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vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Sadržaj</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">premjesti</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sakrij</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Početak</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Primjeri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primjeri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Primjeri</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primjeri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Specifikacija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specifikacija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Specifikacija</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Specifikacija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operacije" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operacije"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Operacije</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operacije-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Također_pogledati" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Također_pogledati"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Također pogledati</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Također_pogledati-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Izvori" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Izvori"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Izvori</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Izvori-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sadržaj" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Prikaz sadržaja stranice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Prikaz sadržaja stranice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Formalni jezik</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Idi na druge jezične varijante članka. Dostupan je na 51 jeziku" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-51" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">51 jezik</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%A9" title="لغة متصرفة – arapski" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لغة متصرفة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arapski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_dill%C9%99r" title="Formal dillər – azerbajdžanski" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Formal dillər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbajdžanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Формален език – bugarski" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Формален език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bugarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formalni_jezik" title="Formalni jezik – bosanski" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Formalni jezik" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llenguatge_formal" title="Llenguatge formal – katalonski" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llenguatge formal" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B4%DB%8E%D9%88%DB%95%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="زمانی شێوەیی – soranski kurdski" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانی شێوەیی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="soranski kurdski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Form%C3%A1ln%C3%AD_jazyk" title="Formální jazyk – češki" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Formální jazyk" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="češki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formalsprog" title="Formalsprog – danski" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Formalsprog" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formale_Sprache" title="Formale Sprache – njemački" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Formale Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="njemački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%85%CF%80%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Τυπική γλώσσα – grčki" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τυπική γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grčki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_language" title="Formal language – engleski" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Formal language" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engleski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formala_lingvo" title="Formala lingvo – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Formala lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguaje_formal" title="Lenguaje formal – španjolski" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lenguaje formal" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="španjolski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%87_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7" title="نظریه زبان‌ها – perzijski" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نظریه زبان‌ها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perzijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formaali_kieli" title="Formaali kieli – finski" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Formaali kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langage_formel" title="Langage formel – francuski" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Langage formel" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francuski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%94_%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%AA" title="שפה פורמלית – hebrejski" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שפה פורמלית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebrejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="औपचारिक भाषा – hindski" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="औपचारिक भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langaj_f%C3%B2m%C3%A8l" title="Langaj fòmèl – haićanski kreolski" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Langaj fòmèl" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haićanski kreolski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Form%C3%A1lis_nyelv" title="Formális nyelv – mađarski" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Formális nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="mađarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_formal" title="Bahasa formal – indonezijski" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa formal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonezijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguaggio_formale" title="Linguaggio formale – talijanski" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Linguaggio formale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="talijanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F%E8%A8%80%E8%AA%9E" title="形式言語 – japanski" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="形式言語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%98%95%EC%8B%9D_%EC%96%B8%EC%96%B4" title="형식 언어 – korejski" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="형식 언어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguagg_formal" title="Lenguagg formal – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lenguagg formal" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formali_kalba" title="Formali kalba – litavski" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Formali kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litavski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Формален јазик – makedonski" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Формален јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguaige_formal" title="Lenguaige formal – mirandski" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Lenguaige formal" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="mirandski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9B%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B6%E1%80%B8_%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="အရပ်သုံး ဘာသာစကား – burmanski" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အရပ်သုံး ဘာသာစကား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="burmanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formele_taal" title="Formele