in most genres of writing use its own writing-system (instead, in most of their writing, despite having some Chinese characters unique to Cantonese, primarily following modern standard Chinese, which is closely tied to Mandarin), therefore, it is not taught in schools.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> As a result, locals do not learn any of these systems. In contrast to the general use of romanization in Mandarin-speaking areas of China, systems of romanization for Cantonese are excluded from the educational systems of both Hong Kong and the province of Guangdong. In practice, Hong Kong follows a loose, unnamed romanization-scheme used by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Hong_Kong" title="Government of Hong Kong">Government of Hong Kong</a>. </p><p>Google's Cantonese input uses Yale, Jyutping, or Cantonese Pinyin, the Yale being the first standard.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comparison">Comparison</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cantonese&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Comparison"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Differences between the three main standards are <span style="background-color:LightYellow; color:inherit;"><b>highlighted in bold</b></span>. Jyutping and Cantonese Pinyin recognize certain sounds used in a few colloquial words (like <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tɛːu˨/</span> 掉, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/lɛːm˧˥/</span> 舔, and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kɛːp˨/</span> 夾) but have not been officially recognized in other systems like Yale. Letters <i>Q</i>, <i>R</i>, <i>V</i> and <i>X</i> are not used in any of the systems.<sup id="cite_ref-lshkjyutping_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lshkjyutping-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Initials">Initials</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cantonese&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Initials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Romanization system </th> <th colspan="19">Initial consonant </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a>/<a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Sibilant" title="Sibilant">Sibilant</a> </th> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </td> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Labial%E2%80%93velar_consonant" title="Labial–velar consonant">Labial–velar</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </td> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">Approximant</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>IPA </th> <td>幫 <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">p</span> </td> <td>滂 <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">pʰ</span> </td> <td>明 <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">m</span> </td> <td>非 <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">f</span> </td> <td>端 <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">t</span> </td> <td>透 <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">tʰ</span> </td> <td>泥 <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">n</span> </td> <td>來 <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">l</span> </td> <td style="background:LightYellow">精 <b><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ts</span></b> </td> <td style="background:LightYellow">清 <b><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">tsʰ</span></b> </td> <td>心 <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">s</span> </td> <td>見 <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">k</span> </td> <td>溪<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">kʰ</span> </td> <td>我 <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ŋ</span> </td> <td>古 <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">kʷ</span> </td> <td>困 <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">kʷʰ</span> </td> <td>曉 <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">h</span> </td> <td style="background:LightYellow">以 <b><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">j</span></b> </td> <td>云 <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">w</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Yale </th> <td>b </td> <td>p </td> <td>m </td> <td>f </td> <td>d </td> <td>t </td> <td>n </td> <td>l </td> <td style="background:LightYellow"><b>j</b> </td> <td style="background:LightYellow"><b>ch</b> </td> <td>s </td> <td>g </td> <td>k </td> <td>ng </td> <td>gw </td> <td>kw </td> <td>h </td> <td style="background:LightYellow"><b>y</b> </td> <td>w </td></tr> <tr> <th>Cantonese Pinyin </th> <td>b </td> <td>p </td> <td>m </td> <td>f </td> <td>d </td> <td>t </td> <td>n </td> <td>l </td> <td style="background:LightYellow"><b>dz</b> </td> <td style="background:LightYellow"><b>ts</b> </td> <td>s </td> <td>g </td> <td>k </td> <td>ng </td> <td>gw </td> <td>kw </td> <td>h </td> <td style="background:LightYellow"><b>j</b> </td> <td>w </td></tr> <tr> <th>Jyutping </th> <td>b </td> <td>p </td> <td>m </td> <td>f </td> <td>d </td> <td>t </td> <td>n </td> <td>l </td> <td style="background:LightYellow"><b>z</b> </td> <td style="background:LightYellow"><b>c</b> </td> <td>s </td> <td>g </td> <td>k </td> <td>ng </td> <td>gw </td> <td>kw </td> <td>h </td> <td style="background:LightYellow"><b>j</b> </td> <td>w </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Finals">Finals</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cantonese&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Finals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Romanization system </th> <th colspan="33">Main vowel </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="9"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">aː</a>/</span> </th> <th colspan="9"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Near-open_central_vowel" title="Near-open central vowel">ɐ</a>/</span> </th> <th colspan="7"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛː</a>/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a>/</span> </th> <th colspan="8"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">iː</a>/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a>/</span> </th></tr> <tr> <th><b>IPA</b> </th> <td style="background:LightYellow"><b><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">aː</span></b> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">aːi</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">aːu</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">aːm</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">aːn</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">aːŋ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">aːp</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">aːt</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">aːk</span> </td> <td style="background:LightYellow"><b><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɐ</span></b><sup id="cite_ref-short-a_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-short-a-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɐi</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɐu</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɐm</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɐn</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɐŋ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɐp</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɐt</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɐk</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɛː</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ei</span> </td> <td style="background:LightYellow"><b><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɛːu</span></b> </td> <td style="background:LightYellow"><b><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɛːm</span></b> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɛːŋ</span> </td> <td style="background:LightYellow"><b><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɛːp</span></b> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɛːk</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">iː</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">iːu</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">iːm</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">iːn</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɪŋ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">iːp</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">iːt</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɪk</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><b>Yale</b> </th> <td style="background:LightYellow"><b>a</b> </td> <td>aai </td> <td>aau </td> <td>aam </td> <td>aan </td> <td>aang </td> <td>aap </td> <td>aat </td> <td>aak </td> <td style="background:LightYellow"><b>a</b><sup id="cite_ref-short-a_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-short-a-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>ai </td> <td>au </td> <td>am </td> <td>an </td> <td>ang </td> <td>ap </td> <td>at </td> <td>ak </td> <td>e </td> <td>ei </td> <td style="background:LightYellow"> </td> <td style="background:LightYellow"> </td> <td>eng </td> <td style="background:LightYellow"> </td> <td>ek </td> <td>i </td> <td>iu </td> <td>im </td> <td>in </td> <td>ing </td> <td>ip </td> <td>it </td> <td>ik </td></tr> <tr> <th><b>Cantonese Pinyin</b> </th> <td style="background:LightYellow"><b>aa</b> </td> <td>aai </td> <td>aau </td> <td>aam </td> <td>aan </td> <td>aang </td> <td>aap </td> <td>aat </td> <td>aak </td> <td style="background:LightYellow"><b>aa</b><sup id="cite_ref-short-a_88-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-short-a-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>ai </td> <td>au </td> <td>am </td> <td>an </td> <td>ang </td> <td>ap </td> <td>at </td> <td>ak </td> <td>e </td> <td>ei </td> <td style="background:LightYellow"><b>eu</b> </td> <td style="background:LightYellow"><b>em</b> </td> <td>eng </td> <td style="background:LightYellow"><b>ep</b> </td> <td>ek </td> <td>i </td> <td>iu </td> <td>im </td> <td>in </td> <td>ing </td> <td>ip </td> <td>it </td> <td>ik </td></tr> <tr> <th><b>Jyutping</b> </th> <td style="background:LightYellow"><b>aa</b> </td> <td>aai </td> <td>aau </td> <td>aam </td> <td>aan </td> <td>aang </td> <td>aap </td> <td>aat </td> <td>aak </td> <td style="background:LightYellow"><b>a</b><sup id="cite_ref-short-a_88-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-short-a-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>ai </td> <td>au </td> <td>am </td> <td>an </td> <td>ang </td> <td>ap </td> <td>at </td> <td>ak </td> <td>e </td> <td>ei </td> <td style="background:LightYellow"><b>eu</b> </td> <td style="background:LightYellow"><b>em</b> </td> <td>eng </td> <td style="background:LightYellow"><b>ep</b> </td> <td>ek </td> <td>i </td> <td>iu </td> <td>im </td> <td>in </td> <td>ing </td> <td>ip </td> <td>it </td> <td>ik </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Romanization system </th> <th colspan="23">Main vowel </th> <th colspan="2," rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Syllabic_consonant" title="Syllabic consonant">Syllabic consonant</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="7"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔː</a>/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a>/</span> </th> <th colspan="6"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">uː</a>/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">ʊ</a>/</span> </th> <th colspan="4"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front rounded vowel">œː</a>/</span> </th> <th colspan="3"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_central_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid central rounded vowel">ɵ</a>/</span> </th> <th colspan="3"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">yː</a>/</span> </th></tr> <tr> <th>IPA </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɔː</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɔːi</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ou</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɔːn</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɔːŋ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɔːt</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɔːk</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">uː</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">uːi</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">uːn</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʊŋ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">uːt</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʊk</span> </td> <td style="background:LightYellow"><b><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">œː</span></b> </td> <td style="background:LightYellow"><b><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">œːŋ</span></b> </td> <td style="background:LightYellow"><b><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">œːt</span></b> </td> <td style="background:LightYellow"><b><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">œːk</span></b> </td> <td style="background:LightYellow"><b><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɵy</span></b> </td> <td style="background:LightYellow"><b><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɵn</span></b> </td> <td style="background:LightYellow"><b><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɵt</span></b> </td> <td style="background:LightYellow"><b><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">yː</span></b> </td> <td style="background:LightYellow"><b><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">yːn</span></b> </td> <td style="background:LightYellow"><b><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">yːt</span></b> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">m̩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ŋ̩</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Yale </th> <td>o </td> <td>oi </td> <td>ou </td> <td>on </td> <td>ong </td> <td>ot </td> <td>ok </td> <td>u </td> <td>ui </td> <td>un </td> <td>ung </td> <td>ut </td> <td>uk </td> <td style="background:LightYellow"><b>eu</b> </td> <td style="background:LightYellow"><b>eung</b> </td> <td style="background:LightYellow"> </td> <td style="background:LightYellow"><b>euk</b> </td> <td style="background:LightYellow"><b>eui</b> </td> <td style="background:LightYellow"><b>eun</b> </td> <td style="background:LightYellow"><b>eut</b> </td> <td style="background:LightYellow"><b>yu</b> </td> <td style="background:LightYellow"><b>yun</b> </td> <td style="background:LightYellow"><b>yut</b> </td> <td>m </td> <td>ng </td></tr> <tr> <th>Cantonese Pinyin </th> <td>o </td> <td>oi </td> <td>ou </td> <td>on </td> <td>ong </td> <td>ot </td> <td>ok </td> <td>u </td> <td>ui </td> <td>un </td> <td>ung </td> <td>ut </td> <td>uk </td> <td style="background:LightYellow"><b>oe</b> </td> <td style="background:LightYellow"><b>oeng</b> </td> <td style="background:LightYellow"> </td> <td style="background:LightYellow"><b>oek</b> </td> <td style="background:LightYellow"><b>oey</b> </td> <td style="background:LightYellow"><b>oen</b> </td> <td style="background:LightYellow"><b>oet</b> </td> <td style="background:LightYellow"><b>y</b> </td> <td style="background:LightYellow"><b>yn</b> </td> <td style="background:LightYellow"><b>yt</b> </td> <td>m </td> <td>ng </td></tr> <tr> <th>Jyutping </th> <td>o </td> <td>oi </td> <td>ou </td> <td>on </td> <td>ong </td> <td>ot </td> <td>ok </td> <td>u </td> <td>ui </td> <td>un </td> <td>ung </td> <td>ut </td> <td>uk </td> <td style="background:LightYellow"><b>oe</b> </td> <td style="background:LightYellow"><b>oeng</b> </td> <td style="background:LightYellow"><b>oet</b> </td> <td style="background:LightYellow"><b>oek</b> </td> <td style="background:LightYellow"><b>eoi</b> </td> <td style="background:LightYellow"><b>eon</b> </td> <td style="background:LightYellow"><b>eot</b> </td> <td style="background:LightYellow"><b>yu</b> </td> <td style="background:LightYellow"><b>yun</b> </td> <td style="background:LightYellow"><b>yut</b> </td> <td>m </td> <td>ng </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-short-a-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-short-a_88-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-short-a_88-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-short-a_88-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-short-a_88-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jyutping recognizes the distinction between final "short a" <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɐ/</span> and "long a" <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aː/</span>. The "short a" can occur in elided syllables such as the 十 in 四十四 (sei3-a6-sei3), which the other systems would transcribe with same spelling as the "long a".<sup id="cite_ref-lshkjyutping_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lshkjyutping-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tones_2">Tones</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cantonese&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Tones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Romanization system </th> <th colspan="9">Tone </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Dark (陰) </th> <th colspan="3">Light (陽) </th> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Checked_tone" title="Checked tone">Checked</a> (入聲) </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Tone_letter#Chao_tone_letters_(IPA)" title="Tone letter">Chao Tone Contour</a> </th> <td>53, 55 </td> <td>35 </td> <td>33 </td> <td>21, 11 </td> <td>24, 13 </td> <td>22 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <th>IPA Tone Letters<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthewsYip1994[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthewsYip1994[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˥˧</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˥</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˧˥</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˧</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˨˩</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˨˦</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˩˧</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˨</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˥</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˧</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˨</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Yale<sup id="cite_ref-dictionary_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dictionary-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td>à </td> <td>á </td> <td>a </td> <td>àh </td> <td>áh </td> <td>ah </td> <td>āk </td> <td>ak </td> <td>ahk </td></tr> <tr> <th>Cantonese Pinyin </th> <td>1 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>7 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>9 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Jyutping </th> <td>1 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>6 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sample_text">Sample text</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cantonese&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Sample text"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following is a sample text in Cantonese of Article 1 of the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a> with English. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Cantonese<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td><big>人人生而自由，喺尊嚴同埋權利上一律平等。佢哋有理性同埋良心，而且應當以兄弟關係嘅精神相對待。</big> </td></tr> <tr> <th>IPA </th> <td>/jɐn˨˩ jɐn˨˩ sɐŋ˥˧ ji:˨˩ tsiː˨ jɐuː˨˩, hɐi˧˥ tsy:n˥˧ jiːm˨˩ tʰʊŋ˨˩ ma:i˨˩ kʰyːn˨˩ lei˨ sœ:ŋ˨ jɐt˥ lɵt˨ pʰɪŋ˨˩ tɐŋ˧˥. kʰɵy˩˧ tei˨ jɐu˩˧ lei˩˧ sɪŋ˧ tʰʊŋ˨˩ ma:i˨˩ lœ:ŋ˨˩ sɐm˥˧, ji:˨˩ tsʰɛ:˧˥ jɪŋ˥ tɔ:ŋ˥˧ ji:˩˧ jy:˩˧ hɪŋ˥˧ tɐi˨ kʷaːn˥˧ hɐi˨ kɛ:˧ tsɪŋ˥˧ sɐn˨˩ sœ:ŋ˥˧ tɵy˧ tɔ:i˨./ </td></tr> <tr> <th>Yale romanisation<sup id="cite_ref-dictionary_82-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dictionary-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td>yàhnyàhn sàng yìh jihyàuh, hái jyùnyìhm tùhngmàaih kyùhn leih seuhng yātleuht pìhngdáng. kéuihdeih yáuh léihsing tùhngmàaih lèuhngsàm, yìhché yìngdòng yíh hìngdaih gwàanhaih ge jìngsàhn sèung deui doih. </td></tr> <tr> <th>Cantonese Pinyin </th> <td>jan4 jan4 sang1 ji4 dzi6 jau4, hai2 dzyn1 jim4 tung4 maai4 kyn4 lei6 soeng6 jat7 loet9 ping4 dang2. koey5 dei6 jau5 lei5 sing3 tung4 maai4 loeng4 sam1, ji4 tse2 jing1 dong1 ji5 hing1 dai6 gwaan1 hai6 ge3 dzing1 san4 soeng1 doey3 doi6. </td></tr> <tr> <th>Jyutping romanisation </th> <td>jan4 jan4 sang1 ji4 zi6 jau4, hai2 zyun1 jim4 tung4 maai4 kyun4 lei6 soeng6 jat1 leot6 ping4 dang2. keoi5 dei2 jau5 lei5 sing3 tung4 maai4 loeng4 sam1, ji4 ce2 jing1 dong1 ji5 hing1 dai6 gwaan1 hai6 ge3 zing1 san4 soeng1 deoi3 doi6. </td></tr> <tr> <th>English original: </th> <td>"All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood." </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cantonese&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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Cantonese origin">List of English words of Cantonese origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_varieties_of_Chinese" title="List of varieties of Chinese">List of varieties of Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protection_of_the_Varieties_of_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Protection of the Varieties of Chinese">Protection of the Varieties of Chinese</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cantonese&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">De facto spoken language—while no specific variety of Chinese is official in Hong Kong, Cantonese is the predominant spoken form and the de facto regional spoken standard. The Hong Kong government promotes trilingualism between Cantonese, Mandarin, and English, especially in public education.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">De facto spoken language—while no specific variety of Chinese is official in Macau, Cantonese is the predominant spoken form and the de facto regional spoken standard. The Macau government promotes each of Cantonese, Mandarin, Portuguese, and English, especially in public education.