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</a> <ul id="toc-Decision_to_colonise_New_South_Wales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Establishment_of_colony" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Establishment_of_colony"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Establishment of colony </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Establishment_of_colony-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consolidation_of_colony" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consolidation_of_colony"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Consolidation of colony </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consolidation_of_colony-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expansion_(1821—1850)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expansion_(1821—1850)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Expansion (1821—1850) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expansion_(1821—1850)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Establishment_of_further_colonies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Establishment_of_further_colonies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Establishment of further colonies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Establishment_of_further_colonies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Van_Diemen's_Land" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Van_Diemen's_Land"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5.1 Van Diemen's Land </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Van_Diemen's_Land-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Victoria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Victoria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5.2 Victoria </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Victoria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5.3 Western Australia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5.4 South Australia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Queensland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Queensland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5.5 Queensland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Queensland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Convict_society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Convict_society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Convict society </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Convict_society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Growth_of_free_settlement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Growth_of_free_settlement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 Growth of free settlement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Growth_of_free_settlement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.8 Women </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_exploration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_exploration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 European exploration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_exploration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aboriginal_resistance_and_accommodation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aboriginal_resistance_and_accommodation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Aboriginal resistance and 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id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Representations_in_literature_and_film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Representations_in_literature_and_film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Representations in literature and film </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Representations_in_literature_and_film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Era of Australian history</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Settlement of Australia" redirects here. For the ancient occurrence of Indigenous peoples in the region, see <a href="/wiki/History_of_Indigenous_Australians" title="History of Indigenous Australians">History of Indigenous Australians</a>. For Australian economic policy history, see <a href="/wiki/Australian_settlement" title="Australian settlement">Australian settlement</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard hlist" style="width:20.0em;width:22.0em"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of a series on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#00843D; background-clip:padding-box;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia" title="History of Australia">History of Australia</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg/50px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg/75px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg/100px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="397" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFCD00; color:#222; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Australian_history" title="Timeline of Australian history">Timeline and periods</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Australia" title="Prehistory of Australia">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_maritime_exploration_of_Australia" title="European maritime exploration of Australia">European exploration (sea)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_land_exploration_of_Australia" title="European land exploration of Australia">European exploration (land)</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1788–1850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1851%E2%80%931900)" title="History of Australia (1851–1900)">1851–1900</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1901%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Australia (1901–1945)">1901–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1945%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Australia (1945–present)">1945–present</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFCD00; color:#222; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_abortion_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of abortion in Australia">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of agriculture in Australia">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Australia" title="Antisemitism in Australia">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anzac_Day" title="Anzac Day">Anzac Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_banking_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of banking in Australia">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_capital_punishment_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of capital punishment in Australia">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movements#Movement_for_civil_rights_for_Indigenous_Australians" title="Civil rights movements">Civil rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cinema_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of cinema in Australia">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Australia" title="Constitutional history of Australia">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_Australia" title="Diplomatic history of Australia">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Australia" title="Economic history of Australia">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eureka_Rebellion" title="Eureka Rebellion">Eureka Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Australia" title="Federation of Australia">Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1901_Federal_Flag_Design_Competition" title="1901 Federal Flag Design Competition">1901 Federal Flag Design Competition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Australia" title="Historiography of Australia">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_history_of_Australia" title="Immigration history of Australia">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_labour_movement" title="Australian labour movement">Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Australia">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia" title="Military history of Australia">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_monarchy_in_Australia" title="History of monarchy in Australia">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sport_in_Australia" title="History of sport in Australia">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunications_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of telecommunications in Australia">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Australia" title="History of rail transport in Australia">Rail transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of religion in Australia">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Australia" title="Slavery in Australia">Unfree labour</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFCD00; color:#222; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">By group</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Australians" title="African Australians">African Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Asian_Australians" title="History of Asian Australians">Asian Australian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_Australians" title="History of Chinese Australians">Chinese Australian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indigenous_Australians" title="History of Indigenous Australians">Indigenous people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Australia" title="History of the Jews in Australia">Jewish Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of women in Australia">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Australia">LGBT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_same-sex_marriage_in_Australia" title="History of same-sex marriage in Australia">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender history in Australia">Transgender</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFCD00; color:#222; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">By region</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none;text-align:left; margin-left:0.5em;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="padding-right:0.5em;"> State/Territory</td><td> Capital</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Australian_Capital_Territory" title="History of the Australian Capital Territory">ACT</a></td><td> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Canberra" title="History of Canberra">Canberra</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_New_South_Wales" title="History of New South Wales">New South Wales</a></td><td> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Sydney" title="History of Sydney">Sydney</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Northern_Territory" title="History of the Northern Territory">Northern Territory</a></td><td> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Darwin" title="History of Darwin">Darwin</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Queensland" title="History of Queensland">Queensland</a></td><td> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Brisbane" title="History of Brisbane">Brisbane</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Australia" title="History of South Australia">South Australia</a></td><td> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Adelaide" title="History of Adelaide">Adelaide</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Tasmania" title="History of Tasmania">Tasmania</a></td><td> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Hobart" title="History of Hobart">Hobart</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Victoria" title="History of Victoria">Victoria</a></td><td> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Melbourne" title="History of Melbourne">Melbourne</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_Australia" title="History of Western Australia">Western Australia</a></td><td> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Perth,_Western_Australia" title="History of Perth, Western Australia">Perth</a></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFCD00; color:#222; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">See also</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Australia" title="List of years in Australia">List of years in Australia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/16px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/24px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Australia" title="Portal:Australia">Australia portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Australia" title="Template:History of Australia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Australia" title="Template talk:History of Australia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Australia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Australia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The history of Australia from 1788 to 1850 covers the early British colonial period of <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>'s history. This started with the arrival in 1788 of the <a href="/wiki/First_Fleet" title="First Fleet">First Fleet</a> of British ships at <a href="/wiki/Port_Jackson" title="Port Jackson">Port Jackson</a> on the lands of the <a href="/wiki/Eora" title="Eora">Eora</a>, and the establishment of the penal colony of <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>. It further covers the European <a href="/wiki/European_land_exploration_of_Australia" title="European land exploration of Australia">scientific exploration</a> of the continent and the establishment of the other <a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia#Establishment_of_further_colonies" title="History of Australia">Australian colonies</a> that make up the modern <a href="/wiki/States_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="States of Australia">states</a> of Australia. After several years of privation, the penal colony gradually expanded and developed an economy based on farming, fishing, whaling, trade with incoming ships, and construction using convict labour. By 1820, however, British settlement was largely confined to a 100-kilometre (62 mi) radius around <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a> and to the