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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Language history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Current use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language_family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language_family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Language family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language_family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nheengatu_in_northeastern_Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nheengatu_in_northeastern_Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Nheengatu in northeastern Brazil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nheengatu_in_northeastern_Brazil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Existing_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Existing_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Existing literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Existing_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language_documentation_projects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language_documentation_projects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Language documentation projects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language_documentation_projects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Ethnography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Characteristics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phonology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morphology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morphology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Morphology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Morphology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Morphology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Morphology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verbal_affixes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verbal_affixes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Verbal affixes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verbal_affixes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reduplication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reduplication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Reduplication</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reduplication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Text_samples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Text_samples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Text samples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Text_samples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Nheengatu language</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83" title="Ненгату – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ненгату" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nengatoueg" title="Nengatoueg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Nengatoueg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nheengatu" title="Nheengatu – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nheengatu" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nheengatu" title="Nheengatu – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nheengatu" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91e%27engat%C3%BA" title="Ñe'engatú – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ñe'engatú" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nengatua_lingvo" title="Nengatua lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nengatua lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nheengatu" title="Nheengatu – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nheengatu" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_nheengatu" title="Lingua nheengatu – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua nheengatu" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%85%9C%EC%97%A5%EA%B0%80%ED%88%AC%EC%96%B4" title="녜엥가투어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="녜엥가투어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nhengatu_jezik" title="Nhengatu jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Nhengatu jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nheengatu" title="Nheengatu – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Nheengatu" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_nheengatu" title="Lingua nheengatu – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua nheengatu" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Njeengatu" title="Njeengatu – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Njeengatu" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Nheengatu" title="Bahasa Nheengatu – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Nheengatu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nheengatu" title="Nheengatu – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nheengatu" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A7%E3%82%A8%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AC%E3%83%88%E3%82%A5%E8%AA%9E" title="ニェエンガトゥ語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ニェエンガトゥ語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_nhengatu" title="Lenga nhengatu – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga nhengatu" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_nheengatu" title="Língua nheengatu – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua nheengatu" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91engatu" title="Ñengatu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ñengatu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83" title="Ньенгату – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ньенгату" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91eengat%C3%BA" title="Ñeengatú – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ñeengatú" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q34333#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div 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color: black; background-color: #c0dde6;">Nheengatu</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c0dde6;">Modern Tupi</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɲɛʔɛ̃ŋaˈtu]</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">19,000 (2004–2008)<sup id="cite_ref-e18_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e18-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tupian_languages" title="Tupian languages">Tupian</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Tupi%E2%80%93Guarani_languages" title="Tupi–Guarani languages">Tupi–Guarani</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Tupi languages<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Tupi_language" title="Tupi language">Tupi</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Nheengatu</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early form</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tupi_language" title="Tupi language">Old Tupi</a> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c0dde6;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> (<a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Gabriel_da_Cachoeira" title="São Gabriel da Cachoeira">São Gabriel da Cachoeira</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monsenhor_Tabosa" title="Monsenhor Tabosa">Monsenhor Tabosa</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c0dde6;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/yrl" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:yrl">yrl</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/nhen1239">nhen1239</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Endangered_Languages_Project" title="Endangered Languages Project">ELP</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/2971">Nheengatú</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Lingua_nheengatu.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Lingua_nheengatu.png/320px-Lingua_nheengatu.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Lingua_nheengatu.png/480px-Lingua_nheengatu.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Lingua_nheengatu.png/640px-Lingua_nheengatu.png 2x" data-file-width="1622" data-file-height="1435" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p>The <b>Nheengatu</b> or <b>Nenhengatu language</b><sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<small>Tupi:</small> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="yrl-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ɲɛʔɛ̃ŋaˈtu]</a></span>, Nheengatu from Rio Negro: <span title="Nhengatu-language text"><i lang="yrl">yẽgatu</i></span>, Traditional Nheengatu: <span title="Nhengatu-language text"><i lang="yrl">nhẽẽgatú</i></span>, and Tapajoawaran Nheengatu: <span title="Nhengatu-language text"><i lang="yrl">nheẽgatu</i></span>), or <b>Nenhengatu</b>, also known as <b>Modern Tupi</b><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENavarro2005_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENavarro2005-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 13">: 13 </span></sup> and <b>Amazonic Tupi</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Tupi%E2%80%93Guarani_languages" title="Tupi–Guarani languages">Tupi–Guarani language</a>. </p><p>It is spoken throughout the <a href="/wiki/Rio_Negro_(Amazon)" title="Rio Negro (Amazon)">Rio Negro</a> region among the <a href="/wiki/Baniwa" title="Baniwa">Baniwa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bar%C3%A9_people" title="Baré people">Baré</a> and Warekena people, mainly in the municipality of <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Gabriel_da_Cachoeira" title="São Gabriel da Cachoeira">São Gabriel da Cachoeira</a>, in the state of <a href="/wiki/Amazonas_(Brazilian_state)" title="Amazonas (Brazilian state)">Amazonas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>. Since 2002<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, it has been one of the state's official languages, along with <a href="/wiki/Ban%C3%ADwa_do_I%C3%A7ana_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Baníwa do Içana language">Baníwa</a>, Yepá-masã,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Needs a source and an internal link, but it's unclear to what (December 2021)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and Portuguese. It is also spoken in the Baixo Amazonas region (in the state of <a href="/wiki/Amazonas_(Brazilian_state)" title="Amazonas (Brazilian state)">Amazonas</a>), among the Sateré-Mawé, Maraguá and Mura people. In the <a href="/wiki/Tapaj%C3%B3s" title="Tapajós">Baixo Tapajós</a> and the state of <a href="/wiki/Par%C3%A1" title="Pará">Pará</a>, it is being revitalized by the people of the region, such as the Borari and the <a href="/wiki/Tupinamb%C3%A1_people" title="Tupinambá people">Tupinambá</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and also among the riverside dwellers themselves. </p><p>The language is spoken by approximately 20,060 people in three linguistic variants in Brazil: that of the Rio Negro region, called Yẽgatu, that of the Baixo Amazonas, known as traditional Nheengatú, and that of the Baixo Rio Tapajós or Nheengatu tapajoawara. Variants outside of Brazil exist, including Nheengatu from Venezuela (Ñeengatu) and Nheengatu from Colombia (Nyengatu). Technology further helps in the language's revitalization. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Glottonym">Glottonym</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nheengatu_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Glottonym"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The language name derives from the words <span title="Nhengatu-language text"><i lang="yrl">nhẽẽga</i></span> (meaning "language" or "word") and <span title="Nhengatu-language text"><i lang="yrl">katu</i></span> (meaning "good").<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The related language name Ñeꞌengatú in <a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a> is similarly derived.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (December 2021)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Thus, Nheengatu is referred to by a wide variety of names in literature, including <i>Nhengatu, Tupi Costeiro, Geral, Yeral</i> (in Venezuela), <i>Tupi Moderno</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENavarro2005_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENavarro2005-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 13">: 13 </span></sup> <i>Nyengato, Nyengatú, Waengatu, Neegatú, Is'engatu, Língua Brasílica, Tupi Amazônico</i><sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><i>, Ñe'engatú, Nhangatu, Inhangatu, Nenhengatu,</i><sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><i> Yẽgatú, Nyenngatú, Tupi and Lingua Geral</i>. It is also commonly referred to as the <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">Língua Geral Amazônica</i></span> (LGA) in Brazil. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language_history">Language history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nheengatu_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Language history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Belonging to the Tupi-Guarani linguistic family, Nheengatu emerged in the 18th century, descending from the now-extinct Amazonian Tupinambá, a regional <a href="/wiki/Tupi_language" title="Tupi language">Tupi</a> variant that originated in the Odisseia Tupínambá. The exodus of that nation that, fleeing from Portuguese invaders on the Bahia coast, entered the Amazon and settled first in Maranhão, and from there to the bay of Guajará (<a href="/wiki/Bel%C3%A9m" title="Belém">Belém</a>), the mouth of the Tapajós river to the <a href="/wiki/Tupinambarana" title="Tupinambarana">Tupinambarana island</a> (<a href="/wiki/Parintins" title="Parintins">Parintins</a>), between the borders of <a href="/wiki/Par%C3%A1" title="Pará">Pará</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amazonas_(Brazilian_state)" title="Amazonas (Brazilian state)">Amazonas</a>. The language of the Tupinambás then, as it belongs to a feared and conquering people, became a <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a>, which in contact with the conquered languages gained its own differentiation, hence why the Arawak peoples of the Parintins region came to be called Tupinambaranas, among them, the maraguazes, the çapupés, the curiatós, the Parintins and the saterés themselves. </p><p>Already with the Amazon conquered by the Portuguese, a fact that occurred from 1600, and having established a colony at the beginning of the 17th century, the so-called state of Grão-Pará and Maranhão, whose capital Belém was named Cidade dos Tupinambás or Tupinãbá marií, Franciscan and Jesuit priests, aiming at catechism from that language, elaborated the grammar and their own orthography, although Latinized, which resulted in the northern general language, or general Amazonian language, (a name still used today), whose development took place parallel to that of São Paulo general language (extinct). Since then, Nheengatu has spread throughout the Amazon as an instrument of colonization, Portuguese domain and linguistic standardization, where many peoples started to have it as their main language at the expense of their own, as well as peoples like Hanera, better known as Baré, became a Nheengatu speaker, which led to the extinction of their own language or the Maraguá people, who even a historical speaker of Nheengatu recently sought to revitalize their own language and today they learn Maraguá along with Nheengatu in local schools. </p><p>The number of speakers of other languages vastly outnumbered the Portuguese settlers in the Amazon, so much so that the Portuguese themselves adapted to the native language. "To speak or converse in the colony of Grão Pará, I had to use Nheengatu, if not, I would be talking to myself since no one used Portuguese, except in the government palace in Belém and among the Portuguese themselves."