taal – nizozemski" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Formele taal" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nizozemski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formelt_spr%C3%A5k" title="Formelt språk – norveški nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Formelt språk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norveški nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formelt_spr%C3%A5k" title="Formelt språk – norveški bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Formelt språk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norveški bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_formalny" title="Język formalny – poljski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język formalny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poljski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguagem_formal" title="Linguagem formal – portugalski" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Linguagem formal" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbaj_formal" title="Limbaj formal – rumunjski" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limbaj formal" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumunjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Формальный язык – ruski" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Формальный язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%AA" title="رمزيت – sindski" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="رمزيت" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formalni_jezik" title="Formalni jezik – srpsko-hrvatski" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Formalni jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="srpsko-hrvatski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_language" title="Formal language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Formal language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Form%C3%A1lny_jazyk" title="Formálny jazyk – slovački" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Formálny jazyk" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_formale" title="Gjuha formale – albanski" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha formale" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Формални језик – srpski" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Формални језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="srpski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formellt_spr%C3%A5k" title="Formellt språk – švedski" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Formellt språk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="švedski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2" title="ภาษารูปนัย – tajlandski" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษารูปนัย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tajlandski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%C3%A7imsel_dil_kuram%C4%B1" title="Biçimsel dil kuramı – turski" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Biçimsel dil kuramı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Формальна мова – ukrajinski" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Формальна мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrajinski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasmiy_til" title="Rasmiy til – uzbečki" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Rasmiy til" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbečki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C3%B4n_ng%E1%BB%AF_h%C3%ACnh_th%E1%BB%A9c" title="Ngôn ngữ hình thức – vijetnamski" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ngôn ngữ hình thức" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vijetnamski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8E%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%8D%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A2%E2%B5%9C_%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8D%E2%B5%96%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8F%E2%B5%9C" title="ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰⵏⵜ – standardni marokanski tamašek" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰⵏⵜ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="standardni marokanski tamašek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" title="形式语言 – kineski" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="形式语言" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="形式語言 – kantonski" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="形式語言" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q192161#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Poveznice na druge jezike" class="wbc-editpage">Uredi poveznice</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Imenski prostori"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Formalni_jezik" title="Pogledaj sadržaj [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Stranica</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Razgovor:Formalni_jezik&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Razgovorna stranica (stranica ne postoji) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Razgovor</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Promijeni jezičnu varijantu" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">hrvatski</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Pogledi"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Formalni_jezik"><span>Čitaj</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Formalni_jezik&veaction=edit" title="Uredite ovu stranicu [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Uredi</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Formalni_jezik&action=edit" title="Uredite izvorni kôd ove stranice [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Uredi kôd</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Formalni_jezik&action=history" title="Ranije izmjene na ovoj stranici [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Vidi povijest</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Pomagala"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Pomagala" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Pomagala</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Pomagala</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">premjesti</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sakrij</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Više mogućnosti" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Radnje </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Formalni_jezik"><span>Čitaj</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Formalni_jezik&veaction=edit" title="Uredite ovu stranicu [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Uredi</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Formalni_jezik&action=edit" title="Uredite izvorni kôd ove stranice [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Uredi kôd</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Formalni_jezik&action=history"><span>Vidi povijest</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Razno </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:%C5%A0to_vodi_ovamo/Formalni_jezik" title="Popis svih stranica koje sadrže poveznice na ovu stranicu [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Što vodi ovamo</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:Povezane_promjene/Formalni_jezik" rel="nofollow" title="Nedavne promjene na stranicama koje su povezane s navedenom stranicom [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Povezane promjene</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedija:Upload" title="Postavi datoteke [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Postavi datoteku</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:Posebne_stranice" title="Popis svih posebnih stranica [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Posebne stranice</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Formalni_jezik&oldid=6254867" title="Trajna poveznica na ovu verziju stranice"><span>Trajna poveznica</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Formalni_jezik&action=info" title="Više informacija o ovoj stranici"><span>Podatci o stranici</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Citiraj&page=Formalni_jezik&id=6254867&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informacije