central plain of <a href="/wiki/Van_Diemen%27s_Land" title="Van Diemen's Land">Van Diemen's land</a>. From 1816, <a href="/wiki/Penal_transportation" title="Penal transportation">penal transportation</a> to Australia increased rapidly and the number of free settlers grew steadily. Van Diemen's Land became a separate colony in 1825, and free settlements were established at the <a href="/wiki/Swan_River_Colony" title="Swan River Colony">Swan River Colony</a> in Western Australia (1829), the <a href="/wiki/British_colonisation_of_South_Australia" title="British colonisation of South Australia">Province of South Australia</a> (1836), and in the <a href="/wiki/Port_Phillip_District" title="Port Phillip District">Port Philip District</a> (1836). The grazing of cattle and sheep expanded inland, leading to increasing conflict with Aboriginal people on their traditional lands. The growing population of free settlers, former convicts and Australian-born <a href="/wiki/Currency_lads_and_lasses" title="Currency lads and lasses">currency lads and lasses</a> led to public demands for <a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">representative government</a>. Penal transportation to New South Wales ended in 1840 and a semi-elected Legislative Council was established in 1842. In 1850, Britain granted Van Diemen's Land, South Australia and the newly created colony of <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (Australia)">Victoria</a> semi-representative Legislative Councils. British settlement led to a decline in the <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians" title="Aboriginal Australians">Aboriginal</a> population and the disruption of their cultures due to introduced diseases, violent conflict and dispossession of their traditional lands. Aboriginal resistance to British encroachment on their land often led to reprisals from settlers including <a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_of_Indigenous_Australians" title="List of massacres of Indigenous Australians">massacres of Aboriginal people</a>. Many Aboriginal people, however, sought an accommodation with the settlers and established viable communities, often on small areas of their traditional lands, where many aspects of their cultures were maintained. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Colonisation">Colonisation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Australia_(1788%E2%80%931850)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Colonisation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Convicts_in_Australia" title="Convicts in Australia">Convicts in Australia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Landing_of_Lieutenant_James_Cook_at_Botany_Bay,_29_April_1770_(painting_by_E_Phillips_Fox).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Landing_of_Lieutenant_James_Cook_at_Botany_Bay%2C_29_April_1770_%28painting_by_E_Phillips_Fox%29.jpg/310px-Landing_of_Lieutenant_James_Cook_at_Botany_Bay%2C_29_April_1770_%28painting_by_E_Phillips_Fox%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Landing_of_Lieutenant_James_Cook_at_Botany_Bay%2C_29_April_1770_%28painting_by_E_Phillips_Fox%29.jpg/465px-Landing_of_Lieutenant_James_Cook_at_Botany_Bay%2C_29_April_1770_%28painting_by_E_Phillips_Fox%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Landing_of_Lieutenant_James_Cook_at_Botany_Bay%2C_29_April_1770_%28painting_by_E_Phillips_Fox%29.jpg/620px-Landing_of_Lieutenant_James_Cook_at_Botany_Bay%2C_29_April_1770_%28painting_by_E_Phillips_Fox%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="3656" /></a><figcaption>Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">James Cook</a>'s landing at <a href="/wiki/Botany_Bay" title="Botany Bay">Botany Bay</a> on 29 April 1770, by <a href="/wiki/E._Phillips_Fox" title="E. Phillips Fox">E. Phillips Fox</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decision_to_colonise_New_South_Wales">Decision to colonise New South Wales</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Australia_(1788%E2%80%931850)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Decision to colonise New South Wales">edit</a>]</div> The decision to establish a colony in Australia was made by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Townshend,_1st_Viscount_Sydney" title="Thomas Townshend, 1st Viscount Sydney">Thomas Townshend, 1st Viscount Sydney</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKemp2018-1">[1]</a> This was taken for two reasons: the ending of <a href="/wiki/Penal_transportation" title="Penal transportation">transportation of criminals</a> to North America following the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>, as well as the need for a base in the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific</a> to counter <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French expansion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKemp2018-1">[1]</a> Approximately 50,000 convicts are estimated to have been transported to the colonies over 150 years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKemp2018-1">[1]</a> The <a href="/wiki/First_Fleet" title="First Fleet">First Fleet</a>, which established the first colony, was an unprecedented project for the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>, as well as the first forced migration of settlers to a newly established colony.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKemp2018-1">[1]</a> The <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> (1775–1783) saw Britain lose most of its North American colonies and consider establishing replacement territories. Britain had transported about 50,000 convicts to the New World from 1718 to 1775 and was now searching for an alternative. The temporary solution of floating prison hulks had reached capacity and was a public health hazard, while the option of building more jails and workhouses was deemed too expensive.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Captain_Cook_at_Possession_Island.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Captain_Cook_at_Possession_Island.jpg/290px-Captain_Cook_at_Possession_Island.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Captain_Cook_at_Possession_Island.jpg/435px-Captain_Cook_at_Possession_Island.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Captain_Cook_at_Possession_Island.jpg 2x" data-file-width="573" data-file-height="414" /></a><figcaption>Captain <a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">James Cook</a> proclaiming sovereignty over Australia from the shore of <a href="/wiki/Possession_Island_(Queensland)" title="Possession Island (Queensland)">Possession Island</a> in 1770</figcaption></figure> Sir <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Banks" title="Joseph Banks">Joseph Banks</a>, the eminent scientist who had accompanied Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">James Cook</a> on his 1770 voyage, recommended <a href="/wiki/Botany_Bay" title="Botany Bay">Botany Bay</a>, then known to the local <a href="/wiki/Gweagal" title="Gweagal">Gweagal</a> people as Kamay, as a suitable site.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Banks accepted an offer of assistance from the American <a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalist</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Matra" title="James Matra">James Matra</a> in July 1783. Matra had visited Botany Bay with Banks in 1770 as a junior officer on the Endeavour commanded by James Cook. Under Banks's guidance, he rapidly produced "A Proposal for Establishing a Settlement in New South Wales" (24 August 1783), with a fully developed set of reasons for a colony composed of American Loyalists, Chinese and South Sea Islanders (but not convicts).<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Modern_Asia_(1796).tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Modern_Asia_%281796%29.tif/lossy-page1-290px-Modern_Asia_%281796%29.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="364" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Modern_Asia_%281796%29.tif/lossy-page1-435px-Modern_Asia_%281796%29.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Modern_Asia_%281796%29.tif/lossy-page1-580px-Modern_Asia_%281796%29.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1287" /></a><figcaption>The continent of Australia (then known as <a href="/wiki/New_Holland_(Australia)" title="New Holland (Australia)">New Holland</a>) in a 1796 map, which was incorporated within <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> or the "<a href="/wiki/Eastern_world" title="Eastern world">Eastern world</a>" </figcaption></figure> Following an interview with Secretary of State Lord Sydney in March 1784, Matra amended his proposal to include convicts as settlers.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Matra's plan can be seen to have “provided the original blueprint for settlement in New South Wales”.<a href="#cite_note-Atkinson-8">[8]</a> A cabinet memorandum December 1784 shows the Government had Matra's plan in mind when considering the creation of a settlement in New South Wales.<a href="#cite_note-Atkinson-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> The major alternative to Botany Bay was sending convicts to Africa. From 1775 convicts had been sent to garrison British forts in west Africa, but the experiment had proved unsuccessful. In 1783, the Pitt government considered exiling convicts to a small river island in Gambia where they could form a self-governing community, a "colony of thieves", at no expense to the government.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> In 1785, a parliamentary select committee chaired by Lord Beauchamp recommended against the Gambia plan, but failed to endorse the alternative of Botany Bay. In a second report, Beauchamp recommended a penal settlement at Das Voltas Bay in modern Namibia. The plan was dropped, however, when an investigation of the site in 1786 found it to be unsuitable. Two weeks later, in August 1786, the Pitt government announced its intention to send convicts to Botany Bay.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> The Government incorporated the settlement of <a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island" title="Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a> into their plan, with its attractions of timber and flax, proposed by Banks's Royal Society colleagues, <a href="/wiki/John_Call" title="John Call">Sir John Call</a> and Sir George Young.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> There has been a longstanding debate over whether the key consideration in the decision to establish a penal colony at Botany Bay was the pressing need to find a solution to the penal management problem, or whether broader imperial goals — such as trade, securing new supplies of timber and flax for the navy, and the desirability of strategic ports in the region — were paramount.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Leading historians in the debate have included <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Scott" title="Ernest Scott">Sir Ernest Scott</a>,<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Blainey" title="Geoffrey Blainey">Geoffrey Blainey</a>,<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alan_Frost" title="Alan Frost">Alan Frost</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> The decision to settle was taken when it seemed the outbreak of civil war in the Netherlands might precipitate a war in which Britain would be again confronted with the alliance of the three naval Powers, France, Holland and Spain, which had brought her to defeat in 1783. Under these circumstances a naval base in New South Wales which could facilitate attacks on Dutch and Spanish interests in the region would be attractive.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Specific plans for using the colony as a strategic base against Spanish interests were occasionally made after 1788, but never implemented.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Macintyre argues that the evidence for a military-strategic motive in establishing the colony is largely circumstantial and hard to reconcile with the strict ban on establishing a shipyard in the colony. Karskens points out that the instructions provided to the first five governors of New South Wales show that the initial plans for the colony were limited.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacintyre202034,_41-20">[20]</a> The settlement was to be a self-sufficient penal colony based on subsistence agriculture. Trade, shipping and ship building were banned in order to keep the convicts isolated and so as not to interfere with the trade monopoly of the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">British East India Company</a>. There was no plan for economic development apart from investigating the possibility of producing raw materials for Britain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarskens201391–92-21">[21]</a> Christopher and Maxwell-Stewart argue that whatever the government's original motives were in establishing the colony, by the 1790s it had at least achieved the imperial objective of providing a harbour where vessels could be careened and resupplied.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Establishment_of_colony">Establishment of colony</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Australia_(1788%E2%80%931850)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Establishment of colony">edit</a>]</div> On 13 May 1787, the <a href="/wiki/First_Fleet" title="First Fleet">First Fleet</a> of 11 ships and about 1,530 people (736 convicts, 17 convicts' children, 211 marines, 27 marines' wives, 14 marines' children and about 300 officers and others) under the command of Captain <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Phillip" title="Arthur Phillip">Arthur Phillip</a> set sail for Botany Bay.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> A few days after arrival at <a href="/wiki/Botany_Bay" title="Botany Bay">Botany Bay</a> the fleet moved to the more suitable <a href="/wiki/Port_Jackson" title="Port Jackson">Port Jackson</a> where a settlement was established at <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Cove" title="Sydney Cove">Sydney Cove</a>, known by the Indigenous name Warrane, on 26 January 1788.