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodrigues1996_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodrigues1996-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The General Language was established as the official language from 1689 to 1727 in the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_rainforest" title="Amazon rainforest">Amazon</a> (<a href="/wiki/State_of_Gr%C3%A3o-Par%C3%A1_and_Maranh%C3%A3o" title="State of Grão-Pará and Maranhão">Grão Pará and Maranhão</a>), but with the aim of deculturating the Amazon people, the Portuguese language was promoted, but without success. In the mid-18th century, the Amazon General Language (distinct from the <a href="/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_Geral_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" class="mw-redirect" title="Língua Geral of São Paulo">São Paulo General Language</a>, a similar variety used further south) was used throughout the colony. At this point, Tupinambá remained intact, but as a "liturgical language". The languages used in everyday life evolved drastically over the century due to contact with the language, with Tupinambá as the “language of rituals, and Amazonian General Language, the language of popular communication and therefore of religious instruction.” Moore (2014) notes that by the mid-18th century, the Amazon and Tupinambá General Languages were already distinct. Until then, the original Tupinambá community was facing a decline, but other speaking communities were still required by Portuguese missionaries to learn the Tupinambá language. Efforts to communicate between communities resulted in the "corruption" of the Tupinambá language, hence the distinction between Tupinambá and the Amazonian general language. </p><p>Nheengatu continued to evolve as it expanded into the Alto Rio Negro region. There was contact with other languages such as Marawá, Baníwa, Warekana, Tucano and Dâw (Cabalzar; Ricardo 2006 in Cruz 2015). </p><p>The General Language evolved into two branches, the <a href="/wiki/Lingua_Geral_Amaz%C3%B4nica" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingua Geral Amazônica">Northern General Language</a> (Amazonian) and the <a href="/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_Geral_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" class="mw-redirect" title="Língua Geral of São Paulo">Southern General Language</a> (Paulista), which at its height became the dominant language of the vast Brazilian territory. </p><p>An anonymous manuscript from the 18th century is emblematically titled <i>"Dictionary of the general language of Brazil, spoken in all the towns, places, and villages of this vast State, written in the city of Pará, year 1771"</i>. </p><p>If Nheengatu was the major obstacle for the cultural and linguistic domination of Portuguese in the region, the colonizers saw that it was necessary to take it away from the people and impose the Portuguese language, which at first was not successful since the general language was very well rooted both among indigenous people and in the speech of blacks and whites themselves. The language had its first ban on the part of the Portuguese government, during the administration of the <a href="/wiki/Marquis_of_Pombal_(title)" title="Marquis of Pombal (title)">Marquis of Pombal</a>, who intended to impose the Portuguese language in the Amazon and make the names of places Portuguese. Hence, why many places have their names changed from nheengatu to names of places and cities in Portugal, thus appearing names that today make up Amazonian municipalities such as Santarém, Aveiro, Barcelos, Belém, Óbidos, Faro, Alenquer and Moz. </p><p>With the independence of Brazil in 1822, even though Grão-Pará (Amazon) is a separate Portuguese colony, its local rulers decided to integrate into the new country, which greatly displeased the inhabitants of indigenous origin who were the majority of the people in general, which later led the Amazon to an independence revolution that lasted for 10 years. </p><p>The second ban on the language came right after this revolution better known as Cabanagem or War of the Cabanos, and when the rebels were defeated (1860), the Brazilian government imposed a harsh persecution of the speakers of Nheengatu. Half of the male population of Grão-Pará (Amazon) was murdered and anyone who was caught speaking in Nheengatu was punished and if they were not contacted indigenous, they were baptized by priests and received their surnames on certificates, since the priests themselves were their godparents, this resulted in people of indigenous origin with Portuguese surnames without even being heirs to colonists. The imposition of the Portuguese language this time had an effect and with the advent of Portuguese schools, the population was shepherded to the new language. </p><p>Also in the 20th century, due to economic and political events, such as the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_rubber_boom" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon rubber boom">Amazon Rubber boom</a> (coming from huge waves of settlers from the Northeast, encouraged by the government, to the Amazon), the presence was felt again due to these events, forcing indigenous peoples to move or be subjected to forced labor. The language was again influenced by the increased presence of Portuguese speakers. </p><p>Nheengatu remained mainly among the most distant inhabitants of the urban centers, in the families descended from the cabanos and among unconquered peoples. Furthermore, "tapuios" (ribeirinhos) kept their accent and part of their speech tied to their language. Until 1920 it was common for Nheengatu to be used in traditional commercial centers in Manaus, Santarém, Parintins, and Belém. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_use">Current use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nheengatu_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Current use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nheengatu is spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Alto_Rio_Negro_Indigenous_Territory" title="Alto Rio Negro Indigenous Territory">Alto Rio Negro</a> region, in the state of <a href="/wiki/Amazonas_(Brazilian_state)" title="Amazonas (Brazilian state)">Amazonas</a>, in the Brazilian <a href="/wiki/Amazon_rainforest" title="Amazon rainforest">Amazon</a> and in neighboring parts of <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>. As many as 19,000 Nheengatu speakers worldwide are possible, according to <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (2005),<sup id="cite_ref-Nhengatu_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nhengatu-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although some journalists have reported as many as 30,000.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Currently, it is still spoken by around 73.31% of the 29.9 thousand inhabitants of <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Gabriel_da_Cachoeira" title="São Gabriel da Cachoeira">São Gabriel da Cachoeira</a>, in northwestern Amazonas state, Brazil (<a href="/wiki/IBGE" class="mw-redirect" title="IBGE">IBGE</a> 2000 Census), around 3000 people in Colombia and 2000 people in Venezuela, especially in <a href="/wiki/Rio_Negro_(Amazon)" title="Rio Negro (Amazon)">Rio Negro river</a> basin (<a href="/wiki/Uaup%C3%A9s_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Uaupés River">Uaupés</a> and <a href="/wiki/I%C3%A7ana_River" title="Içana River">Içana</a> rivers).<sup id="cite_ref-Nhengatu_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nhengatu-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, it is the <a href="/wiki/Native_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Native language">native language</a> of the rural <a href="/wiki/Caboclo" title="Caboclo">caboclo population</a> of the area and is also used as a common language of communication between <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">Indigenous</a> and non-Indigenous, or between Indigenous of different languages. It is also an instrument of <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic</a> affirmation of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Brazil" title="Indigenous peoples in Brazil">Amazonian indigenous</a> peoples who have lost their native languages, such as <a href="/wiki/Bar%C3%A9_people" title="Baré people">Barés</a>, Arapaços, <a href="/wiki/Baniwa" title="Baniwa">Baniuas</a>, Uarequenas and others. </p><p>Ethnologue rates Nheengatu as "changing" with a rating of 7 on the Gradual Intergenerational Interruption Scale (GIDS) (Simons and Fennig 2017). According to this scale, this classification suggests that "the population of children may use the language among themselves, but it is not being transmitted to children". According to the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> Atlas of Endangered Languages of the World, Nheengatu is classified as "severely endangered".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The language has recently regained some recognition and prominence after being suppressed for many years. </p><p>In December 2002, Nheengatu gained official language status alongside Portuguese in the municipality of São Gabriel da Cachoeira in accordance with local law 145/2002.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Now Nheengatu is one of the four <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official languages</a> of the municipality.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1998, <a href="/wiki/University_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="University of São Paulo">University of São Paulo</a> professor <a href="/wiki/Eduardo_de_Almeida_Navarro" title="Eduardo de Almeida Navarro">Eduardo de Almeida Navarro</a> founded the <i>Tupi Aqui</i> organization dedicated to promoting the teaching of historical Tupi and Nheengatu in high schools in São Paulo and elsewhere in Brazil.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Professor Navarro wrote a textbook for teaching Nheengatu that Tupi Aqui makes available, along with other teaching materials, on a website hosted by the University of São Paulo.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENavarro2011_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENavarro2011-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language_family">Language family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nheengatu_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Language family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Yengatu developed from the extinct Tupinamba language and belongs to the Tupi–Guarani branch of the Tupi language family.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMooreFacundesPires1994_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMooreFacundesPires1994-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Tupi–Guarani language family is responsible for a large and diverse group of languages, including, for example, <a href="/wiki/Xeta_language" title="Xeta language">Xeta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sirion%C3%B3_language" title="Sirionó language">Siriono</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arawet%C3%A9_language" title="Araweté language">Arawete</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ka%27apor_language" title="Ka'apor language">Kaapor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kamayur%C3%A1_language" title="Kamayurá language">Kamayura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guaj%C3%A1_language" title="Guajá language">Guaja</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tapirap%C3%A9_language" title="Tapirapé language">Tapirape</a>. Many of these languages differed years before the invasion of Portuguese colonizers to the territory now known as Brazil. Over time, the term "Tupinamba" was used to describe groups that were "linguistically and culturally related", even though the original people almost disappeared. </p><p>Taking <a href="/wiki/Personal_pronoun" title="Personal pronoun">personal pronouns</a> as an example, see a comparison between <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Portuguese" title="Brazilian Portuguese">Brazilian Portuguese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tupi_language" title="Tupi language">Old Tupi</a>, and Nheengatu: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3"> </th> <th>Portuguese </th> <th>Ancient Tupi </th> <th>Yẽgatu<br /> (Nheengatu from Rio Negro) </th> <th>Traditional<br /> Nheengatu </th> <th>Tapajoawaran<br /> Nheengatu </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">1st person </th> <th colspan="2">singular </th> <td><span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">eu</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Tupinambá-language text"><i lang="tpn">xe, ixé</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nhengatu-language text"><i lang="yrl">se, ixé</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nhengatu-language text"><i lang="yrl">çe, ixé</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nhengatu-language text"><i lang="yrl">se, ixé</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">plural </th> <th>exclusive </th> <td rowspan="2"><span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">nós</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Tupinambá-language text"><i lang="tpn">oré</i></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>inclusive </th> <td><span title="Tupinambá-language text"><i lang="tpn">îandé</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nhengatu-language text"><i lang="yrl">yãné, yãdé</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nhengatu-language text"><i lang="yrl">yãné, yãdé</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nhengatu-language text"><i lang="yrl">yãné, yãdé</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">2nd person </th> <th colspan="2">singular </th> <td><span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">tu</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Tupinambá-language text"><i lang="tpn">ne/nde, endé</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nhengatu-language text"><span lang="yrl">ne, ῖdé</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Nhengatu-language text"><span lang="yrl">ne, ῖdé</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Nhengatu-language text"><span lang="yrl">ne, ῖdé</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">plural </th> <td><span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">vós</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Tupinambá-language text"><i lang="tpn">pe, peẽ</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nhengatu-language text"><i lang="yrl">pe, pẽye</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nhengatu-language text"><i lang="yrl">pe, pẽnhé</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nhengatu-language text"><i lang="yrl">pe, penhẽ</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">3rd person </th> <th colspan="2">singular </th> <td><span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">ele, ela</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Tupinambá-language text"><i lang="tpn">i, a'e</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nhengatu-language text"><i lang="yrl">i, ae</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nhengatu-language text"><i lang="yrl">i, aé</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nhengatu-language text"><i lang="yrl">i, aé</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">plural </th> <td><span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">eles, elas</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Tupinambá-language