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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Under the kings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Under_the_kings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-During_the_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#During_the_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>During the Republic</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-During_the_Republic-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle During the Republic subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-During_the_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Responsibilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Responsibilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Responsibilities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Responsibilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Domestic_duties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestic_duties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Domestic duties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domestic_duties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Provincial_administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Provincial_administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Provincial administration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Provincial_administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-On_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>On campaign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-During_the_empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#During_the_empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>During the empire</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-During_the_empire-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle During the empire subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-During_the_empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Principate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Principate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Principate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Principate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Late empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Byzantine_empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Byzantine_empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Byzantine empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Byzantine_empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Quaestor</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 46 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-46" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">46 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1" title="قسطور – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قسطور" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvestor" title="Kvestor – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kvestor" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_(%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC)" title="Квестор (Древен Рим) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Квестор (Древен Рим)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvestor" title="Kvestor – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kvestor" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%C3%BCestor" title="Qüestor – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Qüestor" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaestor" title="Quaestor – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Quaestor" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kv%C3%A6stor" title="Kvæstor – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kvæstor" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaestur" title="Quaestur – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Quaestur" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvestor" title="Kvestor – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kvestor" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuestor" title="Cuestor – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cuestor" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvestoro" title="Kvestoro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kvestoro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuestore_(Antzinako_Erroma)" title="Kuestore (Antzinako Erroma) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kuestore (Antzinako Erroma)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1" title="کوایستور – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کوایستور" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Questeur_(Rome_antique)" title="Questeur (Rome antique) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Questeur (Rome antique)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuestor" title="Cuestor – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cuestor" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%AC%EB%AC%B4%EA%B4%80" title="재무관 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="재무관" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvestor" title="Kvestor – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kvestor" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Questoro" title="Questoro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Questoro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuestor" title="Kuestor – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kuestor" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Questore_(storia_romana)" title="Questore (storia romana) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Questore (storia romana)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8" title="קוואיסטור – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קוואיסטור" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="კვესტორი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კვესტორი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaestor" title="Quaestor – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Quaestor" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvestorius" title="Kvestorius – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kvestorius" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaestor" title="Quaestor – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Quaestor" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Квестор – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Квестор" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaestor" title="Quaestor – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Quaestor" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaestor_(Rome)" title="Quaestor (Rome) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Quaestor (Rome)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A8%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%AB" title="クァエストル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="クァエストル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvestor" title="Kvestor – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kvestor" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwestor" title="Kwestor – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kwestor" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Questor" title="Questor – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Questor" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chestor" title="Chestor – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Chestor" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Квестор – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Квестор" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaestor" title="Quaestor – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Quaestor" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvestor_(starovek%C3%BD_R%C3%ADm)" title="Kvestor (staroveký Rím) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kvestor (staroveký Rím)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvestor" title="Kvestor – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kvestor" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Квестор – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Квестор" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvestor" title="Kvestor – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kvestor" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvestori" title="Kvestori – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kvestori" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvestor" title="Kvestor – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kvestor" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87" title="ขุนคลัง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ขุนคลัง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaestor" title="Quaestor – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Quaestor" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Квестор – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Квестор" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaestor" title="Quaestor – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Quaestor" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B2%A1%E5%8B%99%E5%AE%98" title="財務官 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="財務官" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q189430#sitelinks-wikipedia" 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><table class="sidebar nomobile vcard"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="adr"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_ancient_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of ancient Rome">Politics of ancient Rome</a></div></th></tr><tr><th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_SPQR_banner.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Roman_SPQR_banner.svg/150px-Roman_SPQR_banner.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Roman_SPQR_banner.svg/225px-Roman_SPQR_banner.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Roman_SPQR_banner.svg/300px-Roman_SPQR_banner.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="289" data-file-height="229" /></a></span></th></tr><tr><th style="border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid"></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="text-align:center; background:#e5d4a8;"> Periods</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Roman Kingdom</a></b><br />753–509 BC</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a></b><br />509–27 BC</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></b><br />27 BC – AD 395</li></ul> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 8em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principate" title="Principate">Principate</a><br />27 BC – AD 284</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominate" title="Dominate">Dominate</a><br />AD 284–641</li></ul> </div> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 8em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire"><b>Western</b></a><br />AD 395–476</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire"><b>Eastern</b></a><br />AD 395–1453</li></ul> </div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Roman_history" title="Timeline of Roman history">Timeline</a></b></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="text-align:center; background:#e5d4a8;"> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Constitution" title="Roman Constitution">Constitution</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Kingdom" title="Constitution of the Roman Kingdom">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Republic" title="Constitution of the Roman Republic">Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_reforms_of_Sulla" title="Constitutional reforms of Sulla">Sullan republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Constitution of the Roman Empire">Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_reforms_of_Augustus" title="Constitutional reforms of Augustus">Augustan reforms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Late_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the Late Roman Empire">Late Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="text-align:center; background:#e5d4a8;"> <a href="/wiki/Political_institutions_of_ancient_Rome" title="Political institutions of ancient Rome">Political institutions</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 8em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperium" title="Imperium">Imperium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegiality" title="Collegiality">Collegiality</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Auctoritas" title="Auctoritas">Auctoritas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_citizenship" title="Roman citizenship">Roman citizenship</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cursus_honorum" title="Cursus honorum">Cursus honorum</a></i></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="text-align:center; background:#e5d4a8;"> <a href="/wiki/Roman_assemblies" title="Roman assemblies">Assemblies</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 8em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centuriate_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Centuriate Assembly">Centuriate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curiate_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Curiate Assembly">Curiate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plebeian_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebeian Council">Plebeian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribal Assembly">Tribal</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="text-align:center; background:#e5d4a8;"> <a href="/wiki/Roman_magistrate" title="Roman magistrate">Ordinary magistrates</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 8em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">Consul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praetor" title="Praetor">Praetor</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Quaestor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promagistrate" title="Promagistrate">Promagistrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aedile" title="Aedile">Aedile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribune" title="Tribune">Tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_censor" title="Roman censor">Censor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_governor" title="Roman governor">Governor</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="text-align:center; background:#e5d4a8;"> <a href="/wiki/Roman_magistrate" title="Roman magistrate">Extraordinary magistrates</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 8em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corrector" title="Corrector">Corrector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_dictator" title="Roman dictator">Dictator</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magister_equitum" title="Magister equitum">Magister equitum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribuni_militum_consulari_potestate" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribuni militum consulari potestate">Consular tribune</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/King_of_Rome" title="King of Rome">Rex</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Triumvirate_(ancient_Rome)" title="Triumvirate (ancient Rome)">Triumviri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Decemviri" title="Decemviri">Decemviri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Interrex" title="Interrex">Interrex</a></i></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="text-align:center; background:#e5d4a8;"> <a href="/wiki/Roman_law" title="Roman law">Public law</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 8em;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mos_maiorum" title="Mos maiorum">Mos maiorum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ius" title="Ius">Ius</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Senatus_consultum" title="Senatus consultum">Senatus consultum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quaestio_perpetua" title="Quaestio perpetua">Quaestio perpetua</a></i></li></ul> </div> <i><a href="/wiki/Senatus_consultum_ultimum" title="Senatus consultum ultimum">Senatus consultum ultimum</a></i></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="text-align:center; background:#e5d4a8;"> Titles and honours</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Emperor</a></li></ul> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 