o tome kako citirati ovu stranicu"><span>Citiraj ovu stranicu</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Skra%C4%87iva%C4%8D_adresa&url=https%3A%2F%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DFormalni_jezik%26section%3D3%26veaction%3Dedit"><span>Skraćeni URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DFormalni_jezik%26section%3D3%26veaction%3Dedit"><span>Preuzmi QR kôd</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Ispis/izvoz </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Zbirka&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Formalni+jezik"><span>Stvori knjigu</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:DownloadAsPdf&page=Formalni_jezik&action=show-download-screen"><span>Preuzmi kao PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Formalni_jezik&printable=yes" title="Inačica za ispis ove stranice [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Inačica za ispis</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Wikimedijini projekti </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Formal_languages" hreflang="en"><span>Zajednički poslužitelj</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q192161" title="Poveznica na stavku na projektu Wikipodatci [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Stavka na Wikipodatcima</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Pomagala"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Izgled"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Izgled</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">premjesti</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sakrij</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Izvor: Wikipedija</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="hr" dir="ltr"><p>U <a href="/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika">matematici</a>, <a href="/wiki/Logika" title="Logika">logici</a> i <a href="/wiki/Ra%C4%8Dunarstvo" title="Računarstvo">računarstvu</a>, <b>formalni jezik</b> (još i <b>umjetni jezik</b><sup id="cite_ref-InfoRjecnik_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-InfoRjecnik-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {L}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">L</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {L}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/514b1d6d678587b0411952c87010c9c8beed0529" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.757ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {L}}}"></span> se sastoji od <a href="/wiki/Skup" title="Skup">skupa</a> konačnih slijedova elemenata konačnog skupa <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {A}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">A</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {A}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5a8b5a6d1dbadead8b1dc48719c888e6cac5f861" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.019ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {A}}}"></span> znakova (simbola). Matematički, to je neuređen par <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {L}}=\{{\boldsymbol {A}},{\boldsymbol {F}}\}.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">L</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">A</mi> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">F</mi> </mrow> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {L}}=\{{\boldsymbol {A}},{\boldsymbol {F}}\}.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8879d36a44c2997901757f09882b706061d43534" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:12.761ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {L}}=\{{\boldsymbol {A}},{\boldsymbol {F}}\}.}"></span> Među najuobičajenijim primjenama, formalni jezik može biti shvaćen kao: </p> <ul><li><i>kolekcija riječi</i></li></ul> <p>ili </p> <ul><li><i>kolekcija rečenica</i></li></ul> <p>U prvom slučaju, skup <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {A}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">A</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {A}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5a8b5a6d1dbadead8b1dc48719c888e6cac5f861" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.019ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {A}}}"></span> se zove <i><a href="/wiki/Abeceda_(ra%C4%8Dunarstvo)" title="Abeceda (računarstvo)">abeceda</a></i> jezika <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {L}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">L</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {L}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/514b1d6d678587b0411952c87010c9c8beed0529" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.757ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {L}}}"></span>, a elementi skupa <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {F}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">F</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {F}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a728145135614a4f2c53b9332be4ea077ed10156" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.88ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {F}}}"></span> se zovu <i>riječi</i>. U drugom slučaju, skup <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {A}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">A</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {A}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5a8b5a6d1dbadead8b1dc48719c888e6cac5f861" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.019ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {A}}}"></span> se zove <i>leksikon</i> ili <i>vokabular</i> skupa <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {F}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">F</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {F}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a728145135614a4f2c53b9332be4ea077ed10156" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.88ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {F}}}"></span>, dok se elementi skupa <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {F}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">F</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {F}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a728145135614a4f2c53b9332be4ea077ed10156" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.88ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {F}}}"></span> zovu <i>rečenice</i>. Matematička teorija koja se općenito bavi proučavanjem formalnih jezika se zove <i>teorija formalnih jezika</i>. </p><p>Kao primjer formalnog jezika, abeceda može biti <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left\{a,b\right\}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow> <mo>{</mo> <mrow> <mi>a</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>b</mi> </mrow> <mo>}</mo> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left\{a,b\right\}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7bac9672293209127a0494d74b2bcbcc547a630d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.586ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left\{a,b\right\}}"></span>, a riječ (string, niz znakova) nad tim alfabetom može biti <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle ababba\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>a</mi> <mi>b</mi> <mi>a</mi> <mi>b</mi> <mi>b</mi> <mi>a</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle ababba\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1f648f938c232e74cc10225ec209ce2449739092" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:7.069ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle ababba\,}"></span>. </p><p>Tipični jezik nad abecedom, koji sadrži tu riječ, bi bio skup svih riječi koje sadrže isti broj znakova <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>a</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1d73aa5354c24942dab5316be466465a9d171510" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.617ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a\,}"></span> and <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle b\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>b</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle b\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4b1bcf19f4ec75b1d2cc0be001e58a314fb0a940" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.385ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle b\,}"></span>. </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Prazni_niz" class="mw-redirect" title="Prazni niz">Prazni niz</a></b> (ili <i>prazna riječ</i>) je riječ duljine 0, i često se označava znakom <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle e\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>e</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle e\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/dc00de5da9bf6ddc4b0acc12b29025464d03359a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.471ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle e\,}"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \epsilon \,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>ϵ</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \epsilon \,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/587ec0778f84a86a9567b2e296aec908d895ff21" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.331ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \epsilon \,}"></span> ili <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Lambda \,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Λ</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Lambda \,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e8ca57ff210ed95bb67bf913ce362d7e4b93810d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Lambda \,}"></span>. Iako je abeceda konačan skup i svaka riječ je konačne duljine, jezik može imati beskonačno mnogo riječi (jer duljina riječi koje sadrži ne mora nužno imati gornju granicu). </p><p>Često postavljano pitanje o formalnim jezicima jest "koliko je teško odlučiti da li zadan riječ pripada nekom određenom jeziku?" Ovo je područje proučavanja <a href="/wiki/Teorija_izra%C4%8Dunljivosti" class="mw-disambig" title="Teorija izračunljivosti">teorije izračunljivosti</a> i <a href="/wiki/Teorija_slo%C5%BEenosti" class="mw-disambig" title="Teorija složenosti">teorije složenosti</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Primjeri">Primjeri</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Formalni_jezik&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Uredi odlomak: Primjeri" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Formalni_jezik&action=edit&section=1" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Primjeri"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Neki primjeri formalnih jezika: </p> <ul><li>skup svih riječi nad <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {a,b}\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>a</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>b</mi> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {a,b}\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/34d05124d08c4e30262633f5084e50bb8fb60a44" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.648ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {a,b}\,}"></span></li> <li>skup <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left\{a^{n}\right\}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow> <mo>{</mo> <msup> <mi>a</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>n</mi> </mrow> </msup> <mo>}</mo> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left\{a^{n}\right\}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a938a4215de20b48b795f0fb69828ad8a082a4e5" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.773ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left\{a^{n}\right\}}"></span>, gdje je <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>n</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/205e33e6845813cc72ca346b896a7945f90ca373" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.782ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n\,}"></span> <a href="/wiki/Prirodan_broj" class="mw-redirect" title="Prirodan broj">prirodan broj</a> i <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a^{n}\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>a</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>n</mi> </mrow> </msup> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a^{n}\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d67315689d7f94a040e18bf6827993aa0d84811e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.835ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a^{n}\,}"></span> znači <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>a</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1d73aa5354c24942dab5316be466465a9d171510" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.617ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a\,}"></span> ponavljano <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>n</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/205e33e6845813cc72ca346b896a7945f90ca373" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.782ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n\,}"></span> puta</li> <li>Konačni jezici, kao što su <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \{\{a,b\},\{a,aa,bba\}\}\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo> <mi>a</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>b</mi> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo> <mo>,</mo> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo> <mi>a</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>a</mi> <mi>a</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>b</mi> <mi>b</mi> <mi>a</mi> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \{\{a,b\},\{a,aa,bba\}\}\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/02fdc385d8e5193bd85f5e1cc227119818722f23" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:20.639ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \{\{a,b\},\{a,aa,bba\}\}\,}"></span></li> <li>skup svih sintaktički ispravnih programa u danom programskom jeziku; ili</li> <li>skup svih ulaza za koje <a href="/wiki/Turingov_stroj" title="Turingov stroj">Turingov stroj</a> staje</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Specifikacija">Specifikacija</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Formalni_jezik&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Uredi odlomak: Specifikacija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Formalni_jezik&action=edit&section=2" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Specifikacija"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Formalni jezik može biti specificiran na jako mnogo načina, kao npr. </p> <ul><li>Nizovi znakova (<i>stringovi</i>) koje generira neka <a href="/wiki/Formalna_gramatika" title="Formalna gramatika">formalna gramatika</a> (pogledati <a href="/wiki/Chomskyjeva_hijerarhija" title="Chomskyjeva hijerarhija">Chomskyevu hijerarhiju jezika</a>);</li> <li>Nizovi znakova opisani <a href="/wiki/Regularni_izraz" title="Regularni izraz">regularnim izrazom</a>;</li> <li>Nizovi znakova koje prihvaća neki <a href="/wiki/Automat" title="Automat">automat</a>, poput <a href="/wiki/Turingov_stroj" title="Turingov stroj">Turingovog stroja</a> ili <a href="/wiki/Kona%C4%8Dni_automat" title="Konačni automat">konačnog automata</a>;</li> <li>Nizovi znakova odlučeni postupkom odluke (skupom odgovarajućih DA/NE pitanja) gdje je odgovor DA.