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> This date later became Australia's national day, <a href="/wiki/Australia_Day" title="Australia Day">Australia Day</a>. The colony was formally proclaimed by Governor Phillip on 7 February 1788 at Sydney. Sydney Cove offered a fresh water supply and a safe harbour, which Philip famously described as:<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> <blockquote> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">being with out exception the finest Harbour in the World [...] Here a Thousand Sail of the Line may ride in the most perfect Security.</blockquote> </blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Founding_of_Australia._By_Capt._Arthur_Phillip_R.N._Sydney_Cove,_Jan._26th_1788.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/The_Founding_of_Australia._By_Capt._Arthur_Phillip_R.N._Sydney_Cove%2C_Jan._26th_1788.jpg/310px-The_Founding_of_Australia._By_Capt._Arthur_Phillip_R.N._Sydney_Cove%2C_Jan._26th_1788.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/The_Founding_of_Australia._By_Capt._Arthur_Phillip_R.N._Sydney_Cove%2C_Jan._26th_1788.jpg/465px-The_Founding_of_Australia._By_Capt._Arthur_Phillip_R.N._Sydney_Cove%2C_Jan._26th_1788.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/The_Founding_of_Australia._By_Capt._Arthur_Phillip_R.N._Sydney_Cove%2C_Jan._26th_1788.jpg/620px-The_Founding_of_Australia._By_Capt._Arthur_Phillip_R.N._Sydney_Cove%2C_Jan._26th_1788.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3433" data-file-height="2500" /></a><figcaption>First raising of the <a href="/wiki/Union_Flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Flag">Union Flag</a> following the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/First_Fleet" title="First Fleet">First Fleet</a>, and the proclamation of the Colony of New South Wales by Captain <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Phillip" title="Arthur Phillip">Arthur Phillip</a> at <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Cove" title="Sydney Cove">Sydney Cove</a> on 7 February 1788, by <a href="/wiki/Algernon_Talmage" title="Algernon Talmage">Algernon Talmage</a></figcaption></figure> Phillip named the settlement after the <a href="/wiki/Home_Secretary" title="Home Secretary">Home Secretary</a>, Lord Sydney. The only people at the flag raising ceremony and the formal taking of possession of the land in the name of King George III were Phillip and a few dozen marines and officers from the Supply, the rest of the ship's company and the convicts witnessing it from on board ship. The remaining ships of the Fleet were unable to leave Botany Bay until later on 26 January because of a tremendous gale.<a href="#cite_note-hill-26">[26]</a> The new colony was formally proclaimed as the Colony of New South Wales on 7 February.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> The colony included all of Australia eastward of the meridian of 135° East. This included more than half of mainland Australia and reflected the line of division between the claims of Spain and Portugal established in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tordesillas" title="Treaty of Tordesillas">Treaty of Tordesillas</a> in 1494.<a href="#cite_note-King-1998-28">[28]</a> <a href="/wiki/Watkin_Tench" title="Watkin Tench">Watkin Tench</a> subsequently commented in A Narrative of the Expedition to Botany Bay, "By this partition, it may be fairly presumed, that every source of future litigation between the Dutch and us, will be for ever cut off, as the discoveries of English navigators only are comprized in this territory".<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> The claim also included "all the Islands adjacent in the Pacific" between the latitudes of <a href="/wiki/Cape_York_Peninsula" title="Cape York Peninsula">Cape York</a> and the southern tip of <a href="/wiki/Van_Diemen%27s_Land" title="Van Diemen's Land">Van Diemen's Land</a> (Tasmania).<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> King argues that an unofficial British map published in 1786 (A General Chart of New Holland) showed the possible extent of this claim. In 1817, the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British government</a> withdrew the extensive territorial claim over the South Pacific, passing an act specifying that Tahiti, New Zealand and other islands of the South Pacific were not within His Majesty's dominions.<a href="#cite_note-King-1998-28">[28]</a> However, it is unclear whether the claim ever extended to the current islands of New Zealand.<a href="#cite_note-Kingston-2006b2-31">[31]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_First_Fleet_entering_Port_Jackson,_January_26,_1788,_drawn_1888_A9333001h(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/The_First_Fleet_entering_Port_Jackson%2C_January_26%2C_1788%2C_drawn_1888_A9333001h%28cropped%29.jpg/310px-The_First_Fleet_entering_Port_Jackson%2C_January_26%2C_1788%2C_drawn_1888_A9333001h%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/The_First_Fleet_entering_Port_Jackson%2C_January_26%2C_1788%2C_drawn_1888_A9333001h%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="333" data-file-height="220" /></a><figcaption>Arrival of the First Fleet in <a href="/wiki/Port_Jackson" title="Port Jackson">Port Jackson</a> in 1788</figcaption></figure> On 24 January 1788 a French expedition of two ships led by Admiral <a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Galaup,_comte_de_La_P%C3%A9rouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-François de Galaup, comte de La Pérouse">Jean-François de La Pérouse</a> had arrived off Botany Bay, on the latest leg of a three-year voyage. Though amicably received, the French expedition was a troublesome matter for the British, as it showed the interest of France in the new land.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Nevertheless, on 2 February Lieutenant King, at Phillip's request, paid a courtesy call on the French and offered them any assistance they may need. The French made the same offer to the British, as they were much better provisioned than the British and had enough supplies to last three years. Neither of these offers was accepted. On 10 March the French expedition, having taken on water and wood, left Botany Bay, never to be seen again.<a href="#cite_note-hill-26">[26]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Founding_of_the_settlement_of_Port_Jackson_at_Botany_Bay_in_New_South_Wales_in_1788_-_Thomas_Gosse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Founding_of_the_settlement_of_Port_Jackson_at_Botany_Bay_in_New_South_Wales_in_1788_-_Thomas_Gosse.jpg/300px-Founding_of_the_settlement_of_Port_Jackson_at_Botany_Bay_in_New_South_Wales_in_1788_-_Thomas_Gosse.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Founding_of_the_settlement_of_Port_Jackson_at_Botany_Bay_in_New_South_Wales_in_1788_-_Thomas_Gosse.jpg/450px-Founding_of_the_settlement_of_Port_Jackson_at_Botany_Bay_in_New_South_Wales_in_1788_-_Thomas_Gosse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Founding_of_the_settlement_of_Port_Jackson_at_Botany_Bay_in_New_South_Wales_in_1788_-_Thomas_Gosse.jpg/600px-Founding_of_the_settlement_of_Port_Jackson_at_Botany_Bay_in_New_South_Wales_in_1788_-_Thomas_Gosse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1542" data-file-height="1274" /></a><figcaption>Founding of the settlement of Port Jackson at Botany Bay in 1788</figcaption></figure> Governor Phillip was vested with complete authority over the inhabitants of the colony. His intention was to establish harmonious relations with local Aboriginal people and try to reform as well as discipline the convicts of the colony. Early efforts at agriculture were fraught and supplies from overseas were scarce. Between 1788 and 1792 about 3546 male and 766 female convicts were landed at Sydney. Many new arrivals were sick or unfit for work and the condition of healthy convicts also deteriorated due to the hard labour and poor food. The food situation reached crisis point in 1790 and the <a href="/wiki/Second_Fleet_(Australia)" title="Second Fleet (Australia)">Second Fleet</a> which finally arrived in June 1790 had lost a quarter of its passengers through sickness, while the condition of the convicts of the <a href="/wiki/Third_Fleet_(Australia)" title="Third Fleet (Australia)">Third Fleet</a> appalled Phillip. From 1791, however, the more regular arrival of ships and the beginnings of trade lessened the feeling of isolation and improved supplies.<a href="#cite_note-HttpadbonlineanueduaubiogsAbhtmhiliteArthurPhillip-33">[33]</a> In 1788, Phillip established a subsidiary settlement on <a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island" title="Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a> in the South Pacific where he hoped to obtain timber and flax for the navy. The island, however, had no safe harbour, which led the settlement to be abandoned and the settlers evacuated to Tasmania in 1807.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> The island was subsequently re-established as a site for secondary transportation in 1825.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacintyre202078-35">[35]</a> Phillip sent exploratory missions in search of better soils, fixed on the <a href="/wiki/Parramatta" title="Parramatta">Parramatta</a> region as a promising area for expansion, and moved many of the convicts from late 1788 to establish a small township, which became the main centre of the colony's economic life. This left Sydney Cove only as an important port and focus of social life. Poor equipment and unfamiliar soils and climate continued to hamper the expansion of farming from Farm Cove to Parramatta and <a href="/wiki/Toongabbie" title="Toongabbie">Toongabbie</a>, but a building program, assisted by convict labour, advanced steadily. Between 1788 and 1792, convicts and their gaolers made up the majority of the population; however, a free population soon began to grow, consisting of emancipated convicts, locally born children, soldiers whose military service had expired and, finally, free settlers from Britain. Governor Phillip departed the colony for England on 11 December 1792, with the new settlement having survived near starvation and immense isolation for four years.<a href="#cite_note-HttpadbonlineanueduaubiogsAbhtmhiliteArthurPhillip-33">[33]</a> A number of foreign commentators pointed to the strategic importance of the new colony. Spanish naval commander <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Malaspina" class="mw-redirect" title="Alessandro Malaspina">Alessandro Malaspina</a>, who visited Sydney in March–April 1793 reported to his government that imperialism and trade were the real objects of the colony.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Frenchman <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_P%C3%A9ron" title="François Péron">François Péron</a>, of the <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Baudin" title="Nicolas Baudin">Baudin expedition</a> visited Sydney in 1802 and reported to the French Government his surprise that the Spanish had not protested at a colony strategically place to challenge Spanish interests in the region.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> King points out that supporters of the penal colony frequently compared the venture to the foundation of Rome, and that the first Great Seal of New South Wales alluded to this. Phillip, however, wrote, "I would not wish Convicts to lay the foundations of an Empire...[.]"<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consolidation_of_colony">Consolidation of colony</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Australia_(1788%E2%80%931850)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Consolidation of colony">edit</a>]</div> After the departure of Phillip, trade developed with visiting ships and farming spread to more fertile lands on the fringes of Sydney.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarskens201390–114-39">[39]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:View_of_Sydney_Cove_1792.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/View_of_Sydney_Cove_1792.jpg/400px-View_of_Sydney_Cove_1792.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/View_of_Sydney_Cove_1792.jpg/600px-View_of_Sydney_Cove_1792.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/View_of_Sydney_Cove_1792.jpg 2x" data-file-width="613" data-file-height="322" /></a><figcaption>Sydney in 1792</figcaption></figure>The <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales_Corps" title="New South Wales Corps">New South Wales Corps</a> was formed in England in 1789 as a permanent regiment of the <a href="/wiki/British_Army_in_Australia" title="British Army in Australia">British Army</a> to relieve the marines who had accompanied the First Fleet. Officers of the Corps soon became involved in the corrupt and lucrative rum trade in the colony. Governor <a href="/wiki/William_Bligh" title="William Bligh">William Bligh</a> (1806 – 1808) tried to suppress the rum trade and the illegal use of Crown Land, resulting in the <a href="/wiki/Rum_Rebellion" title="Rum Rebellion">Rum Rebellion</a> of 1808. The Corps, working closely with the newly established wool trader <a href="/wiki/John_Macarthur_(wool_pioneer)" title="John Macarthur (wool pioneer)">John Macarthur</a>, staged the only successful armed takeover of government in Australian history, deposing Bligh and instigating a brief period of military rule prior to the arrival from Britain of Governor <a href="/wiki/Lachlan_Macquarie" title="Lachlan Macquarie">Lachlan Macquarie</a> in 1810.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacintyre202065-41">[41]</a> Macquarie served as the last autocratic <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_South_Wales" title="Governor of New South Wales">Governor of New South Wales</a>, from 1810 to 1821, and had a leading role in the social and economic development of New South Wales, which saw it transition from a penal colony to a budding civil society. He established a bank, a currency and a hospital, and commissioned extensive public works.