text"><i lang="tpn">i, a'e</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nhengatu-language text"><span lang="yrl">i/ta, aῖta</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Nhengatu-language text"><span lang="yrl">aῖtá</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Nhengatu-language text"><span lang="yrl">i/ta, aῖta</span></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Brazilian philologist specialized in Nheengatu, <a href="/wiki/Eduardo_de_Almeida_Navarro" title="Eduardo de Almeida Navarro">Eduardo de Almeida Navarro</a>, argues that Yengatu, with its current characteristics, would only have emerged in the 19th century, as a natural evolution of the <a href="/wiki/Lingua_Geral_Amaz%C3%B4nica" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingua Geral Amazônica">Northern General Language (NGL)</a>. </p><p>Comparisons between Tupi, Portuguese, and Nheengatu variants: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>English </th> <th>Portuguese </th> <th>Ancient Tupi </th> <th>Yẽgatu<br />(Nheengatu from Rio Negro) </th> <th>Traditional Nheengatu </th> <th>Tapajoawaran Nheengatu </th></tr> <tr> <td>bird </td> <td><span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">pássaro</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Tupinambá-language text"><i lang="tpn">gûyrá</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nhengatu-language text"><i lang="yrl">wira</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nhengatu-language text"><i lang="yrl">wirá</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nhengatu-language text"><i lang="yrl">wirá</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>man </td> <td><span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">homem</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Tupinambá-language text"><i lang="tpn">abá</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nhengatu-language text"><i lang="yrl">apiawawa</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nhengatu-language text"><i lang="yrl">apigá</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nhengatu-language text"><i lang="yrl">apigá</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>woman </td> <td><span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">mulher</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Tupinambá-language text"><i lang="tpn">kunhã</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nhengatu-language text"><i lang="yrl">kuyã</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nhengatu-language text"><i lang="yrl">kunhã</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nhengatu-language text"><i lang="yrl">kunhã</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>happiness </td> <td><span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">alegria</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Tupinambá-language text"><i lang="tpn">toryba</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nhengatu-language text"><i lang="yrl">surisa</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nhengatu-language text"><i lang="yrl">çuriçawa</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nhengatu-language text"><i lang="yrl">surisawa</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>city </td> <td><span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">cidade</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Tupinambá-language text"><i lang="tpn">tabusu</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nhengatu-language text"><i lang="yrl">tawasu</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nhengatu-language text"><i lang="yrl">mairí</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nhengatu-language text"><i lang="yrl">tawasú</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>hammock </td> <td><span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">rede</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Tupinambá-language text"><i lang="tpn">iny</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nhengatu-language text"><i lang="yrl">makira</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nhengatu-language text"><i lang="yrl">makira, gapõna</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nhengatu-language text"><i lang="yrl">makina</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>water </td> <td><span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">água</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Tupinambá-language text"><i lang="tpn">'y</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nhengatu-language text"><i lang="yrl">ii</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nhengatu-language text"><i lang="yrl">yy</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nhengatu-language text"><i lang="yrl">i</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nheengatu_in_northeastern_Brazil">Nheengatu in northeastern Brazil</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nheengatu_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Nheengatu in northeastern Brazil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is known that the Nheengatu originated in the Amazonian Tupinambá, a Tupi variant located more precisely in Maranhão than during Portuguese colonization, it was part of the state of <a href="/wiki/State_of_Gr%C3%A3o-Par%C3%A1_and_Maranh%C3%A3o" title="State of Grão-Pará and Maranhão">Grão Pará and Maranhão</a>. Since then, Nheengatu has also been understood as a culture from Maranhão. What few cite is the presence of the Nheengatu in northeastern Brazil properly speaking. Mainly <a href="/wiki/Cear%C3%A1" title="Ceará">Ceará</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piau%C3%AD" title="Piauí">Piauí</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande_do_Norte" title="Rio Grande do Norte">Rio Grande do Norte</a>. Affirmation that proceeds as new evidence is discovered, both old and current. Thus came the case of the municipality of <a href="/wiki/Monsenhor_Tabosa" title="Monsenhor Tabosa">Monsenhor Tabosa</a> which made the Nheengatu language official in the municipality and planned to adopt the language in municipal schools. As the local newspaper says: “The municipal council of Monsenhor Tabosa unanimously approved a bill that recognizes the native language Tupi-Nheengatu as the co-official language of the municipality. The legal text has already been sanctioned by Mayor Salomão de Araújo Souza, who is a descendant of indigenous peoples”. </p><p>As in the municipality of Monsenhor Tabosa, the number of indigenous people and descendants from the Northeast try to learn the language not only because they think it is beautiful, but because it has "always been" part of the native regional culture. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Existing_literature">Existing literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nheengatu_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Existing literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Over the course of its evolution since its beginnings as Tupinambá, extensive research has been done on Nheengatu. There have been studies done at each phase of its evolution, but much has been focused on how aspects of Nheengatu, such as its grammar or phonology, have changed upon contact over the years. (Facundes et al. 1994 and Rodrigues 1958, 1986). </p><p>As mentioned earlier, the first documents that were produced were by Jesuit missionaries in the 16th and 17th centuries, such as <span title="Nhengatu-language text"><i lang="yrl">Arte da Grammatica da Lingoa mais usada na costa do Brasil</i></span> by Father José de Anchieta (1595) and <span title="Nhengatu-language text"><i lang="yrl">Arte da Língua Brasilíca</i></span> by Luis Figueira (1621). These were detailed grammars that served their religious purposes. Multiple dictionaries have also been written over the years (Mello 1967, Grenand and Epaminondas 1989, Barbosa 1951). More recently, Stradelli (2014) also published a Portuguese-Nheengatu dictionary. </p><p>There have also been several linguistic studies of Nheengatu more recently, such as Borges (1991)’s thesis on Nheengatu phonology and Cruz (2011)’s detailed paper on the phonology and grammar of Nheengatu. She also studied the rise of <a href="/wiki/Number_agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Number agreement">number agreement</a> in modern Nheengatu, by analyzing how grammaticalization occurred over the course of its evolution from Tupinambá (Cruz 2015). Cruz (2014) also studies reduplication in Nheengatu in detail, as well as morphological fission in bitransitive constructions. A proper textbook for the conducting of Nheengatu classes has also been written.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENavarro2011_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENavarro2011-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lima and Sirvana (2017) provides a sociolinguistic study of Nheengatu in the Pisasu Sarusawa community of the Baré people, in Manaus, Amazonas. </p><p>In 2023, the Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil (Brazilian Constitution) promulgated in 1988, was translated into Nheengatu for the first time.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language_documentation_projects">Language documentation projects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nheengatu_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Language documentation projects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Language documentation agencies (such as <a href="/wiki/SOAS,_University_of_London" class="mw-redirect" title="SOAS, University of London">SOAS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Museu_do_%C3%8Dndio" title="Museu do Índio">Museu do Índio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Museu_Paraense_Em%C3%ADlio_Goeldi" title="Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi">Museu Goeldi</a> and <a href="/wiki/DOBES" title="DOBES">Dobes</a>) are currently not engaged in any language documentation project for Nheengatu. However, research on Nheengatu by Moore (1994) was supported by Museu Goeldi and the <a href="/wiki/National_Council_for_Scientific_and_Technological_Development" title="National Council for Scientific and Technological Development">Brazilian National Research Council</a> (CNPq), and funded by the <a href="/wiki/Society_for_the_Study_of_the_Indigenous_Languages_of_the_Americas" title="Society for the Study of the Indigenous Languages of the Americas">Society for the Study of the Indigenous Languages of the Americas</a> (SSILA) and the <a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Foundation" title="Inter-American Foundation">Inter-American Foundation</a>. In this study, Moore focused on the effects of language contact, and how Nheengatu evolved over the years with the help of a Nheengatu-speaking informant. Moore (2014) urges for the “location and documentation of modern dialects of Nheengatu”, due to their risk of becoming extinct.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMooreFacundesPires1994_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMooreFacundesPires1994-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ethnography">Ethnography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nheengatu_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ethnography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Anthropological research has been done on the changing cultural landscapes along the Amazon, as well as life of the Tupinambá people and their interactions with the Jesuits.<sup id="cite_ref-Forsyth_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forsyth-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Floyd (2007) describes how populations navigate between their “traditional” and “acculturated” spheres.<sup id="cite_ref-Floyd_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Floyd-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other studies have focused on the impact of urbanization on Indigenous populations in the Amazon (de Oliveira 2001). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nheengatu_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to the previously mentioned <a href="/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_Geral_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" class="mw-redirect" title="Língua Geral of São Paulo">general language of São Paulo</a>, now extinct, Nheengatu is closely related to <a href="/wiki/Tupi_language" title="Tupi language">ancient Tupi</a>, an extinct language, and to the <a href="/wiki/Guarani_language" title="Guarani language">Guarani</a> of <a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a>, which, far from being extinct, is the most spoken language in that country and one of its official languages. According to some sources, ancient Nheengatu and Guarani were <a href="/wiki/Mutually_intelligible" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutually intelligible">mutually intelligible</a> in the past.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nheengatu_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nheengatu_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Parentheses mark marginal phonemes occurring only in few words, or with otherwise unclear status.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMooreFacundesPires1994_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMooreFacundesPires1994-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2"> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant">Bilabial</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Post-<br />alveolar</a> </th> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Glottalic_consonant" title="Glottalic consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><small>plain</small> </th> <th><small>lab.</small> </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Plosive</a> </th> <th><small>plain</small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">tʃ</a></span>) </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">kʷ</a></span> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a></span>) </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><small>voiced</small> </th> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span>) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span>) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><small>prenasal</small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">ᵐb</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">ⁿd</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">ᵑɡ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">Approximant</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_palatal_approximant" title="Nasal palatal approximant">j̃</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nheengatu_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ĩ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ũ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ẽ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">õ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ã</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Morphology">Morphology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nheengatu_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Morphology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are eight word classes in Nheengatu: <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">nouns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">verbs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">adjectives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adverb" title="Adverb">adverbs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Preposition_and_postposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Preposition and postposition">postpositions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pronoun" title="Pronoun">pronouns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Demonstrative" title="Demonstrative">demonstratives</a> and particles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMooreFacundesPires1994_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMooreFacundesPires1994-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These eight word classes are also reflected in Cruz (2011)’s <i>Fonologia e Gramática do Nheengatú</i>. In her books, Cruz includes 5 chapters in the Morphology section that describes lexical classes, nominal and verbal lexicogenesis, the structure of the noun phrase and grammatical structures. In the section on lexical classes, Cruz discusses personal pronominal prefixes, nouns and their subclasses (including personal, anaphoric and demonstrative pronouns as well as relative nouns), verbs and their subclasses (such as stative, transitive and intransitive verbs) and adverbial expressions. The subsequent chapter on nominal lexicogenesis discusses endocentric derivation, nominalization and nominal composition. Under verbal lexicogenesis in Chapter 7, Cruz covers valency, reduplication and the borrowing of loanwords from Portuguese. The following chapter then discusses the distinction between particles and clitics, including examples and properties of each grammatical structure. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronouns">Pronouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nheengatu_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are two types of pronouns in Nheengatu: personal or interrogative. Nheengatu follows the same pattern as Tupinambá, in that the same set of personal pronouns is adopted for the subject and object of a verb.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMooreFacundesPires1994_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMooreFacundesPires1994-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Singular </th> <th><i>Sg Prefix</i> </th> <th>Plural </th> <th><i>Pl Prefix</i> </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>1 </th> <td><span title="Nhengatu-language text"><i lang="yrl">isé</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nhengatu-language text"><i lang="yrl">se-</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nhengatu-language text"><i lang="yrl">yãndé</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nhengatu-language text"><i lang="yrl">yane-</i></span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>2 </th> <td><span title="Nhengatu-language text"><i lang="yrl">ĩndé</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nhengatu-language text"><i lang="yrl">ne-</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nhengatu-language text"><i lang="yrl">pẽỹẽ</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nhengatu-language text"><i lang="yrl">pe-</i></span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>3 </th> <td><span title="Nhengatu-language text"><i lang="yrl">aʔé</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nhengatu-language text"><i lang="yrl">i-</i></span><br /><span title="Nhengatu-language text"><i lang="yrl">s-</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nhengatu-language text"><i lang="yrl">aẽtá</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nhengatu-language text"><i lang="yrl">ta-</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Examples of Personal Pronouns in use: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1209690778">.mw-parser-output .interlinear .bold{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .interlinear .smallcaps{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:smaller}</style><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="yrl" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">inde</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="yrl" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">re-kuntai</p><p style="margin: 0px;">2sgA-speak</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="yrl" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">amu</p><p style="margin: 0px;">other.entity</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="yrl" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nheenga</p><p style="margin: 0px;">language</p></div><p style="display: none;">inde re-kuntai amu nheenga</p><p style="display: none;">2SG 2sgA-speak other.entity language</p><p style="clear: left;">"You speak another language."</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="yrl" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">isé</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="yrl" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">se-ruri</p><p style="margin: 0px;">1sgE-be.happy</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="yrl" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">a-iku.</p><p style="margin: 0px;">1sgA.be</p></div><p style="display: none;">isé se-ruri a-iku.</p><p style="display: none;">1SG 1sgE-be.happy 1sgA.be</p><p style="clear: left;">"I am happy."</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>As observed in Table 3, in Nheengatu, personal pronouns can also take the form of prefixes. These prefixes are necessary in the usage of verbs as well as postpositions. In the latter case, free forms of the pronouns are not permitted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMooreFacundesPires1994_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMooreFacundesPires1994-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moore illustrates this with the following: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="yrl" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">i)</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="yrl" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">se-irũ</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr>(prefix)-with</p><p style="margin: 0px;">‘with me’</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="yrl" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ii)</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="yrl" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">*isé-irũ</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr>-with</p><p style="margin: 0px;">‘with me’</p></div><p style="display: none;">i) se-irũ ii) *isé-irũ</p><p style="display: none;">{} 1SG(prefix)-with {} 1SG-with</p><p style="display: none;">{} {‘with me’} {} {‘with me’}</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>The free form of the first person singular pronoun cannot be combined with the postposition word for 'with'. </p><p>The second set of pronouns are interrogative, and are used in question words. </p> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" style="border-collapse:collapse"> <tbody><tr> <td>   </td> <td><span title="Nhengatu-language text"><i lang="yrl">mãʔã</i></span></td> <td></td> <td>'what, who, whom' </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><span title="Nhengatu-language text"><i lang="yrl">awá</i></span></td> <td></td> <td>'who, whom' </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verbal_affixes">Verbal affixes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nheengatu_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Verbal affixes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Moore (2014), throughout the evolution of Nheengatu, processes such as compounding were greatly reduced. Moore cites a summary by Rodrigues (1986), stating that Nheegatu lost Tupinambá's system of five moods (indicative, imperative, gerund, circumstantial and subjunctive), converging into a single indicative mood. Despite such changes alongside influences from Portuguese, however, derivational and inflectional affixation was still intact from Tupinambá. A select number of modern affixes arose via grammaticization of what used to be lexical items. For example, Moore (2014) provides the example of the former lexical item <span title="Nhengatu-language text"><i lang="yrl">etá</i></span> 'many'. Over time and grammaticization, this word became to plural suffix <span title="Nhengatu-language text"><i lang="yrl">-itá</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMooreFacundesPires1994_14-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMooreFacundesPires1994-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Apart from the pronominal prefixes shown in Table (3), there are also verbal prefixes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMooreFacundesPires1994_14-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMooreFacundesPires1994-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Verbs in Nheengatu fall into three mutually exclusive categories: intransitive, transitive and stative. By attaching verbal prefixes to these verbs, a sentence can be considered well-formed. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th>1 </th> <td><span title="Nhengatu-language text"><i lang="yrl">a-</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nhengatu-language text"><i lang="yrl">ya-</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>2 </th> <td><span title="Nhengatu-language text"><i lang="yrl">re-</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nhengatu-language text"><i lang="yrl">pe-</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>3 </th> <td><span title="Nhengatu-language text"><i lang="yrl">u-</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nhengatu-language text"><i lang="yrl">aẽtá-ú</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Examples of verbal prefixes: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="yrl" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">i)</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="yrl" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">a-puraki</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular">1sg</abbr>-work</p><p style="margin: 0px;">‘I work.’</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="yrl" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ii)</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="yrl" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">a-mũỹã</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular">1sg</abbr>-make</p><p style="margin: 0px;">I make (an object).’</p></div><p style="display: none;">i) a-puraki ii) a-mũỹã</p><p style="display: none;">{} 1sg-work {} 1sg-make</p><p style="display: none;">{} {‘I work.’} {} {I make (an object).’}</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>In these examples from Moore (2014), the verbal first person singular prefix <span title="Nhengatu-language text"><i lang="yrl">a-</i></span> is added to the intransitive verb for 'work' and transitive verb for 'make' respective. Only when prefixed with this verbal clitic, can they be considered well-formed sentences.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMooreFacundesPires1994_14-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMooreFacundesPires1994-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reduplication">Reduplication</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nheengatu_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Reduplication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another interesting morphological feature of Nheengatu is reduplication, which Cruz (2011) explains in her grammar to employed differently based on the community of Nheengatu speakers. This is a morphological process that was originally present in Tupinambá, and it tends to be used to indicate a repeated action.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMooreFacundesPires1994_14-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMooreFacundesPires1994-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="yrl" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">u-tuka~tuka</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="reduplication" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">REDUP</abbr>~knock</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="yrl" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ukena</p><p style="margin: 0px;">door</p></div><p style="display: none;">u-tuka~tuka ukena</p><p style="display: none;">3SG-REDUP~knock door</p><p style="clear: left;">"He is knocking on the door (repeatedly)."</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>In this example, the reduplicated segment is <span title="Nhengatu-language text"><i lang="yrl">tuka</i></span>, which is the Nheengatu verb for 'knock'. This surfaces as a fully reduplicated segment. However, partial reduplication also occurs in this language. In the following example elicited by Cruz, the speaker reduplicates the first two syllables (a CVCV sequence) of the stem word. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="yrl" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Apiga</p><p style="margin: 0px;">men</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="yrl" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ita</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="plural number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PL</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="yrl" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">sasi~sasiara.</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="reduplication" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">REDUP</abbr>~<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="'be' verb" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">BE</abbr>.sad</p></div><p style="display: none;">Apiga ita sasi~sasiara.</p><p style="display: none;">men PL REDUP~BE.sad</p><p style="clear: left;">"The men are sad."</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>Another point to note from the above example is the usage of the plural word <span title="Nhengatu-language text"><i lang="yrl">ita</i></span>. Cruz (2011) highlights that there is a distinction in the usage of reduplication between communities. The speakers of Içana and the upper region of the Rio Negro use Nheengatu as their main language, and reduplication occurs in the stative verbs, expressing intensity of a property, and the plural word <span title="Nhengatu-language text"><i lang="yrl">ita</i></span> doesn't necessarily need to be used. On the other hand, in Santa Isabel do Rio Negro and the more urban area of São Gabriel da Cachoeira, speakers tend to be bilingual, with Portuguese used as the main language. In this context, these speakers also employ reduplication to indicate the intensity of a property, but the plural <span title="Nhengatu-language text"><i lang="yrl">ita</i></span> must be used if the subject is plural. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Text_samples">Text samples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nheengatu_language&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Text samples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Pedro Luiz Sympson (1876)</dt> <dd><span title="Nhengatu-language text"><i lang="yrl">A! xé ánga, hu emoté i Iára. / Xé abú iu hu rori ána Tupã recé xá ceiépi. / Maá recé hu senú i miaçúa suhi apipe abasáua: / ahé recé upáem miraitá hu senecáre iché aié pepasáua. / Maá recé Tupã hu munha iché áramau páem maá turuçusáua, / i r'ira puranga eté. / Y ahé icatusáua xé hu muçaim ramé, r'ira péaca upáem r'iapéaca ramé, maá haé aitá hu sequéié.</i></span></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Pe. Afonso Casanovas (2006)</dt> <dd><span title="Nhengatu-language text"><i lang="yrl">Aikwé paá yepé tetama puranga waá yepé ipawa wasú rimbiwa upé. Kwa paá, wakaraitá retama. Muíri akayú, paá, kurasí ara ramé, kwá uakaraitá aywã ta usú tawatá apekatú rupí. Muíri viaje, tausú rundé, aintá aría waimí uyupuí aitá piripiriaka suikiri waá irũ, ti arã tausaã yumasí tauwatá pukusawa.</i></span></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Eduardo de Almeida Navarro (2011)</dt> <dd><span title="Nhengatu-language text"><i lang="yrl">1910 ramé, mairamé aé uriku 23 akaiú, aé uiupiru ana uuatá-uatá Amazônia rupi, upitá mími musapíri akaiú pukusaua. Aé ukunheséri ana siía mira upurungitá uaá nheengatu, asuí aé umunhã nheengarisaua-itá marandua-itá irũmu Barbosa Rodrigues umupinima ana uaá Poranduba Amazonense resé.