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Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9" title="حلبينة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حلبينة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A0lban" title="Gàlban – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gàlban" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galbanharz" title="Galbanharz – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Galbanharz" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A1lbano" title="Gálbano – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gálbano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%85" title="گالبانوم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گالبانوم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galbanum" title="Galbanum – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Galbanum" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galbano" title="Galbano – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Galbano" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galbanum" title="Galbanum – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Galbanum" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%94" title="חלבנה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חלבנה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82" title="ഗാൽബാനം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഗാൽബാനം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galbanum" title="Galbanum – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Galbanum" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galbanum" title="Galbanum – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Galbanum" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Гальбан – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гальбан" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Gum resin</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ferula_gummosa_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-205.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Ferula_gummosa_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-205.jpg/220px-Ferula_gummosa_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-205.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Ferula_gummosa_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-205.jpg/330px-Ferula_gummosa_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-205.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Ferula_gummosa_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-205.jpg/440px-Ferula_gummosa_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-205.jpg 2x" data-file-width="489" data-file-height="594" /></a><figcaption><i>Ferula gummosa</i>, from which galbanum comes.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Goli_Lo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Goli_Lo.jpg/220px-Goli_Lo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Goli_Lo.jpg/330px-Goli_Lo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Goli_Lo.jpg/440px-Goli_Lo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Galbanum flowers, <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a> mountains, <a href="/wiki/Hewraman" class="mw-redirect" title="Hewraman">Hewraman</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Galbanum</b> is an aromatic <a href="/wiki/Natural_gum" title="Natural gum">gum</a> <a href="/wiki/Resin" title="Resin">resin</a> and a product of certain <a href="/wiki/Apiaceae" title="Apiaceae">umbelliferous</a> Persian plant species in the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Ferula" title="Ferula">Ferula</a></i>, chiefly <i><a href="/wiki/Ferula_gummosa" title="Ferula gummosa">Ferula gummosa</a></i> (synonym <i>F. galbaniflua</i>) and <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferula_rubricaulis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ferula rubricaulis (page does not exist)">Ferula rubricaulis</a></i>. Galbanum-yielding plants grow plentifully on the slopes of the mountain ranges of northern <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>. It occurs usually in hard or soft, irregular, more or less translucent and shining lumps, or occasionally in separate tears, of a light-brown, yellowish or greenish-yellow colour. Galbanum has a disagreeable, bitter taste, a peculiar, a somewhat musky odour, and an intense green scent. With a <a href="/wiki/Specific_gravity" class="mw-redirect" title="Specific gravity">specific gravity</a> of 1.212, it contains about 8% <a href="/wiki/Terpene" title="Terpene">terpenes</a>; about 65% of a resin which contains <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a>; about 20% gum; and a very small quantity of the colorless crystalline substance <a href="/wiki/Umbelliferone" title="Umbelliferone">umbelliferone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also contains <a href="/wiki/%CE%91-pinene" class="mw-redirect" title="Α-pinene">α-pinene</a>, <a href="/wiki/%CE%92-pinene" class="mw-redirect" title="Β-pinene">β-pinene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limonene" title="Limonene">limonene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cadinene" class="mw-redirect" title="Cadinene">cadinene</a>, <a href="/wiki/3-carene" class="mw-redirect" title="3-carene">3-carene</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ocimene" title="Ocimene">ocimene</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galbanum&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GalbanumEssOil.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/GalbanumEssOil.png/220px-GalbanumEssOil.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/GalbanumEssOil.png/330px-GalbanumEssOil.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/GalbanumEssOil.png/440px-GalbanumEssOil.png 2x" data-file-width="857" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>Galbanum (<i>Ferula gummosa</i>) essential oil in clear glass vial</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biblical_use">Biblical use</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galbanum&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Biblical use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Book of Exodus</a> 30:34, it is mentioned as being used in the making of the <i><a href="/wiki/Incense_offering_in_rabbinic_literature" title="Incense offering in rabbinic literature">Ketoret</a></i> which is used when referring to the consecrated <a href="/wiki/Incense" title="Incense">incense</a> described in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> and <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a>. It was offered on the specialized incense altar in the time when the <a href="/wiki/Tabernacle" title="Tabernacle">Tabernacle</a> was located in the <a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Temple" title="Solomon's Temple">First</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second</a> Jerusalem Temples. The ketoret was an important component of the Temple service in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rashi" title="Rashi">Rashi</a> (1040-1105) comments on this passage that galbanum is bitter and was included in the incense as a reminder of deliberate and unrepentant sinners. The incense formula was apparently ground small<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or into a powder.