8em;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Legatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Legatus">Legatus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dux" title="Dux">Dux</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Officium_(ancient_Rome)" title="Officium (ancient Rome)">Officium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Praeses" title="Praeses">Praeses</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Praefectus" title="Praefectus">Praefectus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vicarius" title="Vicarius">Vicarius</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vigintisexviri" title="Vigintisexviri">Vigintisexviri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Triumvir_monetalis" title="Triumvir monetalis">Triumvir monetalis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lictor" title="Lictor">Lictor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magister_militum" title="Magister militum">Magister militum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Imperator" title="Imperator">Imperator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Princeps_senatus" title="Princeps senatus">Princeps senatus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pontifex_maximus" title="Pontifex maximus">Pontifex maximus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_(title)" title="Augustus (title)">Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrarchy" title="Tetrarchy">Tetrarch</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px #aaa solid"> <div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_ancient_Rome" title="Template:Politics of ancient Rome"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_ancient_Rome" title="Template talk:Politics of ancient Rome"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_ancient_Rome" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of ancient Rome"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>quaestor</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'w' in 'wind'">w</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ər/: 'er' in 'letter'">ər</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">KWEE</span>-stər</i></a>, <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'w' in 'wind'">w</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ər/: 'er' in 'letter'">ər</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Latin:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="la-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Latin" title="Help:IPA/Latin">[ˈkʷae̯stɔr]</a></span>; "investigator")<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a public official in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">ancient Rome</a>. There were various types of quaestors, with the title used to describe greatly different offices at different times. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a>, quaestors were elected officials who supervised the state treasury and conducted <a href="/wiki/Audit" title="Audit">audits</a>. When assigned to provincial governors, the duties were mainly administrative and logistical, but also could expand to encompass military leadership and command. It was the lowest ranking position in the <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Cursus_honorum" title="Cursus honorum">cursus honorum</a></i></span></i> (course of offices); by the first century BC, one had to have been quaestor to be eligible for any other posts. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, the position initially remained as assistants to the magistrates with financial duties in the provinces, but over time, it faded away in the face of the expanding imperial bureaucracy. A position with a similar name (the <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Quaestor_sacri_palatii" title="Quaestor sacri palatii">quaestor sacri palatii</a></i></span></i>) emerged during the Constantinian period with judicial responsibilities. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quaestor&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Quaestor</i> derives from the Latin verb <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">quaero</i></span></i>, <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">quaerere</i></span></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Queastor_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Queastor-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> meaning "to inquire"<sup id="cite_ref-quaero_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quaero-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (probably ultimately from the Proto-Indo-European root of interrogative pronouns <i>*kʷo-</i>). The job title has traditionally been understood as deriving from the original investigative function of the <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">quaestores parricidii</i></span></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-covino_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-covino-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-smith_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Under_the_kings">Under the kings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quaestor&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Under the kings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The earliest quaestors were <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">quaestores parricidii</i></span></i>, chosen to investigate capital crimes, and may have been appointed as needed rather than holding a permanent position.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201982_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201982-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Republic</a>, these <i>quaestores parricidii</i> persisted, as prosecutors for capital cases in trials before the people. They disappear, however, by the second century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBadianHonoré2012_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBadianHonoré2012-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ancient authors disagree on the exact manner of selection for this office as well as on its chronology, with some dating it to the mythical reign of <a href="/wiki/Romulus" title="Romulus">Romulus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201922_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201922-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This view, however, is "not at all credible" and there is no clear evidence for a specific date for the quaestorship's beginning.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201922_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201922-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="During_the_Republic">During the Republic</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quaestor&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: During the Republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The classical quaestors with financial responsibilities may be unconnected with the older <i>questores parricidii</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBadianHonoré2012_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBadianHonoré2012-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the debate still continues, but has more recently trended against connecting the two offices, which are connected by nothing other than a name.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201920_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201920-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two general theses are that the classical quaestorship related with financial matters either was created entirely separately from the older judicial quaestorship or that it evolved from that older quaestorship to meet greater administrative needs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201919_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201919-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The traditional <i><a href="/wiki/Cursus_honorum" title="Cursus honorum">cursus honorum</a></i> (career path) was loosely regulated, but after 197 BC, became more so, with a basic progression that one first had to hold the quaestorship before being considered for higher office as <a href="/wiki/Praetor" title="Praetor">praetor</a> or <a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">consul</a>, with quaestor as the lowest office.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrennan2012_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrennan2012-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_reforms_of_Sulla" title="Constitutional reforms of Sulla">Sulla's reforms</a>, the <i>cursus honorum</i> was cemented, with the added requirement that to stand for the quaestorship, one first needed to have been one of the <a href="/wiki/Vigintiviri" class="mw-redirect" title="Vigintiviri">vigintiviri</a> and have held the <a href="/wiki/Military_tribune" title="Military tribune">military tribunate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrennan2012_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrennan2012-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reforms also established that the minimum age for candidates had to be 30.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Quaestors were elected last in the electoral comitia, as they were of the lowest rank.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201965_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201965-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the late Republic, however, their terms of office started before their more senior colleagues, on 5 December rather than 1 January. This was the earliest term start of the major magistracies of the Republic, being earlier than that of the <a href="/wiki/Tribunes_of_the_plebs" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribunes of the plebs">tribunes of the plebs</a> (who came into office on 10 December).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201965–66_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201965–66-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Responsibilities">Responsibilities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quaestor&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Responsibilities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After election, they were assigned – usually by lot on their first day in office – to their tasks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201969,_74_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201969,_74-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Very rarely were quaestors directly assigned to a specific task without lot (i.e., <i>extra sortem</i>), likely with the approval of the senate to a magistrate's request.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201975–76_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201975–76-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some quaestors were assigned to specific tasks (the management of the treasury or of the grain supply in Ostia), but most were assigned to assist a higher magistrate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201972_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201972-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Those assigned to the treasury were supervised by the Senate (usually with the consuls as intermediaries), while those assigned to a higher magistrate were supervised by their superior.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201973_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201973-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Quaestors could be dismissed by their superiors, but this appears rare; there is only one known case thereof, when then-proconsul <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius_Cotta_(consul_74_BC)" title="Marcus Aurelius Cotta (consul 74 BC)">Marcus Aurelius Cotta</a> dismissed his quaestor Publius Oppius in 73 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201977–78_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201977–78-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early Republic, one quaestor was attached to each consul, both when the consul was in Rome for civic duties and on military campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019125_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019125-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 227 BC,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019128_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019128-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> every magistrate with <i><a href="/wiki/Imperium" title="Imperium">imperium</a></i> (consuls and praetors) left the city accompanied by a quaestor.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This close cooperation led these provincial quaestors to take a more active role in assisting their superiors with military – even assuming command at times – and administrative tasks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019128–29_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019128–29-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The expanding use of <a href="/wiki/Prorogatio" class="mw-redirect" title="Prorogatio">prorogation</a> also affected quaestors, who were regularly prorogued with their superiors <i>pro quaestore</i>; more frustratingly, ancient sources did not always differentiate between quaestors and their proquaestorian counterparts, regularly calling both quaestors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019130_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019130-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Quaestors in the provinces generally remained in the same province as their superiors for the duration of the superior's term,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBadian1983158_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBadian1983158-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but this was not obligatory, as the quaestorian careers of <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Gracchus" title="Gaius Gracchus">Gaius Gracchus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a>, and the rotating names of quaestors serving under <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Verres" title="Gaius Verres">Gaius Verres</a> attest.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019138_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019138-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Terms in the provinces usually lasted one or two years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBadian1983158,_160_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBadian1983158,_160-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Quaestors acted militarily solely under the auspices and <i><a href="/wiki/Imperium" title="Imperium">imperium</a></i> of their commanders, except under exceptional circumstances such as the death of that commander.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019139_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019139-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The relationship between a governor and his quaestor was similar to that between a <a href="/wiki/Patronage" title="Patronage">patron</a> and a client, but was entirely official. While in office together, a quaestor was expected to show "reverence, courtesy, and loyalty" to his governor; the governor was likewise obliged to respect his subordinates. This relationship often continued past the designated terms of either individual, and the quaestor could be called upon for assistance or other needs by the consul.<sup id="cite_ref-relationship_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-relationship-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also related were the need to maintain a working relationship to avoid tensions that could endanger the province, as well as a "certain degree of complicity [needed...] to conceal anything that could compromise the magistrates' reputations".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019194_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019194-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Domestic_duties">Domestic duties</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quaestor&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Domestic duties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Urban_quaestor"></span><span class="anchor" id="Urban_quaestors"></span><span class="anchor" id="quaestor_urbanis"></span><span class="anchor" id="quaestores_urbani"></span> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Temple_of_Saturn,_Roman_Forum,_Rome_(39026371221).