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operacije">Operacije</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Formalni_jezik&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Uredi odlomak: Operacije" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Formalni_jezik&action=edit&section=3" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Operacije"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nekoliko operacija iz teorije skupova može biti korišteno za stvaranje novih jezika iz već postojećih. Pretpostavimo da su <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {L}}_{1}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">L</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {L}}_{1}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8dc236f34382ffcf08fce36b65fe320b9323b650" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.811ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {L}}_{1}}"></span> i <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {L}}_{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">L</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {L}}_{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/af88cb53151ef73020238bb9f26702baa2d0c7e3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.811ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {L}}_{2}}"></span> jezici nad nekom uobičajenom abecedom. </p> <ul><li><i>Nadovezivanje</i> (ili <i>konkatenacija</i>) <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {L}}_{1}{\boldsymbol {L}}_{2}\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">L</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">L</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {L}}_{1}{\boldsymbol {L}}_{2}\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2f8d3807bf7dfeca0b3b82f5be8d7ef71cfc4711" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:6.01ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {L}}_{1}{\boldsymbol {L}}_{2}\,}"></span> se sastoji od svih nizova znakova oblika <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle vw\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>v</mi> <mi>w</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle vw\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/19113231cd872ab8fd120bdb740186ac03ee202f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.179ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle vw\,}"></span> gdje je <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>v</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8b67d1fd725a759a151374b793113d7a78a65da4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.515ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v\,}"></span> niz znakova iz <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {L}}_{1}\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">L</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {L}}_{1}\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c92d3cafbe2e26aee7cccb75a52cdf2fe6496d84" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.198ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {L}}_{1}\,}"></span> i <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle w\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>w</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle w\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/71379d5c84c7038553108ce59db5055b8902f56c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.051ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle w\,}"></span> niz znakova iz <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {L}}_{2}\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">L</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {L}}_{2}\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/023229f890e9b3c400d79e7cc1dbf26ea1937c8c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.198ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {L}}_{2}\,}"></span>.</li> <li><i>Presjek</i> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {L}}_{1}\cap {\boldsymbol {L}}_{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">L</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>∩</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">L</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {L}}_{1}\cap {\boldsymbol {L}}_{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/cc4984f190ec85ecc83a1ef2109c40cfd0fb35ea" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:8.205ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {L}}_{1}\cap {\boldsymbol {L}}_{2}}"></span> jezika <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {L}}_{1}\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">L</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {L}}_{1}\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c92d3cafbe2e26aee7cccb75a52cdf2fe6496d84" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.198ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {L}}_{1}\,}"></span> i jezika <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {L}}_{2}\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">L</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {L}}_{2}\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/023229f890e9b3c400d79e7cc1dbf26ea1937c8c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.198ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {L}}_{2}\,}"></span> se sastoji od svih nizova znakova koji su sadržani i u <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {L}}_{1}\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">L</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {L}}_{1}\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c92d3cafbe2e26aee7cccb75a52cdf2fe6496d84" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.198ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {L}}_{1}\,}"></span> i u <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {L}}_{2}\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">L</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {L}}_{2}\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/023229f890e9b3c400d79e7cc1dbf26ea1937c8c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.198ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {L}}_{2}\,}"></span>.</li> <li><i>Unija</i> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {L}}_{1}\cup {\boldsymbol {L}}_{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">L</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>∪</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">L</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {L}}_{1}\cup {\boldsymbol {L}}_{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/10af99bd81892579875921faaa065a003ae36d11" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:8.205ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {L}}_{1}\cup {\boldsymbol {L}}_{2}}"></span> jezika <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {L}}_{1}\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">L</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {L}}_{1}\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c92d3cafbe2e26aee7cccb75a52cdf2fe6496d84" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.198ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {L}}_{1}\,}"></span> i jezika <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {L}}_{2}\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">L</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {L}}_{2}\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/023229f890e9b3c400d79e7cc1dbf26ea1937c8c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.198ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {L}}_{2}\,}"></span> se sastoji od svih nizova znakova koji su sadržani ili u <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {L}}_{1}\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">L</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {L}}_{1}\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c92d3cafbe2e26aee7cccb75a52cdf2fe6496d84" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.198ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {L}}_{1}\,}"></span> ili u <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {L}}_{2}\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">L</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {L}}_{2}\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/023229f890e9b3c400d79e7cc1dbf26ea1937c8c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.198ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {L}}_{2}\,}"></span>.</li> <li><i>Komplement</i> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \complement {\boldsymbol {L}}_{1}\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>∁</mi> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">L</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \complement {\boldsymbol {L}}_{1}\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/982085d89595d7e8f63fa6ac548e191097eb68d4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:4.361ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \complement {\boldsymbol {L}}_{1}\,}"></span> jezika <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {L}}_{1}\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">L</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {L}}_{1}\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c92d3cafbe2e26aee7cccb75a52cdf2fe6496d84" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.198ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {L}}_{1}\,}"></span> se sastoji od svih nizova znakova nad abecedom koji nisu sadržani u <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {L}}_{1}\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">L</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {L}}_{1}\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c92d3cafbe2e26aee7cccb75a52cdf2fe6496d84" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.198ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {L}}_{1}\,}"></span>.