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cantonese&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cantonese&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-auto-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSnow2004" class="citation book cs1">Snow, Donald B. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pFnP_FXf-lAC&pg=RA1-PA48"><i>Cantonese as Written Language: The Growth of a Written Chinese Vernacular</i></a>. Hong Kong University Press. p. 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789622097094" title="Special:BookSources/9789622097094"><bdi>9789622097094</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160424221454/https://books.google.com/books?id=pFnP_FXf-lAC&pg=RA1-PA48">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-04-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-11-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cantonese+as+Written+Language%3A+The+Growth+of+a+Written+Chinese+Vernacular&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Hong+Kong+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9789622097094&rft.aulast=Snow&rft.aufirst=Donald+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpFnP_FXf-lAC%26pg%3DRA1-PA48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACantonese" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeeLeung2012" class="citation journal cs1">Lee, Kwai; Leung, Wai (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://multilingual-education.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/10.1186/2191-5059-2-2">"The status of Cantonese in the education policy of Hong Kong"</a>. <i>Multilingual Education</i>. <b>2</b>: 2. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F2191-5059-2-2">10.1186/2191-5059-2-2</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10397%2F98877">10397/98877</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Multilingual+Education&rft.atitle=The+status+of+Cantonese+in+the+education+policy+of+Hong+Kong&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=2&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10397%2F98877&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F2191-5059-2-2&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Kwai&rft.au=Leung%2C+Wai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmultilingual-education.springeropen.com%2Farticles%2F10.1186%2F10.1186%2F2191-5059-2-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACantonese" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kataoka-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kataoka_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kataoka_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kataoka_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kataoka_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKataokaLee2022" class="citation book cs1">Kataoka, Shin; Lee, Yin-Ping Cream (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cuhk.edu.hk/ics/clrc/kataoka/full%20text.pdf"><i>晚清民初歐美傳教士書寫的廣東話文獻精選</i></a> [<i>Selected Cantonese Publications by Western Missionaries in China (1828–1927)</i>] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Chinese University of Hong Kong. p. 25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E6%99%9A%E6%B8%85%E6%B0%91%E5%88%9D%E6%AD%90%E7%BE%8E%E5%82%B3%E6%95%99%E5%A3%AB%E6%9B%B8%E5%AF%AB%E7%9A%84%E5%BB%A3%E6%9D%B1%E8%A9%B1%E6%96%87%E7%8D%BB%E7%B2%BE%E9%81%B8&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Chinese+University+of+Hong+Kong&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Kataoka&rft.aufirst=Shin&rft.au=Lee%2C+Yin-Ping+Cream&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cuhk.edu.hk%2Fics%2Fclrc%2Fkataoka%2Ffull%2520text.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACantonese" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Han-fung's Record". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sacrededictconta00kangrich/"><i>The Sacred Edict: Containing Sixteen Maxims of the Emperor Kang-Hi</i></a>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/William_Milne_(missionary)" title="William Milne (missionary)">Milne, William</a>. 1817. pp. xxvii–xxviii. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/sacrededictconta00kangrich/">the original</a> on 2007-04-30. <q>bought with him the <i>Paraphrase on the Sacred Edict</i> [廣訓衍], which the minister Wang-yew-poh [王又樸], formerly over the salt revenue in Shen-See, had printed. This interpretation was written in the northern dialect, [...] on the first and fifteenth of the each moon, they might proclaim the original text in the Canton dialect.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Han-fung%27s+Record&rft.btitle=The+Sacred+Edict%3A+Containing+Sixteen+Maxims+of+the+Emperor+Kang-Hi&rft.pages=xxvii-xxviii&rft.date=1817&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsacrededictconta00kangrich%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACantonese" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Booney_1854-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Booney_1854_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonney1854" class="citation book cs1">Bonney, Samuel William (1854). <i>A Vocabulary with Colloquial Phrases of the Canton Dialect</i>. pp. 20, 47. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/works/OL18035405W">18035405W</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Vocabulary+with+Colloquial+Phrases+of+the+Canton+Dialect&rft.pages=20%2C+47&rft.date=1854&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fworks%2FOL18035405W%23id-name%3DOL&rft.aulast=Bonney&rft.aufirst=Samuel+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACantonese" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Hong Kong Observatory is one of the examples of the Hong Kong Government officially adopting the name "廣東話", see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hko.gov.hk/audio/index.shtml">"Audio Web Page"</a>. <i>Hong Kong Observatory</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180101115203/http://www.hko.gov.hk/audio/index.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-01-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hong+Kong+Observatory&rft.atitle=Audio+Web+Page&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hko.gov.hk%2Faudio%2Findex.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACantonese" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cantonese program at Chinese University of Hong Kong, designating standard Cantonese as 廣東話, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cuhk.edu.hk/clc/curriculum_can.pdf"><i>Chinese as a FSL (Cantonese) Curriculum</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, Yale-China Chinese Language Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2018</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+as+a+FSL+%28Cantonese%29+Curriculum&rft.pub=Yale-China+Chinese+Language+Centre%2C+The+Chinese+University+of+Hong+Kong&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cuhk.edu.hk%2Fclc%2Fcurriculum_can.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACantonese" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYue-Hashimoto19724-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYue-Hashimoto19724_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYue-Hashimoto19724_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYue-Hashimoto1972">Yue-Hashimoto (1972)</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELi2006126-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi2006126_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi2006126_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLi2006">Li (2006)</a>, p. 126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sousa2022-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sousa2022_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sousa2022_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sousa2022_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sousa2022_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sousa2022_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sousa2022_12-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sousa2022_12-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Sousa2022" class="citation book cs1">de Sousa, Hilário (2022). "The Expansion of Cantonese over the Last Two Centuries". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dIN-EAAAQBAJ"><i>The Palgrave Handbook of Chinese Language Studies</i></a>. p. 487. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-981-13-6844-8_35-2">10.1007/978-981-13-6844-8_35-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-13-6844-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-13-6844-8"><bdi>978-981-13-6844-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:244518738">244518738</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Expansion+of+Cantonese+over+the+Last+Two+Centuries&rft.btitle=The+Palgrave+Handbook+of+Chinese+Language+Studies&rft.pages=487&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A244518738%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-981-13-6844-8_35-2&rft.isbn=978-981-13-6844-8&rft.aulast=de+Sousa&rft.aufirst=Hil%C3%A1rio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdIN-EAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACantonese" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYue-Hashimoto19725–6-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYue-Hashimoto19725–6_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYue-Hashimoto1972">Yue-Hashimoto (1972)</a>, pp. 5–6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERamsey198799-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamsey198799_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRamsey1987">Ramsey (1987)</a>, p. 99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYue-Hashimoto19725-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYue-Hashimoto19725_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYue-Hashimoto1972">Yue-Hashimoto (1972)</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sham2020-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sham2020_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sham2020_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sham2020_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSham2020" class="citation book cs1">Sham, Ricky Y. H. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-15-2743-2_8">"Cantonese Cameo: Pre-war Hong Kong Films and /ɿ/ Of Early Cantonese"</a>. <i>Chinese Culture in the 21st Century and its Global Dimensions</i>. Vol. 2. pp. 123–139. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-981-15-2743-2_8">10.1007/978-981-15-2743-2_8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-15-2742-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-15-2742-5"><bdi>978-981-15-2742-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:219427314">219427314</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thinking-taiwan.com/say-it-loud-language-ident-hktw/">the original</a> on 2018-09-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-09-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Thinking+Taiwan&rft.atitle=Say+It+Loud%3A+Language+and+Identity+in+Taiwan+and+Hong+Kong&rft.date=2014-11-06&rft.aulast=McLean-Dreyfus&rft.aufirst=Marie-Alice&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthinking-taiwan.com%2Fsay-it-loud-language-ident-hktw%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACantonese" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Donald-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Donald_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Donald_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonaldKeaneHong2002" class="citation book cs1">Donald, Stephanie; Keane, Michael; Hong, Yin (2002). <i>Media in China: Consumption, Content and Crisis</i>. <a href="/wiki/RoutledgeCurzon" class="mw-redirect" title="RoutledgeCurzon">RoutledgeCurzon</a>. p. 113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1614-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1614-2"><bdi>978-0-7007-1614-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Media+in+China%3A+Consumption%2C+Content+and+Crisis&rft.pages=113&rft.pub=RoutledgeCurzon&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7007-1614-2&rft.aulast=Donald&rft.aufirst=Stephanie&rft.au=Keane%2C+Michael&rft.au=Hong%2C+Yin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACantonese" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrisLiChan2006" class="citation book cs1">Morris, Meaghan; Li, Siu Leung; Chan, Stephen Ching-kiu, eds. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DdrHAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA193"><i>Hong Kong Connections: Transnational Imagination in Action Cinema</i></a>. Duke University Press Books. p. 193. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1932643015" title="Special:BookSources/978-1932643015"><bdi>978-1932643015</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hong+Kong+Connections%3A+Transnational+Imagination+in+Action+Cinema&rft.pages=193&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1932643015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDdrHAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA193&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACantonese" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cantonese_film-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cantonese_film_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYingjin_Zhang1999" class="citation book cs1">Yingjin Zhang, ed. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vD6I4hP4CDMC&pg=PA184"><i>Cinema and Urban Culture in Shanghai, 1922–1943</i></a>. Stanford University Press. p. 184. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0804735728" title="Special:BookSources/978-0804735728"><bdi>978-0804735728</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160510125954/https://books.google.com/books?id=vD6I4hP4CDMC&pg=PA184#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-05-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-11-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cinema+and+Urban+Culture+in+Shanghai%2C+1922%E2%80%931943&rft.pages=184&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0804735728&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvD6I4hP4CDMC%26pg%3DPA184&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACantonese" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOdham_Stokes2007" class="citation book cs1">Odham Stokes, Lisa (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9eUlAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA427"><i>Historical Dictionary of Hong Kong Cinema</i></a>. Scarecrow Press. p. 427. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0810855205" title="Special:BookSources/978-0810855205"><bdi>978-0810855205</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Hong+Kong+Cinema&rft.pages=427&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0810855205&rft.aulast=Odham+Stokes&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9eUlAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA427&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACantonese" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthewsYip20114-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthewsYip20114_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMatthewsYip2011">Matthews & Yip (2011)</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthewsYip201137-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthewsYip201137_79-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthewsYip201137_79-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMatthewsYip2011">Matthews & Yip (2011)</a>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBauerCheungCheung2003" class="citation journal cs1">Bauer, Robert S.; Cheung, Kwan-hin; Cheung, Pak-man (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ira.lib.polyu.edu.hk/bitstream/10397/7632/1/Bauer_Variation_Merger_Tones.pdf">"Variation and Merger of the Rising Tones in Hong Kong Cantonese"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Language Variation and Change</i>. <b>15</b> (2): 211–225. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0954394503152039">10.1017/S0954394503152039</a> (inactive 1 November 2024). <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10397%2F7632">10397/7632</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145563867">145563867</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language+Variation+and+Change&rft.atitle=Variation+and+Merger+of+the+Rising+Tones+in+Hong+Kong+Cantonese&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=211-225&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10397%2F7632&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145563867%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0954394503152039&rft.aulast=Bauer&rft.aufirst=Robert+S.&rft.au=Cheung%2C+Kwan-hin&rft.au=Cheung%2C+Pak-man&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fira.lib.polyu.edu.hk%2Fbitstream%2F10397%2F7632%2F1%2FBauer_Variation_Merger_Tones.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACantonese" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBauerBenedict1997">Bauer & Benedict (1997</a>:119–120)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dictionary-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dictionary_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dictionary_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dictionary_82-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKwaan2004" class="citation book cs1">Kwaan, Choi Wah; et al. (2004). <i>English-Cantonese Dictionary 英粵字典: Cantonese in Yale Romanization</i>. Sha Tin: New Asia-Yale-in-China Chinese Language Center; The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1991; "first copublished edition", The Chinese University Press, The Chinese University of Hong; New Asia-Yale-in-China Language Center, 2000; second printing. Note that, in Yale-Romanization, tone 1 is marked by the (down-sloping =) grave accent even in the situation that it gets realised as its high flat variant, which occurs (automatically) in Canton-standard pronunciation wherever the tone 1 immediately precedes any syllable whose tone is or begins high, as within for example the 應當 that occurs in the sample text near the end of this article.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English-Cantonese+Dictionary+%E8%8B%B1%E7%B2%B5%E5%AD%97%E5%85%B8%3A+Cantonese+in+Yale+Romanization&rft.place=Sha+Tin&rft.pub=New+Asia-Yale-in-China+Chinese+Language+Center%3B+The+Chinese+University+of+Hong+Kong%2C+1991%3B+%22first+copublished+edition%22%2C+The+Chinese+University+Press%2C+The+Chinese+University+of+Hong%3B+New+Asia-Yale-in-China+Language+Center%2C+2000%3B+second+printing.+Note+that%2C+in+Yale-Romanization%2C+tone+1+is+marked+by+the+%28down-sloping+%3D%29+grave+accent+even+in+the+situation+that+it+gets+realised+as+its+high+flat+variant%2C+which+occurs+%28automatically%29+in+Canton-standard+pronunciation+wherever+the+tone+1+immediately+precedes+any+syllable+whose+tone+is+or+begins+high%2C+as+within+for+example+the+%E6%87%89%E7%95%B6+that+occurs+in+the+sample+text+near+the+end+of+this+article&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Kwaan&rft.aufirst=Choi+Wah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACantonese" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnett1950" class="citation journal cs1">Barnett, K. M. A. (1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/608474">"A Transcription for Cantonese: Notes on Mr. Yuen Ren Chao's "Cantonese Primer"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London</i>. <b>13</b> (3): 725–745. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0041977X00140108">10.1017/S0041977X00140108</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/608474">608474</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+School+of+Oriental+and+African+Studies%2C+University+of+London&rft.atitle=A+Transcription+for+Cantonese%3A+Notes+on+Mr.+Yuen+Ren+Chao%27s+%22Cantonese+Primer%22&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=725-745&rft.date=1950&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0041977X00140108&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F608474%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Barnett&rft.aufirst=K.+M.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F608474&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACantonese" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.google.android.apps.inputmethod.cantonese&hl=en">"Google Cantonese Input"</a>. 28 August 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180316062002/https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.google.android.apps.inputmethod.cantonese&hl=en">Archived</a> from the original on 16 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2018</span> – via Google Play.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Google+Cantonese+Input&rft.date=2017-08-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplay.google.com%2Fstore%2Fapps%2Fdetails%3Fid%3Dcom.google.android.apps.inputmethod.cantonese%26hl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACantonese" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com.hk/intl/zh-TW/landing/suggest/">"Guǎngdōnghuà pīnyīn – Google sōuxún jiànyì" <bdi lang="zh">廣東話拼音 – Google 搜尋建議</bdi></a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Google_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Google Hong Kong">Google Hong Kong</a></i> (in Chinese). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180118174217/http://www.google.com.hk/intl/zh-TW/landing/suggest/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Google+Hong+Kong&rft.atitle=Gu%C7%8Engd%C5%8Dnghu%C3%A0+p%C4%ABny%C4%ABn+%E2%80%93+Google+s%C5%8Dux%C3%BAn+ji%C3%A0ny%C3%AC+%E5%BB%A3%E6%9D%B1%E8%A9%B1%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3+%E2%80%93+Google+%E6%90%9C%E5%B0%8B%E5%BB%BA%E8%AD%B0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com.hk%2Fintl%2Fzh-TW%2Flanding%2Fsuggest%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACantonese" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lshkjyutping-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lshkjyutping_86-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lshkjyutping_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinguistic_Society_of_Hong_Kong" class="citation web cs1">Linguistic Society of Hong Kong. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210106201226/https://www.lshk.org/jyutping">"Jyutping 粵拼"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lshk.org/jyutping">the original</a> on 2021-01-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jyutping+%E7%B2%B5%E6%8B%BC&rft.au=Linguistic+Society+of+Hong+Kong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lshk.org%2Fjyutping&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACantonese" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/Canton2/syllabary/">"粵音節表 (Table of Cantonese Syllables)"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-07-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E7%B2%B5%E9%9F%B3%E7%AF%80%E8%A1%A8+%28Table+of+Cantonese+Syllables%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhumanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk%2FLexis%2FCanton2%2Fsyllabary%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACantonese" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthewsYip1994[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthewsYip1994[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMatthewsYip1994">Matthews & Yip (1994)</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ohchr.org/en/human-rights/universal-declaration/translations/cantonese">"OHCHR | Universal Declaration of Human Rights – Cantonese"</a>. <i>OHCHR</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-07-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OHCHR&rft.atitle=OHCHR+%7C+Universal+Declaration+of+Human+Rights+%E2%80%93+Cantonese&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohchr.org%2Fen%2Fhuman-rights%2Funiversal-declaration%2Ftranslations%2Fcantonese&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACantonese" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cantonese&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBauerBenedict1997" class="citation book cs1">Bauer, Robert S.; Benedict, Paul K. (1997). <i>Modern Cantonese Phonology</i>. Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-014893-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-014893-0"><bdi>978-3-11-014893-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Cantonese+Phonology&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-3-11-014893-0&rft.aulast=Bauer&rft.aufirst=Robert+S.&rft.au=Benedict%2C+Paul+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACantonese" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoblin2000" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Weldon_South_Coblin" class="mw-redirect" title="Weldon South Coblin">Coblin, W. South</a> (2000). "A Brief History of Mandarin". <i>Journal of the American Oriental Society</i>. <b>120</b> (4): 537–552. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F606615">10.2307/606615</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/606615">606615</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=A+Brief+History+of+Mandarin&rft.volume=120&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=537-552&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F606615&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F606615%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Coblin&rft.aufirst=W.+South&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACantonese" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhanh1993" class="citation book cs1">Khanh, Tran (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E6brAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA31"><i>The Ethnic Chinese and Economic Development in Vietnam</i></a>. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-3016-66-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-3016-66-8"><bdi>978-981-3016-66-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ethnic+Chinese+and+Economic+Development+in+Vietnam&rft.pub=Institute+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-981-3016-66-8&rft.aulast=Khanh&rft.aufirst=Tran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE6brAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACantonese" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKwaan2004" class="citation book cs1">Kwaan, Choi Wah; et al. (2004). <i>English-Cantonese Dictionary 英粵字典: Cantonese in Yale Romanization</i>. New Asia-Yale-in-China Chinese Language Center; The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1991; "first copublished edition", The Chinese University Press, The Chinese University of Hong; New Asia-Yale-in-China Language Center, 2000; second printing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/962-201-970-6" title="Special:BookSources/962-201-970-6"><bdi>962-201-970-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English-Cantonese+Dictionary+%E8%8B%B1%E7%B2%B5%E5%AD%97%E5%85%B8%3A+Cantonese+in+Yale+Romanization&rft.pub=New+Asia-Yale-in-China+Chinese+Language+Center%3B+The+Chinese+University+of+Hong+Kong%2C+1991%3B+%22first+copublished+edition%22%2C+The+Chinese+University+Press%2C+The+Chinese+University+of+Hong%3B+New+Asia-Yale-in-China+Language+Center%2C+2000%3B+second+printing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=962-201-970-6&rft.aulast=Kwaan&rft.aufirst=Choi+Wah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACantonese" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2005" class="citation cs2">Lewis, M. Paul, ed. (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=ID">"Indonesia"</a>, <i>Ethnologue: Languages of the World</i> (15th ed.), Dallas, T.X.: <a href="/wiki/SIL_International" title="SIL International">SIL International</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55671-159-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55671-159-6"><bdi>978-1-55671-159-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Indonesia&rft.btitle=Ethnologue%3A+Languages+of+the+World&rft.place=Dallas%2C+T.X.&rft.edition=15th&rft.pub=SIL+International&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-55671-159-6&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Fshow_country.asp%3Fname%3DID&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACantonese" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLi2006" class="citation book cs1">Li, Qingxin (2006). <i>Maritime Silk Road</i>. trans. William W. Wang. China Intercontinental Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-5085-0932-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-7-5085-0932-7"><bdi>978-7-5085-0932-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maritime+Silk+Road&rft.pub=China+Intercontinental+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-7-5085-0932-7&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Qingxin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACantonese" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthewsYip1994" class="citation book cs1">Matthews, Stephen; Yip, Virginia (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=czbGJLu59S0C"><i>Cantonese: A Comprehensive Grammar</i></a>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780203420843" title="Special:BookSources/9780203420843"><bdi>9780203420843</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cantonese%3A+A+Comprehensive+Grammar&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780203420843&rft.aulast=Matthews&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.au=Yip%2C+Virginia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DczbGJLu59S0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACantonese" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthewsYip2011" class="citation book cs1">Matthews, Stephen; Yip, Virginia (2011). <i>Cantonese: A Comprehensive Grammar</i> (2nd ed.).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cantonese%3A+A+Comprehensive+Grammar&rft.edition=2nd&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Matthews&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.au=Yip%2C+Virginia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACantonese" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamsey1987" class="citation book cs1">Ramsey, S. Robert (1987). <i>The Languages of China</i>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton,_New_Jersey" title="Princeton, New Jersey">Princeton, New Jersey</a>: <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-01468-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-01468-5"><bdi>978-0-691-01468-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Languages+of+China&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-691-01468-5&rft.aulast=Ramsey&rft.aufirst=S.+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACantonese" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYue-Hashimoto1972" class="citation book cs1">Yue-Hashimoto, Anne Oi-Kan (1972). <i>Studies in Yue Dialects 1: Phonology of Cantonese</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-08442-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-08442-0"><bdi>978-0-521-08442-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Yue+Dialects+1%3A+Phonology+of+Cantonese&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-521-08442-0&rft.aulast=Yue-Hashimoto&rft.aufirst=Anne+Oi-Kan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACantonese" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhangYang2004" class="citation book cs1">Zhang, Bennan; Yang, Robin R. (2004). "Putonghua Education and Language Policy in Postcolonial Hong Kong". In Zhou, Minglang (ed.). <i>Language Policy in the People's Republic of China: Theory and Practice Since 1949</i>. Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 143–161. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-8038-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-8038-8"><bdi>978-1-4020-8038-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Putonghua+Education+and+Language+Policy+in+Postcolonial+Hong+Kong&rft.btitle=Language+Policy+in+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China%3A+Theory+and+Practice+Since+1949&rft.pages=143-161&rft.pub=Kluwer+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-8038-8&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=Bennan&rft.au=Yang%2C+Robin+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACantonese" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cantonese&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenoni1867" class="citation book cs1">Benoni, Lanctot (1867). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chineseenglishph00lancrich"><i>Chinese and English Phrase Book: With the Chinese Pronunciation Indicated in English</i></a>. San Francisco: A. Roman & Company. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/41220764">41220764</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL13999723M">13999723M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+and+English+Phrase+Book%3A+With+the+Chinese+Pronunciation+Indicated+in+English&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pub=A.+Roman+%26+Company&rft.date=1867&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F41220764&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL13999723M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.aulast=Benoni&rft.aufirst=Lanctot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchineseenglishph00lancrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACantonese" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBridgman1841" class="citation book cs1">Bridgman, Elijah Coleman (1841). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/b22012941"><i>A Chinese Chrestomathy in the Canton Dialect</i></a>. Macao: S. Wells Williams. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/4614795">4614795</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL6542029M">6542029M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Chinese+Chrestomathy+in+the+Canton+Dialect&rft.place=Macao&rft.pub=S.+Wells+Williams&rft.date=1841&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F4614795&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL6542029M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.aulast=Bridgman&rft.aufirst=Elijah+Coleman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fb22012941&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACantonese" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthew1880" class="citation book cs1">Matthew, W. (1880). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bookofthousandwo00mattrich"><i>The Book of a Thousand Words: Translated, Annotated and Arranged So As to Indicate the Radical Number and Pronunciation (in Mandarin and Cantonese) of Each Character in the Text</i></a>. Stawell: Thomas Stubbs. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL13996959M">13996959M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+a+Thousand+Words%3A+Translated%2C+Annotated+and+Arranged+So+As+to+Indicate+the+Radical+Number+and+Pronunciation+%28in+Mandarin+and+Cantonese%29+of+Each+Character+in+the+Text&rft.place=Stawell&rft.pub=Thomas+Stubbs&rft.date=1880&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL13996959M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.aulast=Matthew&rft.aufirst=W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbookofthousandwo00mattrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACantonese" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrison1828" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Morrison_(missionary)" title="Robert Morrison (missionary)">Morrison, Robert</a> (1828). <i>Vocabulary of the Canton Dialect: Chinese Words and Phrases</i>. Macao: Steyn. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fuc1.b4496041">2027/uc1.b4496041</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/17203540">17203540</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vocabulary+of+the+Canton+Dialect%3A+Chinese+Words+and+Phrases&rft.place=Macao&rft.pub=Steyn&rft.date=1828&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fuc1.b4496041&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F17203540&rft.aulast=Morrison&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACantonese" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1856" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Wells_Williams" title="Samuel Wells Williams">Williams, Samuel Wells</a> (1856). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cyingcwcfanwan00williala"><i>Tonic Dictionary of the Chinese Language in The Canton Dialect</i></a>. Canton: Chinese Repository. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/6512080">6512080</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL14002589M">14002589M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tonic+Dictionary+of+the+Chinese+Language+in+The+Canton+Dialect&rft.place=Canton&rft.pub=Chinese+Repository&rft.date=1856&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F6512080&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL14002589M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Samuel+Wells&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcyingcwcfanwan00williala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACantonese" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZee,_Eric1991" class="citation journal cs1">Zee, Eric (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100300006058">"Chinese (Hong Kong Cantonese)"</a>. Illustrations of the IPA. <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>. <b>21</b> (1): 46–48. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100300006058">10.1017/S0025100300006058</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.atitle=Chinese+%28Hong+Kong+Cantonese%29&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=46-48&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100300006058&rft.au=Zee%2C+Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0025100300006058&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACantonese" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cantonese&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/">"Multi-function Chinese Character Database" <bdi lang="zh">漢語多功能字庫</bdi></a> (in Chinese). The Chinese University of Hong Kong.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Multi-function+Chinese+Character+Database+%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E%E5%A4%9A%E5%8A%9F%E8%83%BD%E5%AD%97%E5%BA%AB&rft.pub=The+Chinese+University+of+Hong+Kong&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhumanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk%2FLexis%2Flexi-mf%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACantonese" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantonese.dictionary.li/english/">Cantonese-English Online Dictionary</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110522221859/http://www.ogcio.gov.hk/ccli/eng/hkscs/introduction.html">Hong Kong Government site on the HK Supplementary Character Set (HKSCS)</a> (archived 22 May 2011)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cantonesetools.org">Cantonese Tools</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wordshk.github.io/yue_references"><bdi lang="zh">粵語/廣東話參考資料 Yue References by wordshk – GitHub Pages</bdi></a>. <i><a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GitHub&rft.atitle=%E7%B2%B5%E8%AA%9E%2F%E5%BB%A3%E6%9D%B1%E8%A9%B1%E5%8F%83%E8%80%83%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99+Yue+References+by+wordshk+%E2%80%93+GitHub+Pages&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwordshk.github.io%2Fyue_references&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACantonese" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header"><b>Cantonese</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects" style="white-space:nowrap;">sister projects</span></a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cantonese_language" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Cantonese language">Media</a></b> from Commons</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/19px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/29px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/38px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cantonese" class="extiw" title="b:Cantonese">Textbooks</a></b> from Wikibooks</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/19px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/29px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/38px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Cantonese_phrasebook" class="extiw" title="voy:Cantonese phrasebook">Phrasebook</a></b> from Wikivoyage</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/21px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/32px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/42px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="zh-yue:">Cantonese edition</a></b> of Wikipedia</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/21px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/32px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/42px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9186" class="extiw" title="d:Q9186">Data</a></b> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_related_to_Cantonese" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_related_to_Cantonese" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles related to Cantonese</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sino-Tibetan_branches" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sino-Tibetan_branches" title="Template:Sino-Tibetan branches"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sino-Tibetan_branches" title="Template talk:Sino-Tibetan branches"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sino-Tibetan_branches" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sino-Tibetan branches"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sino-Tibetan_branches" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a> branches</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand" title="Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sikkim" title="Sikkim">Sikkim</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/West_Himalayish_languages" title="West Himalayish languages">West Himalayish</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tamangic_languages" title="Tamangic languages">Tamangic</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newaric_languages" title="Newaric languages">Newaric</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Newar_language" title="Newar language">Newar</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baram%E2%80%93Thangmi_languages" title="Baram–Thangmi languages">Baram–Thangmi</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kiranti_languages" title="Kiranti languages">Kiranti</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhimalish_languages" title="Dhimalish languages">Dhimalish</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhimal_language" title="Dhimal language">Dhimal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Toto_language" title="Toto language">Toto</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lhokpu_language" title="Lhokpu language">Lhokpu</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lepcha_language" title="Lepcha language">Lepcha</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Greater_Magaric" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greater_Magaric_languages" title="Greater Magaric languages">Greater Magaric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magaric_languages" title="Magaric languages">Magaric</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Magar_language" title="Magar language">Magar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kham_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kham language">Kham</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chepangic_languages" title="Chepangic languages">Chepangic</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chepang_language" title="Chepang language">Chepang</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhujel_language" title="Bhujel language">Bhujel</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raji%E2%80%93Raute_languages" title="Raji–Raute languages">Raji–Raute</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dura_language" title="Dura language">Dura</a></i>–<i><a href="/wiki/Tandrange_language" title="Tandrange language">Tandrange</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of Sino-Tibetan languages"><img alt="Map of Sino-Tibetan languages" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png/200px-Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png/300px-Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png/400px-Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png 2x" data-file-width="2115" data-file-height="2792" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arunachal_Pradesh" title="Arunachal Pradesh">Arunachal</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Bodish_languages" title="Bodish languages">Bodish</a></b> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Tibetic_languages" title="Tibetic languages">Tibetic</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Bodish_languages" title="East Bodish languages">East Bodish</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tshangla_language" title="Tshangla language">Tshangla</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Basum_language" title="Basum language">Basum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nam_language" title="Nam language">Nam</a></i>?