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This would be possible because Galbanum, which is a sticky tar-like resin, can be made into a powder by drying, low boiling, or adding a diluent.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Perfumes_and_scents">Perfumes and scents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galbanum&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Perfumes and scents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Galbanum was highly treasured as a sacred substance by the ancient Egyptians. The "green" incense of Egyptian antiquity is believed to have been galbanum.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Galbanum resin has a very intense green scent accompanied by a <a href="/wiki/Turpentine" title="Turpentine">turpentine</a> odor. The initial notes are a very bitter, acrid, and peculiar scent<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> followed by a complex green, spicy, woody, balsamlike fragrance. When diluted the scent of galbanum has variously been described as reminiscent of pine (due to the pinene and limonene content), evergreen, green bamboo, parsley, green apples, musk, or simply intense green.<sup id="cite_ref-Lawrence_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lawrence-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McAndrew_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McAndrew-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oil has a pine like topnote which is less pronounced in the odor of the resinoid. The latter, in turn, has a more woody balsamic, conifer resinous character.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Galbanum is frequently adulterated with pine oil.<sup id="cite_ref-Lawrence_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lawrence-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McAndrew_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McAndrew-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OilofGalbanum_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OilofGalbanum-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is occasionally used in the making of modern perfume, and is the ingredient which gives the distinctive smell to the fragrances "Must" by <a href="/wiki/Cartier_(jeweler)" title="Cartier (jeweler)">Cartier</a>, "Vent Vert" by <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Balmain" title="Pierre Balmain">Balmain</a>, "<a href="/wiki/Chanel_No._19" title="Chanel No. 19">Chanel No. 19</a>", "Vol De Nuit" by <a href="/wiki/Guerlain" title="Guerlain">Guerlain</a>, as well as Silver Mountain Water by <a href="/wiki/Creed_(perfume)" class="mw-redirect" title="Creed (perfume)">Creed</a>, the esteemed scent of James Gandolfini used during the filming of the sixth season of <a href="/wiki/The_Sopranos" title="The Sopranos">The Sopranos</a>. The debut of galbanum in fine modern perfumery is generally thought to be the origin of the <a href="/wiki/Fragrance_wheel" title="Fragrance wheel">"Green" family of scents</a>, exemplified by the scent "Vent Vert" first launched by Balmain in 1945. <i>Galbanum absolute</i> is a brown viscous liquid which will easily resinify over time even with minimal exposure to air obtained by solvent-extraction from the gum oleo-resin of the plant. Its odour profile is described as ambery-green, sweet, balsamic, resinous with hints of freshness, "similar to how galbanum oil would smell when mixed with <a href="/wiki/Labdanum" title="Labdanum">labdanum</a>". It acts as a base note in perfume compositions - one of a handful of green base notes of natural origin. Because it is perceived as simultaneously 'green' and sweet, it finds a more specific role to create a special effect in 'Chypre green', 'floral green', 'Chypre coniferous', 'Woody Fougères' and 'Aquatic Fougères'. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medicinal_use">Medicinal use</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galbanum&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Medicinal use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hippocrates" title="Hippocrates">Hippocrates</a> employed it in medicine, and <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)" title="Natural History (Pliny)">Nat. Hist.</a></i> xxiv. 13) ascribes to it extraordinary curative powers, concluding his account of it with the assertion that "the very touch of it mixed with oil of <a href="/wiki/Common_Hogweed" class="mw-redirect" title="Common Hogweed">spondylium</a> is sufficient to kill a serpent."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The drug was occasionally given in more contemporary medicine, in doses of from five to fifteen <a href="/wiki/Grain_(unit)" title="Grain (unit)">grains</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has the actions "common to substances containing a resin and a <a href="/wiki/Volatile_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Volatile oil">volatile oil</a>". Its use is now obsolescent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_uses">Other uses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galbanum&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Other uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Latin name <i>ferula</i> derives in part from Ferule which is a schoolmaster's rod, such as a cane, stick, or flat piece of wood, used in punishing children.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A ferula called narthex (or Giant fennel), which shares the galbanum-like scent, has long, straight and sturdy hollow stalks, which are segmented like bamboo.<sup id="cite_ref-EncBrit_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncBrit-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were used as torches in antiquity and it is with such a torch that, according to Greek mythology, <a href="/wiki/Prometheus" title="Prometheus">Prometheus</a>, who deceived his father stealing some of his fire, brought fire to humanity.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bacchae were described using the bamboo-like stalks as weapons.<sup id="cite_ref-EncBrit_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncBrit-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such rods were also used for walking sticks, splints, for stirring boiling liquids, and for corporal punishment. </p><p>Some of the mythology may have transferred to the related galbanum which was referred to as the sacred "mother resin."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1858, <a href="/wiki/Lola_Montez" title="Lola Montez">Lola Montez</a> recommended using a mixture of galbanum (which she spelled "gaulbanum") and pitch plaster attached to a leather strip as a tool for removing hair from body parts where more visible hair might be unwanted, similar to modern day 'waxing'.