</li> <li><i>Desni kvocijent</i> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {L}}_{1}/{\boldsymbol {L}}_{2}\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">L</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">L</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {L}}_{1}/{\boldsymbol {L}}_{2}\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4656f2fed50b0fbbd5960f63d0bce92eb66f1698" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.172ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {L}}_{1}/{\boldsymbol {L}}_{2}\,}"></span> jezika <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {L}}_{1}\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">L</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {L}}_{1}\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c92d3cafbe2e26aee7cccb75a52cdf2fe6496d84" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.198ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {L}}_{1}\,}"></span> jezikom <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {L}}_{2}\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">L</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {L}}_{2}\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/023229f890e9b3c400d79e7cc1dbf26ea1937c8c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.198ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {L}}_{2}\,}"></span> se sastoji od svih nizova znakova <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>v</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8b67d1fd725a759a151374b793113d7a78a65da4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.515ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v\,}"></span> za koje postoji niz znakova <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle w\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>w</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle w\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/71379d5c84c7038553108ce59db5055b8902f56c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.051ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle w\,}"></span> u <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {L}}_{2}\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">L</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {L}}_{2}\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/023229f890e9b3c400d79e7cc1dbf26ea1937c8c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.198ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {L}}_{2}\,}"></span> takav da je <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle vw\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>v</mi> <mi>w</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle vw\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/19113231cd872ab8fd120bdb740186ac03ee202f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.179ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle vw\,}"></span> u jeziku <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {L}}_{1}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">L</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {L}}_{1}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8dc236f34382ffcf08fce36b65fe320b9323b650" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.811ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {L}}_{1}}"></span>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kleeneov_operator" title="Kleeneov operator">Kleeneov operator</a></i> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {L}}_{1}^{*}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">L</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>∗</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {L}}_{1}^{*}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/355adbc0e47a6eebe8f45a42b25f612f06c27eb1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:2.811ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {L}}_{1}^{*}}"></span> se sastoji od svih nizova znakova koji mogu biti zapisani u obliku <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle w_{1}w_{2}...w_{n}\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>w</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>w</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>.</mo> <mo>.</mo> <mo>.</mo> <msub> <mi>w</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>n</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle w_{1}w_{2}...w_{n}\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a00c1476d9115c37b811072093798a825ea8f0de" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:11.808ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle w_{1}w_{2}...w_{n}\,}"></span> s nizovima znakova <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle w_{i}\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>w</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle w_{i}\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e1770532b0558d3adc92a9ca9da562542f274923" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.851ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle w_{i}\,}"></span> u <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {L}}_{1}\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">L</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {L}}_{1}\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c92d3cafbe2e26aee7cccb75a52cdf2fe6496d84" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.198ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {L}}_{1}\,}"></span> i <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n\geq 0}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>n</mi> <mo>≥</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n\geq 0}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ce8a1b7b3bc3c790054d93629fc3b08cd1da1fd0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:5.656ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n\geq 0}"></span>. Uočite da ovo uključuje prazni niz <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \epsilon \,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>ϵ</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \epsilon \,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/587ec0778f84a86a9567b2e296aec908d895ff21" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.331ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \epsilon \,}"></span> pošto je dozvoljen <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n=0\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>n</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n=0\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/dd41fcaff196e3d43afb4ddb7aeda7da0985789b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.043ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n=0\,}"></span>.</li> <li><i>Prevrtanje</i> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {L}}_{1}^{R}\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">L</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>R</mi> </mrow> </msubsup> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {L}}_{1}^{R}\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f30b8adea1ee2291742f7f897a68ee1c9d544315" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.624ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {L}}_{1}^{R}\,}"></span> se sastoji od preokrenutih verzija svih nizova znakova u <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {L}}_{1}\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">L</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {L}}_{1}\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c92d3cafbe2e26aee7cccb75a52cdf2fe6496d84" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.198ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {L}}_{1}\,}"></span>.</li> <li><i>Miješanje</i> (<a href="/wiki/Engleski_jezik" title="Engleski jezik">engl.