</i></span></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Aline da Cruz (2011)</dt> <dd><span title="Nhengatu-language text"><i lang="yrl">A partir di kui te, penhe nunka mais pesu pekuntai aitekua yane nheenga. Yande kuri, mira ita, yasu yakuntai. Ixe kuri asu akuntai perupi. Ixe kua mira. Ixe asu akuntai perupi. Penhe kuri tiã pesu pekuntai. Pepuderi kuri penheengari yalegrairã yane felisidaderã.</i></span></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Sample from book <i>Yasú Yapurũgitá Yẽgatú</i> (2014)</dt> <dd><span title="Nhengatu-language text"><i lang="yrl">Se mãya uyutima nãnã kupixawa upé. Nãnã purãga yaú arama yawẽtu asuí purãga mĩgaú arama yuiri. Aikué siya nãnã nũgaraita. Purãga usemu mamé iwí yumunaniwa praya irũmu.</i></span></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Roger Manuel López Yusuino (Venezuelan Nheengatu) (2013)</dt> <dd><span title="Nhengatu-language text"><i lang="yrl">Tukana aé yepé virá purangava asoi orikú bando ipinima sava, ogustari oyengari kuemaite asoi osemo ara ramé osikari arama ombaó vasaí iyá. Tukana yepé virá porangava yambaó arama asoi avasemo aé kaáope asoi garapé rimbiva ropí.</i></span></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nheengatu_language&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_Geral" class="mw-redirect" title="Língua Geral">Língua Geral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabe%C3%A7a_do_Cachorro" title="Cabeça do Cachorro">Region of Cabeça do Cachorro</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nheengatu_language&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-e18-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-e18_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/yrl/">Nheengatu</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (18th ed., 2015) <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFERREIRA1986" class="citation book cs1">FERREIRA, A. B. H. (1986). <i>Novo dicionário da língua portuguesa</i> (2 ed.). Rio de Janeiro: Nova Fronteira. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Novo+dicion%C3%A1rio+da+l%C3%ADngua+portuguesa&rft.place=Rio+de+Janeiro&rft.pages=1&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Nova+Fronteira&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=FERREIRA&rft.aufirst=A.+B.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANheengatu+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENavarro2005-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENavarro2005_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENavarro2005_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNavarro2005">Navarro 2005</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlves2010" class="citation book cs1">Alves, Ozias Jr. (2010). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Ñe'engatu" em guarani significa "falar demais" ou alguém que fala demais". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JUPtyqY7hHkC"><i>Parlons Nheengatu: Une langue tupi du Brésil</i></a>. Paris: L'Harmattan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-296-13259-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-296-13259-7"><bdi>978-2-296-13259-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%22%C3%91e%27engatu%22+em+guarani+significa+%22falar+demais%22+ou+algu%C3%A9m+que+fala+demais&rft.btitle=Parlons+Nheengatu%3A+Une+langue+tupi+du+Br%C3%A9sil&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=L%27Harmattan&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-2-296-13259-7&rft.aulast=Alves&rft.aufirst=Ozias+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJUPtyqY7hHkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANheengatu+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJesus2022" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jesus, Hudson Romário Melo de (31 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://periodicos.sbu.unicamp.br/ojs/index.php/rap/article/view/8666579">"Yâdé Kiirîbawa Yepé Wasú! Uma reflexão sobre a luta Tupinambá em defesa de seu território"</a>. <i>Revista Arqueologia Pública</i> (in Portuguese). <b>17</b>: e022001. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.20396%2Frap.v17i00.8666579">10.20396/rap.v17i00.8666579</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2237-8294">2237-8294</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:248760708">248760708</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revista+Arqueologia+P%C3%BAblica&rft.atitle=Y%C3%A2d%C3%A9+Kiir%C3%AEbawa+Yep%C3%A9+Was%C3%BA%21+Uma+reflex%C3%A3o+sobre+a+luta+Tupinamb%C3%A1+em+defesa+de+seu+territ%C3%B3rio&rft.volume=17&rft.pages=e022001&rft.date=2022-01-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A248760708%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2237-8294&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.20396%2Frap.v17i00.8666579&rft.aulast=Jesus&rft.aufirst=Hudson+Rom%C3%A1rio+Melo+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fperiodicos.sbu.unicamp.br%2Fojs%2Findex.php%2Frap%2Farticle%2Fview%2F8666579&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANheengatu+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERodrigues1996-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodrigues1996_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRodrigues1996">Rodrigues 1996</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFREIRE2011" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">FREIRE, José Ribamar Bessa (2011). <i>A história das línguas na Amazônia</i> (in Portuguese) (2 ed.). Rio de Janeiro: EDUERJ: Rio Babel.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+hist%C3%B3ria+das+l%C3%ADnguas+na+Amaz%C3%B4nia&rft.place=Rio+de+Janeiro%3A+EDUERJ&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Rio+Babel&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=FREIRE&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+Ribamar+Bessa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANheengatu+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nhengatu-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nhengatu_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nhengatu_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/yrl">"Nhengatu"</a>. <i>Ethnologue</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue&rft.atitle=Nhengatu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Flanguage%2Fyrl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANheengatu+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRohter2005" class="citation news cs1">Rohter, Larry (28 August 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150529194245/https://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/28/world/americas/language-born-of-colonialism-thrives-again-in-amazon.html">"Language Born of Colonialism Thrives Again in Amazon"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/28/world/americas/language-born-of-colonialism-thrives-again-in-amazon.html">the original</a> on 29 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Language+Born+of+Colonialism+Thrives+Again+in+Amazon&rft.date=2005-08-28&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Rohter&rft.aufirst=Larry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2005%2F08%2F28%2Fworld%2Famericas%2Flanguage-born-of-colonialism-thrives-again-in-amazon.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANheengatu+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://super.abril.com.br/cultura/a-lingua-do-brasil/">"A língua do Brasil"</a>. <i>Super</i> (in Brazilian Portuguese)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Super&rft.atitle=A+l%C3%ADngua+do+Brasil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsuper.abril.com.br%2Fcultura%2Fa-lingua-do-brasil%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANheengatu+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoseleyNicolas2010" class="citation book cs1">Moseley, Christopher; Nicolas, Alexandre (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000187026"><i>Atlas of the world's languages in danger</i></a>. Paris: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-3-104096-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-3-104096-2"><bdi>978-92-3-104096-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atlas+of+the+world%27s+languages+in+danger&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=United+Nations+Educational%2C+Scientific+and+Cultural+Organization&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-92-3-104096-2&rft.aulast=Moseley&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft.au=Nicolas%2C+Alexandre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funesdoc.unesco.org%2Fark%3A%2F48223%2Fpf0000187026&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANheengatu+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://treinamento.folhasp.com.br/linguasdobrasil/saogabriel.html">"Novo em Folha - Línguas ameaçadas de extinção no Brasil - São Gabriel…"</a>. <i>archive.md</i>. 4 June 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120604042024/http://treinamento.folhasp.com.br/linguasdobrasil/saogabriel.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archive.md&rft.atitle=Novo+em+Folha+-+L%C3%ADnguas+amea%C3%A7adas+de+extin%C3%A7%C3%A3o+no+Brasil+-+S%C3%A3o+Gabriel%E2%80%A6&rft.date=2012-06-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftreinamento.folhasp.com.br%2Flinguasdobrasil%2Fsaogabriel.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANheengatu+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENavarro2011-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENavarro2011_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENavarro2011_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNavarro2011">Navarro 2011</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMooreFacundesPires1994-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMooreFacundesPires1994_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMooreFacundesPires1994_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMooreFacundesPires1994_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMooreFacundesPires1994_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMooreFacundesPires1994_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMooreFacundesPires1994_14-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMooreFacundesPires1994_14-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMooreFacundesPires1994_14-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMooreFacundesPires1994_14-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMooreFacundesPires1994_14-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMooreFacundesPires1994">Moore, Facundes & Pires 1994</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source-2"><i>Mundu Sa Turusu Waá : Ubêuwa Mayé Míra Itá Uikú Arãma Purãga Iké Braziu Upé</i> (in Portuguese and Nheengatu). Supremo Tribunal Federal, Conselho Nacional de Justiça. 2023. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-65-5972-113-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-65-5972-113-9"><bdi>978-65-5972-113-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mundu+Sa+Turusu+Wa%C3%A1+%3A+Ub%C3%AAuwa+May%C3%A9+M%C3%ADra+It%C3%A1+Uik%C3%BA+Ar%C3%A3ma+Pur%C3%A3ga+Ik%C3%A9+Braziu+Up%C3%A9&rft.pub=Supremo+Tribunal+Federal%2C+Conselho+Nacional+de+Justi%C3%A7a&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-65-5972-113-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANheengatu+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Forsyth-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Forsyth_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForsyth1978" class="citation book cs1">Forsyth, Donald W (1978). <i>The Beginning of Brazilian Anthropology: Jesuits and Tupinamba Cannibalism</i>. Journal of Anthropological Research.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Beginning+of+Brazilian+Anthropology%3A+Jesuits+and+Tupinamba+Cannibalism&rft.pub=Journal+of+Anthropological+Research.&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Forsyth&rft.aufirst=Donald+W&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANheengatu+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Floyd-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Floyd_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFloyd2007" class="citation book cs1">Floyd, Simeon (2007). <i>Changing Times and Local Terms on the Rio Negro, Brazil: Amazonian Ways of Depolarizing Epistemology, Chronology and Cultural Change</i>. Latin American and Caribbean Ethnic Studies.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Changing+Times+and+Local+Terms+on+the+Rio+Negro%2C+Brazil%3A+Amazonian+Ways+of+Depolarizing+Epistemology%2C+Chronology+and+Cultural+Change&rft.pub=Latin+American+and+Caribbean+Ethnic+Studies.&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Floyd&rft.aufirst=Simeon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANheengatu+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nheengatu_language&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMooreFacundesPires1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Denny_Moore" title="Denny Moore">Moore, Denny</a>; Facundes, Sidney; Pires, Nádia (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171206160711/http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~survey/documents/survey-reports/survey-report-8.07-moore-etal.pdf"><i>Nheengatu (Língua Geral Amazônica), its History, and the Effects of Language Contact</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Survey_of_California_and_Other_Indian_Languages" title="Survey of California and Other Indian Languages">Survey of California and Other Indian Languages</a>. Berkeley: University of California. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~survey/documents/survey-reports/survey-report-8.07-moore-etal.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 6 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nheengatu+%28L%C3%ADngua+Geral+Amaz%C3%B4nica%29%2C+its+History%2C+and+the+Effects+of+Language+Contact&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.series=Survey+of+California+and+Other+Indian+Languages&rft.pub=University+of+California&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Denny&rft.au=Facundes%2C+Sidney&rft.au=Pires%2C+N%C3%A1dia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flinguistics.berkeley.edu%2F~survey%2Fdocuments%2Fsurvey-reports%2Fsurvey-report-8.07-moore-etal.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANheengatu+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodrigues1996" class="citation journal cs1">Rodrigues, Aryon (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etnolinguistica.org/artigo:rodrigues-1996">"As línguas gerais sul-americanas"</a>. <i>Papia</i>. <b>4</b> (2 ed.). Etnolinguística: 6–18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Papia&rft.atitle=As+l%C3%ADnguas+gerais+sul-americanas&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=6-18&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Rodrigues&rft.aufirst=Aryon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etnolinguistica.org%2Fartigo%3Arodrigues-1996&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANheengatu+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNavarro2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Eduardo_de_Almeida_Navarro" title="Eduardo de Almeida Navarro">Navarro, Eduardo De Almeida</a> (2005). <i>Método moderno de tupi antigo: a língua do Brasil dos primeiros séculos</i> (in Portuguese) (3 ed.). São Paulo: Global.