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Image of the ruins of the Temple of Saturn, from front." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Temple_of_Saturn%2C_Roman_Forum%2C_Rome_%2839026371221%29.jpg/220px-Temple_of_Saturn%2C_Roman_Forum%2C_Rome_%2839026371221%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Temple_of_Saturn%2C_Roman_Forum%2C_Rome_%2839026371221%29.jpg/330px-Temple_of_Saturn%2C_Roman_Forum%2C_Rome_%2839026371221%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Temple_of_Saturn%2C_Roman_Forum%2C_Rome_%2839026371221%29.jpg/440px-Temple_of_Saturn%2C_Roman_Forum%2C_Rome_%2839026371221%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3255" data-file-height="2156" /></a><figcaption>Ruins of the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Saturn" title="Temple of Saturn">Temple of Saturn</a>, the location of the <i><a href="/wiki/Aerarium" title="Aerarium">aerarium</a></i>, in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Forum" title="Roman Forum">Forum</a> at the foot of the <a href="/wiki/Capitoline_Hill" title="Capitoline Hill">Capitoline Hill</a> in Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tabularium-and-temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Tabularium-and-temple.jpg/220px-Tabularium-and-temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Tabularium-and-temple.jpg/330px-Tabularium-and-temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Tabularium-and-temple.jpg/440px-Tabularium-and-temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>The repurposed ruins of the <a href="/wiki/Tabularium" title="Tabularium">Tabularium</a> (behind the fragmentary ruins of the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Vespasian_and_Titus" title="Temple of Vespasian and Titus">Temple of Vespasian and Titus</a> at right) constructed in 78 BC near the <i>aerarium</i> as the state record office.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cat%C3%B3n_(52340687524).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Cat%C3%B3n_%2852340687524%29.jpg/220px-Cat%C3%B3n_%2852340687524%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Cat%C3%B3n_%2852340687524%29.jpg/330px-Cat%C3%B3n_%2852340687524%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Cat%C3%B3n_%2852340687524%29.jpg/440px-Cat%C3%B3n_%2852340687524%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2539" data-file-height="3500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cato_the_Younger" title="Cato the Younger">Cato the Younger</a> served as one of the urban quaestors in 64 BC, during which he acquired a reputation for stern honesty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201982,_120–22_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201982,_120–22-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </figcaption></figure> <p>There were usually two quaestors assigned to the city of Rome (termed urban quaestors), with both simultaneously responsible for the treasury.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201980,_82_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201980,_82-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While some older scholars believed that the urban quaestors were forbidden from leaving the city, this is now rejected.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201982_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201982-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The normal main duty of the urban quaestors was to handle the <i><a href="/wiki/Aerarium" title="Aerarium">aerarium</a></i> (the public treasury). This involved control and management of the gold and coins stored there, safekeeping of the keys to the treasury, supervision of all public expenses and tax receipts, validation of official documents, and archival of the same.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201984–85,_112_(public_notaries)_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201984–85,_112_(public_notaries)-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The quaestors were aided by assistants called <i>apparitores</i>, who likely served multi-year terms to familiarise themselves with the job; their number multiplied during the later Republic to meet administrative needs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201984_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201984-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As part of administering the treasury, they also handled the receipt and auditing of war reparations and tribute from polities defeated by Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Collections of taxes were also handled by the urban quaestors and their staff, with overpayments reimbursed when funds became available.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201996_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201996-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also made the appropriate withdrawals from the treasury to cover various expenses – including building, army pay, temple maintenance, state visits, state funerals, road maintenance, minting of coins, etc – as directed by the Senate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201996–97,_102_(state_visits),_103_(state_funerals),_105_(road_maintenance),_107_(minting_of_coins)_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201996–97,_102_(state_visits),_103_(state_funerals),_105_(road_maintenance),_107_(minting_of_coins)-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>They were also in charge of auctions for public land (<i><a href="/wiki/Ager_publicus" title="Ager publicus">ager publicus</a></i>). Such land was acquired by conquest and became the property of the Roman people.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201993_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201993-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Land sales could be directed by the Senate to meet funding shortfalls, as during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Punic_War" title="Second Punic War">Second Punic War</a>, when the urban quaestors auctioned lands around Capua to raise funds.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201994_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201994-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These quaestors were also responsible for handling public auction of war booty returned to the public treasury by victorious generals. This included objects as well as slaves, with the proceeds to be deposited in the public treasury.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201991_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201991-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were also responsible for public auction of property seized from citizens who had debts or fines owed to the state if they were unable to pay.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201992_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201992-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These responsibilities over public debts also included the collection of fines in general, where a convict ordered to pay a fine would be required to make a surety to the urban quaestors and deposit the money in the <i>aerarium</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201992_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201992-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Returning magistrates and governors also had to produce detailed account books for their handling of public money, which would then be deposited in the treasury, where the urban quaestors and their staff would audit them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201986–87_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201986–87-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These records were supposed to total a running ledger of starting balances, a line-by-line itemised accounting of all inflows and outflows, and ending balances for the province.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201987_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201987-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also included, for generals, detailed lists of all the money, gold, silver, spoils, and other assets acquired during a governorship.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The scribes checked the account books, looking for transactional documentation and arithmetic errors, the results were then approved or disapproved by the quaestors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201987_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201987-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A negative audit could provide fodder for corruption charges, which was regular in the last two centuries of the Republic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201987_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201987-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the formation of the permanent courts (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">quaestiones perpetuae</i></span>), the urban quaestors were also responsible for assembling the jury pools and allocation of portions of those pools to the various courts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019116–17_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019116–17-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These quaestors also handled various tasks assigned ad hoc by the Senate, such as meeting and accompanying foreign dignitaries on state visits<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201980–81,_102_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201980–81,_102-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or leaving Rome to the provinces on special assignments.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In earlier Republic, the quaestors also controlled the distribution of the <a href="/wiki/Aquila_(Roman)" title="Aquila (Roman)">legionary <i>aquilae</i></a> (eagle standards), which were kept in the treasury before distribution to generals before they were returned on the conclusion of a campaign. This likely, however, fell into disuse as Rome expanded across the Mediterranean.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201985–86_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201985–86-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Provincial_administration">Provincial administration</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quaestor&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Provincial administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_Republic_44_bC.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Roman_Republic_44_bC.svg/300px-Roman_Republic_44_bC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Roman_Republic_44_bC.svg/450px-Roman_Republic_44_bC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Roman_Republic_44_bC.svg/600px-Roman_Republic_44_bC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1674" data-file-height="897" /></a><figcaption>The extent of the Roman Republic and its provinces on the eve of Caesar's assassination in 44 BC.</figcaption></figure> <p>Because consuls, praetors, and their promagisterial counterparts were "practically... plenipotentiary agent[s] upon [which all] aspect[s] of government associated with that <i>provincia</i> depended", the quaestor's responsibilities could vary widely, including not only financial and administrative matters but also sometimes encompassing military command and judicial functions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019164_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019164-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In general, however, the core administrative duty of the quaestor was to "[extract] whatever material assets the Roman military apparatus might need".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019164_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019164-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When quaestors were sometimes assigned to a province alone (without attachment to a superior) in the late republic, quaestorian responsibilities increased dramatically as the only Roman magistrate present.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019164_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019164-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At times, quaestors were sent without superiors to peaceful acquisitions to inventory property, auction them if necessary, and transport proceeds to Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019178_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019178-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During normal times under a governor, the quaestor would handle administrative tasks related to supply of the armies. He would oversee the transport of public money assigned by the Senate to the province, record its uses, and use it to pay soldiers' wages or purchase supplies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019165_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019165-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also helped manage the taxation of the province in terms of collecting food, supplies, and money from local leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019165–66_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019165–66-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In terms of taxation, quaestors also handled the local auction of raw goods to public contractors (<a href="/wiki/Publican" title="Publican"><i>publicani</i></a>) or merchants; at times, they also made requisitions from local provincials on orders of their superior or at times on their own accord.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019166–67_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019166–67-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This remit also extended to minting coinage – usually to pay soldiers serving in the provinces – from precious metal stocks on hand.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019167_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019167-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The provincial quaestor also had to carefully record all the money that fell into the provincial government's hands.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019168_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019168-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other assets acquired by conquest or otherwise classed as war spoils – from gold to grain, arms, and ships – also had to be inventoried, recorded, and deposited in the public treasury at Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019176–77_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019176–77-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Captives captured in war were usually sold into slavery in that province, which was managed by the quaestor for funds also to be noted in the account books.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019177_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019177-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also were expected to register those provincial records in Rome upon conclusion of their terms for review by the urban quaestors, which were supposed to record all movements of funds. Loss of those records could give rise to damaging charges of corruption.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019170–71_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019170–71-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a>'s <i>lex Julia</i>, these records had to be made in triplicate, with two copies lodged in provincial cities (not always the same cities from governor to governor) and the remaining copy returned to Rome for presentation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019171_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019171-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then, at least according to custom, both the quaestor and the governor would return to Rome to present the provincial accounts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019172_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019172-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon the close of the term, the quaestor would coordinate to divide the remaining money between the incoming provincial administration and the treasury in Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019173_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019173-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These great responsibilities with little immediate oversight gave both provincial quaestors and their governors many opportunities for corruption by misappropriating funds, demanding exorbitant taxes, getting involved in various business schemes, or taking bribes outright.