<a href="#cite_note-Kingston-2006a2-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarskens2013115–17-43">[43]</a> Central to Macquarie's policy was his treatment of the <a href="/wiki/Emancipist" title="Emancipist">emancipists</a>, whom he considered should be treated as social equals to free-settlers in the colony. He appointed emancipists to key government positions including <a href="/wiki/Francis_Greenway" title="Francis Greenway">Francis Greenway</a> as colonial architect and <a href="/wiki/William_Redfern" title="William Redfern">William Redfern</a> as a magistrate. His policy on emancipists was opposed by many influential free settlers, officers and officials, and London became concerned at the cost of his public works. In 1819, London appointed <a href="/wiki/John_Bigge" title="John Bigge">J. T. Bigge</a> to conduct an inquiry into the colony, and Macquarie resigned shortly before the report of the inquiry was published.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacintyre202054–59-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expansion_(1821—1850)">Expansion (1821—1850)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Australia_(1788%E2%80%931850)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Expansion (1821—1850)">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Australian_states_history_07.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Australian_states_history_07.gif/250px-Australian_states_history_07.gif" decoding="async" width="250" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Australian_states_history_07.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="279" /></a><figcaption>Australian colonies in 1846</figcaption></figure>In 1820, British settlement was largely confined to a 100 kilometre radius around Sydney and to the central plain of Van Diemen's Land. The settler population was 26,000 on the mainland and 6,000 in Van Diemen's Land. Following the end of the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> in 1815 the transportation of convicts increased rapidly and the number of free settlers grew steadily.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacintyre202055,_60,_77-46">[46]</a> From 1821 to 1840, 55,000 convicts arrived in New South Wales and 60,000 in Van Diemen's Land. However, by 1830, free settlers and the locally born exceeded the convict population of New South Wales.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> From the 1820s, grazing of sheep and cattle expanded rapidly, and the colony spread beyond the official bounds of settlement.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-48">[48]</a> In 1825, the western boundary of New South Wales was extended to longitude 129° East, which is the current boundary of Western Australia. As a result, the territory of New South Wales reached its greatest extent, covering the area of the modern state as well as modern Queensland, Victoria, Tasmania, South Australia and the Northern Territory.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kingston-2006b2-31">[31]</a> The Proclamation of Governor Bourke, (10 October 1835) reinforced the doctrine that Australia had been <a href="/wiki/Terra_nullius" title="Terra nullius">terra nullius</a> when settled by the British in 1788, and that the Crown had obtained beneficial ownership of all the land of New South Wales from that date. The proclamation stated that British subjects could not obtain title over vacant Crown land directly from Aboriginal Australians, effectively quashing the treaty between <a href="/wiki/John_Batman" title="John Batman">John Batman</a> and the Aboriginal people of the Port Phillip area.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> By 1850 the settler population of New South Wales had grown to 180,000, not including the 70–75 thousand living in the area which became the separate colony of Victoria in 1851.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Establishment_of_further_colonies">Establishment of further colonies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Australia_(1788%E2%80%931850)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Establishment of further colonies">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Van_Diemen's_Land">Van Diemen's Land</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Australia_(1788%E2%80%931850)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Van Diemen's Land">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Tasmania" title="History of Tasmania">History of Tasmania</a></div> After hosting <a href="/wiki/Baudin_expedition_to_Australia" title="Baudin expedition to Australia">Nicholas Baudin's</a> French naval expedition in Sydney in 1802, Governor <a href="/wiki/Philip_Gidley_King" title="Philip Gidley King">Phillip Gidley King</a> decided to establish a settlement in <a href="/wiki/Van_Diemen%27s_Land" title="Van Diemen's Land">Van Diemen's Land</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a>) in 1803, partly to forestall a possible French settlement. The British settlement of the island soon centred on Launceston in the north and Hobart in the south. For the first two decades the settlement relied heavily on convict labour, small-scale farming and sheep grazing, sealing, whaling and the "dog and kangaroo" economy where emancipists and escaped convicts hunted native game with guns and dogs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacintyre202046–48-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarskens2013108-54">[54]</a> From the 1820s free settlers were encouraged by the offer of land grants in proportion to the capital the settlers would bring. Almost 2 million acres of land was granted to free settlers in the decade, and the number of sheep in the island increased from 170,000 to a million. The land grants created a social division between large landowners and a majority of landless convicts and emancipists.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacintyre202065-41">[41]</a> Van Diemen's Land became a separate colony from New South Wales in December 1825 and continued to expand through the 1830s, supported by farming, sheep grazing and whaling. Following the suspension of convict transportation to New South Wales in 1840, Van Diemen's land became the main destination for convicts. Transportation to Van Diemen's Land ended in 1853 and in 1856 the colony officially changed its name to Tasmania.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacintyre202085–85-56">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Victoria">Victoria</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Australia_(1788%E2%80%931850)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Victoria">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Landing_at_melbourne_1840.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Landing_at_melbourne_1840.jpg/400px-Landing_at_melbourne_1840.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Landing_at_melbourne_1840.jpg/600px-Landing_at_melbourne_1840.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Landing_at_melbourne_1840.jpg/800px-Landing_at_melbourne_1840.jpg 2x" data-file-width="852" data-file-height="426" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a> Landing, 1840; watercolour by W. Liardet (1840)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Victoria" title="History of Victoria">History of Victoria</a></div> Pastoralists from Van Diemen's land began squatting in the <a href="/wiki/Port_Phillip" title="Port Phillip">Port Phillip</a> hinterland on the mainland in 1834, attracted by its rich grasslands. In 1835, <a href="/wiki/John_Batman" title="John Batman">John Batman</a> and others negotiated the transfer of 100,000 acres of land from the Kulin people. However, the treaty was annulled the same year when the British <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Office" title="Colonial Office">Colonial Office</a> issued the Proclamation of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Bourke" title="Richard Bourke">Governor Bourke</a> stating that all unalienated land in the colony was vacant Crown Land, irrespective of whether it was occupied by <a href="/wiki/Traditional_owners" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional owners">traditional landowners</a>. Its publication meant that from then, all people found occupying land without the authority of the government would be considered illegal trespassers.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> In 1836, Port Phillip was officially recognised as a district of New South Wales and opened for settlement. The main settlement of Melbourne was established in 1837 as a planned town on the instructions of Governor Bourke. Squatters and settlers from Van Diemen's Land and New South Wales soon arrived in large numbers, and by 1850 the district had a population of 75,000 Europeans, 2,000 Indigenous inhabitants and 5 million sheep. In 1851, the Port Phillip District separated from New South Wales as the colony of Victoria.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacintyre202085–86-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Western_Australia">Western Australia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Australia_(1788%E2%80%931850)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Western Australia">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Foundation_of_Perth.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/The_Foundation_of_Perth.jpg/330px-The_Foundation_of_Perth.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/The_Foundation_of_Perth.jpg/495px-The_Foundation_of_Perth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/The_Foundation_of_Perth.jpg/660px-The_Foundation_of_Perth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1034" data-file-height="713" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Foundation_of_Perth_1829" title="The Foundation of Perth 1829">The Foundation of Perth 1829</a> by <a href="/wiki/George_Pitt_Morison" title="George Pitt Morison">George Pitt Morison</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_Australia" title="History of Western Australia">History of Western Australia</a></div> In 1826, the governor of New South Wales, <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Darling" title="Ralph Darling">Ralph Darling</a>, sent a military garrison to <a href="/wiki/King_George_Sound" class="mw-redirect" title="King George Sound">King George Sound</a> (the basis of the later town of <a href="/wiki/Albany,_Western_Australia" title="Albany, Western Australia">Albany</a>), to deter the French from establishing a settlement in Western Australia. In 1827, the head of the expedition, <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Lockyer" title="Edmund Lockyer">Major Edmund Lockyer</a>, formally annexed the western third of the continent as a British colony.<a href="#cite_note-srnsw-60">[60]</a> In 1829, the Swan River colony was established at the sites of modern <a href="/wiki/Fremantle" title="Fremantle">Fremantle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perth" title="Perth">Perth</a>, becoming the first convict-free and privatised colony in Australia. However, much of the arable land was allocated to absentee owners and the development of the colony was hampered by poor soil, the dry climate, and a lack of capital and labour. By 1850 there were a little more than 5,000 settlers, half of them children. The colony accepted convicts from that year because of the acute shortage of labour.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacintyre202086–87-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="South_Australia">South Australia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Australia_(1788%E2%80%931850)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: South Australia">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adelaide_North_Tce_1839.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Adelaide_North_Tce_1839.jpg/310px-Adelaide_North_Tce_1839.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Adelaide_North_Tce_1839.jpg/465px-Adelaide_North_Tce_1839.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Adelaide_North_Tce_1839.jpg/620px-Adelaide_North_Tce_1839.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1460" data-file-height="1156" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Adelaide" title="Adelaide">Adelaide</a> in 1839. <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a> was founded as a free-colony, without convicts.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Australia" title="History of South Australia">History of South Australia</a></div> The Province of South Australia was established in 1836 as a privately financed settlement based on the theory of "systematic colonisation" developed by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibbon_Wakefield" title="Edward Gibbon Wakefield">Edward Gibbon Wakefield</a>. The intention was to found a free colony based on private investment at little cost to the British government. Power was divided between the Crown and a Board of Commissioners of Colonisation, responsible to about 300 shareholders. Settlement was to be controlled to promote a balance between land, capital and labour. Convict labour was banned in the hope of making the colony more attractive to "respectable" families and promote an even balance between male and female settlers. The city of <a href="/wiki/Adelaide" title="Adelaide">Adelaide</a> was to be planned with a generous provision of churches, parks and schools. Land was to be sold at a uniform price and the proceeds used to secure an adequate supply of labour through selective assisted migration.<a href="#cite_note-Ford-2013-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacintyre202087–88-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-foundingdocs.gov.au2-65">[65]</a> Various religious, personal and commercial freedoms were guaranteed, and the <a href="/wiki/Letters_Patent" class="mw-redirect" title="Letters Patent">Letters Patent</a> enabling the <a href="/wiki/South_Australia_Act_1834" title="South Australia Act 1834">South Australia Act 1834</a> included a guarantee of the rights of "any Aboriginal Natives" and their descendants to lands they "now actually occupied or enjoyed".<a href="#cite_note-Foundingdocs-2011-66">[66]</a> The colony was badly hit by the depression of 1841–44, and overproduction of wheat and overinvestment in infrastructure almost bankrupted it. Conflict with Indigenous traditional landowners also reduced the protections they had been promised. In 1842, the settlement became a Crown colony administered by the governor and an appointed Legislative Council. The economy recovered from 1845, supported by wheat farming, sheep grazing and a boom in copper mining. By 1850 the settler population had grown to 60,000 and the following year the colony achieved limited self-government with a partially elected Legislative Council.