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=M%C3%A9todo+moderno+de+tupi+antigo%3A+a+l%C3%ADngua+do+Brasil+dos+primeiros+s%C3%A9culos&rft.place=S%C3%A3o+Paulo&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=Global&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Navarro&rft.aufirst=Eduardo+De+Almeida&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANheengatu+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNavarro2011" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Eduardo_de_Almeida_Navarro" title="Eduardo de Almeida Navarro">Navarro, Eduardo De Almeida</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tupi.fflch.usp.br/sites/tupi.fflch.usp.br/files/CURSO%20DE%20LÍNGUA%20GERAL%20(NHEENGATU).pdf"><i>Curso de Língua Geral (Nheengatu ou Tupi Moderno) a língua das origens da civilização Amazônica</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Portuguese) (1 ed.). São Paulo. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-85-912620-0-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-85-912620-0-7"><bdi>978-85-912620-0-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Curso+de+L%C3%ADngua+Geral+%28Nheengatu+ou+Tupi+Moderno%29+a+l%C3%ADngua+das+origens+da+civiliza%C3%A7%C3%A3o+Amaz%C3%B4nica&rft.place=S%C3%A3o+Paulo&rft.edition=1&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-85-912620-0-7&rft.aulast=Navarro&rft.aufirst=Eduardo+De+Almeida&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftupi.fflch.usp.br%2Fsites%2Ftupi.fflch.usp.br%2Ffiles%2FCURSO%2520DE%2520L%C3%8DNGUA%2520GERAL%2520%28NHEENGATU%29.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANheengatu+language" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFda_Cruz2011" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">da Cruz, Aline (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140307093829/https://www.lotpublications.nl/publish/articles/004280/bookpart.pdf"><i>Fonologia e Gramática do Nheengatú: A língua geral falada pelos povos Baré, Warekena e Baniwa</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Portuguese), Lot Publications, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-6093-063-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-6093-063-8"><bdi>978-94-6093-063-8</bdi></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lotpublications.nl/publish/articles/004280/bookpart.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 7 March 2014</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fonologia+e+Gram%C3%A1tica+do+Nheengat%C3%BA%3A+A+l%C3%ADngua+geral+falada+pelos+povos+Bar%C3%A9%2C+Warekena+e+Baniwa&rft.pub=Lot+Publications&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-94-6093-063-8&rft.aulast=da+Cruz&rft.aufirst=Aline&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lotpublications.nl%2Fpublish%2Farticles%2F004280%2Fbookpart.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANheengatu+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLima_Schwade2014" class="citation cs2">Lima Schwade, Michéli Carolíni de Deus (2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4610/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Mich%C3%A9li%20C%20de%20D%20Schwade.pdf"><i>Descrição Fonético-Fonológica do Nheengatu Falado no Médio Rio Amazonas</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <a href="/wiki/Manaus" title="Manaus">Manaus</a>: <a href="/wiki/Federal_University_of_Amazonas" title="Federal University of Amazonas">Federal University of Amazonas</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Descri%C3%A7%C3%A3o+Fon%C3%A9tico-Fonol%C3%B3gica+do+Nheengatu+Falado+no+M%C3%A9dio+Rio+Amazonas&rft.place=Manaus&rft.pub=Federal+University+of+Amazonas&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Lima+Schwade&rft.aufirst=Mich%C3%A9li+Carol%C3%ADni+de+Deus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftede.ufam.edu.br%2Fbitstream%2Ftede%2F4610%2F2%2FDisserta%25C3%25A7%25C3%25A3o%2520-%2520Mich%25C3%25A9li%2520C%2520de%2520D%2520Schwade.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANheengatu+language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nheengatu_language&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/32px-Incubator-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/48px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/64px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wp/yrl" class="extiw" title="incubator:Wp/yrl">Nheengatu language test</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> at <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Incubator" class="extiw" title="meta:Wikimedia Incubator">Wikimedia Incubator</a></div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilva2021" class="citation cs2">Silva, Beto (2021), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.istoedinheiro.com.br/nativos-digitais/"><i>Nativos digitais</i></a>, ISTOÉ Dinheiro</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nativos+digitais&rft.pub=ISTO%C3%89+Dinheiro&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Silva&rft.aufirst=Beto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.istoedinheiro.com.br%2Fnativos-digitais%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANheengatu+language" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rtp.pt/play/p9726/nheengatu-a-lingua-da-amazonia">"Luso-brazilian documentary film called "Nheengatu", it shows indigenous and native speak Nheengatu in daily life"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Luso-brazilian+documentary+film+called+%22Nheengatu%22%2C+it+shows+indigenous+and+native+speak+Nheengatu+in+daily+life&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rtp.pt%2Fplay%2Fp9726%2Fnheengatu-a-lingua-da-amazonia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANheengatu+language" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"Escrita Nhengatu", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omniglot.com/writing/nheengatu.htm"><i>Writing</i></a>, Omniglot</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Escrita+Nhengatu&rft.btitle=Writing&rft.pub=Omniglot&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fwriting%2Fnheengatu.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANheengatu+language" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archive.org/details/nheengatu"><i>Nhengatu</i></a>, Archive</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nhengatu&rft.pub=Archive&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnheengatu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANheengatu+language" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www10.gencat.net/pres_casa_llengues/AppJava/frontend/llengues_detall.jsp?id=178&idioma=5">"Pres.casa-lllegues"</a>. Gencat.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pres.casa-lllegues&rft.pub=Gencat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww10.gencat.net%2Fpres_casa_llengues%2FAppJava%2Ffrontend%2Fllengues_detall.jsp%3Fid%3D178%26idioma%3D5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANheengatu+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"Nheengatu", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tupi.wikispaces.com/nheengatu"><i>Tupi</i></a> (lexic, texts, media and others links), Wikispaces</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nheengatu&rft.btitle=Tupi&rft.pub=Wikispaces&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftupi.wikispaces.com%2Fnheengatu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANheengatu+language" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090709123256/http://chs.inpa.gov.br/nheengatu.php">"Nheengatu"</a>. Brazil: INPA — Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Humanas e Sociais. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chs.inpa.gov.br/nheengatu.php">the original</a> on 9 July 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nheengatu&rft.place=Brazil&rft.pub=INPA+%E2%80%94+N%C3%BAcleo+de+Pesquisas+em+Ci%C3%AAncias+Humanas+e+Sociais&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchs.inpa.gov.br%2Fnheengatu.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANheengatu+language" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181215070133/http://www.sosaci.org/balaio2.htm">"Nheengatu e dialeto caipira"</a>. Sosaci. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sosaci.org/balaio2.htm">the original</a> on 15 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nheengatu+e+dialeto+caipira&rft.pub=Sosaci&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sosaci.org%2Fbalaio2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANheengatu+language" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/28/international/americas/28amazon.html?ei=5090&en=2dbb31357d010164&ex=1282881600&partner=rssuserland&emc=rss&pagewanted=all">"Amazon"</a>, <i>The New York Times</i>, 28 August 2005</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Amazon&rft.date=2005-08-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2005%2F08%2F28%2Finternational%2Famericas%2F28amazon.html%3Fei%3D5090%26en%3D2dbb31357d010164%26ex%3D1282881600%26partner%3Drssuserland%26emc%3Drss%26pagewanted%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANheengatu+language" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLx_dYMdXrl39njfZHnEY0WkxVhBuS1OOg">Playlist with video classes by Prof Eduardo Navarro and support material in PDF in the description of the playlist</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jw.org/yrl">Website of Jehovah's Witnesses in Nheengatu, with texts, videos and audios</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Brazil" title="Template:Languages of Brazil"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Brazil" title="Template talk:Languages of Brazil"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Brazil" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Brazil"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Brazil" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Brazil" title="Languages of Brazil">Languages of Brazil</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Portuguese" title="Brazilian Portuguese">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Sign_Language" title="Brazilian Sign Language">Brazilian Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_German" title="Brazilian German">German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Pomeranian_dialect" title="East Pomeranian dialect">Pomeranian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunsrik" title="Hunsrik">Hunsrik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Talian_dialect" title="Talian dialect">Talian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous<br />languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arawakan_languages" title="Arawakan languages">Arawakan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash%C3%A1ninka_language" title="Asháninka language">Asháninka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atorada_language" title="Atorada language">Atorada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baniwa_language_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Baniwa language (disambiguation)">Baniwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barawana_language" title="Barawana language">Barawana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar%C3%A9_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Baré language">Baré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enawen%C3%AA-Naw%C3%AA_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Enawenê-Nawê language">Enawenê-Nawê</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawayana_language" title="Mawayana language">Mapidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehinaku_language" title="Mehinaku language">Mehinaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palik%C3%BAr_language" title="Palikúr language">Palikúr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paresi_language" title="Paresi language">Paresi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariana_language" title="Tariana language">Tariana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ter%C3%AAna_language" title="Terêna language">Terêna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wapishana_language" title="Wapishana language">Wapishana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warekena_language" title="Warekena language">Warekena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waur%C3%A1_language" title="Waurá language">Waurá</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arawan_languages" title="Arawan languages">Arawan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deni_language" title="Deni language">Deni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mad%C3%AD_language" title="Madí language">Jamamadí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulina_language" title="Kulina language">Kulina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paumar%C3%AD_language" title="Paumarí language">Paumarí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuruah%C3%A1_language" title="Zuruahá language">Zuruahá</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cariban_languages" title="Cariban languages">Cariban</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amonap_language" title="Amonap language">Amonap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apala%C3%AD_language" title="Apalaí language">Apalaí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakairi_language" title="Bakairi language">Bakairi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carib_language" title="Carib language">Carib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hixkaryana_language" title="Hixkaryana language">Hixkaryana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikpeng_language" title="Ikpeng language">Ikpeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macushi_language" title="Macushi language">Macushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Par%C3%A1_Ar%C3%A1ra_language" title="Pará Arára language">Pará Arára</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salum%C3%A1_language" title="Salumá language">Salumá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikiana_language" title="Sikiana language">Sikiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ye%27kuana_language" title="Ye'kuana language">Ye'kuana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waiwai_language" title="Waiwai language">Waiwai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Panoan_languages" title="Panoan languages">Panoan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amawaka_language" title="Amawaka language">Amawaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashinawa_language" title="Kashinawa language">Kashinawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipibo_language" title="Shipibo language">Shipibo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaminawa_language" title="Yaminawa language">Yaminawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Macro-J%C3%AA_languages" title="Macro-Jê languages">Macro-Jê</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xer%C3%A9nte_language" title="Xerénte language">Akwẽ-Xerénte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apinay%C3%A9_language" title="Apinayé language">Apinajé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arikap%C3%BA_language" title="Arikapú language">Arikapú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bororo_language" title="Bororo language">Bororo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiquitano_language" title="Chiquitano language">Chiquitano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djeoromitx%C3%AD_language" title="Djeoromitxí language">Djeoromitxí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaingang_language" title="Kaingang language">Kaingang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaj%C3%A1_language" title="Karajá language">Karajá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%A9s%C3%AAdj%C3%AA_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kĩsêdjê language">Kĩsêdjê</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krenak_language" title="Krenak