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019174–75_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019174–75-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Quaestors' behaviour did not always comport with their administrative and legal responsibilities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019175_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019175-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="On_campaign">On campaign</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quaestor&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: On campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On campaign, provincial quaestors acted as subordinate military officers to their attached superior, taking a role "analogous to... that [of] other members of the governor's entourage, such as his legates".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019181_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019181-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At times, the quaestor could get into tension with the governor's legates over respective spheres of responsibility or accountability; officially, however, the quaestor was "higher up the chain of command... [as], besides the governor, he was the only magistrate [and] representative of the Senate and the Roman people", giving him "greater authority than legates in all areas of provincial command".<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Quaestors are documented at various times leading and raising troops and fleets under the command of their governors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019182–83_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019182–83-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some quaestors were delegated significant open-ended responsibilities far exceeding administrative tasks: <a href="/wiki/Lucullus" title="Lucullus">Lucullus</a>, for example, during the <a href="/wiki/First_Mithridatic_War" title="First Mithridatic War">First Mithridatic War</a> as <a href="/wiki/Sulla" title="Sulla">Sulla</a>'s proquaestor, led troops, assembled fleets, travelled the eastern Mediterranean as a diplomat, intervened to overthrow governments, commanded naval battles, captured prisoners, and levied taxes and indemnities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019183–84_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019183–84-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When a governor left the province, he normally left it to his quaestor's command (though this was at times given instead to one of his high-ranking legates).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019186_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019186-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If a governor died, however, the quaestor generally assumed command of the forces until replacement, possibly with <i>imperium pro praetore</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019187–88_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019187–88-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The specifics of how this <i>imperium</i> was delegated after the death of its actual possessor are unclear: some scholars believe that this was automatic, whereas others believed that a proconsul had to first endow his quaestor with propraetorian <i>imperium</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019190_(n.&nbsp;295)_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019190_(n.&nbsp;295)-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A provincial quaestor also could be sent as a diplomatic representative. Two famous examples thereof are those of <a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Gracchus" title="Tiberius Gracchus">Tiberius Gracchus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sulla" title="Sulla">Sulla</a>: Gracchus negotiated a peace treaty on behalf of his proconsul allowing some twenty thousand soldiers to leave with their lives (though the treaty was later invalidated by the Senate) and Sulla negotiated the capture of <a href="/wiki/Jugurtha" title="Jugurtha">Jugurtha</a> at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Jugurthine_War" title="Jugurthine War">Jugurthine War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019192_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019192-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History">History</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quaestor&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There were initially two quaestors; they were initially appointed by the consuls, but according to <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a> after 447 BC,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019196,_citing_Tac._''Ann.'',_11.22_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019196,_citing_Tac._''Ann.'',_11.22-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they were elected by the <i><a href="/wiki/Comitia_tributa" class="mw-redirect" title="Comitia tributa">comitia tributa</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBadianHonoré2012_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBadianHonoré2012-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When plebeians were permitted to stand for the quaestorship in 421 BC, two more were added, with assignments to administer the <i><a href="/wiki/Aerarium" title="Aerarium">aerarium</a></i> under senatorial direction.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBadianHonoré2012_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBadianHonoré2012-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also around this time that Livy reports a relationship between the quaestors and the public treasury.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201922–23_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201922–23-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After 267 BC, four more quaestors were added, possibly with assignments to various towns in Italy (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Ostia_Antica" title="Ostia Antica">Ostia</a> for management of the food supply).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBadianHonoré2012_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBadianHonoré2012-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The specific number elected year-to-year is difficult to determine at any time, but before <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Cornelius_Sulla" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucius Cornelius Sulla">Lucius Cornelius Sulla</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_reforms_of_Sulla" title="Constitutional reforms of Sulla">reforms</a> in 81 BC, there were 19 quaestors; his reforms created one for the water supply, raising the total to 20.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBadianHonoré2012_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBadianHonoré2012-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also made holding the quaestorship compulsory for advancement to future offices.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrennan2012_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrennan2012-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201952_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201952-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These reforms also established a minimum age for the office, established at 30.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201954_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201954-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, the reforms granted quaestors automatic membership in the senate upon being elected, whereas previously, membership in the senate was granted only after <a href="/wiki/Roman_censor" title="Roman censor">censors</a> revised the Senate rolls every few years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201951,_noting_also_that_in_the_immediate_pre-Sullan_period_ex-quaestors_were_probably_enrolled_by_the_censors_as_a_matter_of_course_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201951,_noting_also_that_in_the_immediate_pre-Sullan_period_ex-quaestors_were_probably_enrolled_by_the_censors_as_a_matter_of_course-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a>'s dictatorship, he doubled the number of quaestors to forty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBadianHonoré2012_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBadianHonoré2012-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="During_the_empire">During the empire</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quaestor&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: During the empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Principate">Principate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quaestor&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Principate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Principate" title="Principate">Principate</a>, the number was halved back to twenty by <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>. He also removed the quaestors from government of the <i>aerarium</i> (with a short interlude under <a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a> when this was reversed). The emperor and the two consuls each had two quaestors, with the emperor selecting his own, the <i>quaestores Caesaris</i>, who were often up-and-coming men from noble families.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBadianHonoré2012_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBadianHonoré2012-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over time, the former duties of the quaestors were subsumed by imperial officials, but, in the senatorial provinces, they "retained some financial functions through the Principate".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBadianHonoré2012_7-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBadianHonoré2012-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_empire">Late empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quaestor&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Late empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Quaestor_sacri_palatii" title="Quaestor sacri palatii">quaestor sacri palatii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quaesitor" title="Quaesitor">quaesitor</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Quaestura_exercitus" title="Quaestura exercitus">quaestura exercitus</a></div> <p>During the reign of the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine I">Constantine I</a>, a new quaestorship was established, called the <i>quaestor sacri palatii</i> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">the quaestor of the sacred palace</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>). The office functioned as a spokesman for the emperor and was charged with the creation of laws and management of legal petitions,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKazhdan1991_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKazhdan1991-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> serving as de facto minister of justice.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The formal judicial powers of the office were slim, but, as chief legal advisor to the emperor, holders gained substantial influence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKazhdan1991_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKazhdan1991-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various famous lawyers held this quaestorship, including <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_Chuzon" title="Antiochus Chuzon">Antiochus Chuzon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tribonian" title="Tribonian">Tribonian</a>, who contributed greatly to the production of the <a href="/wiki/Codex_Theodosianus" title="Codex Theodosianus">Theodosian Code</a> and <a href="/wiki/Code_of_Justinian" title="Code of Justinian">Code of Justinian</a>, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBadianHonoré2012_7-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBadianHonoré2012-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 440 onward, the office of the quaestor worked in conjunction with the <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefect_of_the_East" class="mw-redirect" title="Praetorian prefect of the East">praetorian prefect of the East</a> to oversee the supreme tribunal, or supreme court, at <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>. There, they heard appeals from the various subordinate courts and governors.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Byzantine_empire">Byzantine empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quaestor&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Byzantine empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Emperor <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a> also created the offices <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">quaesitor</i></span></i>, a judicial and police official for <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, and <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">quaestor exercitus</i></span></i> (quaestor of the army), a short-lived joint military-administrative post covering the border of the lower <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a>. The <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">quaestor sacri palatii</i></span></i> survived long into the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>, although its duties were altered to match the <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">quaesitor</i></span></i> by the 9th century AD, who was a judicial officer in charge of resolving various disputes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKazhdan1991_80-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKazhdan1991-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The office survived into the 14th century as a purely honorific title.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKazhdan1991_80-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKazhdan1991-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quaestor&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Republic" title="Constitution of the Roman Republic">Constitution of the Roman Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_magistrate" title="Roman magistrate">Roman magistrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_quaestors" title="List of Roman quaestors">List of Roman quaestors</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quaestor&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quaestor&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-quaestor" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=quaestor">"quaestor"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=quaestor&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3Dquaestor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuaestor" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Queastor-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Queastor_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewisShort1879" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, Charlton T; Short, Charles (1879). "quaestor". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0059:entry=quaestor"><i>A Latin Dictionary</i></a>. Oxford: Clarendon Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=quaestor&rft.btitle=A+Latin+Dictionary&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1879&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Charlton+T&rft.au=Short%2C+Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aentry%3Dquaestor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuaestor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-quaero-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-quaero_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewisShort1879" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, Charlton T; Short, Charles (1879). "quaero". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0059:entry=quaero"><i>A Latin Dictionary</i></a>. Oxford: Clarendon Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=quaero&rft.btitle=A+Latin+Dictionary&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1879&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Charlton+T&rft.au=Short%2C+Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aentry%3Dquaero&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuaestor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-covino-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-covino_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCovino2011" class="citation journal cs1">Covino, Ralph (2011). Anne Mackay (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ascs.org.au/news/ascs32/Covino.pdf">"The Fifth century, the decemvirate, and the quaestorship"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>ASCS 32 Selected Proceedings</i>. Australasian Society for Classical Studies<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-08-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ASCS+32+Selected+Proceedings&rft.atitle=The+Fifth+century%2C+the+decemvirate%2C+and+the+quaestorship&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Covino&rft.aufirst=Ralph&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ascs.org.au%2Fnews%2Fascs32%2FCovino.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuaestor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-smith-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-smith_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmitz1875" class="citation book cs1">Schmitz, Leonhard (1875). "Quaestor". In Smith, William (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/SMIGRA*/Quaestor.html"><i>A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities</i></a>. London: John Murray. pp. 980–82<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-08-12</span></span> – via LacusCurtius.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Quaestor&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Greek+and+Roman+Antiquities&rft.place=London&rft.pages=980-82&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1875&rft.aulast=Schmitz&rft.aufirst=Leonhard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FRoman%2FTexts%2Fsecondary%2FSMIGRA%2A%2FQuaestor.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuaestor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201982-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201982_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201982_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPinaDíaz2019">Pina & Díaz 2019</a>, p. 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBadianHonoré2012-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBadianHonoré2012_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBadianHonoré2012_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBadianHonoré2012_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBadianHonoré2012_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBadianHonoré2012_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBadianHonoré2012_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBadianHonoré2012_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBadianHonoré2012_7-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBadianHonoré2012_7-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBadianHonoré2012_7-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBadianHonoré2012">Badian & Honoré 2012</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201922-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201922_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201922_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPinaDíaz2019">Pina & Díaz 2019</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201920-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201920_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPinaDíaz2019">Pina & Díaz 2019</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201919-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201919_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPinaDíaz2019">Pina & Díaz 2019</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrennan2012-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrennan2012_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrennan2012_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrennan2012_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrennan2012">Brennan 2012</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyan1996" class="citation journal cs1">Ryan, F. X. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24818285">"The Minimum Age for the Quaestorship in the Late Republic"</a>. <i>Museum Helveticum</i>. <b>53</b> (1): 37–43. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-4054">0027-4054</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24818285">24818285</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Museum+Helveticum&rft.atitle=The+Minimum+Age+for+the+Quaestorship+in+the+Late+Republic&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=37-43&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24818285%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0027-4054&rft.aulast=Ryan&rft.aufirst=F.+X.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24818285&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuaestor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201965-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201965_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPinaDíaz2019">Pina & Díaz 2019</a>, p. 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201965–66-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201965–66_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPinaDíaz2019">Pina & Díaz 2019</a>, pp. 65–66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201969,_74-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201969,_74_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPinaDíaz2019">Pina & Díaz 2019</a>, p. 69, 74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201975–76-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201975–76_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPinaDíaz2019">Pina & Díaz 2019</a>, p. 75–76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201972-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201972_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPinaDíaz2019">Pina & Díaz 2019</a>, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201973-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201973_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPinaDíaz2019">Pina & Díaz 2019</a>, p. 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201977–78-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201977–78_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPinaDíaz2019">Pina & Díaz 2019</a>, pp. 77–78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019125-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019125_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPinaDíaz2019">Pina & Díaz 2019</a>, p. 125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019128-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019128_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPinaDíaz2019">Pina & Díaz 2019</a>, p. 128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPinaDíaz2019">Pina & Díaz 2019</a>, pp. 125–26. The two associated phrases were <i>ad ministeria belli</i> (to administer war) and <i>ut rem militarem commitaretur</i> (to collaborate with military things).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019128–29-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019128–29_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPinaDíaz2019">Pina & Díaz 2019</a>, pp. 128–29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019130-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019130_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPinaDíaz2019">Pina & Díaz 2019</a>, p. 130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBadian1983158-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBadian1983158_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBadian1983">Badian 1983</a>, p. 158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019138-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019138_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPinaDíaz2019">Pina & Díaz 2019</a>, p. 138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBadian1983158,_160-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBadian1983158,_160_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBadian1983">Badian 1983</a>, pp. 158, 160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019139-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019139_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPinaDíaz2019">Pina & Díaz 2019</a>, p. 139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-relationship-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-relationship_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson1962" class="citation journal cs1">Thompson, LA (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4434751">"The Relationship between Provincial Quaestors and Their Commanders-in-Chief"</a>. <i>Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte</i>. <b>11</b> (3): 339–355. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-2311">0018-2311</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4434751">4434751</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historia%3A+Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Alte+Geschichte&rft.atitle=The+Relationship+between+Provincial+Quaestors+and+Their+Commanders-in-Chief&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=339-355&rft.date=1962&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4434751%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0018-2311&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=LA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4434751&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuaestor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019194-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019194_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPinaDíaz2019">Pina & Díaz 2019</a>, p. 194.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurton2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Burton, Graham (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oxfordre.com/classics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.001.0001/acrefore-9780199381135-e-141">"aerarium"</a>. In Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Antony; Eidinow, Esther (eds.). <i>The Oxford classical dictionary</i> (4th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199381135.013.141">10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.141</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954556-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954556-8"><bdi>978-0-19-954556-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/959667246">959667246</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=aerarium&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+classical+dictionary&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=24&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F959667246&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199381135.013.141&rft.isbn=978-0-19-954556-8&rft.aulast=Burton&rft.aufirst=Graham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foxfordre.com%2Fclassics%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199381135.001.0001%2Facrefore-9780199381135-e-141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuaestor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeLaine2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">DeLaine, Janet (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199545568.001.0001/acref-9780199545568-e-6202">"tabularium"</a>. In Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Antony; Eidinow, Esther (eds.). <i>The Oxford classical dictionary</i> (4th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 1425. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954556-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954556-8"><bdi>978-0-19-954556-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/959667246">959667246</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=tabularium&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+classical+dictionary&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=1425&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F959667246&rft.isbn=978-0-19-954556-8&rft.aulast=DeLaine&rft.aufirst=Janet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199545568.001.0001%2Facref-9780199545568-e-6202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuaestor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201982,_120–22-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201982,_120–22_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPinaDíaz2019">Pina & Díaz 2019</a>, pp. 82, 120–22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201980,_82-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201980,_82_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPinaDíaz2019">Pina & Díaz 2019</a>, pp. 80, 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201984–85,_112_(public_notaries)-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201984–85,_112_(public_notaries)_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPinaDíaz2019">Pina & Díaz 2019</a>, pp. 84–85, 112 (public notaries).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201984-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201984_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPinaDíaz2019">Pina & Díaz 2019</a>, p. 84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPinaDíaz2019">Pina & Díaz 2019</a>, p. 95, citing a passage in Livy 32.2.1 et seq where Carthaginian war reparations are rejected on grounds that the provided silver is impure alloy.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201996-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201996_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPinaDíaz2019">Pina & Díaz 2019</a>, p. 96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201996–97,_102_(state_visits),_103_(state_funerals),_105_(road_maintenance),_107_(minting_of_coins)-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201996–97,_102_(state_visits),_103_(state_funerals),_105_(road_maintenance),_107_(minting_of_coins)_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPinaDíaz2019">Pina & Díaz 2019</a>, pp. 96–97, 102 (state visits), 103 (state funerals), 105 (road maintenance), 107 (minting of coins).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201993-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201993_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPinaDíaz2019">Pina & Díaz 2019</a>, p. 93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201994-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201994_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPinaDíaz2019">Pina & Díaz 2019</a>, p. 94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201991-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201991_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPinaDíaz2019">Pina & Díaz 2019</a>, p. 91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201992-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201992_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201992_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPinaDíaz2019">Pina & Díaz 2019</a>, p. 92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201986–87-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201986–87_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPinaDíaz2019">Pina & Díaz 2019</a>, pp. 86–87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201987-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201987_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201987_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201987_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPinaDíaz2019">Pina & Díaz 2019</a>, p. 87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPinaDíaz2019">Pina & Díaz 2019</a>, pp. 88–89, citing Cic. <i>Verr.</i>, 2.1.57: "You see not only the number of the statues, but the size, form, and the state of each one accurately put down in writing".