<a href="#cite_note-Ford-2013-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-Parliament-2006-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacintyre202087–88-64">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Queensland">Queensland</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Australia_(1788%E2%80%931850)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Queensland">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Queensland" title="History of Queensland">History of Queensland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:StateLibQld_2_305410_Image_of_a_watercolour_painting_of_Moreton_Bay_Settlement_New_South_Wales_in_1835.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/StateLibQld_2_305410_Image_of_a_watercolour_painting_of_Moreton_Bay_Settlement_New_South_Wales_in_1835.jpg/330px-StateLibQld_2_305410_Image_of_a_watercolour_painting_of_Moreton_Bay_Settlement_New_South_Wales_in_1835.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/StateLibQld_2_305410_Image_of_a_watercolour_painting_of_Moreton_Bay_Settlement_New_South_Wales_in_1835.jpg/495px-StateLibQld_2_305410_Image_of_a_watercolour_painting_of_Moreton_Bay_Settlement_New_South_Wales_in_1835.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/StateLibQld_2_305410_Image_of_a_watercolour_painting_of_Moreton_Bay_Settlement_New_South_Wales_in_1835.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="221" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Brisbane" title="Brisbane">Brisbane</a> (Moreton Bay Settlement), 1835; watercolour by H. Bowerman</figcaption></figure> In 1824, the <a href="/wiki/Moreton_Bay_Penal_Settlement" title="Moreton Bay Penal Settlement">Moreton Bay penal settlement</a> was established on the site of present-day <a href="/wiki/Brisbane" title="Brisbane">Brisbane</a> as a place of secondary punishment. In 1842, the penal colony was closed and the area was opened for free settlement. By 1850 the population of Brisbane had reached 8,000 and increasing numbers of pastoralists were grazing cattle and sheep in the Darling Downs west of the town. However, several attempts to establish settlements north of the Tropic of Capricorn had failed, and the settler population in the north remained small. Frontier violence between settlers and the Indigenous population became severe as pastoralism expanded north of the <a href="/wiki/Tweed_River_(New_South_Wales)" title="Tweed River (New South Wales)">Tweed River</a>. A series of disputes between northern pastoralists and the government in Sydney led to increasing demands from the northern settlers for separation from New South Wales. In 1857, the British government agreed to the separation and in 1859 the colony of Queensland was proclaimed. The settler population of the new colony was 25,000 and the vast majority of its territory was still occupied by its <a href="/wiki/Traditional_owners" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional owners">traditional owners</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacintyre202087–88-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Convict_society">Convict society</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Australia_(1788%E2%80%931850)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Convict society">edit</a>]</div> Between 1788 and 1868, approximately 161,700 convicts (of whom 25,000 were women) were transported to the Australian colonies of New South Wales, Van Diemen's Land and Western Australia.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Historian Lloyd Robson has estimated that perhaps two-thirds were thieves from working class towns, particularly from <a href="/wiki/The_Midlands" class="mw-redirect" title="The Midlands">the Midlands</a> and north of England. The majority were repeat offenders.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> The literacy rate of convicts was above average and they brought a range of useful skills to the new colony including building, farming, sailing, fishing and hunting.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarskens201393-72">[72]</a> The small number of free settlers meant that early governors also had to rely on convicts and emancipists for professions such as lawyers, architects, surveyors and teachers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHirst201431-73">[73]</a> The first governors saw New South Wales as a place of punishment and reform of convicts. Convicts worked on government farms and public works such as land clearing and building. After 1792 the majority were assigned to work for private employers including emancipists (as transported convicts who had completed their sentence or had been pardoned called themselves). Emancipists were granted small plots of land for farming and a year of government rations. Later they were assigned convict labour to help them work their farms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarskens201391–97,_104-74">[74]</a> Some convicts were assigned to military officers to run their businesses because the officers did not want to be directly associated with trade. These convicts learnt commercial skills which could help them work for themselves when their sentence ended or they were granted a "ticket of leave" (a form of parole).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarskens201391–97,_104-74">[74]</a> Female convicts were usually assigned as domestic servants to the free settlers, many being forced into prostitution.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Castle_Hill_Rebellion_(1804).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Castle_Hill_Rebellion_%281804%29.jpg/330px-Castle_Hill_Rebellion_%281804%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Castle_Hill_Rebellion_%281804%29.jpg/495px-Castle_Hill_Rebellion_%281804%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Castle_Hill_Rebellion_%281804%29.jpg/660px-Castle_Hill_Rebellion_%281804%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="702" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Castle_Hill_convict_rebellion" title="Castle Hill convict rebellion">Castle Hill convict rebellion</a> of 1804</figcaption></figure> Convicts soon established a system of piece work which allowed them to work for wages once their allocated tasks were completed. Due to the shortage of labour, wage rates before 1815 were high for male workers although much lower for females engaged in domestic work.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarskens2013113-76">[76]</a> In 1814, Governor Macquarie ordered that convicts had to work until 3pm, after which private employers had to pay them wages for any additional work.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHirst201430-77">[77]</a> By 1821 convicts, emancipists and their children owned two-thirds of the land under cultivation, half the cattle and one-third of the sheep.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarskens2013104-78">[78]</a> They also worked in trades and small business. Emancipists employed about half of the convicts assigned to private masters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHirst201444-79">[79]</a> After 1815 wages and employment opportunities for convicts and emancipists deteriorated as a sharp increase in the number of convicts transported led to an oversupply of labour. A series of reforms recommended by J. T. Bigge in 1822 and 1823 also sought to change the nature of the colony and make transportation "an object of real terror". The food ration for convicts was cut and their opportunities to work for wages restricted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHirst201439–40-80">[80]</a> More convicts were assigned to rural work gangs, bureaucratic control and surveillance of convicts was made more systematic, isolated penal settlements were established as places of secondary punishment, the rules for tickets of leave were tightened, and land grants were skewed to favour free settlers with large capital.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarskens2013116,_122–25-81">[81]</a> As a result, convicts who arrived after 1820 were far less likely to become property owners, to marry, and to establish families.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Growth_of_free_settlement">Growth of free settlement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Australia_(1788%E2%80%931850)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Growth of free settlement">edit</a>]</div> The Bigge reforms also aimed to encourage affluent free settlers by offering them land grants for farming and grazing in proportion to their capital. From 1831 the colonies replaced land grants with land sales by auction at a fixed minimum price per acre, the proceeds being used to fund the assisted migration of workers. From 1821 to 1850 Australia attracted 200,000 immigrants from the United Kingdom. Although most immigrants settled in towns, many were attracted to the high wages and business opportunities available in rural areas. However, the system of land grants, and later land sales, led to the concentration of land in the hands of a small number of affluent settlers.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Two-thirds of the migrants to Australia during this period received assistance from the British or colonial governments.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Healthy young workers without dependants were favoured for assisted migration, especially those with experience as agricultural labourers or domestic workers. Families of convicts were also offered free passage and about 3,500 migrants were selected under the <a href="/wiki/English_Poor_Laws" title="English Poor Laws">English Poor Laws</a>. Various special-purpose and charitable schemes, such as those of <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Chisholm" title="Caroline Chisholm">Caroline Chisholm</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Dunmore_Lang" title="John Dunmore Lang">John Dunmore Lang</a>, also provided migration assistance.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Women">Women</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Australia_(1788%E2%80%931850)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Women">edit</a>]</div> Colonial Australia was characterised by an imbalance of the sexes as women comprised only about 15 per cent of convicts transported. The first female convicts brought a range of skills including experience as domestic workers, dairy women and farm workers. Due to the shortage of women in the colony they were more likely to marry than men and tended to choose older, skilled men with property as husbands. The early colonial courts enforced the property rights of women independently of their husbands, and the ration system also gave women and their children some protection from abandonment. Women were active in business and agriculture from the early years of the colony, among the most successful being the former convict turned entrepreneur <a href="/wiki/Mary_Reibey" title="Mary Reibey">Mary Reibey</a> and the agriculturalist <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Macarthur" title="Elizabeth Macarthur">Elizabeth Macarthur</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarskens201394,_112-86">[86]</a> One-third of the shareholders of the first colonial bank (founded in 1817) were women.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> One of the goals of the assisted migration programs from the 1830s was to promote migration of women and families to provide a more even gender balance in the colonies. The philanthropist Caroline Chisholm established a shelter and labour exchange for migrant women in New South Wales in the 1840s and promoted the settlement of single and married women in rural areas where she hoped they would have a civilising influence on rough colonial manners and act as "God's police".<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacintyre202089-89">[89]</a> Between 1830 and 1850 the female proportion of the Australian settler population increased from 24 per cent to 41 per cent.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="European_exploration">European exploration</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Australia_(1788%E2%80%931850)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: European exploration">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/European_exploration_of_Australia" title="European exploration of Australia">European exploration of Australia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Matthew_Flinders_aged_27.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A portrait of Matthew Flinders. A man in naval uniform" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Matthew_Flinders_aged_27.jpg/170px-Matthew_Flinders_aged_27.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Matthew_Flinders_aged_27.jpg/255px-Matthew_Flinders_aged_27.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Matthew_Flinders_aged_27.jpg 2x" data-file-width="296" data-file-height="359" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Flinders" title="Matthew Flinders">Matthew Flinders</a> led the first successful circumnavigation of Australia in 1801–2.</figcaption></figure> By the middle of the 17th century, the discoveries of Dutch explorers allowed the almost complete mapping of Australia's northern and western coasts and much of its southern and south-eastern Tasmanian coasts.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> In 1770, James Cook had charted most of the east coast of the continent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacintyre202029–30-92">[92]</a> In 1798–99 <a href="/wiki/George_Bass" title="George Bass">George Bass</a> and <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Flinders" title="Matthew Flinders">Matthew Flinders</a> set out from Sydney in a sloop and circumnavigated <a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a>, thus proving it to be an island.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA3-93">[93]</a> In 1801–02 Flinders, in <a href="/wiki/HMS_Investigator_(1801)" title="HMS Investigator (1801)">HMS Investigator</a>, led the first circumnavigation of Australia. Aboard ship was the Aboriginal explorer <a href="/wiki/Bungaree" title="Bungaree">Bungaree</a>, who became the first person born on the Australian continent to circumnavigate it.