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galbanum&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm 1911</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120322194516/http://www.herbresearch.de/en/medicinal-plants/medicinal-plants-information/54-medicinal-plants/90-ferula-gummosa.html">"<i>Ferula gummosa</i> 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.herbresearch.de/en/medicinal-plants/medicinal-plants-information/54-medicinal-plants/90-ferula-gummosa.html">the original</a> on 2012-03-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Amsterdam: Elsevier Scientific Publications 1988 v 18 pp 573 – 585</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobbins" class="citation web cs1">Robbins, Wendy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aromaweb.com/essential-oils/galbanum-oil.asp">"Galbanum Essential Oil"</a>. <i>AromaWeb</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AromaWeb&rft.atitle=Galbanum+Essential+Oil&rft.aulast=Robbins&rft.aufirst=Wendy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aromaweb.com%2Fessential-oils%2Fgalbanum-oil.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalbanum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181012053924/https://essentialoils.co.za/essential-oils/galbanum.htm">"Galbanum essential oil (Ferula Gummosa) information"</a>. <i>essentialoils.co.za</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-10-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=essentialoils.co.za&rft.atitle=Galbanum+essential+oil+%28Ferula+Gummosa%29+information&rft.date=2018-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fessentialoils.co.za%2Fessential-oils%2Fgalbanum.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalbanum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OilofGalbanum-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OilofGalbanum_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100725182646/http://www.holisticaroma.co.uk/articles/OilofGalbanum.htm">"Oil of Galbanum"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.holisticaroma.co.uk/articles/OilofGalbanum.htm">the original</a> on 2010-07-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-07-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oil+of+Galbanum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.holisticaroma.co.uk%2Farticles%2FOilofGalbanum.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalbanum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/docrep/x5043E/x5043E0H.HTM">"Minor oil crops - Individual monographs (Galbanum natural oleoresin-German chamomile-Hexastylis-High-geraniol monarda-Juniapa-hinojo sabalero)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Minor+oil+crops+-+Individual+monographs+%28Galbanum+natural+oleoresin-German+chamomile-Hexastylis-High-geraniol+monarda-Juniapa-hinojo+sabalero%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Fdocrep%2Fx5043E%2Fx5043E0H.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalbanum" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221128020733/http://www.op.nysed.gov/prof/pharm/article137.htm">"NYS Pharmacy:Laws, Rules & Regulations:Article 137"</a>. <i>www.op.nysed.gov</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.op.nysed.gov/prof/pharm/article137.htm">the original</a> on 2022-11-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-06-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.op.nysed.gov&rft.atitle=NYS+Pharmacy%3ALaws%2C+Rules+%26+Regulations%3AArticle+137&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.op.nysed.gov%2Fprof%2Fpharm%2Farticle137.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalbanum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flowersinisrael.com/Ferulacommunis_page.htm">"Flora of Israel: Common Giant Fennel"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Flora+of+Israel%3A+Common+Giant+Fennel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flowersinisrael.com%2FFerulacommunis_page.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalbanum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EncBrit-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EncBrit_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EncBrit_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Encyclopædia Britannica<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The citation is not specific enough to facilitate source verification (August 2010)">not specific enough to verify</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.west-crete.com/flowers/ferula_communis.htm">"Ferula communis - Giant fennel"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ferula+communis+-+Giant+fennel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.west-crete.com%2Fflowers%2Fferula_communis.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalbanum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Handbook of chemistry, Volume 17, By Leopold Gmelin</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLola_Montez1858" class="citation book cs1">Lola Montez (1858). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/artsbeautyorsec00montgoog"><i>The Arts of Beauty; Or, Secrets of a Lady's Toilet: With Hints to Gentlemen on the Art of Fascinating</i></a>. New York: Dick & Fitzgerald<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arts+of+Beauty%3B+Or%2C+Secrets+of+a+Lady%27s+Toilet%3A+With+Hints+to+Gentlemen+on+the+Art+of+Fascinating&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Dick+%26+Fitzgerald&rft.date=1858&rft.au=Lola+Montez&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fartsbeautyorsec00montgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalbanum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <ul><li><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Galbanum" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Galbanum">Galbanum</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 397.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Galbanum&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=397&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalbanum" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Galbanum&oldid=1258048735">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Galbanum&oldid=1258048735</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ferula" title="Category:Ferula">Ferula</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Resins" title="Category:Resins">Resins</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Incense_material" title="Category:Incense material">Incense material</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Flora_of_Kurdistan" title="Category:Flora of Kurdistan">Flora of Kurdistan</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_factual_verification_from_August_2010" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from August 2010">Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from August 2010</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from May 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1911_Encyclopaedia_Britannica_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_text_from_the_1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica">Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 17 November 2024, at 22:02<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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