language">Krenak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xokleng_language" title="Xokleng language">Laklãnõ (Xokléng)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxakal%C3%AD_language" title="Maxakalí language">Maxakalí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayap%C3%B3_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kayapó language">Mẽbêngôkre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ofay%C3%A9_language" title="Ofayé language">Ofayé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panar%C3%A1_language" title="Panará language">Panará</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rikbaktsa_language" title="Rikbaktsa language">Rikbaktsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapayuna_language" title="Tapayuna language">Tapayúna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timbira_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Timbira languages">Timbira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xavante_language" title="Xavante language">Xavante</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nadahup_languages" title="Nadahup languages">Nadahup</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A2w_language" title="Dâw language">Dâw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hup_language" title="Hup language">Hup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakwa_language" title="Kakwa language">Kakwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nad%C3%ABb_language" title="Nadëb language">Nadëb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tupian_languages" title="Tupian languages">Tupian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akw%C3%A1wa_language" title="Akwáwa language">Akwáwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gavi%C3%A3o_of_Jiparan%C3%A1" title="Gavião of Jiparaná">Gavião of Jiparaná</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juruna_language" title="Juruna language">Juruna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kagwahiva_language" title="Kagwahiva language">Kagwahiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiw%C3%A1_language" title="Kaiwá language">Kaiwá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munduruku_language" title="Munduruku language">Munduruku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nheengatu" class="mw-redirect" title="Nheengatu">Nheengatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omagua_language" title="Omagua language">Omagua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapirap%C3%A9_language" title="Tapirapé language">Tapirapé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenetehara_language" title="Tenetehara language">Tenetehara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xeta_language" title="Xeta language">Xeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xipaya_language" title="Xipaya language">Xipaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zo%27%C3%A9_language" title="Zo'é language">Zo'é</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chapacuran_languages" title="Chapacuran languages">Chapacuran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oro_Win_language" title="Oro Win language">Oro Win</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wari%CA%BC_language" title="Wariʼ language">Wariʼ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tukanoan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Tukanoan languages">Tukanoan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cubeo_language" title="Cubeo language">Cubeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucano_language" title="Tucano language">Tukano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuyuca_language" title="Tuyuca language">Tuyuca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanano_language" title="Wanano language">Wanano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nambikwaran_languages" title="Nambikwaran languages">Nambikwaran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mamaind%C3%AA_language" title="Mamaindê language">Mamaindê</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nambikwara_language" title="Nambikwara language">Nambikwara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saban%C3%AA_language" title="Sabanê language">Sabanê</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aikan%C3%A3_language" title="Aikanã language">Aikanã</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arutani_language" title="Arutani language">Arutani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guat%C3%B3_language" title="Guató language">Guató</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irantxe_language" title="Irantxe language">Irantxe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadiw%C3%A9u_language" title="Kadiwéu language">Kadiwéu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanamar%C3%AD_language" title="Kanamarí language">Kanamarí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katawixi_language" title="Katawixi language">Katawixi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwaza_language" title="Kwaza language">Kwaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninam_language" title="Ninam language">Ninam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirah%C3%A3_language" title="Pirahã language">Pirahã</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticuna_language" title="Ticuna language">Ticuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xukuru_language" title="Xukuru language">Xukuru</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interlanguages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cafund%C3%B3_language" title="Cafundó language">Cafundó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karip%C3%BAna_French_Creole" title="Karipúna French Creole">Lanc-Patuá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Paulista" title="Italo-Paulista">Macarrônico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulista_General_Language" title="Paulista General Language">Paulista General Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_Portuguese" title="Uruguayan Portuguese">Portunhol fronteiriço</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Sign_Language" title="Brazilian Sign Language">Brazilian Sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka%27apor_Sign_Language" title="Ka'apor Sign Language">Ka'apor Sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terena_Sign_Language" title="Terena Sign Language">Terena Sign</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-official</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Vlax Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Creole" title="Haitian Creole">Haitian Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Colombia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Colombia" title="Template:Languages of Colombia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Colombia" title="Template talk:Languages of Colombia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Colombia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Colombia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Colombia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Colombia" title="Languages of Colombia">Languages of Colombia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_Spanish" title="Colombian Spanish">Spanish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous<br />languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arawakan_languages" title="Arawakan languages">Arawakan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achawa_language" title="Achawa language">Achawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabiyari_language" title="Cabiyari language">Cabiyari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piapoco_language" title="Piapoco language">Piapoco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayuu_language" title="Wayuu language">Wayuu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yucuna_language" title="Yucuna language">Yucuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Barbacoan_languages" title="Barbacoan languages">Barbacoan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awa_Pit_language" title="Awa Pit language">Awa Pit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconucan_language" title="Coconucan language">Kokonuco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guambiano_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Guambiano language">Misak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muellama_language" title="Muellama language">Mwelyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasto_language" title="Pasto language">Pasto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totoro_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Totoro language">Totoró</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bora%E2%80%93Witoto_languages" title="Bora–Witoto languages">Bora–Witoto</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andoque_language" title="Andoque language">Andoque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bora_language" title="Bora language">Bora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minica_Huitoto" class="mw-redirect" title="Minica Huitoto">Minica Huitoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muinane_language" title="Muinane language">Muinane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murui_Huitoto_language" title="Murui Huitoto language">Murui Huitoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocaina_language" title="Ocaina language">Ocaina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chibchan_languages" title="Chibchan languages">Chibchan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arhuaco_language" title="Arhuaco language">Arhuaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar%C3%AD_language" title="Barí language">Barí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimila_language" title="Chimila language">Chimila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kogi_language" title="Kogi language">Kogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuna_language" title="Kuna language">Kuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uwa_language" title="Uwa language">Uwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiwa_language" title="Wiwa language">Wiwa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Choco_languages" title="Choco languages">Chocoan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baudo_language" title="Baudo language">Baudo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catio_language" title="Catio language">Catio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chami_language" title="Chami language">Chami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eperara_language" title="Eperara language">Eperara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Embera_language" title="Northern Embera language">Northern Embera</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Guajiboan_languages" title="Guajiboan languages">Guajiboan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guahibo_language" title="Guahibo language">Guahibo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guayabero_language" title="Guayabero language">Guayabero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macagu%C3%A1n_language" title="Macaguán language">Macaguán</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tucanoan_languages" title="Tucanoan languages">Tucanoan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barasana-Eduria_language" title="Barasana-Eduria language">Barasana-Eduria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carapana_language" title="Carapana language">Carapana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cubeo_language" title="Cubeo language">Cubeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuiba_language" title="Cuiba language">Cuiba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desano_language" title="Desano language">Desano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreguaje_language" title="Koreguaje language">Koreguaje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macaguaje_language" title="Macaguaje language">Macaguaje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macuna_language" title="Macuna language">Macuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisamira_language" title="Pisamira language">Pisamira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siona_language" title="Siona language">Siona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siriano_language" title="Siriano language">Siriano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanimuca-Retuar%C3%A3_language" title="Tanimuca-Retuarã language">Tanimuca-Retuarã</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatuyo_language" title="Tatuyo language">Tatuyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuyuca_language" title="Tuyuca language">Tuyuca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waimaj%C3%A3_language" title="Waimajã language">Waimajã</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wajiara_language" title="Wajiara language">Wajiara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanano_language" title="Wanano language">Wanano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yauna_language" title="Yauna language">Yauna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carijona_language" title="Carijona language">Carijona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocama_language" title="Cocama language">Cocama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cof%C3%A1n_language" title="Cofán language">Cofán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inga_Kichwa" title="Inga Kichwa">Inga Kichwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakwa_language" title="Kakwa language">Kakwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kichwa_language" title="Kichwa language">Kichwa</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nheengatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukak_language" title="Nukak language">Nukak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1ez_language" title="Páez language">Páez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticuna_language" title="Ticuna language">Ticuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukpa_language" title="Yukpa language">Yukpa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Creoles/Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Llanero_Spanish" title="Llanero Spanish">Llanero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palenquero" title="Palenquero">Palenquero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Andr%C3%A9s%E2%80%93Providencia_Creole" title="San Andrés–Providencia Creole">San Andrés–Providencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_Sign_Language" title="Colombian Sign Language">Colombian Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Providence_Island_Sign_Language" title="Providence Island Sign Language">Providence Island Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Venezuela" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Venezuela" title="Template:Languages of Venezuela"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Venezuela" title="Template talk:Languages of Venezuela"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Venezuela" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Venezuela"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Venezuela" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Venezuela" title="Languages of Venezuela">Languages of Venezuela</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_Spanish" title="Venezuelan Spanish">Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Llanero_Spanish" title="Llanero Spanish">Llanero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maracucho_Spanish" title="Maracucho