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA3-93">[93]</a> In 1798, the former convict John Wilson and two companions crossed the Blue Mountains, west of Sydney, in an expedition ordered by Governor Hunter. Hunter suppressed news of the feat for fear that it would encourage convicts to abscond from the settlement. In 1813, <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Blaxland" title="Gregory Blaxland">Gregory Blaxland</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Lawson_(explorer)" title="William Lawson (explorer)">William Lawson</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Wentworth" title="William Wentworth">William Wentworth</a> crossed the mountains by a different route and a road was soon built to the <a href="/wiki/Central_Tablelands" title="Central Tablelands">Central Tablelands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarskens2013102,_108,_116-94">[94]</a> In 1824 the Governor Sir <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brisbane" title="Thomas Brisbane">Thomas Brisbane</a>, commissioned <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Hume" title="Hamilton Hume">Hamilton Hume</a> and former Royal Navy Captain <a href="/wiki/William_Hovell" title="William Hovell">William Hovell</a> to lead an expedition to find new grazing land in the south of the colony, and also to find an answer to the mystery of where New South Wales's western rivers flowed. Over 16 weeks in 1824–25, <a href="/wiki/Hume_and_Hovell_expedition" title="Hume and Hovell expedition">Hume and Hovell</a> journeyed to the bay Naarm on the land of the <a href="/wiki/Kulin_nation" title="Kulin nation">Kulin nation</a>, later named Port Phillip, and back. They found many important sites including the <a href="/wiki/Murray_River" title="Murray River">Murray River</a> (which they named the Hume), many of its tributaries, and good agricultural and grazing lands between <a href="/wiki/Gunning,_New_South_Wales" title="Gunning, New South Wales">Gunning, New South Wales</a> and <a href="/wiki/Corio_Bay" title="Corio Bay">Corio Bay, Victoria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Sturt" title="Charles Sturt">Charles Sturt</a> led an expedition along the <a href="/wiki/Macquarie_River" title="Macquarie River">Macquarie River</a> in 1828 and found the <a href="/wiki/Darling_River" title="Darling River">Darling River</a>. A theory had developed that the inland rivers of New South Wales were draining into an inland sea. Leading a second expedition in 1829, Sturt followed the <a href="/wiki/Murrumbidgee_River" title="Murrumbidgee River">Murrumbidgee River</a> into a 'broad and noble river', the Murray River, which he named after Sir George Murray, secretary of state for the colonies. His party then followed this river to its junction with the <a href="/wiki/Darling_River" title="Darling River">Darling River</a>, facing two threatening encounters with local Aboriginal people along the way. Sturt continued downriver on to <a href="/wiki/Lake_Alexandrina_(South_Australia)" title="Lake Alexandrina (South Australia)">Lake Alexandrina</a>, where the Murray meets the sea in South Australia. Suffering greatly, the party had to then row back upstream hundreds of kilometres for the return journey.<a href="#cite_note-ADB_Charles_Sturt-96">[96]</a> Surveyor General Sir <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mitchell_(explorer)" title="Thomas Mitchell (explorer)">Thomas Mitchell</a> conducted a series of expeditions from the 1830s to "fill in the gaps" left by these previous expeditions. He was meticulous in seeking to record the original Aboriginal place names around the colony, for which reason the majority of place names to this day retain their Aboriginal titles.<a href="#cite_note-ADB_Thomas_Mitchell-97">[97]</a> The Polish scientist and explorer Count <a href="/wiki/Paul_Edmund_Strzelecki" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Edmund Strzelecki">Paul Edmund Strzelecki</a> conducted surveying work in the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Alps" title="Australian Alps">Australian Alps</a> in 1839 and became the first European to ascend Australia's highest peak which he named <a href="/wiki/Mount_Kosciuszko" title="Mount Kosciuszko">Mount Kosciuszko</a> in honour of the Polish patriot <a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Kosciuszko" class="mw-redirect" title="Tadeusz Kosciuszko">Tadeusz Kosciuszko</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ADB_Paul_Strzelecki-98">[98]</a> European explorers penetrated deeper into the interior in the 1840s in a quest to discover new lands for agriculture or answer scientific enquiries. The German scientist <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Leichhardt" title="Ludwig Leichhardt">Ludwig Leichhardt</a> led three expeditions in northern Australia in this decade, sometimes with the help of Aboriginal guides, identifying the grazing potential of the region and making important discoveries in the fields of botany and geology. He and his party disappeared in 1848 while attempting to cross the continent from east to west.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGascoigneMaroske2013444,_449-99">[99]</a> <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Kennedy" title="Edmund Kennedy">Edmund Kennedy</a> led an expedition into what is now far-western Queensland in 1847 before being speared by Aborigines in the Cape York Peninsula in 1848.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacintyre2020109-100">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aboriginal_resistance_and_accommodation">Aboriginal resistance and accommodation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Australia_(1788%E2%80%931850)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Aboriginal resistance and accommodation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Australian_Frontier_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Frontier Wars">Australian Frontier Wars</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Indigenous_Australians" title="History of Indigenous Australians">History of Indigenous Australians</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Captains_Hunter,_Collins_and_Johnston_with_Governor_Phillip,_Surgeon_White_visiting_a_distressed_female_native_of_New_South_Wales_at_a_hut_near_Port_Jackson_1793.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Captains_Hunter%2C_Collins_and_Johnston_with_Governor_Phillip%2C_Surgeon_White_visiting_a_distressed_female_native_of_New_South_Wales_at_a_hut_near_Port_Jackson_1793.jpg/290px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Captains_Hunter%2C_Collins_and_Johnston_with_Governor_Phillip%2C_Surgeon_White_visiting_a_distressed_female_native_of_New_South_Wales_at_a_hut_near_Port_Jackson_1793.jpg/435px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Captains_Hunter%2C_Collins_and_Johnston_with_Governor_Phillip%2C_Surgeon_White_visiting_a_distressed_female_native_of_New_South_Wales_at_a_hut_near_Port_Jackson_1793.jpg/580px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="981" /></a><figcaption>Captains Hunter, Collins and Johnston with Governor Phillip and Surgeon White visiting a distressed <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Aboriginal woman</a> at a hut near Port Jackson, 1793</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Impact_of_introduced_diseases">Impact of introduced diseases</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Australia_(1788%E2%80%931850)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Impact of introduced diseases">edit</a>]</div> The relative isolation of the Indigenous population for some 60,000 years meant that they had little resistance to many introduced diseases. An outbreak of smallpox in April 1789 killed about half the Aboriginal population of the Sydney region while only one death was recorded among the settlers. The source of the outbreak is <a href="/wiki/Australian_history_wars" title="Australian history wars">controversial</a>; some researchers contend that it originated from contact with Indonesian fisherman in the far north and spread along Aboriginal trade routes while others argue that it is more likely to have been inadvertently or deliberately spread by settlers.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-Warren_Christopher-2013-103">[103]</a> There were further smallpox outbreaks devastating Aboriginal populations from the late 1820s (affecting south-eastern Australia), in the early 1860s (travelling inland from the Coburg Peninsula in the north to the Great Australian Bight in the south), and in the late 1860s (from the Kimberley to Geraldton). According to Josphine Flood, the estimated Aboriginal mortality rate from smallpox was 60 per cent on first exposure, 50 per cent in the tropics, and 25 per cent in the arid interior.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood2019153–55-104">[104]</a> Other introduced diseases such as measles, influenza, typhoid and tuberculosis also resulted in high death rates in Aboriginal communities. Butlin estimates that the Aboriginal population in the area of modern Victoria was around 50,000 in 1788 before two smallpox outbreaks reduced it to about 12,500 in 1830. Between 1835 (the settlement of Port Phillip) and 1853, the Aboriginal population of Victoria fell from 10,000 to around 2,000. It is estimated that about 60 per cent of these deaths were from introduced diseases, 18 per cent from natural causes and 15 per cent from settler violence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroome201976–77-105">[105]</a> Venereal diseases were also a factor in Indigenous depopulation, reducing Aboriginal fertility rates in south-eastern Australia by an estimated 40 per cent by 1855. By 1890 up to 50 per cent of the Aboriginal population in some regions of Queensland were affected.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood2019156-106">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Frontier_violence">Frontier violence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Australia_(1788%E2%80%931850)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Frontier violence">edit</a>]</div> Aboriginal reactions to the arrival of British settlers were varied, but often hostile when the presence of the colonists led to competition over resources, and to the occupation of Aboriginal lands. By contrast with New Zealand, no valid treaty was signed with any of Aboriginal peoples in Australia. Flood, however, points out that unlike New Zealand, Australia's Indigenous population was divided into hundreds of tribes and language groups, which did not have "chiefs" with whom treaties could be negotiated. Moreover, Aboriginal Australians had no concept of alienating their traditional land in return for political or economic benefits.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood201922–23,_111–13-107">[107]</a> The British settlement was initially planned to be a self-sufficient penal colony based on agriculture. Karskens argues that conflict broke out between the settlers and the traditional owners of the land because of the settlers' assumptions about the superiority of British civilisation and their entitlement to land which they had "improved" through building and cultivation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarskens2013106-108">[108]</a> Conflict also arose from cross-cultural misunderstandings and from reprisals for previous actions such as the kidnapping of Aboriginal men, women and children. Reprisal attacks and collective punishments were perpetrated by colonists and Aboriginal groups alike.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood2019124–25-109">[109]</a> Sustained Aboriginal attacks on settlers, the burning of crops and the mass killing of livestock were more obviously acts of resistance to the loss of traditional land and food resources.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroome201946–47-110">[110]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mounted_police_and_blacks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Mounted_police_and_blacks.jpg/220px-Mounted_police_and_blacks.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Mounted_police_and_blacks.jpg/330px-Mounted_police_and_blacks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Mounted_police_and_blacks.jpg/440px-Mounted_police_and_blacks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="748" /></a><figcaption>Mounted police engaging <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Aboriginal men</a> during the Slaughterhouse Creek Massacre of 1838</figcaption></figure>As the colony spread to the more fertile lands around the Hawkesbury river, north-west of Sydney, conflict between the settlers and the <a href="/wiki/Darug" class="mw-redirect" title="Darug">Darug</a> people intensified, reaching a peak from 1794 to 1810. Bands of Darug people, led by <a href="/wiki/Pemulwuy" title="Pemulwuy">Pemulwuy</a> and later by his son <a href="/wiki/Tedbury" title="Tedbury">Tedbury</a>, burned crops, killed livestock and raided settler huts and stores in a pattern of resistance that was to be repeated as the colonial frontier expanded. A military garrison was established on the Hawkesbury in 1795. The death toll from 1794 to 1800 was 26 settlers and up to 200 Darug.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood201966-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroome201925–26-112">[112]</a> Conflict again erupted from 1814 to 1816 with the expansion of the colony into Dharawal country in the Nepean region south-west of Sydney. Following the deaths of several settlers, Governor Macquarie despatched three military detachments into Dharawal lands, culminating in the <a href="/wiki/Appin_Massacre" title="Appin Massacre">Appin massacre</a> (April 1816) in which at least 14 Aboriginal people were killed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood201970-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> In the 1820s the colony spread to the lightly wooded pastures west of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Dividing_Range" title="Great Dividing Range">Great Dividing Range</a>, opening the way for large scale farming and grazing in <a href="/wiki/Wiradjuri" title="Wiradjuri">Wiradjuri</a> country.<a href="#cite_note-Kingston-2006a2-42">[42]</a> From 1822 to 1824 <a href="/wiki/Windradyne" title="Windradyne">Windradyne</a> led a group of 50-100 Aboriginal men in raids on livestock and stockmen's huts resulting in the death of 15-20 colonists. Martial law was declared in August 1824 and ended five months later when Windradyne and 260 of his followers ended their armed resistance. Estimates of Aboriginal deaths in the conflict range from 15 to 100.