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019116–17-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019116–17_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPinaDíaz2019">Pina & Díaz 2019</a>, pp. 116–17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201980–81,_102-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201980–81,_102_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPinaDíaz2019">Pina & Díaz 2019</a>, pp. 80–81, 102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPinaDíaz2019">Pina & Díaz 2019</a>, p. 81 (describing an urban quaestor leaving the city to bring money to <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Marius" title="Gaius Marius">Gaius Marius</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Jugurthine_War" title="Jugurthine War">Jugurthine War</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201985–86-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201985–86_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPinaDíaz2019">Pina & Díaz 2019</a>, pp. 85–86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019164-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019164_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019164_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019164_51-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPinaDíaz2019">Pina & Díaz 2019</a>, p. 164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019178-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019178_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPinaDíaz2019">Pina & Díaz 2019</a>, p. 178.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019165-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019165_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPinaDíaz2019">Pina & Díaz 2019</a>, p. 165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019165–66-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019165–66_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPinaDíaz2019">Pina & Díaz 2019</a>, pp. 165–66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019166–67-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019166–67_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPinaDíaz2019">Pina & Díaz 2019</a>, pp. 166–67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019167-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019167_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPinaDíaz2019">Pina & Díaz 2019</a>, p. 167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019168-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019168_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPinaDíaz2019">Pina & Díaz 2019</a>, p. 168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019176–77-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019176–77_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPinaDíaz2019">Pina & Díaz 2019</a>, p. 176–77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019177-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019177_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPinaDíaz2019">Pina & Díaz 2019</a>, p. 177.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019170–71-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019170–71_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPinaDíaz2019">Pina & Díaz 2019</a>, p. 170–71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019171-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019171_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPinaDíaz2019">Pina & Díaz 2019</a>, p. 171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019172-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019172_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPinaDíaz2019">Pina & Díaz 2019</a>, p. 172.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019173-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019173_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPinaDíaz2019">Pina & Díaz 2019</a>, p. 173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019174–75-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019174–75_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPinaDíaz2019">Pina & Díaz 2019</a>, pp. 174–75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019175-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019175_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPinaDíaz2019">Pina & Díaz 2019</a>, p. 175.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019181-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019181_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPinaDíaz2019">Pina & Díaz 2019</a>, p. 181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPinaDíaz2019">Pina & Díaz 2019</a>, pp. 181–82, also noting that a quaestor's tent received three guards when those of legates received only two.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019182–83-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019182–83_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPinaDíaz2019">Pina & Díaz 2019</a>, pp. 182–83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019183–84-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019183–84_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPinaDíaz2019">Pina & Díaz 2019</a>, pp. 183–84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019186-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019186_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPinaDíaz2019">Pina & Díaz 2019</a>, p. 186.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019187–88-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019187–88_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPinaDíaz2019">Pina & Díaz 2019</a>, p. 187–88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019190_(n.&nbsp;295)-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019190_(n.&nbsp;295)_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPinaDíaz2019">Pina & Díaz 2019</a>, p. 190 (n. 295).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019192-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019192_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPinaDíaz2019">Pina & Díaz 2019</a>, p. 192.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019196,_citing_Tac._''Ann.'',_11.22-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz2019196,_citing_Tac._''Ann.'',_11.22_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPinaDíaz2019">Pina & Díaz 2019</a>, p. 196, citing Tac. <i>Ann.</i>, 11.22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201922–23-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201922–23_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPinaDíaz2019">Pina & Díaz 2019</a>, pp. 22–23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201952-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201952_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPinaDíaz2019">Pina & Díaz 2019</a>, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201954-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201954_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPinaDíaz2019">Pina & Díaz 2019</a>, p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyan1996" class="citation journal cs1">Ryan, FX (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24818285">"The Minimum Age for the Quaestorship in the Late Republic"</a>. <i>Museum Helveticum</i>. <b>53</b> (1): 37–43. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-4054">0027-4054</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24818285">24818285</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Museum+Helveticum&rft.atitle=The+Minimum+Age+for+the+Quaestorship+in+the+Late+Republic&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=37-43&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24818285%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0027-4054&rft.aulast=Ryan&rft.aufirst=FX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24818285&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuaestor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201951,_noting_also_that_in_the_immediate_pre-Sullan_period_ex-quaestors_were_probably_enrolled_by_the_censors_as_a_matter_of_course-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinaDíaz201951,_noting_also_that_in_the_immediate_pre-Sullan_period_ex-quaestors_were_probably_enrolled_by_the_censors_as_a_matter_of_course_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPinaDíaz2019">Pina & Díaz 2019</a>, p. 51, noting also that in the immediate pre-Sullan period ex-quaestors were probably enrolled by the censors as a matter of course.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKazhdan1991-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKazhdan1991_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKazhdan1991_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKazhdan1991_80-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKazhdan1991_80-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKazhdan1991">Kazhdan 1991</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOkamura1998" class="citation journal cs1">Okamura, Lawrence (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2887520">"Review of Les institutions du Bas-Empire Romain, de Constantin à Justinien, 1: Les institutions civiles palatines"</a>. <i>Speculum</i>. <b>73</b> (3): 833. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2887520">10.2307/2887520</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0038-7134">0038-7134</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2887520">2887520</a>. <q>The <i>quaestor sacri palatii</i> served as the emperor's spokesman and minister of justice, drafting imperial rescripts and constitutions[,] and receiving supplicants.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Speculum&rft.atitle=Review+of+Les+institutions+du+Bas-Empire+Romain%2C+de+Constantin+%C3%A0+Justinien%2C+1%3A+Les+institutions+civiles+palatines&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=833&rft.date=1998&rft.issn=0038-7134&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2887520%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2887520&rft.aulast=Okamura&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2887520&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuaestor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly2004" class="citation book cs1">Kelly, Christopher (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/rulinglaterroman0000kell"><i>Ruling the later Roman Empire</i></a>. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03945-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03945-2"><bdi>978-0-674-03945-2</bdi></a> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ruling+the+later+Roman+Empire&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-674-03945-2&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frulinglaterroman0000kell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuaestor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quaestor&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBadian1983" class="citation journal cs1">Badian, Ernst (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/294289">"The Silence of Norbanus"</a>. <i>The American Journal of Philology</i>. <b>104</b> (2): 156–171. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F294289">10.2307/294289</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9475">0002-9475</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/294289">294289</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Philology&rft.atitle=The+Silence+of+Norbanus&rft.volume=104&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=156-171&rft.date=1983&rft.issn=0002-9475&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F294289%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F294289&rft.aulast=Badian&rft.aufirst=Ernst&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F294289&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuaestor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBadianHonoré2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Badian, Ernst; Honoré, Tony (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oxfordre.com/classics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.001.0001/acrefore-9780199381135-e-5470">"quaestor"</a>. In Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Antony; Eidinow, Esther (eds.). <i>The Oxford classical dictionary</i> (4th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 1249. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199381135.013.5470">10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.5470</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954556-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954556-8"><bdi>978-0-19-954556-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/959667246">959667246</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=quaestor&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+classical+dictionary&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=1249&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F959667246&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199381135.013.5470&rft.isbn=978-0-19-954556-8&rft.aulast=Badian&rft.aufirst=Ernst&rft.au=Honor%C3%A9%2C+Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foxfordre.com%2Fclassics%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199381135.001.0001%2Facrefore-9780199381135-e-5470&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuaestor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrennan2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Brennan, T Corey (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oxfordre.com/classics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.001.0001/acrefore-9780199381135-e-1965">"cursus honorum"</a>. In Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Antony; Eidinow, Esther (eds.). <i>The Oxford classical dictionary</i> (4th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 400. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199381135.013.1965">10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.1965</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954556-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954556-8"><bdi>978-0-19-954556-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/959667246">959667246</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=cursus+honorum&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+classical+dictionary&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=400&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F959667246&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199381135.013.1965&rft.isbn=978-0-19-954556-8&rft.aulast=Brennan&rft.aufirst=T+Corey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foxfordre.com%2Fclassics%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199381135.001.0001%2Facrefore-9780199381135-e-1965&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuaestor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinaDíaz2019" class="citation book cs1">Pina Polo, Francisco; Díaz Fernández, Alejandro (2019-09-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110666410/html"><i>The Quaestorship in the Roman Republic</i></a>. KLIO / Beihefte. Neue Folge. De Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110666410">10.1515/9783110666410</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-066641-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-066641-0"><bdi>978-3-11-066641-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:203212723">203212723</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Quaestorship+in+the+Roman+Republic&rft.series=KLIO+%2F+Beihefte.+Neue+Folge&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2019-09-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A203212723%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110666410&rft.isbn=978-3-11-066641-0&rft.aulast=Pina+Polo&rft.aufirst=Francisco&rft.au=D%C3%ADaz+Fern%C3%A1ndez%2C+Alejandro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110666410%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuaestor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKazhdan1991" class="citation book cs1">Kazhdan, Alexander (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195046526.001.0001/acref-9780195046526-e-4606">"Quaestor"</a>. In Kazhdan, Alexander; et al. (eds.). <i>Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195046526" title="Special:BookSources/9780195046526"><bdi>9780195046526</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/22733550">22733550</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Quaestor&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+Byzantium&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F22733550&rft.isbn=9780195046526&rft.aulast=Kazhdan&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195046526.001.0001%2Facref-9780195046526-e-4606&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuaestor" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quaestor&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnopf2021" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Knopf, Fabian (2021-06-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fklio-2021-2034">"Francisco Pina Polo – Alejandro Díaz Fernández, The Quaestorship in the Roman Republic, Berlin – Bosten (De Gruyter) 2019, 376 S., ISBN 978-3-11-066341-9 (geb.), € 99,95€"</a>. <i>Klio</i> (in German). <b>103</b> (1): 345–349. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fklio-2021-2034">10.1515/klio-2021-2034</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2192-7669">2192-7669</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:235362925">235362925</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Klio&rft.atitle=Francisco+Pina+Polo+%E2%80%93+Alejandro+D%C3%ADaz+Fern%C3%A1ndez%2C+The+Quaestorship+in+the+Roman+Republic%2C+Berlin+%E2%80%93+Bosten+%28De+Gruyter%29+2019%2C+376+S.%2C+ISBN+978-3-11-066341-9+%28geb.%29%2C+%E2%82%AC+99%2C95%E2%82%AC&rft.volume=103&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=345-349&rft.date=2021-06-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A235362925%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2192-7669&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fklio-2021-2034&rft.aulast=Knopf&rft.aufirst=Fabian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1515%252Fklio-2021-2034&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuaestor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKondratieff2020" class="citation journal cs1">Kondratieff, Eric J (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2020/2020.04.39/">"Review of: The quaestorship in the Roman Republic"</a>. <i>Bryn Mawr Classical Review</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1055-7660">1055-7660</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bryn+Mawr+Classical+Review&rft.atitle=Review+of%3A+The+quaestorship+in+the+Roman+Republic&rft.date=2020&rft.issn=1055-7660&rft.aulast=Kondratieff&rft.aufirst=Eric+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbmcr.brynmawr.edu%2F2020%2F2020.04.39%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuaestor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPennitz2021" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pennitz, Martin (2021-06-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/zrgr-2021-0023/html">"The Quaestorship in the Roman Republic (= Klio, Beihefte N.F. 31)"</a>. <i>Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte: Romanistische Abteilung</i> (in German). <b>138</b> (1): 652–660. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fzrgr-2021-0023">10.1515/zrgr-2021-0023</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2304-4934">2304-4934</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:235649586">235649586</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+der+Savigny-Stiftung+f%C3%BCr+Rechtsgeschichte%3A+Romanistische+Abteilung&rft.atitle=The+Quaestorship+in+the+Roman+Republic+%28%3D+Klio%2C+Beihefte+N.F.+31%29&rft.volume=138&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=652-660&rft.date=2021-06-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A235649586%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2304-4934&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fzrgr-2021-0023&rft.aulast=Pennitz&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2Fzrgr-2021-0023%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuaestor" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quaestor&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Founding_of_Rome" title="Founding of Rome">Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overthrow_of_the_Roman_monarchy" title="Overthrow of the Roman monarchy">overthrow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="History of the Roman Empire">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Romana" title="Pax Romana">Pax Romana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principate" title="Principate">Principate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominate" title="Dominate">Dominate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">fall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Historiography of the fall of the Western Roman Empire">historiography of the fall</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Decline of the Byzantine Empire">decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">fall</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Roman_Empire" title="Later Roman Empire">Later Roman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Later_Roman_Empire" title="History of the Later Roman Empire">History</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Constitution" title="Roman Constitution">Constitution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Roman_Constitution" title="History of the Roman Constitution">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Kingdom" title="Constitution of the Roman Kingdom">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Republic" title="Constitution of the Roman Republic">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Constitution of the Roman Empire">Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Late_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the Late Roman Empire">Late Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_assemblies" title="Roman assemblies">Legislative assemblies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curiate_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Curiate Assembly">Curiate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centuriate_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Centuriate Assembly">Centuriate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribal Assembly">Tribal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plebeian_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebeian Council">Plebeian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_magistrate" title="Roman magistrate">Executive magistrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPQR" title="SPQR">SPQR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_law" title="Roman law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Tables" title="Twelve Tables">Twelve Tables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mos_maiorum" title="Mos maiorum">Mos maiorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_citizenship" title="Roman citizenship">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auctoritas" title="Auctoritas">Auctoritas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperium" title="Imperium">Imperium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Status_in_Roman_legal_system" title="Status in Roman legal system">Status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_litigation" title="Roman litigation">Litigation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_institutions_of_ancient_Rome" title="Political institutions of ancient Rome">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curia" title="Curia">Curia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_(Roman)" title="Forum (Roman)">Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursus_honorum" title="Cursus honorum">Cursus honorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegiality#In_the_Roman_Republic" title="Collegiality">Collegiality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Legatus">Legatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dux" title="Dux">Dux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Officium_(ancient_Rome)" title="Officium (ancient Rome)">Officium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praefectus" title="Praefectus">Praefectus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicarius" title="Vicarius">Vicarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigintisexviri" title="Vigintisexviri">Vigintisexviri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lictor" title="Lictor">Lictor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magister_militum" title="Magister militum">Magister militum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperator" title="Imperator">Imperator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeps_senatus" title="Princeps senatus">Princeps senatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifex_maximus" title="Pontifex maximus">Pontifex maximus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_(title)" title="Augustus (title)">Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrarchy" title="Tetrarchy">Tetrarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optimates_and_populares" title="Optimates and populares">Optimates and populares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">Province</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_magistrate" title="Roman magistrate">Magistrates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Ordinary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">Consul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_censor" title="Roman censor">Censor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praetor" title="Praetor">Praetor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribune" title="Tribune">Tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribune_of_the_plebs" title="Tribune of the plebs">Tribune of the plebs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_tribune" title="Military tribune">Military tribune</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Quaestor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aedile" title="Aedile">Aedile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promagistrate" title="Promagistrate">Promagistrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_governor" title="Roman governor">Governor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Extraordinary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Rome" title="King of Rome">Rex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interrex" title="Interrex">Interrex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_dictator" title="Roman dictator">Dictator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magister_equitum" title="Magister equitum">Magister equitum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decemviri" title="Decemviri">Decemviri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribuni_militum_consulari_potestate" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribuni militum consulari potestate">Consular tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triumvirate_(ancient_Rome)" title="Triumvirate (ancient Rome)">Triumvir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_ancient_Rome" title="Military of ancient Rome">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_ancient_Rome" title="Military history of ancient Rome">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Borders of the Roman Empire">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_establishment_of_the_Roman_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Military establishment of the Roman Republic">Establishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Structural history of the Roman military">Structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Campaign history of the Roman military">Campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Political history of the Roman military">Political control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategy_of_the_Roman_military" title="Strategy of the Roman military">Strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_engineering" title="Roman military engineering">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_frontiers_and_fortifications" title="Roman military frontiers and fortifications">Frontiers and fortifications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castra" title="Castra">castra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Technological history of the Roman military">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_army" title="Roman army">Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_legion" title="Roman legion">Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_infantry_tactics" title="Roman infantry tactics">Infantry tactics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_personal_equipment" title="Roman military personal equipment">Personal equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_siege_engines" title="Roman siege engines">Siege engines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_(Roman_history)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege (Roman history)">Siege in Ancient Rome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_navy" title="Roman navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxilia" title="Auxilia">Auxiliaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_decorations_and_punishments" title="Roman military decorations and punishments">Decorations and punishments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippika_gymnasia" title="Hippika gymnasia">Hippika gymnasia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_economy" title="Roman economy">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Rome" title="Agriculture in ancient Rome">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_during_the_Roman_period" title="Deforestation during the Roman period">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_commerce" title="Roman commerce">Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_finance" title="Roman finance">Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_currency" title="Roman currency">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republican_currency" title="Roman Republican currency">Republican currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Imperial_currency" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Imperial currency">Imperial currency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_ancient_Rome" title="Culture of ancient Rome">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_architecture" title="Ancient Roman architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_art" title="Roman art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_bathing" title="Ancient Roman bathing">Bathing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_calendar" title="Roman calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Rome" title="Clothing in ancient Rome">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmetics_in_ancient_Rome" title="Cosmetics in ancient Rome">Cosmetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_cuisine" title="Ancient Roman cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_ancient_Rome" title="Education in ancient Rome">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_folklore" title="Roman folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_hairstyles" title="Roman hairstyles">Hairstyles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_literature" title="Latin literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_ancient_Rome" title="Music of ancient Rome">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_mythology" title="Roman mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_deities" title="List of Roman deities">Deities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_(cultural)" title="Romanization (cultural)">Romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_people" title="Roman people">Romans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_ancient_Rome" title="Sexuality in ancient Rome">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectacles_in_ancient_Rome" title="Spectacles in ancient Rome">Spectacles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Rome" title="Theatre of ancient Rome">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toys_and_games_in_ancient_Rome" title="Toys and games in ancient Rome">Toys and games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome_and_wine" title="Ancient Rome and wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_ancient_Rome" title="Social class in ancient Rome">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">Patricians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plebeians" title="Plebeians">Plebs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_the_Orders" title="Conflict of the Orders">Conflict of the Orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secessio_plebis" title="Secessio plebis">Secessio plebis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equites" title="Equites">Equites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gens" title="Gens">Gens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_tribe" title="Roman