</a> <i>shuffle</i>) jezika <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {L}}_{1}\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">L</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {L}}_{1}\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c92d3cafbe2e26aee7cccb75a52cdf2fe6496d84" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.198ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {L}}_{1}\,}"></span> i <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {L}}_{2}\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">L</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {L}}_{2}\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/023229f890e9b3c400d79e7cc1dbf26ea1937c8c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.198ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {L}}_{2}\,}"></span> se sastoji od svih nizova znakova koji mogu biti zapisani u obliku <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v_{1}w_{1}v_{2}w_{2}\dots v_{n}w_{n}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>v</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>w</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>v</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>w</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>…</mo> <msub> <mi>v</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>n</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>w</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>n</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v_{1}w_{1}v_{2}w_{2}\dots v_{n}w_{n}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/fa6ce243775c07ad93bd581390b2bfbaf944ede6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:18.527ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v_{1}w_{1}v_{2}w_{2}\dots v_{n}w_{n}}"></span> gdje je <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n\geq 1}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>n</mi> <mo>≥</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n\geq 1}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d8ce9ce38d06f6bf5a3fe063118c09c2b6202bfe" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:5.656ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n\geq 1}"></span> i <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v_{1},\dots ,v_{n}\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>v</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <mo>…</mo> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>v</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>n</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v_{1},\dots ,v_{n}\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1d569118e620d07fcb37ce8c99c39077955d5219" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:10.093ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v_{1},\dots ,v_{n}\,}"></span> su nizovi znakova takvi da nadovezivanje <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v_{1}\dots v_{n}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>v</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>…</mo> <msub> <mi>v</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>n</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v_{1}\dots v_{n}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b32ed99c89a4bca07dc98b1f47f6c6feeeb1640a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:8.025ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v_{1}\dots v_{n}}"></span> je u jeziku <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {L}}_{1}\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">L</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {L}}_{1}\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c92d3cafbe2e26aee7cccb75a52cdf2fe6496d84" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.198ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {L}}_{1}\,}"></span> i <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle w_{1},\dots ,w_{n}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>w</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <mo>…</mo> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>w</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>n</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle w_{1},\dots ,w_{n}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/843d168ae80f73da238a6508098850d86ad88d80" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:10.779ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle w_{1},\dots ,w_{n}}"></span> su nizovi znakova takvi da je <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle w_{1}\dots w_{n}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>w</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>…</mo> <msub> <mi>w</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>n</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle w_{1}\dots w_{n}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/32c6effcc875d2ae05c68bf048a9901a90429c17" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:9.098ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle w_{1}\dots w_{n}}"></span> u jeziku <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {L}}_{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">L</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {L}}_{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/af88cb53151ef73020238bb9f26702baa2d0c7e3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.811ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {L}}_{2}}"></span>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Također_pogledati"><span id="Tako.C4.91er_pogledati"></span>Također pogledati</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Formalni_jezik&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Uredi odlomak: Također pogledati" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Formalni_jezik&action=edit&section=4" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Također pogledati"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jezik" title="Jezik">Jezik</a> za jezike općenito</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sintaksa" title="Sintaksa">Sintaksa</a> za općenit oblik jezika</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantika" title="Semantika">Semantika</a> za značenja u jeziku</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prirodni_jezik" title="Prirodni jezik">Prirodni jezik</a> za jezike koji nisu formalni</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programski_jezik" title="Programski jezik">Programski jezik</a> za primjenu formalnih jezika u programiranju računala</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Izvori">Izvori</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Formalni_jezik&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Uredi odlomak: Izvori" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Formalni_jezik&action=edit&section=5" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Izvori"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6541845">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-InfoRjecnik-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-InfoRjecnik_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kiš Miroslav, <i>Englesko-hrvatski i hrvatsko-engleski informatički rječnik</i>, Zagreb, Naklada Ljevak, 2000., str. 399</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r7012897">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"»""«"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style><cite id="CITEREFHopcroft,_J._&_Ullman,_J.1979" class="citation book cs1">Hopcroft, J. & Ullman, J. 1979. <i>Introduction to Automata Theory, Languages, and Computation</i>. Addison-Wesley. <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_standardni_knji%C5%BEni_broj" title="Međunarodni standardni knjižni broj">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/0-201-02988-X" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/0-201-02988-X">0-201-02988-X</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Automata+Theory%2C+Languages%2C+and+Computation&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&rft.date=1979&rft.au=Hopcroft%2C+J.