</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gongduk_language" title="Gongduk language">Gongduk</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%CA%BCOle_language" title="ʼOle language">ʼOle</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tani_languages" title="Tani languages">Tani</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamdo_languages" title="Chamdo languages">Chamdo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> and Indo-<br />Burmese border</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Karbi_language" title="Karbi language">Karbi</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kuki-Chin_languages" title="Kuki-Chin languages">Kuki-Chin</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mruic_languages" title="Mruic languages">Mruic</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mru_language" title="Mru language">Mru</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anu-Hkongso_language" title="Anu-Hkongso language">Hkongso</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pyu_language_(Sino-Tibetan)" title="Pyu language (Sino-Tibetan)">Pyu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taman_language_(Myanmar)" title="Taman language (Myanmar)">Taman</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">"<a href="/wiki/Naga_languages" title="Naga languages">Naga</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ao_languages" title="Ao languages">Ao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angami%E2%80%93Pochuri_languages" title="Angami–Pochuri languages">Angami–Pochuri</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Meitei_language" title="Meitei language">Meitei</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangkhulic_languages" title="Tangkhulic languages">Tangkhulic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zemeic_languages" title="Zemeic languages">Zeme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sal_languages" title="Sal languages">Sal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boro%E2%80%93Garo_languages" title="Boro–Garo languages">Boro–Garo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konyak_languages" title="Konyak languages">Konyak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingpho%E2%80%93Luish_languages" title="Jingpho–Luish languages">Jingpho–Luish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Sinitic_languages" title="Sinitic languages">Sinitic</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bai_language" title="Bai language">Bai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tujia_language" title="Tujia language">Tujia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nungish_languages" title="Nungish languages">Nungish</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Karenic_languages" title="Karenic languages">Karenic</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gong_language" title="Gong language">Gong</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kathu_language" title="Kathu language">Kathu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cai%E2%80%93Long_languages" title="Cai–Long languages">Cai–Long</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Caijia_language" title="Caijia language">Caijia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Longjia_language" title="Longjia language">Longjia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Luren_language" title="Luren language">Luren</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Burmo-Qiangic" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Burmo-Qiangic_languages" title="Burmo-Qiangic languages">Burmo-Qiangic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Qiangic_languages" title="Qiangic languages">Qiangic</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gyalrongic_languages" title="Gyalrongic languages">Gyalrongic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ersuic_languages" title="Ersuic languages">Ersuic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naic_languages" title="Naic languages">Naic</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lolo-Burmese_languages" title="Lolo-Burmese languages">Lolo-Burmese</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mondzish_languages" title="Mondzish languages">Mondzish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmish_languages" title="Burmish languages">Burmish</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Loloish_languages" title="Loloish languages">Loloish</a></b></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Language_isolates_and_independent_language_families_in_Arunachal" class="mw-redirect" title="Language isolates and independent language families in Arunachal">Dubious</a> (possible<br /><a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">isolates</a>) (<a href="/wiki/Language_isolates_and_independent_language_families_in_Arunachal" class="mw-redirect" title="Language isolates and independent language families in Arunachal">Arunachal</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hrusish_languages" title="Hrusish languages">Hrusish</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hruso_language" title="Hruso language">Hruso</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mijiic_languages" title="Mijiic languages">Mijiic</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kho-Bwa_languages" title="Kho-Bwa languages">Kho-Bwa</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Puroik_language" title="Puroik language">Puroik</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miju_languages" title="Miju languages">Miju–Meyor</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Songlin_language" title="Songlin language">Songlin</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Greater_Siangic" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greater_Siangic_languages" title="Greater Siangic languages">Greater Siangic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siangic_languages" title="Siangic languages">Siangic</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Koro_language_(India)" title="Koro language (India)">Koro</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Milang_language" title="Milang language">Milang</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digaro_languages" title="Digaro languages">Idu–Taraon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed groupings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Central Tibeto-Burman languages">Central Tibeto-Burman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuki-Chin%E2%80%93Naga_languages" title="Kuki-Chin–Naga languages">Kuki-Chin–Naga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Bai_languages" title="Macro-Bai languages">Macro-Bai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahakiranti_languages" title="Mahakiranti languages">Mahakiranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rung_languages" title="Rung languages">Rung</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Tibeto-Burman languages">Tibeto-Burman</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Kanauri_languages" title="Tibeto-Kanauri languages">Tibeto-Kanauri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proto-language" title="Proto-language">Proto-languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Sino-Tibetan_language" title="Proto-Sino-Tibetan language">Proto-Sino-Tibetan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Tibeto-Burman_language" title="Proto-Tibeto-Burman language">Proto-Tibeto-Burman</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Loloish_language" title="Proto-Loloish language">Proto-Loloish</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Karenic_language" title="Proto-Karenic language">Proto-Karenic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Min" title="Proto-Min">Proto-Min</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Hakka" title="Proto-Hakka">Proto-Hakka</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><i>Italics</i> indicates single languages that are also considered to be separate branches.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chinese_language" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background: #e0e0b0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chinese_language" title="Template:Chinese language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chinese_language" title="Template talk:Chinese language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chinese_language" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese language</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background: #e0e0b0;"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Sinitic_languages" title="Sinitic languages">Sinitic languages</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Chinese" title="Varieties of Chinese">Major groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Mandarin" title="Northeastern Mandarin">Northeastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Changchun_dialect" title="Changchun dialect">Changchun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harbin_dialect" title="Harbin dialect">Harbin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenyang_Mandarin" title="Shenyang Mandarin">Shenyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taz_dialect" title="Taz dialect">Taz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Mandarin_(division_of_Mandarin)" title="Beijing Mandarin (division of Mandarin)">Beijing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_dialect" title="Beijing dialect">Beijing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Mandarin" title="Taiwanese Mandarin">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jilu_Mandarin" title="Jilu Mandarin">Jilu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tianjin_dialect" title="Tianjin dialect">Tianjin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinan_dialect" title="Jinan dialect">Jinan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jiaoliao_Mandarin" title="Jiaoliao Mandarin">Jiaoliao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dalian_dialect" title="Dalian dialect">Dalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qingdao_dialect" title="Qingdao dialect">Qingdao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weihai_dialect" title="Weihai dialect">Weihai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Plains_Mandarin" title="Central Plains Mandarin">Central Plains</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dongping_dialect" title="Dongping dialect">Dongping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangou_language" title="Gangou language">Gangou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanzhong_dialect" title="Guanzhong dialect">Guanzhong</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xi%27an_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Xi'an dialect">Xi'an</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luoyang_dialect" title="Luoyang dialect">Luoyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuzhou_dialect" title="Xuzhou dialect">Xuzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_language" title="Dungan language">Dungan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Mandarin" title="Xinjiang Mandarin">Xinjiang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Mandarin" title="Southwestern Mandarin">Southwestern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sichuanese_dialects" title="Sichuanese dialects">Sichuanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chengdu-Chongqing_dialect" title="Chengdu-Chongqing dialect">Chengdu–Chongqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minjiang_dialect" title="Minjiang dialect">Minjiang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leshan_dialect" title="Leshan dialect">Leshan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renshou%E2%80%93Fushun_Mandarin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Renshou–Fushun Mandarin (page does not exist)">Renshou–Fushun</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zigong_dialect" title="Zigong dialect">Zigong</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunming_dialect" title="Kunming dialect">Kunming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanping_dialect" title="Nanping dialect">Nanping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuhan_dialect" title="Wuhan dialect">Wuhan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gui%E2%80%93Liu_Mandarin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gui–Liu Mandarin (page does not exist)">Gui–Liu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wuming_Mandarin" title="Wuming Mandarin">Wuming</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Lower_Yangtze_Mandarin" title="Lower Yangtze Mandarin">Jianghuai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_dialect" title="Nanjing dialect">Nanjing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nantong_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Nantong dialect">Nantong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanping_dialect" title="Nanping dialect">Nanping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Lanyin_Mandarin" title="Lanyin Mandarin">Lanyin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lanzhou_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lanzhou dialect (page does not exist)">Lanzhou dialect</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%B0%E5%B7%9E%E8%AF%9D" class="extiw" title="zh:兰州话">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urumqi_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Urumqi dialect (page does not exist)">Urumqi dialect</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E9%B2%81%E6%9C%A8%E9%BD%90%E8%AF%9D" class="extiw" title="zh:乌鲁木齐话">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Mandarin" title="Xinjiang Mandarin">Xinjiang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Junjiahua" title="Junjiahua">Junjiahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qinjiang_Mandarin" title="Qinjiang Mandarin">Qinjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyami_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gyami language">Gyami</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jin_Chinese" title="Jin Chinese">Jin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhangjiakou%E2%80%93Hohhot_dialect" title="Zhangjiakou–Hohhot dialect">Zhangjiakou–Hohhot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhi-Yan_dialect" title="Zhi-Yan dialect">Zhi–Yan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Taihu_Wu" title="Taihu Wu">Taihu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shanghainese" title="Shanghainese">Shanghai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzhou_dialect" title="Suzhou dialect">Suzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuxi_dialect" title="Wuxi dialect">Wuxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changzhou_dialect" title="Changzhou dialect">Changzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangzhou_dialect" title="Hangzhou dialect">Hangzhou</a> (?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaoxing_dialect" title="Shaoxing dialect">Shaoxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ningbo_dialect" title="Ningbo dialect">Ningbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinxiang_dialect" title="Jinxiang dialect">Jinxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiangyin_dialect" title="Jiangyin dialect">Jiangyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadi_dialect" title="Shadi dialect">Shadi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Taizhou_Wu" title="Taizhou Wu">Taizhou Wu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taizhou_dialect" title="Taizhou dialect">Taizhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai_dialect" title="Tiantai dialect">Tiantai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Oujiang</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wenzhounese" title="Wenzhounese">Wenzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rui%27an_dialect" title="Rui'an dialect">Rui'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wencheng_dialect" title="Wencheng dialect">Wencheng</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wuzhou_Wu" title="Wuzhou Wu">Wuzhou</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jinhua_dialect" title="Jinhua dialect">Jinhua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chu%E2%80%93Qu_Wu" title="Chu–Qu Wu">Chu–Qu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quzhou_dialect" title="Quzhou dialect">Quzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiangshan_dialect" title="Jiangshan dialect">Jiangshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qingtian_dialect" title="Qingtian dialect">Qingtian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Xuanzhou_Wu_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Xuanzhou Wu dialects">Xuanzhou</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xuancheng_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Xuancheng dialect">Xuancheng</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Huizhou_Chinese" title="Huizhou Chinese">Hui</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ji-She&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ji-She (page does not exist)">Ji-She</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BB%A9%E6%AD%99%E7%89%87" class="extiw" title="zh:绩歙片">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiu-Yi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xiu-Yi (page does not exist)">Xiu-Yi</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%91%E9%BB%9F%E7%89%87" class="extiw" title="zh:休黟片">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qi-De&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qi-De (page does not exist)">Qi-De</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A5%81%E5%A9%BA%E7%89%87" class="extiw" title="zh:祁婺片">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yanzhou_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yanzhou dialect (page does not exist)">Yanzhou</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%8C%E5%8D%A0%E7%89%87" class="extiw" title="zh:旌占片">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jing-Zhan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jing-Zhan (page does not exist)">Jing-Zhan</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%A5%E5%B7%9E%E7%89%87" class="extiw" title="zh:严州片">zh</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gan_Chinese" title="Gan Chinese">Gan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chang%E2%80%93Du_Gan" title="Chang–Du Gan">Chang–Du</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanchang_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanchang dialect">Nanchang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi%E2%80%93Liu_Gan" title="Yi–Liu Gan">Yi–Liu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ying%E2%80%93Yi_Gan" title="Ying–Yi Gan">Ying–Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Da%E2%80%93Tong_Gan" title="Da–Tong Gan">Da–Tong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Xiang_Chinese" title="Xiang Chinese">Xiang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Xiang" title="New Xiang">Changyi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Changsha_dialect" title="Changsha dialect">Changsha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Xiang" title="Old Xiang">Loushao</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shuangfeng_dialect" title="Shuangfeng dialect">Shuangfeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiangxiang_dialect" title="Xiangxiang dialect">Xiangxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wugang_dialect" title="Wugang dialect">Wugang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ji%E2%80%93Xu_Xiang" title="Ji–Xu Xiang">Ji–Xu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yong%E2%80%93Quan_Xiang" title="Yong–Quan Xiang">Yong–Quan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qiyang_dialect" title="Qiyang dialect">Qiyang</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Min_Chinese" title="Min Chinese">Min</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Min" title="Eastern Min">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Houguan_language_group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Houguan language group (page does not exist)">Houguan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuzhou_dialect" title="Fuzhou dialect">Fuzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuqing_dialect" title="Fuqing dialect">Fuqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changle_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Changle dialect">Changle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutian_dialect" title="Gutian dialect">Gutian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsu_dialect" title="Matsu dialect">Matsu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fu%E2%80%93Ning_language_group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fu–Ning language group (page does not exist)">Fu–Ning</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ningde_dialect" title="Ningde dialect">Ningde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fu%27an_dialect" title="Fu'an dialect">Fu'an</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manjiang_dialect" title="Manjiang dialect">Manjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongshan_Min" title="Zhongshan