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood2019120–23-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroome201942-116">[116]</a> After two decades of sporadic violence between settlers and Aboriginal Tasmanians in Van Diemen's land, the <a href="/wiki/Black_War" title="Black War">Black War</a> broke out in 1824, following a rapid expansion of settler numbers and sheep grazing in the island's interior. When <a href="/wiki/Eumarrah" title="Eumarrah">Eumarrah</a>, leader of the North Midlands people, was captured in 1828 he said his patriotic duty was to kill as many white people as possible because they had driven his people off their kangaroo hunting grounds. Martial law was declared in the settled districts of Van Diemen's Land in November 1828 and was extended to the entire island in October 1830. A "Black Line" of around 2,200 troops and settlers then swept the island with the intention of driving the Aboriginal population from the settled districts. From 1830 to 1834 <a href="/wiki/George_Augustus_Robinson" title="George Augustus Robinson">George Augustus Robinson</a> and Aboriginal ambassadors including <a href="/wiki/Truganini" title="Truganini">Truganini</a> led a series of "Friendly Missions" to the Aboriginal tribes which effectively ended the Black War.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> Flood states that around 200 settler and 330 Aboriginal Tasmanian deaths in frontier violence were recorded during the period 1803 to 1834, but adds that it will never be known how many Aboriginal deaths went unreported.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood2019105-118">[118]</a> Clements estimates that colonists killed 600 Aboriginal people in eastern Van Diemen's Land during the Black War.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> Around 220 Aboriginal Tasmanians were eventually relocated to Flinders Island.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood2019107-120">[120]</a> As settlers and pastoralists spread into the region of modern Victoria in the 1830s, competition for land and natural resources again sparked conflict with traditional landowners. Aboriginal resistance was so intense that it was not unusual for sheep runs to be abandoned after repeated attacks. Broome estimates that 80 settlers and 1,000–1,500 Aboriginal people died in frontier conflict in Victoria from 1835 to 1853.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroome201944–45,_54,_77-121">[121]</a> The growth of the Swan River Colony (centred on Fremantle and Perth) in the 1830s led to conflict with a number of clans of the Noongar people. Governor Sterling established a mounted police force in 1834 and in October that year he led a mixed force of soldiers, mounted police and civilians in a punitive expedition against the Pindjarup. The expedition culminated in the <a href="/wiki/Pinjarra_massacre" title="Pinjarra massacre">Pinjarra massacre</a> in which some 15 to 30 Aboriginal people were killed.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroome201944-123">[123]</a> According to Neville Green, 30 settlers and 121 Aboriginal people died in violent conflict in Western Australia between 1826 and 1852.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood2019127-124">[124]</a> Aboriginal casualty rates in conflicts increased as the colonists made greater use of mounted police, <a href="/wiki/Australian_native_police" title="Australian native police">Native Police</a> units, and newly developed revolvers and breech-loaded guns. Civilian colonists often launched punitive raids against Aboriginal groups without the knowledge of colonial authorities. Conflict was particularly intense in NSW in the 1840s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood2019125-30,_138-125">[125]</a> The spread of British settlement also led to an increase in inter-tribal Aboriginal conflict as more people were forced off their traditional lands into the territory of other, often hostile, tribes. Butlin estimated that of the 8,000 Aboriginal deaths in Victoria from 1835 to 1855, 200 were from inter-tribal violence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroome201974–77-126">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accommodation_and_protection">Accommodation and protection</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Australia_(1788%E2%80%931850)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Accommodation and protection">edit</a>]</div> In the first two years of settlement the Aboriginal people of Sydney, after initial curiosity, mostly avoided the newcomers. Governor Phillip had a number of Aboriginal people kidnapped in an attempt to learn their language and customs. In November 1790, 18 months after the smallpox epidemic that had devastated the Aboriginal population, <a href="/wiki/Bennelong" title="Bennelong">Bennelong</a> led the survivors of several clans into Sydney.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarskens2013106,_117–19-127">[127]</a> Later, he and a companion became the first Aboriginal people to sail for Europe, when, in 1792 they accompanied Governor Phillip to England and were presented to <a href="/wiki/King_George_III" class="mw-redirect" title="King George III">King George III</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-128">[128]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bungaree" title="Bungaree">Bungaree</a>, a Kuringgai man, joined Matthew Flinders in his circumnavigation of Australia from 1801 to 1803, playing an important role as emissary to the various Indigenous peoples they encountered.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroome201933-129">[129]</a> Governor Macquarie hoped to "effect the civilization of the Aborigines" and reclaim them "from their barbarous practices".<a href="#cite_note-Banivanua_Mar-20132-130">[130]</a> In 1815, he established a Native Institution to provide elementary education to Aboriginal children, settled 15 Aboriginal families on farms in Sydney and made the first freehold land grant to Aboriginal people at Black Town, west of Sydney. In 1816, he initiated an annual Native Feast at Parramatta which attracted Aboriginal people from as far as the Bathurst plains.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood201969–70-131">[131]</a> However, by the 1820s the Native Institution and Aboriginal farms had failed. Aboriginal people continued to live on vacant waterfront land and on the fringes of the Sydney settlement, adapting traditional practices to the new semi-urban environment.<a href="#cite_note-Banivanua_Mar-20132-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarskens2013117–19-132">[132]</a> Escalating frontier conflict in the 1820s and 1830s saw colonial governments develop a number of policies aimed at protecting Aboriginal people. Protectors of Aborigines were appointed in South Australia and the Port Phillip District in 1839, and in Western Australia in 1840. While the aim was to extend the protection of British law to Aboriginal people, more often the result was an increase in their criminalisation. Protectors were also responsible for the distribution of rations, delivering elementary education to Aboriginal children, instruction in Christianity and training in occupations useful to the colonists. However, by 1857 the protection offices had been closed due to their cost and failure to meets their goals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroome201952–53-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> Colonial governments established a small number of reserves and encouraged Christian missions which afforded some protection from frontier violence. In 1825, the NSW governor granted 10,000 acres for an Aboriginal mission at Lake Macquarie.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> In the 1830s and early 1840s there were also missions in the Wellington Valley, Port Phillip and Moreton Bay. The settlement for Aboriginal Tasmanians on Flinders Island operated effectively as a mission under George Robinson from 1835 to 1838.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroome201931–32,_72-136">[136]</a> In more densely settled areas, most Aboriginal people who had lost control of their land lived on reserves and missions, or on the fringes of cities and towns. In pastoral districts the British Waste Land Act of 1848 gave traditional landowners limited rights to live, hunt and gather food on Crown land under pastoral leases. Many Aboriginal groups camped on pastoral stations where Aboriginal men were often employed as shepherds and stockmen. These groups were able to retain a connection with their lands and maintain aspects of their traditional culture.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics_and_government">Politics and government</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Australia_(1788%E2%80%931850)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Politics and government">edit</a>]</div> Traditional <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians" title="Aboriginal Australians">Aboriginal</a> society had been governed by councils of elders and a collective decision-making process, but the first European-style governments established after 1788 were <a href="/wiki/Autocratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Autocratic">autocratic</a> and run by appointed <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_South_Wales" title="Governor of New South Wales">governors</a>—although English law was transplanted into the Australian colonies by virtue of the <a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_reception" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctrine of reception">doctrine of reception</a>, thus notions of the rights and processes established by the <a href="/wiki/Magna_Carta" title="Magna Carta">Magna Carta</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bill_of_Rights_1689" title="Bill of Rights 1689">Bill of Rights 1689</a> were brought from Britain by the colonists. Agitation for representative government began soon after the settlement of the colonies.<a href="#cite_note-:0-138">[138]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rum_Rebellion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/Rum_Rebellion.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="260" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="260" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Rum_Rebellion" title="Rum Rebellion">Rum Rebellion</a> of 1808</figcaption></figure> From 1788 until the 1850s, the governance of the colonies, including most policy decision-making, was largely in the hands of the governors, who were directly responsible to the government in London (<a href="/wiki/Home_Office" title="Home Office">Home Office</a> until 1794; <a href="/wiki/War_Office" title="War Office">War Office</a> until 1801; and War and Colonial Office until 1854).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKemp2018-1">[1]</a> The first <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_South_Wales" title="Governor of New South Wales">governor of New South Wales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Phillip" title="Arthur Phillip">Arthur Phillip</a>, was given executive and legislative powers to establish courts, military forces, fight enemies, give out land grants, and regulate the economy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKemp2018-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-138">[138]</a> The early colonists adopted the British <a href="/wiki/Political_culture" title="Political culture">political culture</a> of the time, which allowed the use of public office for furthering private interests, which led to officers of the <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales_Corps" title="New South Wales Corps">New South Wales Corps</a>, which had replaced the original marines in 1791, trying to use their position in order to create monopolies on trade.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKemp2018-1">[1]</a> Such private enterprise was encouraged by the second governor <a href="/wiki/Francis_Grose" title="Francis Grose">Francis Grose</a>, who had replaced Phillip in 1792, and he started giving out land and convict labourers to the officers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKemp2018-1">[1]</a> The Corps established a monopoly on the rum trade, and became very powerful within the small colony.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKemp2018-1">[1]</a> After Governor <a href="/wiki/William_Bligh" title="William Bligh">William Bligh</a> tried to break the military monopoly and questioned some of their leases, officers led by <a href="/wiki/George_Johnston_(British_Marines_officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="George Johnston (British Marines officer)">George Johnston</a> launched a <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Rum_Rebellion" title="Rum Rebellion">Rum Rebellion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKemp2018-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-138">[138]</a> After a year, he agreed to leave his position, and returned to Britain alongside Johnston, who was found guilty by a <a href="/wiki/Court-martial" title="Court-martial">court-martial</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKemp2018-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-138">[138]</a> In response to the events, the British government dispanded the Corps, and replaced them with the 73rd Regiment, which led to "deprivatising" of the officials of the colony.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> Many of the officers retired, and were later known as the "faction of 1808" and as an influential and conservative element in the politics of the colony.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKemp2018-1">[1]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arthur_Phillip_-_Wheatley_ML124.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Arthur_Phillip_-_Wheatley_ML124.jpg/300px-Arthur_Phillip_-_Wheatley_ML124.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="353" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Arthur_Phillip_-_Wheatley_ML124.jpg/450px-Arthur_Phillip_-_Wheatley_ML124.