+%26+Ullman%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AFormalni+jezik" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategorija:CS1_odr%C5%BEavanje:_vi%C5%A1e_imena:_authors_list" title="Kategorija:CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list">link</a>)</span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite id="CITEREFHelena_Rasiowa_and_Roman_Sikorski1970" class="citation book cs1">Helena Rasiowa and Roman Sikorski. 1970. <i>The Mathematics of Metamathematics</i>. 3rd ed. izdanje. PWN</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mathematics+of+Metamathematics&rft.edition=3rd+ed.&rft.pub=PWN&rft.date=1970&rft.au=Helena+Rasiowa+and+Roman+Sikorski&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AFormalni+jezik" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment"><span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|edition=</code> sadrži dodatni tekst (<a href="/wiki/Pomo%C4%87:CS1_gre%C5%A1ke#extra_text_edition" title="Pomoć:CS1 greške">pomoć</a>)</span></span>, poglavlje 6 <i>Algebra of formalized languages</i>.</li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite id="CITEREFRozemberg,_G._&_Salomaa,_A._(eds.)1979" class="citation book cs1">Rozemberg, G. & Salomaa, A. (eds.). 1979. <i>Introduction to Automata Theory, Languages, and Computation</i>. Addison-Wesley. <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_standardni_knji%C5%BEni_broj" title="Međunarodni standardni knjižni broj">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-3-540-61486-9" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-3-540-61486-9">978-3-540-61486-9</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Automata+Theory%2C+Languages%2C+and+Computation&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&rft.date=1979&rft.au=Rozemberg%2C+G.+%26+Salomaa%2C+A.+%28eds.%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AFormalni+jezik" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategorija:CS1_odr%C5%BEavanje:_vi%C5%A1e_imena:_authors_list" title="Kategorija:CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list">link</a>) CS1 održavanje: dodatni tekst: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategorija:CS1_odr%C5%BEavanje:_dodatni_tekst:_authors_list" title="Kategorija:CS1 održavanje: dodatni tekst: authors list">link</a>)</span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite id="CITEREFSiniša_Srbljić2003" class="citation book cs1">Siniša Srbljić. 2003. <i>Jezični procesori 1</i>. Element. <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_standardni_knji%C5%BEni_broj" title="Međunarodni standardni knjižni broj">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/953-197-129-3" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/953-197-129-3">953-197-129-3</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jezi%C4%8Dni+procesori+1&rft.pub=Element&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Sini%C5%A1a+Srblji%C4%87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AFormalni+jezik" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite id="CITEREFZdravko_Dovedan2003" class="citation book cs1">Zdravko Dovedan. 2003. <i>Formalni jezici - sintaksna analiza</i>. Zavod za informacijske studije FF Zagreb. <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_standardni_knji%C5%BEni_broj" title="Međunarodni standardni knjižni broj">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/953-175-184-6" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/953-175-184-6">953-175-184-6</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Formalni+jezici+-+sintaksna+analiza&rft.pub=Zavod+za+informacijske+studije+FF+Zagreb&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Zdravko+Dovedan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AFormalni+jezik" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Zdravko Dovedan Han (2012). <i>FORMALNI JEZICI I PREVODIOCI - regularni izrazi, gramatike, automati</i>. Element. <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_standardni_knji%C5%BEni_broj" title="Međunarodni standardni knjižni broj">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-953-197-617-6" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-953-197-617-6">978-953-197-617-6</a></li></ul> <table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" class="toccolours"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4" style="background:#ddd;"><a href="/wiki/Teorija_automata" title="Teorija automata">Teorija automata</a>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">formalni jezici</a> i <a href="/wiki/Formalna_gramatika" title="Formalna gramatika">formalne gramatike</a> </th></tr> <tr align="left"> <th style="border-bottom:2px solid"><b><a href="/wiki/Chomskyjeva_hijerarhija" title="Chomskyjeva hijerarhija">Chomskyjeva<br />hijerarhija</a></b> </th> <th style="border-bottom:2px solid"><b><a href="/wiki/Formalna_gramatika" title="Formalna gramatika">Gramatike</a></b> </th> <th style="border-bottom:2px solid"><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jezici</a></b> </th> <th style="border-bottom:2px solid"><b>Minimalni<br /><a href="/wiki/Kona%C4%8Dni_automat" title="Konačni automat">automat</a></b> </th></tr> <tr align="left"> <td>Tip 0 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gramatika_neograni%C4%8Denih_produkcija" title="Gramatika neograničenih produkcija">Neograničenih produkcija</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rekurzivno_prebrojiv_jezik" title="Rekurzivno prebrojiv jezik">Rekurzivno prebrojiv</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Turingov_stroj" title="Turingov stroj">Turingov stroj</a> </td></tr> <tr align="left"> <td>n/a </td> <td>(nema uobičajenog imena) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rekurzivni_jezik" title="Rekurzivni jezik">Rekurzivni</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Stroj_koji_uvijek_staje" title="Stroj koji uvijek staje">Odlučitelj</a> </td></tr> <tr align="left"> <td>Tip 1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kontekstno_ovisna_gramatika" title="Kontekstno ovisna gramatika">Kontekstno ovisna</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kontekstno_ovisni_jezik" title="Kontekstno ovisni jezik">Kontekstno ovisni</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Linearno_ograni%C4%8Den_automat" title="Linearno ograničen automat">Linearno ograničen</a> </td></tr> <tr align="left"> <td>n/a </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indeksirana_gramatika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indeksirana gramatika (stranica ne postoji)">Indeksirana</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indeksirani_jezik" title="Indeksirani jezik">Indeksirani</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Automat_sa_ugnije%C5%BE%C4%91enim_stogom" class="mw-redirect" title="Automat sa ugniježđenim stogom">Ugniježđenog stoga</a> </td></tr> <tr align="left"> <td>Tip 2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kontekstno_neovisna_gramatika" title="Kontekstno neovisna gramatika">Kontekstno neovisna</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kontekstno_neovisni_jezik" title="Kontekstno neovisni jezik">Kontekstno neovisni</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Potisni_automat" title="Potisni automat">Nedeterministički potisni</a> </td></tr> <tr align="left"> <td>n/a </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Deterministi%C4%8Dka_kontekstno_neovisna_gramatika" title="Deterministička kontekstno neovisna gramatika">Deterministička kontekstno neovisna</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Deterministi%C4%8Dki_kontekstno_neovisni_jezik" title="Deterministički kontekstno neovisni jezik">Deterministički kontekstno neovisni</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Deterministi%C4%8Dki_potisni_automat" title="Deterministički potisni automat">Deterministički potisni</a> </td></tr> <tr align="left"> <td>Tip 3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Regularna_gramatika" title="Regularna gramatika">Regularna</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Regularni_jezik" title="Regularni jezik">Regularni</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kona%C4%8Dni_automat" title="Konačni automat">Konačni</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="border-top:2px solid" colspan="4"><small>Svaka kategorija jezika ili gramatika je pravi podskup nadređene kategorije.</small> </th></tr> </tbody></table>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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