Min">Zhongshan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Longdu_dialect" title="Longdu dialect">Longdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanlang_dialect" title="Nanlang dialect">Nanlang</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quanzhou_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Quanzhou dialect">Quanzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhangzhou_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhangzhou dialect">Zhangzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoy_dialect" title="Amoy dialect">Amoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chawan_dialect" title="Chawan dialect">Chawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Hokkien" title="Taiwanese Hokkien">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Hokkien" title="Philippine Hokkien">Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medan_Hokkien" title="Medan Hokkien">Pedan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penang_Hokkien" title="Penang Hokkien">Penang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_Hokkien" title="Singaporean Hokkien">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Peninsular_Malaysian_Hokkien" title="Southern Peninsular Malaysian Hokkien">Malaysian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Teochew_Min" title="Teochew Min">Teochew</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swatow_dialect" title="Swatow dialect">Swatow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haklau_Min" title="Haklau Min">Haklau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Zhongshan_Min" title="Zhongshan Min">Zhongshan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanxiang_dialect" title="Sanxiang dialect">Sanxiang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhenan_Min" title="Zhenan Min">Zhenan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longyan_Min" class="mw-redirect" title="Longyan Min">Longyan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Min" title="Northern Min">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jian%27ou_dialect" title="Jian'ou dialect">Jian'ou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jianyang_dialect" title="Jianyang dialect">Jianyang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Min" title="Central Min">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu%E2%80%93Xian_Min" title="Pu–Xian Min">Pu–Xian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shao%E2%80%93Jiang_Min" title="Shao–Jiang Min">Shao–Jiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leizhou_Min" title="Leizhou Min">Leizhou</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhanjiang_dialect" title="Zhanjiang dialect">Zhanjiang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainanese" title="Hainanese">Hainan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wenchang_dialect" title="Wenchang dialect">Wenchang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haikou_dialect" title="Haikou dialect">Haikou</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banqiao_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Banqiao dialect (page does not exist)">Banqiao</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meixian_dialect" title="Meixian dialect">Meixian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuhua_dialect" title="Wuhua dialect">Wuhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huizhou_dialect" title="Huizhou dialect">Huizhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tingzhou_dialect" title="Tingzhou dialect">Tingzhou</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Changting_dialect" title="Changting dialect">Changting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Hakka" title="Taiwanese Hakka">Taiwanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sixian_dialect" title="Sixian dialect">Sixian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hailu_dialect" title="Hailu dialect">Hailu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raoping_Hakka" title="Raoping Hakka">Raoping</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yue_Chinese" title="Yue Chinese">Yue</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yuehai_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuehai dialects">Yuehai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Guangzhou</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Cantonese" title="Hong Kong Cantonese">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Cantonese" title="Malaysian Cantonese">Malaysia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiguan_dialect" title="Xiguan dialect">Xiguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiujiang_dialect" title="Jiujiang dialect">Jiujiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiqi_dialect" title="Shiqi dialect">Shiqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weitou_dialect" title="Weitou dialect">Weitou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dapeng_dialect" title="Dapeng dialect">Dapeng</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Siyi_Yue" title="Siyi Yue">Siyi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taishanese" title="Taishanese">Taishan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xinhui_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xinhui dialect (page does not exist)">Xinhui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gao%E2%80%93Yang_Yue" title="Gao–Yang Yue">Gao–Yang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goulou_Yue" title="Goulou Yue">Goulou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu%E2%80%93Hua_Yue" title="Wu–Hua Yue">Wu–Hua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yong%E2%80%93Xun_Yue" title="Yong–Xun Yue">Yong–Xun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo%E2%80%93Guang_Yue" title="Luo–Guang Yue">Luo–Guang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qin%E2%80%93Lian_Yue" title="Qin–Lian Yue">Qin–Lian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pinghua" title="Pinghua">Pinghua</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pinghua#Dialects" title="Pinghua">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tongdao_Pinghua" title="Tongdao Pinghua">Tongdao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Younian_dialect" title="Younian dialect">Younian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinghua#Dialects" title="Pinghua">Southern</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yongjiang_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yongjiang dialect (page does not exist)">Yongjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guandao_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guandao dialect (page does not exist)">Guandao</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rongjiang_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rongjiang dialect (page does not exist)">Rongjiang</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%">Unclassified</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaozhou_Tuhua" title="Shaozhou Tuhua">Shaozhou Tuhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiangnan_Tuhua" title="Xiangnan Tuhua">Xiangnan Tuhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badong_Yao_language" title="Badong Yao language">Badong Yao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danzhou_dialect" title="Danzhou dialect">Danzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mai_Chinese" title="Mai Chinese">Mai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/She_Chinese" title="She Chinese">Shehua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waxiang_Chinese" title="Waxiang Chinese">Waxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeheni_language" title="Yeheni language">Yeheni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huizhou_dialect" title="Huizhou dialect">Huizhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bai_language" title="Bai language">Bai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cai%E2%80%93Long_languages" title="Cai–Long languages">Cai-Long</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caijia_language" title="Caijia language">Caijia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longjia_language" title="Longjia language">Longjia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luren_language" title="Luren language">Luren</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuanqing_people#Language" title="Chuanqing people">Laobeizi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_sinitic_languages-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Map_of_sinitic_languages-en.svg/350px-Map_of_sinitic_languages-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="785" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Map_of_sinitic_languages-en.svg/525px-Map_of_sinitic_languages-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Map_of_sinitic_languages-en.svg/700px-Map_of_sinitic_languages-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="920" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_national_standards_of_Chinese" title="Comparison of national standards of Chinese">Standard<br />forms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sichuanese_Standard_Chinese" title="Sichuanese Standard Chinese">Sichuanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Mandarin" title="Taiwanese Mandarin">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Mandarin" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine Mandarin">Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Mandarin" title="Malaysian Mandarin">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_Mandarin" title="Singaporean Mandarin">Singaporean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Singaporean_Mandarin" title="Standard Singaporean Mandarin">Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singdarin" title="Singdarin">Singdarin</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakka" class="mw-redirect" title="Hakka">Hakka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%">Phonology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Chinese_phonology" title="Historical Chinese phonology">Historical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese_phonology" title="Old Chinese phonology">Old</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_National_Pronunciation" title="Old National Pronunciation">Old National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_phonology" title="Cantonese phonology">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokkien_phonology" title="Hokkien phonology">Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Wu_phonology" title="Northern Wu phonology">Northern Wu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese_phonology" title="Standard Chinese phonology">Mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_and_colloquial_readings_of_Chinese_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary and colloquial readings of Chinese characters">Literary and colloquial readings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_grammar" title="Chinese grammar">Grammar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_numerals" title="Chinese numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_classifier" title="Chinese classifier">Classifiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_honorifics" title="Chinese honorifics">Honorifics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_grammar" title="Cantonese grammar">Cantonese grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Chinese_grammar" title="Classical Chinese grammar">Classical grammar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%">Idioms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chengyu" title="Chengyu">Chengyu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xiehouyu" title="Xiehouyu">Xiehouyu</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_input_methods_for_computers" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese input methods for computers">Input</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biaoxingma_method" title="Biaoxingma method">Biaoxingma</a></li> <li>Boshiamy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cangjie_input_method" title="Cangjie input method">Cangjie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Cangjie" title="Simplified Cangjie">Simplified</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CKC_Chinese_Input_System" title="CKC Chinese Input System">CKC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayi_method" title="Dayi method">Dayi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinyin_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinyin method">Pinyin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Pinyin" title="Google Pinyin">Google</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Pinyin_IME" title="Microsoft Pinyin IME">Microsoft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogou_Pinyin" title="Sogou Pinyin">Sogou</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroke_count_method" title="Stroke count method">Stroke count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wubi_method" title="Wubi method">Wubi (Wang Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhengma_method" title="Zhengma method">ZhengMa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Chinese_language" title="History of the Chinese language">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese" title="Old Chinese">Old Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Han_Chinese" title="Eastern Han Chinese">Eastern Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Mandarin" title="Old Mandarin">Old Mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_(late_imperial_lingua_franca)" title="Mandarin (late imperial lingua franca)">Middle Mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Min" title="Proto-Min">Proto-Min</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Hakka" title="Proto-Hakka">Proto-Hakka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%E2%80%93Shu_Chinese" title="Ba–Shu Chinese">Ba–Shu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Gan_Chinese" title="History of Gan Chinese">Gan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%">Literary<br /> forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Official" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Official</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Chinese" title="Classical Chinese">Classical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_of_Chinese_literary_culture" title="Adoption of Chinese literary culture">Adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanbun" title="Kanbun">in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_Chinese_in_Vietnam" title="Literary Chinese in Vietnam">in Vietnam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Written_vernacular_Chinese" title="Written vernacular Chinese">Vernacular</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Written_Cantonese" title="Written Cantonese">Written Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_alphabets" title="Dungan alphabets">Written Dungan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Written_Hokkien" title="Written Hokkien">Written Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sichuanese_characters" title="Sichuanese characters">Written Sichuanese</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Written_Chinese" title="Written Chinese">Scripts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Logographic" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Logographic" class="mw-redirect" title="Logographic">Logographic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Script_styles" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Script_styles" class="mw-redirect" title="Script styles">Script styles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_bone_script" title="Oracle bone script">Oracle bone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_bronze_inscriptions" title="Chinese bronze inscriptions">Bronze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_script" title="Seal script">Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_script" title="Clerical script">Clerical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-cursive_script" title="Semi-cursive script">Semi-cursive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursive_script_(East_Asia)" title="Cursive script (East Asia)">Cursive</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simplified_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified characters">Simplified</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional characters">Traditional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_punctuation" title="Chinese punctuation">Punctuation</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Braille" title="Cantonese Braille">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Chinese_Braille" title="Mainland Chinese Braille">Mainland Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-cell_Chinese_Braille" title="Two-cell Chinese Braille">Two-cell</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Phonetic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillization_of_Chinese" title="Cyrillization of Chinese">Cyrillization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_language#Writing_system" title="Dungan language">Dungan Cyrillic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Chinese" title="Romanization of Chinese">Romanization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gwoyeu_Romatzyh" title="Gwoyeu Romatzyh">Gwoyeu Romatzyh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Phonetic_Symbols_II" title="Mandarin Phonetic Symbols II">MPS II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_postal_romanization" title="Chinese postal romanization">Postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongyong_Pinyin" title="Tongyong Pinyin">Tongyong Pinyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EFEO_Chinese_transcription" title="EFEO Chinese transcription">EFEO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lessing-Othmer" title="Lessing-Othmer">Lessing-Othmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Mandarin" title="Yale romanization of Mandarin">Yale</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Bopomofo" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantonese Bopomofo">Cantonese Bopomofo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Phonetic_Symbols" title="Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols">Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_kana" title="Taiwanese kana">Taiwanese kana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Hangul" title="Taiwanese Hangul">Taiwanese Hangul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiao%27erjing" title="Xiao'erjing">Xiao'erjing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BCshu" title="Nüshu">Nüshu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background: #e0e0b0;"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_varieties_of_Chinese" title="List of varieties of Chinese">List of varieties of Chinese</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_China" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_China" title="Template:Languages of China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_China" title="Template talk:Languages of China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_China" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_China" title="Languages of China">Languages of China</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Chinese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_regions_of_China" title="Autonomous regions of China">ARs</a> / <a href="/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China" title="Special administrative regions of China">SARs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cantonese</a><sup><b><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Cantonese" title="Hong Kong Cantonese">HK</a>/MC</b></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_English" title="Hong Kong English">English</a><sup><b>HK</b></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language_in_Inner_Mongolia" title="Mongolian language in Inner Mongolia">Mongolian</a><sup><b>NM</b></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macanese_Portuguese" title="Macanese Portuguese">Portuguese</a><sup><b>MC</b></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Tibetan" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Tibetan">Tibetan</a><sup><b>XZ</b></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur</a><sup><b>XJ</b></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Zhuang" title="Standard Zhuang">Zhuang</a><sup><b>GX</b></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_prefectures_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous prefectures of China">Prefecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_language" title="Hmong language">Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kam_language" title="Kam language">Kam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bouyei_language" title="Bouyei language">Bouyei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tujia_language" title="Tujia language">Tujia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_language_in_China" title="Korean language in China">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiangic_languages" title="Qiangic languages">Qiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_people#Language" title="Yi people">Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_language" title="Kyrgyz language">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Nuea_language" title="Tai Nuea language">Tai Nüa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Lue_language" title="Tai Lue language">Tai Lü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaiwa_language" title="Zaiwa language">Zaiwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisu_language" title="Lisu language">Lisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bai_language" title="Bai language">Bai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hani_language" title="Hani language">Hani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Zhuang" title="Standard Zhuang">Zhuang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_counties_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous counties of China">Counties</a>/<a href="/wiki/Banners_of_Inner_Mongolia#Autonomous_banner" title="Banners of Inner Mongolia">Banners</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">numerous</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Sino-Tibetan_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lolo-Burmese_languages" title="Lolo-Burmese languages">Lolo-<br />Burmese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mondzish_languages" title="Mondzish languages">Mondzish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kathu_language" title="Kathu language">Kathu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maang_language" title="Maang language">Maang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manga_language_(China)" title="Manga language (China)">Manga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mango_language_(China)" title="Mango language (China)">Mango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maza_language" title="Maza language">Maza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantsi_language" title="Mantsi language">Mondzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muangphe_language" title="Muangphe language">Muangphe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Burmish_languages" title="Burmish languages">Burmish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achang_language" title="Achang language">Achang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiandao_dialect" title="Xiandao dialect">Xiandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pela_language" title="Pela language">Pela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lashi_language" title="Lashi language">Lashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chashan_language" title="Chashan language">Chashan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhao_Vo_language" title="Lhao Vo language">Lhao Vo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaiwa_language" title="Zaiwa language">Zaiwa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Loloish_languages" title="Loloish languages">Loloish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Loloish_languages" title="Southern Loloish languages">Hanoish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akeu_language" title="Akeu language">Akeu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akha_language" title="Akha language">Akha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amu_language" title="Amu language">Amu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angluo_language" title="Angluo language">Angluo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asuo_language" title="Asuo language">Asuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baihong_language" title="Baihong language">Baihong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisu_language" title="Bisu language">Bisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budu_language_(China)" title="Budu language (China)">Budu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukong_language" title="Bukong language">Bukong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosao_language" title="Cosao language">Cosao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duoni_language" title="Duoni language">Duoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duota_language" title="Duota language">Duota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enu_language" title="Enu language">Enu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habei_language" title="Habei language">Habei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hani_language" title="Hani language">Hani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honi_language" title="Honi language">Honi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jino_language" title="Jino language">Jino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khabi_language" title="Khabi language">Kabie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaduo_language" title="Kaduo language">Kaduo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lami_language" title="Lami language">Lami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laomian_language" title="Laomian language">Laomian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laopin_language" title="Laopin language">Laopin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mpi_language" title="Mpi language">Mpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muda_language" title="Muda language">Muda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuobi_language" title="Nuobi language">Nuobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuomei_language" title="Nuomei language">Nuomei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phana%CA%BC_language" title="Phanaʼ language">Phana’</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piyo_language" title="Piyo language">Piyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qidi_language" title="Qidi language">Qidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadu_language" title="Sadu language">Sadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangkong_language" title="Sangkong language">Sangkong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suobi_language" title="Suobi language">Suobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsukong_language" title="Tsukong language">Tsukong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woni_language" title="Woni language">Woni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiche_language" title="Yiche language">Yiche</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lisoish_languages" title="Lisoish languages">Lisoish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eka_language" title="Eka language">Eka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hlersu_language" title="Hlersu language">Hlersu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kua-nsi_language" title="Kua-nsi language">Kua-nsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuamasi_language" title="Kuamasi language">Kuamasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laizisi_language" title="Laizisi language">Laizisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalo_language" title="Lalo language">Lalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamu_language" title="Lamu language">Lamu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavu_language" title="Lavu language">Lavu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawu_language" title="Lawu language">Lawu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limi_language" title="Limi language">Limi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipo_language" title="Lipo language">Lipo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisu_language" title="Lisu language">Lisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lolopo_language" title="Lolopo language">Lolopo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangdi_language" title="Mangdi language">Mangdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micha_language" title="Micha language">Micha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mili_language" title="Mili language">Mili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonaga_language" title="Sonaga language">Sonaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tholo_language" title="Tholo language">Toloza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuzhang_language" title="Xuzhang language">Xuzhang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangliu_language" title="Yangliu language">Yangliu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zibusi_language" title="Zibusi language">Zibusi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nisoish_languages" title="Nisoish languages">Nisoish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alingpo_language" title="Alingpo language">Alingpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phupha_language" title="Phupha language">Alugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluo_language" title="Aluo language">Aluo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axi_language" title="Axi language">Axi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azha_language" title="Azha language">Azha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azhe_language" title="Azhe language">Azhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muji_language" title="Muji language">Bokha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gepo_language" title="Gepo language">Gepo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khlula_language" title="Khlula language">Khlula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lope_language" title="Lope language">Lope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moji_language" title="Moji language">Moji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muji_language" title="Muji language">Muji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzi_language" title="Muzi language">Muzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasu_language" title="Nasu language">Nasu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisu_language" title="Nisu language">Nisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuosu_language" title="Nuosu language">Nuosu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phola_language" title="Phola language">Phala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phola_language" title="Phola language">Phola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phowa_language" title="Phowa language">Phowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muji_language" title="Muji language">Phukha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phuma_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Phuma language">Phuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phupha_language" title="Phupha language">Phupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phupha_language" title="Phupha language">Phupha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phupha_language" title="Phupha language">Phuza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samei_language" title="Samei language">Samei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sani_language" title="Sani language">Sani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thopho_language" title="Thopho language">Thopho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zokhuo_language" title="Zokhuo language">Zokhuo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gokhy_language" title="Gokhy language">Gokhy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katso_language" title="Katso language">Katso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kucong_language" title="Kucong language">Kucong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahu_language" title="Lahu language">Lahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naruo_language" title="Naruo language">Naruo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namuyi_language" title="Namuyi language">Namuyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxi_language" title="Naxi language">Naxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nusu_language" title="Nusu language">Nusu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samu_language" title="Samu language">Samu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanie_language" title="Sanie language">Sanie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zauzou_language" title="Zauzou language">Zauzou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Qiangic_languages" title="Qiangic languages">Qiangic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baima_language" title="Baima language">Baima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choyo_language" title="Choyo language">Choyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ersu_language" title="Ersu language">Ersu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guiqiong_language" title="Guiqiong language">Guiqiong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horpa_language" title="Horpa language">Horpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japhug_language" title="Japhug language">Japhug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khroskyabs_language" title="Khroskyabs language">Khroskyabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laze_language" title="Laze language">Laze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lizu_language" title="Lizu language">Lizu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na_language" title="Na language">Na</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muya_language" title="Muya language">Muya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namuyi_language" title="Namuyi language">Namuyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxi_language" title="Naxi language">Naxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumi_language" title="Pumi language">Pumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Qiang_language" title="Northern Qiang language">Northern Qiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Qiang_language" title="Southern Qiang language">Southern Qiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shixing_language" title="Shixing language">Shixing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situ_language" title="Situ language">Situ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tshobdun_language" title="Tshobdun language">Tshobdun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zbu_language" title="Zbu language">Zbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhaba_language" title="Zhaba language">Zhaba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tibetic_languages" title="Tibetic languages">Tibetic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amdo_Tibetan" title="Amdo Tibetan">Amdo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baima_language" title="Baima language">Baima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basum_language" title="Basum language">Basum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Tibetan" title="Central Tibetan">Central Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choni_language" title="Choni language">Choni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dao_language_(China)" title="Dao language (China)">Dao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongwang_Tibetan_language" title="Dongwang Tibetan language">Dongwang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drugchu_language" title="Drugchu language">Drugchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groma_language" title="Groma language">Groma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gserpa_language" title="Gserpa language">Gserpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalong_Tibetan_language" title="Khalong Tibetan language">Khalong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khams_Tibetan" title="Khams Tibetan">Khams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyirong_language" title="Kyirong language">Kyirong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladakhi_language" title="Ladakhi language">Ladakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tseku_language" title="Tseku language">Tseku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongu_Tibetan_language" title="Zhongu Tibetan language">Zhongu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zitsadegu_language" title="Zitsadegu language">Zitsadegu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bai_language" title="Bai language">Bai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caijia_language" title="Caijia language">Caijia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derung_language" title="Derung language">Derung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingpo_language" title="Jingpo language">Jingpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longjia_language" title="Longjia language">Longjia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nung_language_(Sino-Tibetan)" title="Nung language (Sino-Tibetan)">Nung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tujia_language" title="Tujia language">Tujia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waxiang_Chinese" title="Waxiang Chinese">Waxianghua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other languages</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bit_language" title="Bit language">Bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blang_language" title="Blang language">Blang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolyu_language" title="Bolyu language">Bolyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bugan_language" title="Bugan language">Bugan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bumang_language" title="Bumang language">Bumang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_language" title="Hu language">Hu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuan_language" title="Kuan language">Kuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%E1%BA%A3ng_language" title="Mảng language">Mang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_Met_language" title="Man Met language">Man Met</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muak_language" title="Muak language">Muak Sa-aak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaung_language" title="Palaung language">Palaung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riang_language" title="Riang language">Riang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U_language" title="U language">U</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Va_language" title="Va language">Va</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wa_language" title="Wa language">Wa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hmong-Mien_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Hmong-Mien languages">Hmong-Mien</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hmongic_languages" title="Hmongic languages">Hmongic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A-Hmao_language" title="A-Hmao language">A-Hmao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bu-Nao_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Bu-Nao languages">Bu-Nao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gejia_language" title="Gejia language">Gejia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guiyang_Miao_language" title="Guiyang Miao language">Guiyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hm_Nai_language" title="Hm Nai language">Hm Nai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_language" title="Hmong language">Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hmu_language" title="Hmu language">Hmu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huishui_Miao_language" title="Huishui Miao language">Huishui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiong_Nai_language" title="Kiong Nai language">Kiong Nai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luobohe_Miao_language" title="Luobohe Miao language">Luobohe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashan_Miao_language" title="Mashan Miao language">Mashan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa-Hng_language" title="Pa-Hng language">Pa-Hng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa_Na_language" title="Pa Na language">Pa Na</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pingtang_Miao_language" title="Pingtang Miao language">Pingtang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xong_language" title="Xong language">Qo Xiong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raojia_language" title="Raojia language">Raojia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/She_language" title="She language">She</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gha-Mu_language" title="Gha-Mu language">Small Flowery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xixiu_Miao_language" title="Xixiu Miao language">Xixiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Younuo_language" title="Younuo language">Younuo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mienic_languages" title="Mienic languages">Mienic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biao_Min_language" title="Biao Min language">Biao Min</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzao_Min_language" title="Dzao Min language">Dzao Min</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iu_Mien_language" title="Iu Mien language">Iu Mien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Mun_language" title="Kim Mun language">Kim Mun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mongolic_languages" title="Mongolic languages">Mongolic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonan_language" title="Bonan language">Bonan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buryat_language" title="Buryat language">Buryat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagur_language" title="Dagur language">Daur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Yugur_language" title="Eastern Yugur language">Eastern Yugur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangjia_language" title="Kangjia language">Kangjia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamnigan_Mongol" title="Khamnigan Mongol">Khamnigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monguor_language" title="Monguor language">Monguor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oirat_language" title="Oirat language">Oirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordos_Mongolian" title="Ordos Mongolian">Ordos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_language" title="Santa language">Santa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torgut_Oirat" title="Torgut Oirat">Torgut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kra-Dai_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kra-Dai languages">Kra-Dai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Zhuang_languages" title="Zhuang languages">Zhuang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bouyei_language" title="Bouyei language">Bouyei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai_Zhuang_language" title="Dai Zhuang language">Dai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Zhuang_language" title="Min Zhuang language">Min</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhuang_languages" title="Zhuang