tribe">Tribes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribal Assembly">Assembly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patronage_in_ancient_Rome" title="Patronage in ancient Rome">Patronage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_naming_conventions" title="Roman naming conventions">Naming conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demography_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Demography of the Roman Empire">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_ancient_Rome" title="Women in ancient Rome">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_ancient_Rome" title="Marriage in ancient Rome">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_in_ancient_Rome" title="Adoption in ancient Rome">Adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Rome" title="Slavery in ancient Rome">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagaudae" title="Bagaudae">Bagaudae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_technology" title="Ancient Roman technology">Technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_amphitheatre" title="Roman amphitheatre">Amphitheatres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_aqueduct" title="Roman aqueduct">Aqueducts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_bridge" title="Roman bridge">Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_circus" title="Roman circus">Circuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_engineering" title="Ancient Roman engineering">Civil engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_concrete" title="Roman concrete">Concrete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_domes" title="History of Roman and Byzantine domes">Domes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_metallurgy" title="Roman metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_roads" title="Roman roads">Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitation_in_ancient_Rome" title="Sanitation in ancient Rome">Sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ships_of_ancient_Rome" title="Ships of ancient Rome">Ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_temple" title="Roman temple">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_theatre_(structure)" title="Roman theatre (structure)">Theatres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermae" title="Thermae">Thermae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Latin" title="History of Latin">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Alphabet</a></li> <li>Versions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Latin" title="Old Latin">Old</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin" title="Classical Latin">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Latin" title="Late Latin">Late</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Latin" title="Renaissance Latin">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Latin" title="Neo-Latin">Neo-Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Latin" title="Contemporary Latin">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Latin" title="Ecclesiastical Latin">Ecclesiastical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_literature" title="Latin literature">Latin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aelius_Donatus" title="Aelius Donatus">Aelius Donatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammianus_Marcellinus" title="Ammianus Marcellinus">Ammianus Marcellinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apuleius" title="Apuleius">Appuleius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Asconius_Pedianus" title="Quintus Asconius Pedianus">Asconius Pedianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelius_Victor" title="Aurelius Victor">Aurelius Victor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ausonius" title="Ausonius">Ausonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boëthius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catullus" title="Catullus">Catullus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassiodorus" title="Cassiodorus">Cassiodorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorinus" title="Censorinus">Censorinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudian" title="Claudian">Claudian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columella" title="Columella">Columella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Nepos" title="Cornelius Nepos">Cornelius Nepos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ennius" title="Ennius">Ennius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutropius_(historian)" title="Eutropius (historian)">Eutropius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Fabius_Pictor" title="Quintus Fabius Pictor">Fabius Pictor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sextus_Pompeius_Festus" title="Sextus Pompeius Festus">Sextus Pompeius Festus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festus_(historian)" title="Festus (historian)">Rufus Festus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_attributed_to_Florus" class="mw-redirect" title="Works attributed to Florus">Florus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontinus" title="Frontinus">Frontinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Cornelius_Fronto" title="Marcus Cornelius Fronto">Fronto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabius_Planciades_Fulgentius" title="Fabius Planciades Fulgentius">Fulgentius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aulus_Gellius" title="Aulus Gellius">Gellius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace" title="Horace">Horace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydatius" title="Hydatius">Hydatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Hyginus" title="Gaius Julius Hyginus">Hyginus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanes" title="Jordanes">Jordanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Paulus" title="Julius Paulus">Julius Paulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_(historian)" title="Justin (historian)">Justin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juvenal" title="Juvenal">Juvenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucan" title="Lucan">Lucan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucretius" title="Lucretius">Lucretius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrobius" title="Macrobius">Macrobius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcellus_Empiricus" title="Marcellus Empiricus">Marcellus Empiricus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Manilius" title="Marcus Manilius">Manilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial" title="Martial">Martial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_of_Damascus" title="Nicolaus of Damascus">Nicolaus Damascenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonius_Marcellus" title="Nonius Marcellus">Nonius Marcellus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Obsequens" title="Julius Obsequens">Obsequens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orosius" title="Orosius">Orosius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petronius" title="Petronius">Petronius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaedrus_(fabulist)" title="Phaedrus (fabulist)">Phaedrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plautus" title="Plautus">Plautus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Younger" title="Pliny the Younger">Pliny the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomponius_Mela" title="Pomponius Mela">Pomponius Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscian" title="Priscian">Priscian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propertius" title="Propertius">Propertius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Claudius_Quadrigarius" title="Quintus Claudius Quadrigarius">Quadrigarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintilian" title="Quintilian">Quintilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Curtius_Rufus" title="Quintus Curtius Rufus">Quintus Curtius Rufus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sallust" title="Sallust">Sallust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Elder" title="Seneca the Elder">Seneca the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger" title="Seneca the Younger">Seneca the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurus_Servius_Honoratus" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurus Servius Honoratus">Servius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidonius_Apollinaris" title="Sidonius Apollinaris">Sidonius Apollinaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silius_Italicus" title="Silius Italicus">Silius Italicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statius" title="Statius">Statius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Aurelius_Symmachus" title="Quintus Aurelius Symmachus">Symmachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terence" title="Terence">Terence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibullus" title="Tibullus">Tibullus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerius_Antias" title="Valerius Antias">Valerius Antias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerius_Maximus" title="Valerius Maximus">Valerius Maximus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Terentius_Varro" title="Marcus Terentius Varro">Varro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velleius_Paterculus" title="Velleius Paterculus">Velleius Paterculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verrius_Flaccus" title="Verrius Flaccus">Verrius Flaccus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Vergil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitruvius" title="Vitruvius">Vitruvius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Greek</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Aelianus" title="Claudius Aelianus">Aelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C3%ABtius_of_Amida" title="Aëtius of Amida">Aëtius of Amida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appian" title="Appian">Appian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrian" title="Arrian">Arrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogenes_La%C3%ABrtius" class="mw-redirect" title="Diogenes Laërtius">Diogenes Laërtius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Halicarnassus" title="Dionysius of Halicarnassus">Dionysius of Halicarnassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedanius_Dioscorides" title="Pedanius Dioscorides">Dioscorides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius of Caesaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galen" title="Galen">Galen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodian" title="Herodian">Herodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libanius" title="Libanius">Libanius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philostratus" title="Philostratus">Philostratus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phlegon_of_Tralles" title="Phlegon of Tralles">Phlegon of Tralles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople" title="Photios I of Constantinople">Photius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyaenus" title="Polyaenus">Polyaenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(philosopher)" title="Porphyry (philosopher)">Porphyrius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscus" title="Priscus">Priscus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procopius" title="Procopius">Procopius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simplicius_of_Cilicia" title="Simplicius of Cilicia">Simplicius of Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sozomen" title="Sozomen">Sozomen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephanus_of_Byzantium" title="Stephanus of Byzantium">Stephanus Byzantinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Themistius" title="Themistius">Themistius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodoret" title="Theodoret">Theodoret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joannes_Zonaras" title="Joannes Zonaras">Zonaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zosimus_(historian)" title="Zosimus (historian)">Zosimus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquileia" title="Aquileia">Aquileia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berytus" title="Berytus">Berytus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bononia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eboracum" title="Eboracum">Eboracum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leptis_Magna" title="Leptis Magna">Leptis Magna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Londinium" title="Londinium">Londinium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugdunum" title="Lugdunum">Lugdunum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutetia" title="Lutetia">Lutetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediolanum" title="Mediolanum">Mediolanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Roma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smyrna" title="Smyrna">Smyrna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vindobona" title="Vindobona">Vindobona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volubilis" title="Volubilis">Volubilis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists <span class="nobold">and other<br />topics</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_founded_by_the_Romans" title="List of cities founded by the Romans">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_ancient_Rome" title="Climate of ancient Rome">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_consuls" title="List of Roman consuls">Consuls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_dictators" title="List of Roman dictators">Dictators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_women" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Roman women">Distinguished women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_dynasties" title="List of Roman dynasties">Dynasties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors" title="List of Roman emperors">Emperors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses" title="List of Roman and Byzantine empresses">Empresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiction_set_in_ancient_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiction set in ancient Rome">Fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_set_in_ancient_Rome" title="List of films set in ancient Rome">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_generals" title="List of Roman generals">Generals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_gentes" title="List of Roman gentes">Gentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Graeco-Roman_geographers" title="List of Graeco-Roman geographers">Geographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_institutions_of_ancient_Rome" title="Political institutions of ancient Rome">Institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_laws" title="List of Roman laws">Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Legacy of the Roman Empire">Legacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_legions" title="List of Roman legions">Legions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_dictators" title="List of Roman dictators">Magistri equitum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_nomina" title="List of Roman nomina">Nomina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pontifices_maximi" title="List of pontifices maximi">Pontifices maximi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_praetors" title="List of Roman praetors">Praetors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_quaestors" title="List of Roman quaestors">Quaestors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_tribunes" title="List of Roman tribunes">Tribunes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Iranian_relations" title="Roman–Iranian relations">Roman–Iranian relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_external_wars_and_battles" title="List of Roman external wars and battles">External wars and battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_civil_wars_and_revolts" title="List of Roman civil wars and revolts">Civil wars and revolts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quaestor&oldid=1243108100">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quaestor&oldid=1243108100</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" 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