Spanish">Maracucho</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous<br />languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arawakan_languages" title="Arawakan languages">Arawakan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arawak_language" title="Arawak language">Arawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baniwa_of_I%C3%A7ana" class="mw-redirect" title="Baniwa of Içana">Baniwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caquetio_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Caquetio language">Caquetio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandawaca_language" title="Mandawaca language">Mandawaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraujano_language" title="Paraujano language">Paraujano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piapoco_language" title="Piapoco language">Piapoco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warekena_language" title="Warekena language">Warekena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayuu_language" title="Wayuu language">Wayuu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arutani-Sape_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Arutani-Sape languages">Arutani-Sape</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arutani_language" title="Arutani language">Arutani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sap%C3%A9_language" title="Sapé language">Sapé</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cariban_languages" title="Cariban languages">Cariban</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carib_language" title="Carib language">Carib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japreria_language" title="Japreria language">Japreria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kap%C3%B3ng_language" title="Kapóng language">Kapóng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macushi_language" title="Macushi language">Macushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapoyo-Yabarana_language" title="Mapoyo-Yabarana language">Mapoyo-Yabarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panare_language" title="Panare language">Panare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemon_language" title="Pemon language">Pemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikiana_language" title="Sikiana language">Sikiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamanaku_language" title="Tamanaku language">Tamanaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ye%27kuana_language" title="Ye'kuana language">Ye'kuana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukpa_language" title="Yukpa language">Yukpa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chibchan_languages" title="Chibchan languages">Chibchan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bar%C3%AD_language" title="Barí language">Barí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uwa_language" title="Uwa language">Uwa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Guahiban_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Guahiban languages">Guahiban</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuiba_language" title="Cuiba language">Cuiba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guahibo_language" title="Guahibo language">Guahibo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jirajaran_languages" title="Jirajaran languages">Jirajaran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayoman_language" title="Ayoman language">Ayoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gayon_language" title="Gayon language">Gayon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jirajara_language" title="Jirajara language">Jirajara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timotean_languages" title="Timotean languages">Timotean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mucuch%C3%AD_language" title="Mucuchí language">Mucuchí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timote_language" title="Timote language">Timote</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Betoi_language" title="Betoi language">Betoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hod%C3%AF_language" title="Hodï language">Hodï</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jukude_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Jukude language">Jukude</a> (Maku-Auari)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nheengatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninam_language" title="Ninam language">Ninam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanum%C3%A1_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanumá language">Sanumá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warao_language" title="Warao language">Warao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaruro_language" title="Yaruro language">Yaruro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-Native<br />languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonia_Tovar_dialect" title="Colonia Tovar dialect">Colonia Tovar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language_in_Venezuela" title="Italian language in Venezuela">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_Sign_Language" title="Venezuelan Sign Language">Venezuelan Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tupian_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tupian_languages" title="Template:Tupian languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tupian_languages" title="Template talk:Tupian languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tupian_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tupian languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tupian_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tupian_languages" title="Tupian languages">Tupian languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arikem_languages" title="Arikem languages">Arikem</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Arikem_language" title="Arikem language">Arikem</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kabixiana_language" title="Kabixiana language">Kabixiana</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kariti%C3%A2na_language" title="Karitiâna language">Karitiâna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tupari_languages" title="Tupari languages">Tupari</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akuntsu_language" title="Akuntsu language">Akuntsu</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kepkiriw%C3%A1t_language" title="Kepkiriwát language">Kepkiriwát</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makurap_language" title="Makurap language">Makurap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mek%C3%A9ns_language" title="Mekéns language">Mekens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tupari_language" title="Tupari language">Tupari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayor%C3%B3_language" title="Wayoró language">Wayoró</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monde_languages" title="Monde languages">Mondé</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aru%C3%A1shi_language" title="Aruáshi language">Aruáshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinta_Larga_language" title="Cinta Larga language">Cinta Larga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gavi%C3%A3o_of_Jiparan%C3%A1" title="Gavião of Jiparaná">Gavião of Jiparaná</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guariba_Ar%C3%A1ra_language" title="Guariba Arára language">Guariba Arára</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mond%C3%A9_language" title="Mondé language">Mondé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suru%C3%AD_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Suruí language">Suruí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoro_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoro language">Zoro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Purubora_language" title="Purubora language">Puruborá</a>–<br /><a href="/wiki/Ramarama_languages" title="Ramarama languages">Ramarama</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramarama_language" title="Ramarama language">Karo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purubora_language" title="Purubora language">Puruborá</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Urumi_language" title="Urumi language">Urumi</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yuruna_languages" title="Yuruna languages">Yuruna</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juruna_language" title="Juruna language">Juruna</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maritsau%C3%A1_language" title="Maritsauá language">Maritsauá</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xipaya_language" title="Xipaya language">Xipaya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Munduruku_languages" title="Munduruku languages">Munduruku</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kuruaya_language" title="Kuruaya language">Kuruaya</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munduruku_language" title="Munduruku language">Munduruku</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maweti%E2%80%93Guarani_languages" title="Maweti–Guarani languages">Maweti–Guarani</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maw%C3%A9_language" title="Mawé language">Mawé</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Aweti–Guarani" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aweti–Guarani</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awet%C3%AF_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Awetï language">Awetï</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Tupi–Guarani" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tupi%E2%80%93Guarani_languages" title="Tupi–Guarani languages">Tupi–Guarani</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Guarani_languages" title="Guarani languages">Guarani</a> (I)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ach%C3%A9_language" title="Aché language">Aché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guarani_dialects" title="Guarani dialects">Guarani</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Ava_Guarani_language" title="Ava Guarani language">Chiripá</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Jopara" title="Jopara">Jopara</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bolivian_Guaran%C3%AD_language" title="Eastern Bolivian Guaraní language">East Bolivian</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Mby%C3%A1_Guaran%C3%AD_language" title="Mbyá Guaraní language">Mbyá</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Guarani_language" title="Guarani language">Paraguayan</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Western_Bolivian_Guarani" title="Western Bolivian Guarani">West Bolivian</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiw%C3%A1_language" title="Kaiwá language">Kaiwá</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Pai_Tavytera_language" title="Pai Tavytera language">Pai Tavytera</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xeta_language" title="Xeta language">Xeta</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Guarayu_languages" title="Guarayu languages">Guarayu</a> (II)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guarayu_language" title="Guarayu language">Guarayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauserna_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauserna language">Pauserna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirion%C3%B3_language" title="Sirionó language">Sirionó</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tupi_languages" title="Tupi languages">Tupi</a> (III)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tupi_language" title="Tupi language">Old Tupi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paulista_General_Language" title="Paulista General Language">Paulista General Language</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocama_language" title="Cocama language">Cocama</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nheengatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omagua_language" title="Omagua language">Omagua</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Potiguara_language" title="Potiguara language">Potiguara</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tenetehara_languages" title="Tenetehara languages">Tenetehara</a> (IV)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akw%C3%A1wa_language" title="Akwáwa language">Akwáwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Av%C3%A1-Canoeiro_language" title="Avá-Canoeiro language">Avá-Canoeiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapirap%C3%A9_language" title="Tapirapé language">Tapirapé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenetehara_language" title="Tenetehara language">Tenetehara</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Guajajara" title="Guajajara">Guajajara</a></small></li> <li><small><i><a href="/wiki/Turiw%C3%A1ra_language" title="Turiwára language">Turiwára</a></i></small></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Xingu_languages" title="Xingu languages">Xingu</a> (V)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Amanay%C3%A9_language" title="Amanayé language">Amanayé</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anamb%C3%A9_language" title="Anambé language">Anambé</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ararandewara_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ararandewara language">Ararandewara</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arawet%C3%A9_language" title="Araweté language">Araweté</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aur%C3%A1_language" title="Aurá language">Aurá</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xingu_Asurini_language" title="Xingu Asurini language">Xingu Asurini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kawah%C3%ADb_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kawahíb language">Kawahíb</a> (VI)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Apiak%C3%A1_language" title="Apiaká language">Apiaká</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakobo_language" title="Chakobo language">Karipuna</a> (Jau-Navo)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kagwahiva_language" title="Kagwahiva language">Kagwahiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayabi_language" title="Kayabi language">Kayabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uru-Pa-In_language" title="Uru-Pa-In language">Uru-Pa-In</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kamayur%C3%A1_language" title="Kamayurá language">Kamayurá</a> (VII)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamayur%C3%A1_language" title="Kamayurá language">Kamayurá</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Tupi%E2%80%93Guarani_languages" title="Northern Tupi–Guarani languages">Northern</a> (VIII)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emerillon_language" title="Emerillon language">Emerillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guaj%C3%A1_language" title="Guajá language">Guajá</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Takunyap%C3%A9_language" title="Takunyapé language">Takunyapé</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka%27apor_language" title="Ka'apor language">Urubu–Kaapor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayampi_language" title="Wayampi language">Wayampi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayampipuk%C3%BA_language" title="Wayampipukú language">Wayampipukú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zo%27%C3%A9_language" title="Zo'é language">Zo'é</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proto-language" title="Proto-language">Proto-languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a 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