languages">Ningming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nong_Zhuang_language" title="Nong Zhuang language">Nong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Dam_language" title="Tai Dam language">Tai Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_D%C3%B3n_language" title="Tai Dón language">Tai Dón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Ya_language" title="Tai Ya language">Tai Hongjin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Lue_language" title="Tai Lue language">Tai Lü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Nuea_language" title="Tai Nuea language">Tai Nüa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Ya_language" title="Tai Ya language">Tai Ya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Zhuang_language" title="Yang Zhuang language">Yang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yei_Zhuang_language" title="Yei Zhuang language">Yei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ai-Cham_language" title="Ai-Cham language">Ai-Cham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biao_language" title="Biao language">Biao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyang_language" title="Buyang language">Buyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cao_Miao_language" title="Cao Miao language">Cao Miao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadong_language" title="Chadong language">Chadong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cun_language" title="Cun language">Cun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelao_languages" title="Gelao languages">Gelao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hlai_languages" title="Hlai languages">Hlai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiamao_language" title="Jiamao language">Jiamao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kam_language" title="Kam language">Kam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakkia_language" title="Lakkia language">Lakkja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mak_language" title="Mak language">Mak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maonan_language" title="Maonan language">Maonan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulam_language" title="Mulam language">Mulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuoxi_language" title="Nuoxi language">Naxi Yao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Be_languages" title="Be languages">Ong Be</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paha_language" title="Paha language">Paha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qabiao_language" title="Qabiao language">Qabiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sui_language" title="Sui language">Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Then_language" title="Then language">Then</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tungusic_languages" title="Tungusic languages">Tungusic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evenki_language" title="Evenki language">Evenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_language" title="Manchu language">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanai_language" title="Nanai language">Nanai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oroqen_language" title="Oroqen language">Oroqen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xibe_language" title="Xibe language">Xibe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%84ynu_language" title="Äynu language">Äynu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuyu_Kyrgyz_language" title="Fuyu Kyrgyz language">Fuyu Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ili_Turki_language" title="Ili Turki language">Ili Turki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lop_dialect" title="Lop dialect">Lop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salar_language" title="Salar language">Salar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Yugur_language" title="Western Yugur language">Western Yugur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarikoli_language" title="Sarikoli language">Sarikoli</a> <small>(Indo-European)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsat_language" title="Tsat language">Tsat</a> <small>(Austronesian)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formosan_languages" title="Formosan languages">Formosan languages</a> <small>(Austronesian)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minority</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_language" title="Kyrgyz language">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_in_China" title="Esperanto in China">Esperanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_language" title="Tatar language">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvan_language" title="Tuvan language">Tuvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a> (Kinh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakhi_language" title="Wakhi language">Wakhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Chinese" title="Varieties of Chinese">Varieties of<br />Chinese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Mandarin" title="Northeastern Mandarin">Northeastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Mandarin_(division_of_Mandarin)" title="Beijing Mandarin (division of Mandarin)">Beijing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jilu_Mandarin" title="Jilu Mandarin">Ji-Lu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiaoliao_Mandarin" title="Jiaoliao Mandarin">Jiao-Liao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Plains_Mandarin" title="Central Plains Mandarin">Zhongyuan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lanyin_Mandarin" title="Lanyin Mandarin">Lan-Yin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_Chinese" title="Jin Chinese">Jin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Mandarin" title="Southwestern Mandarin">Southwestern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sichuanese_dialects" title="Sichuanese dialects">Sichuanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Yangtze_Mandarin" title="Lower Yangtze Mandarin">Southeastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gan_Chinese" title="Gan Chinese">Gan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huizhou_Chinese" title="Huizhou Chinese">Hui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Chinese" title="Min Chinese">Min</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teochew_Min" title="Teochew Min">Teoswa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainanese" title="Hainanese">Hainanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Min" title="Eastern Min">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu%E2%80%93Xian_Min" title="Pu–Xian Min">Puxian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Min" title="Central Min">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Min" title="Northern Min">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shao%E2%80%93Jiang_Min" title="Shao–Jiang Min">Shaojiang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taihu_Wu" title="Taihu Wu">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenzhounese" title="Wenzhounese">Auish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiang_Chinese" title="Xiang Chinese">Xiang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Xiang" title="New Xiang">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Xiang" title="Old Xiang">Old</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yue_Chinese" title="Yue Chinese">Yue</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinghua" title="Pinghua">Ping</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Creole/Mixed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/E_language" title="E language">E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hezhou_language" title="Hezhou language">Hezhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linglinghua" title="Linglinghua">Lingling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macanese_Patois" title="Macanese Patois">Macanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maojia_dialect" title="Maojia dialect">Maojia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qoqmon%C4%8Daq_language" title="Qoqmončaq language">Qoqmončaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanqiao_language" title="Sanqiao language">Sanqiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangwang_language" title="Tangwang language">Tangwang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wutun_language" title="Wutun language">Wutun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extinct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ba%E2%80%93Shu_Chinese" title="Ba–Shu Chinese">Ba–Shu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jie_language" title="Jie language">Jie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_language" title="Khitan language">Khitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Yue_language" title="Old Yue language">Old Yue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouran_language" title="Rouran language">Rouran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saka_language" title="Saka language">Saka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangut_language" title="Tangut language">Tangut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_languages" title="Tocharian languages">Tocharian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuoba_language" title="Tuoba language">Tuoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuyuhun_language" title="Tuyuhun language">Tuyuhun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xianbei#Language" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang-Zhung_language" title="Zhang-Zhung language">Zhangzhung</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Sign_Language" title="Chinese Sign Language">Chinese Sign</a> <ul><li>Northern (Beijing) Sign</li> <li>Southern (Shanghai) Sign <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Sign_Language" title="Hong Kong Sign Language">Hong Kong Sign</a><b><sup>HK/MC</sup></b></span></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Sign_Language" title="Tibetan Sign Language">Tibetan Sign</a><b><sup>XZ</sup></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li>GX = Guangxi</li> <li>HK = Hong Kong</li> <li>MC = Macau</li> <li>NM = Inner Mongolia</li> <li>XJ = Xinjiang</li> <li>XZ = Tibet</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Macau" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Macau" title="Template:Languages of Macau"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Macau" title="Template talk:Languages of Macau"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Macau" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Macau"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Macau" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Macau" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Macau">Languages of Macau</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cantonese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macanese_Patois" title="Macanese Patois">Macanese Patois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin Chinese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Guangzhou" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Guangzhou" title="Template:Guangzhou"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Guangzhou" title="Template talk:Guangzhou"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Guangzhou" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Guangzhou"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Guangzhou" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_administrative_divisions_of_Guangzhou" title="List of administrative divisions of Guangzhou">Administrative divisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yuexiu,_Guangzhou" title="Yuexiu, Guangzhou">Yuexiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liwan,_Guangzhou" title="Liwan, Guangzhou">Liwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haizhu,_Guangzhou" title="Haizhu, Guangzhou">Haizhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianhe,_Guangzhou" title="Tianhe, Guangzhou">Tianhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baiyun,_Guangzhou" title="Baiyun, Guangzhou">Baiyun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huangpu,_Guangzhou" title="Huangpu, Guangzhou">Huangpu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huadu,_Guangzhou" title="Huadu, Guangzhou">Huadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panyu,_Guangzhou" title="Panyu, Guangzhou">Panyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nansha,_Guangzhou" title="Nansha, Guangzhou">Nansha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nansha_New_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Nansha New Area">New Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangdong_Free-Trade_Zone" title="Guangdong Free-Trade Zone">Free-Trade Zone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conghua,_Guangzhou" title="Conghua, Guangzhou">Conghua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zengcheng,_Guangzhou" title="Zengcheng, Guangzhou">Zengcheng</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Defunct divisions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dongshan,_Guangzhou" title="Dongshan, Guangzhou">Dongshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fangcun,_Guangzhou" title="Fangcun, Guangzhou">Fangcun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luogang,_Guangzhou" title="Luogang, Guangzhou">Luogang</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><div style="padding-right:0.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Guangzhou_dusk_11-5-2008.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Guangzhou night skyline"><img alt="Guangzhou night skyline" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Guangzhou_dusk_11-5-2008.png/200px-Guangzhou_dusk_11-5-2008.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Guangzhou_dusk_11-5-2008.png/300px-Guangzhou_dusk_11-5-2008.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Guangzhou_dusk_11-5-2008.png/400px-Guangzhou_dusk_11-5-2008.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="503" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pearl_River_Canton_Tower_(cropped).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Guangzhou day skyline"><img alt="Guangzhou day skyline" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Pearl_River_Canton_Tower_%28cropped%29.JPG/200px-Pearl_River_Canton_Tower_%28cropped%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Pearl_River_Canton_Tower_%28cropped%29.JPG/300px-Pearl_River_Canton_Tower_%28cropped%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Pearl_River_Canton_Tower_%28cropped%29.JPG/400px-Pearl_River_Canton_Tower_%28cropped%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Subdivisions_of_Guangzhou-China.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Guangzhou City districts"><img alt="Guangzhou City districts" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Subdivisions_of_Guangzhou-China.png/200px-Subdivisions_of_Guangzhou-China.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Subdivisions_of_Guangzhou-China.png/300px-Subdivisions_of_Guangzhou-China.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Subdivisions_of_Guangzhou-China.png/400px-Subdivisions_of_Guangzhou-China.png 2x" data-file-width="478" data-file-height="649" /></a></span></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Attractions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baiyun_Mountain_(Guangzhou)" class="mw-redirect" title="Baiyun Mountain (Guangzhou)">Baiyun Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiguan" title="Xiguan">Xiguan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shamian_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Shamian Island">Shamian Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Clan_Ancestral_Hall" title="Chen Clan Ancestral Hall">Chen Clan Ancestral Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litchi_Bay" class="mw-redirect" title="Litchi Bay">Litchi Bay</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangdong_Museum" title="Guangdong Museum">Guangdong Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_the_Six_Banyan_Trees" title="Temple of the Six Banyan Trees">Temple of the Six Banyan Trees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhenhai_Tower_(Guangzhou)" title="Zhenhai Tower (Guangzhou)">Zhenhai Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Memorial_Museum_of_Generalissimo_Sun_Yat-sen%27s_Mansion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Memorial Museum of Generalissimo Sun Yat-sen's Mansion (page does not exist)">The Memorial Museum of Generalissimo Sun Yat-sen's Mansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Heart_Cathedral_(Guangzhou)" title="Sacred Heart Cathedral (Guangzhou)">Sacred Heart Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huaisheng_Mosque" title="Huaisheng Mosque">Huaisheng Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangxiao_Temple_(Guangzhou)" title="Guangxiao Temple (Guangzhou)">Guangxiao Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chigang_Pagoda" title="Chigang Pagoda">Chigang Pagoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_Tower" title="Canton Tower">Canton Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_Fair" title="Canton Fair">Canton Fair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazhou_Pagoda" title="Pazhou Pagoda">Pazhou Pagoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimelong_Paradise" title="Chimelong Paradise">Chimelong Paradise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Western_Han_Dynasty_Mausoleum_of_the_Nanyue_King" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum of the Western Han Dynasty Mausoleum of the Nanyue King">Museum of the Western Han Dynasty Mausoleum of the Nanyue King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangzhou_Peasant_Movement_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Guangzhou Peasant Movement Institute">Peasant Movement Institute</a></li> <li>Shopping malls <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teem_Plaza" title="Teem Plaza">Teem Plaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taikoo_Hui_Guangzhou" title="Taikoo Hui Guangzhou">Taikoo Hui</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grandview_Mall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grandview Mall (page does not exist)">Grandview Mall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happy_Valley_(Guangzhou)" title="Happy Valley (Guangzhou)">Happy Valley</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CITIC_Plaza" title="CITIC Plaza">CITIC Plaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whampoa_Military_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Whampoa Military Academy">Whampoa Military Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nansha_Tianhou_Palace&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nansha Tianhou Palace (page does not exist)">Nansha Tianhou Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangzhou_Opera_House" title="Guangzhou Opera House">Guangzhou Opera House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huacheng_Square" title="Huacheng Square">Huacheng Square</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zhujiang_New_Town" title="Zhujiang New Town">Zhujiang New Town</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangzhou_Twin_Towers" title="Guangzhou Twin Towers">Twin Towers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guangzhou_CTF_Finance_Centre" title="Guangzhou CTF Finance Centre">Guangzhou CTF Finance Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangzhou_International_Finance_Center" title="Guangzhou International Finance Center">International Finance Center</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haixinsha_Island_(Tianhe_District)" title="Haixinsha Island (Tianhe District)">Haixinsha Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haizhu_Square" title="Haizhu Square">Haizhu Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen_Memorial_Hall_(Guangzhou)" title="Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall (Guangzhou)">Dr. Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_China_Botanical_Garden" class="mw-redirect" title="South China Botanical Garden">South China Botanical Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Park_(Guangzhou)" title="People's Park (Guangzhou)">People's Park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture & demographics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantonese language">Cantonese language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_culture" title="Cantonese culture">Cantonese culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_cuisine" title="Cantonese cuisine">Cantonese cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_people" title="Cantonese people">Cantonese people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_opera" title="Cantonese opera">Cantonese opera</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Higher Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guangzhou_Higher_Education_Mega_Center" title="Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center">Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen_University" title="Sun Yat-sen University">Sun Yat-sen University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_China_University_of_Technology" title="South China University of Technology">South China University of Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_China_Normal_University" title="South China Normal University">South China Normal University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinan_University" title="Jinan University">Jinan University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangdong_University_of_Foreign_Studies" title="Guangdong University of Foreign Studies">Guangdong University of Foreign Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_China_Agricultural_University" title="South China Agricultural University">South China Agricultural University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangdong_University_of_Technology" title="Guangdong University of Technology">Guangdong University of Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangzhou_University" title="Guangzhou University">Guangzhou University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangzhou_University_of_Chinese_Medicine" title="Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine">Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangzhou_Medical_University" title="Guangzhou Medical University">Guangzhou Medical University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangdong_Pharmaceutical_University" title="Guangdong Pharmaceutical University">Guangdong Pharmaceutical University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Guangzhou#History" title="Guangzhou">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Guangzhou" title="Timeline of Guangzhou">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Guangzhou" title="Bibliography of Guangzhou">Bibliography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sports venues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guangzhou_Football_Park" title="Guangzhou Football Park">Guangzhou Football Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangdong_Provincial_People%27s_Stadium" title="Guangdong Provincial People's Stadium">Guangdong Provincial People's Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuexiushan_Stadium" title="Yuexiushan Stadium">Yuexiushan Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianhe_Stadium" title="Tianhe Stadium">Tianhe Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangdong_Olympic_Stadium" title="Guangdong Olympic Stadium">Guangdong Olympic Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangzhou_Higher_Education_Mega_Center_Central_Stadium" title="Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center Central Stadium">Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center Central Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huadu_Stadium" title="Huadu Stadium">Huadu Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huangpu_Sports_Center" title="Huangpu Sports Center">Huangpu Sports Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangzhou_Gymnasium" title="Guangzhou Gymnasium">Guangzhou Gymnasium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangzhou_International_Sports_Arena" title="Guangzhou International Sports Arena">Guangzhou International Sports Arena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanzigang_Stadium" title="Yanzigang Stadium">Yanzigang Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Fok_Stadium" title="Henry Fok Stadium">Henry Fok Stadium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guangzhou_Baiyun_International_Airport" title="Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport">Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangzhou_Metro" title="Guangzhou Metro">Guangzhou Metro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangzhou_Bus_Rapid_Transit" title="Guangzhou Bus Rapid Transit">Guangzhou BRT</a></li> <li>Railway stations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guangzhou_railway_station" title="Guangzhou railway station">Guangzhou railway station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangzhou_East_railway_station" title="Guangzhou East railway station">Guangzhou East railway station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangzhou_South_railway_station" title="Guangzhou South railway station">Guangzhou South railway station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangzhou_North_railway_station" title="Guangzhou North railway station">Guangzhou North railway station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangzhou_Baiyun_railway_station" title="Guangzhou Baiyun railway station">Guangzhou Baiyun railway station</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangzhou%E2%80%93Zhuhai_intercity_railway" title="Guangzhou–Zhuhai intercity railway">Guangzhou–Zhuhai intercity railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangfo_Metro" class="mw-redirect" title="Guangfo Metro">Guangfo Metro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bus_routes_in_Guangzhou" title="List of bus routes in Guangzhou">Guangzhou Buses</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guangzhou_Water_Buses&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guangzhou Water Buses (page does not exist)">Guangzhou Water Buses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangzhou_Trams" class="mw-redirect" title="Guangzhou Trams">Guangzhou Trams</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haizhu_Tram" title="Haizhu Tram">Haizhu Tram</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baiyun_Cableway&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baiyun Cableway (page does not exist)">Baiyun Cableway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Guangdong_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Guangdong_topics" title="Template:Guangdong topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Guangdong_topics" title="Template talk:Guangdong topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Guangdong_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Guangdong topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Guangdong_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_current_and_former_capitals_of_subnational_entities_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current and former capitals of subnational entities of China">capital</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Guangdong" title="Category:Guangdong">General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guangdong#History" title="Guangdong">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Guangdong" title="Politics of Guangdong">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Guangdong" title="Economy of Guangdong">Economy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_of_Guangdong" title="Category:Geography of Guangdong">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#F4F0EC"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cities_in_Guangdong" title="Category:Cities in Guangdong">Cities</a></li> <li>Metropolitan areas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaoshan" title="Chaoshan">Chaoshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_River_Delta" title="Pearl River Delta">Pearl River Delta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanyi" title="Sanyi">Sanyi</a> (Sam Yup)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sze_Yup" class="mw-redirect" title="Sze Yup">Sze Yup</a> (Siyi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leizhou_Peninsula" title="Leizhou Peninsula">Leizhou Peninsula</a></li> <li>Regions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_River_Delta" title="Pearl River Delta">Pearl River Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Guangdong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Western Guangdong (page does not exist)">Yuexi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Guangdong" title="Northern Guangdong">Yuebei</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Guangdong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eastern Guangdong (page does not exist)">Yuedong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_River" title="Pearl River">Pearl River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dong_Jiang" class="mw-redirect" title="Dong Jiang">East River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jiang" class="mw-redirect" title="Xi Jiang">West River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanling_Mountains" title="Nanling Mountains">Nanling Mountains</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pratas_Island" title="Pratas Island">Pratas Island</a> and the Vereker Banks</i> <i>(claimed)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamian_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Shamian Island">Shamian Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Guangdong" title="List of universities and colleges in Guangdong">Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Education_in_Guangdong" title="Category:Education in Guangdong">Guangzhou Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Education_in_Shenzhen" title="Category:Education in Shenzhen">Shenzhen Education</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Guangdong#Culture" title="Guangdong">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#F4F0EC"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lingnan_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingnan culture">Lingnan culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_people" title="Cantonese people">Cantonese people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Chinese" title="Varieties of Chinese">Varieties of Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yue_Chinese" title="Yue Chinese">Yue Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hailufeng_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Hailufeng dialect">Hailufeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teochew_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Teochew dialect">Teochew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingnan_architecture" title="Lingnan architecture">Lingnan architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tong_lau" title="Tong lau">Tong lau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingnan_garden" title="Lingnan garden">Lingnan garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_embroidery" title="Cantonese embroidery">Cantonese embroidery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teochew_woodcarving" title="Teochew woodcarving">Teochew woodcarving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingnan_penjing" title="Lingnan penjing">Lingnan penjing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_porcelain" title="Canton porcelain">Canton porcelain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingnan_School" title="Lingnan School">Lingnan School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guangdong" title="Music of Guangdong">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_opera" title="Cantonese opera">Cantonese opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naamyam" title="Naamyam">Naamyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangdong_music_(genre)" title="Guangdong music (genre)">Guangdong music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaohu" title="Gaohu">Gou Wu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_poetry" title="Cantonese poetry">Cantonese poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_nationalism" title="Cantonese nationalism">Cantonese nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hung_Ga" title="Hung Ga">Hung Ga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wing_Chun" title="Wing Chun">Wing Chun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingnan_Confucianism" title="Lingnan Confucianism">Lingnan Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_New_Year_Fair" title="Lunar New Year Fair">Flowermarket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion_dance#Chinese_Southern_Lion" title="Lion dance">Cantonese lion dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wong_Tai_Sin" title="Wong Tai Sin">Wong Tai Sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hung_Shing" title="Hung Shing">Hung Shing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_merchants" title="Cantonese merchants">Cantonese merchants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombax_ceiba" title="Bombax ceiba">Red cotton flower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_folktales" title="Cantonese folktales">Cantonese folktales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Legend_of_Five_Goats" title="The Legend of Five Goats">The Legend of Five Goats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villain_hitting" title="Villain hitting">Villain hitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakka_people" title="Hakka people">Hakka people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teochew_people" title="Teochew people">Teochew people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhuang_people" title="Zhuang people">Zhuang people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chu_Hua_Yuan" title="Chu Hua Yuan">Chu Hua Yuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cuisine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_cuisine" title="Cantonese cuisine">Cantonese cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beef_chow_fun" title="Beef chow fun">Beef chow fun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chow_mein" title="Chow mein">Chow mein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Char_siu" title="Char siu">Char siu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suckling_pig" title="Suckling pig">Roasted suckling pig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird%27s_nest_soup" class="mw-redirect" title="Bird's nest soup">Bird's nest soup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seafood_birdsnest" title="Seafood birdsnest">Seafood birdsnest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shumai" title="Shumai">Shumai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fried_rice" title="Fried rice">Cantonese fried rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dim_sum" title="Dim sum">Dim sum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yum_cha" title="Yum cha">Yum cha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leung_cha" class="mw-redirect" title="Leung cha">Leung cha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tong_sui" title="Tong sui">Tong sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakka_cuisine" title="Hakka cuisine">Hakka cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teochew_cuisine" title="Teochew cuisine">Teochew cuisine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" 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University">Guangxi University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangxi_Normal_University" title="Guangxi Normal University">Guangxi Normal University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangxi_Medical_University" title="Guangxi Medical University">Guangxi Medical University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Guangxi#Culture" title="Guangxi">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_culture" title="Cantonese culture">Cantonese culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_people" title="Cantonese people">Cantonese people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_nationalism" title="Cantonese nationalism">Cantonese nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhuang_customs_and_culture" title="Zhuang customs and culture">Zhuang customs and culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhuang_people" title="Zhuang people">Zhuang people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Chinese" title="Varieties of Chinese">Varieties of Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yue_Chinese" title="Yue Chinese">Yue Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Mandarin" title="Southwestern Mandarin">Southwestern Mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinghua" title="Pinghua">Pinghua</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhuang_languages" title="Zhuang languages">Zhuang languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mienic_languages" title="Mienic languages">Mienic languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cuisine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_cuisine" title="Cantonese cuisine">Cantonese cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luosifen" title="Luosifen">Luosifen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shumai" title="Shumai">Shumai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuotuorou" title="Tuotuorou">Tuotuorou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Visitor attractions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Longsheng_Rice_Terraces" title="Longsheng Rice Terraces">Longsheng Rice Terraces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_River" title="Li River">Li River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingjiang_Princes%27_Palace" title="Jingjiang Princes' Palace">Jingjiang Princes' Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangshuo_County" title="Yangshuo County">Yangshuo County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ban_Gioc%E2%80%93Detian_Falls" title="Ban Gioc–Detian Falls">Ban Gioc–Detian Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weizhou_Island" title="Weizhou Island">Weizhou Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span 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6.25% 183.312 141 Template:IPA"," 6.18% 181.457 41 Template:Main_other"," 5.81% 170.539 30 Template:Cite_web"," 5.76% 169.105 18 Template:Sfnp"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.816","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":22185390,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFBarnett1950\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBauerBenedict1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBauerCheungCheung2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeekman2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBenoni1867\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerton1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBonney1854\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBordwell2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBridgman1841\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBryson\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChan2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChan2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChow2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChua2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoblin2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDonaldKeaneHong2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHim_Mark_LaiMadeline_Y._Hsu2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKataokaLee2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKataokaLee2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhanh1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnodelOfstedalHermalin2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKwaan2004\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFLaurent2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLee\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeeLeung2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLi2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLinguistic_Society_of_Hong_Kong\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLuangthongkum2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatthew1880\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatthewsYip1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatthewsYip2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcLean-Dreyfus2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorrisLiChan2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorrison1828\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNelson2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNew_York_City_Department_of_City_Planning2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOdham_Stokes2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPierson2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamsey1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobbins2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSemple2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSham2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSim2012\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSin2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSnow2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTan2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTongChan2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWee2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWest2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams1856\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWong2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYingjin_Zhang1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYue-Hashimoto1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZee,_Eric\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZhang2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZhangYang2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Oliveira2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Sousa2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF侍2018\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"Angbr\"] = 6,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Cantonese language\"] = 1,\n [\"Chinese language\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 6,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite JIPA\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 34,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 11,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 30,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 2,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 2,\n [\"Failed verification\"] = 4,\n [\"Font color\"] = 1,\n [\"Guangdong topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Guangxi topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Guangzhou\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvcoltxt\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 141,\n [\"IPAc-cmn\"] = 2,\n [\"IPAc-yue\"] = 2,\n [\"IPAslink\"] = 13,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"Ill\"] = 1,\n [\"Indented plainlist\"] = 2,\n [\"Infobox Chinese\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox language\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 11,\n [\"Lang-zh\"] = 8,\n [\"Languages of China\"] = 1,\n [\"Languages of Macau\"] = 1,\n [\"Linktext\"] = 5,\n [\"Main\"] = 4,\n [\"More citations needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"NoteFoot\"] = 1,\n [\"NoteTag\"] = 4,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 8,\n [\"Sfnp\"] = 18,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sino-Tibetan languages\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister bar\"] = 1,\n [\"TOC limit\"] = 1,\n [\"Tone superscript\"] = 2,\n [\"Ubl\"] = 2,\n [\"Zh\"] = 7,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 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