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Arthur_Phillip_-_Wheatley_ML124.jpg/600px-Arthur_Phillip_-_Wheatley_ML124.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2353" /></a><figcaption>Captain <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Phillip" title="Arthur Phillip">Arthur Phillip</a>, RN, served as the first <a href="/wiki/Governors_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Governors of Australia">Governor of New South Wales</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales_Act_1823" title="New South Wales Act 1823">New South Wales Act 1823</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a> established the first legislative body in Australia, the <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales_Legislative_Council" title="New South Wales Legislative Council">New South Wales Legislative Council</a>, as an appointed body of five to seven members to advise the <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_South_Wales" title="Governor of New South Wales">Governor of New South Wales</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-140">[140]</a> However, the new body had limited powers of oversight.<a href="#cite_note-:1-140">[140]</a> The act also established the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_New_South_Wales" title="Supreme Court of New South Wales">Supreme Court of New South Wales</a>, which had power over the <a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">executive</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kemp_2-141">[141]</a> Before a Governor could propose a law before the council, the Chief Justice had to certify that it was not against <a href="/wiki/English_law" title="English law">English law</a>, creating a form of <a href="/wiki/Judicial_review" title="Judicial review">judicial review</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kemp_3-142">[142]</a> However, there was no <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">separation of powers</a>, with Chief Justice <a href="/wiki/Francis_Forbes" title="Francis Forbes">Francis Forbes</a> also serving in the Legislative Council as well as the Governor's Executive Council.<a href="#cite_note-Kemp_4-143">[143]</a> The Executive Council had been founded in 1825, and was composed of leading officials in the colony.<a href="#cite_note-Kemp_5-144">[144]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Australian_(1824_newspaper)" title="The Australian (1824 newspaper)">The Australian</a> began publishing in 1824, as did <a href="/wiki/The_Monitor_(Sydney)" title="The Monitor (Sydney)">The Monitor</a> in 1826, and <a href="/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald" title="The Sydney Morning Herald">The Sydney Morning Herald</a> in 1831. <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Darling" title="Ralph Darling">Ralph Darling</a> tried to control the press first by proposing to license newspapers and impose a <a href="/wiki/Stamp_duty" title="Stamp duty">stamp duty</a> on them, and after this was refused by Forbes, by prosecuting their owners for <a href="/wiki/Seditious_libel" title="Seditious libel">seditious libel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kemp_6-145">[145]</a> <a href="/wiki/Van_Diemen%27s_Land" title="Van Diemen's Land">Van Diemen's Land</a> was established in 1825, but remained under the jurisdiction of the New South Wales Governor, being represented there by a lieutenant-governor.<a href="#cite_note-Kemp_7-146">[146]</a> <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a> was declared to the British Empire by <a href="/wiki/James_Stirling_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="James Stirling (Royal Navy officer)">James Stirling</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Swan_River_Colony" title="Swan River Colony">Swan River Colony</a> was established there in 1829, with Stirling made governor in 1831.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKemp2018-1">[1]</a> The <a href="/wiki/South_Australian_Company" title="South Australian Company">South Australian Company</a> was established in 1834 as a private venture to establish a new colony in the south coast, being motivated by the social reformist ideas of <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Jeremy Bentham</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kemp_8-147">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_divisions">Political divisions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Australia_(1788%E2%80%931850)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Political divisions">edit</a>]</div> The divide between liberals and conservatives in British politics was replicated in Australia.<a href="#cite_note-Kemp_9-148">[148]</a> This division was also affected by that between "emancipists" (former convicts) and "exclusivists" (land-owning free settlers).<a href="#cite_note-Kemp_10-149">[149]</a> The conservatives generally saw <a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">representative government</a> as a threat, since they were worried about former convicts voting against their masters.<a href="#cite_note-Kemp_11-150">[150]</a> The leader of the conservatives was John Macarthur, a wool producer and a leader of the Rum Rebellion.<a href="#cite_note-Kemp_12-151">[151]</a> The conservatives believed themselves to be leading and protecting the economic development of the colony.<a href="#cite_note-Kemp_13-152">[152]</a> The reformist <a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_of_New_South_Wales" title="Attorney General of New South Wales">attorney general</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Plunkett" title="John Plunkett">John Plunkett</a>, sought to apply <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> principles to governance in the colony, pursuing the establishment of equality before the law, first by extending jury rights to emancipists, then by extending legal protections to convicts, assigned servants and Aboriginal peoples. Plunkett twice charged the colonist perpetrators of the <a href="/wiki/Myall_Creek_massacre" title="Myall Creek massacre">Myall Creek massacre</a> of Aboriginal people with murder, resulting in a conviction and his landmark <a href="/wiki/Church_Act_1836" title="Church Act 1836">Church Act</a> of 1836 <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">disestablished</a> the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> and established legal equality between <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Church_of_Australia" title="Anglican Church of Australia">Anglicans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catholicism_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism in Australia">Catholics</a>, Presbyterians and later Methodists.<a href="#cite_note-ADB_John_Plunkett-153">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Representative_government">Representative government</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Australia_(1788%E2%80%931850)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Representative government">edit</a>]</div> The Legislative Council and Supreme Court provided additional limits to the power of governors, but a number of prominent colonial figures, including <a href="/wiki/William_Wentworth" title="William Wentworth">William Wentworth</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKemp2018-1">[1]</a> campaigned for a greater degree of self-government. However, there were divisions about the extent to which a future legislative body should be popularly elected. Other major issues in the public debate about colonial self-government were traditional British political rights, land policy, transportation and whether colonies with a large population of convicts and former convicts could be trusted with self-government. The <a href="/wiki/Australian_Patriotic_Association" title="Australian Patriotic Association">Australian Patriotic Association</a> was formed in 1835 by Wentworth and <a href="/wiki/William_Bland" title="William Bland">William Bland</a> to promote representative government for New South Wales.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tink-156">[156]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Opening_of_the_partially_elected_Parliament_in_1843_-_Sydney.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Opening_of_the_partially_elected_Parliament_in_1843_-_Sydney.gif/300px-Opening_of_the_partially_elected_Parliament_in_1843_-_Sydney.gif" decoding="async" width="300" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Opening_of_the_partially_elected_Parliament_in_1843_-_Sydney.gif/450px-Opening_of_the_partially_elected_Parliament_in_1843_-_Sydney.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/Opening_of_the_partially_elected_Parliament_in_1843_-_Sydney.gif 2x" data-file-width="521" data-file-height="244" /></a><figcaption>The opening of Australia's first elected Parliament in Sydney (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1843)</figcaption></figure> In 1840, the <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_City_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Adelaide City Council">Adelaide City Council</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sydney_City_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Sydney City Council">Sydney City Council</a> were established. Men who possessed 1,000 pounds' worth of property were able to stand for election and wealthy landowners were permitted up to four votes each in elections.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-157">[157]</a> The British government abolished transportation to New South Wales in 1840, and in 1842 granted limited representative government to the colony by establishing a reformed Legislative Council with one-third of its members appointed by the governor and two-thirds elected by male voters who met a property qualification. The property qualification meant that only 20 per cent of males were eligible to vote in the first <a href="/wiki/1843_New_South_Wales_colonial_election" title="1843 New South Wales colonial election">Legislative Council elections in 1843</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHirst201451–54-158">[158]</a> The increasing immigration of free settlers, the declining number of convicts, and the growing middle class and working class population led to further agitation for liberal and democratic reforms. Public meetings in Adelaide in 1844 called for more representative government for South Australia.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> The Constitutional Association, formed in Sydney in 1848, called for manhood suffrage. The <a href="/wiki/Australasian_Anti-Transportation_League" title="Australasian Anti-Transportation League">Anti-Transportation League</a>, founded in Van Diemen's Land in 1849, also demanded more representative government.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> In the Port Phillip District, agitation for representative government was closely linked to demands for independence from New South Wales.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> In 1850, the imperial parliament passed the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Constitutions_Act_1850" title="Australian Constitutions Act 1850">Australian Colonies Government Act</a>, granting Van Diemen's Land, South Australia and the newly created colony of Victoria semi-elected Legislative Councils on the New South Wales model. The Act also reduced the property requirement for voting. Government officials were to be responsible to the governor rather than the Legislative Council, so the imperial legislation provided for limited representative government rather than <a href="/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">responsible government</a>.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy_and_trade">Economy and trade</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Australia_(1788%E2%80%931850)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Economy and trade">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Mellish_in_Sydney_Harbour.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/The_Mellish_in_Sydney_Harbour.jpg/350px-The_Mellish_in_Sydney_Harbour.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/The_Mellish_in_Sydney_Harbour.jpg/525px-The_Mellish_in_Sydney_Harbour.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/The_Mellish_in_Sydney_Harbour.jpg/700px-The_Mellish_in_Sydney_Harbour.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1427" data-file-height="1027" /></a><figcaption>The Mellish entering <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Sydney Harbour">Sydney Harbour</a>. It was one of the ships that imported resources from <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">India</a>, playing a vital role in establishing Sydney.</figcaption></figure> The instructions provided to the first five governors of New South Wales show that the initial plans for the colony were limited.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacintyre202034–41-163">[163]</a> The settlement was to be a self-sufficient penal colony based on subsistence agriculture. Trade, shipping and ship building were banned in order to keep the convicts isolated and so as not to interfere with the trade monopoly of the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">British East India Company</a>. There was no plan for economic development apart from investigating the possibility of producing raw materials for Britain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarskens201391–92-21">[21]</a> After the departure of Phillip, the colony's military officers began acquiring land and importing consumer goods obtained from visiting ships. Former convicts also farmed land granted to them and engaged in trade. Farms spread to the more fertile lands surrounding <a href="/wiki/Parramatta" title="Parramatta">Paramatta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Windsor,_New_South_Wales" title="Windsor, New South Wales">Windsor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Camden,_New_South_Wales" title="Camden, New South Wales">Camden</a>, and by 1803 the colony was self-sufficient in grain. Boat building developed in order to make travel easier and exploit the marine resources of the coastal settlements. Sealing and whaling became important industries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarskens201390–114-39">[39]</a> Because of its nature as a forced settlement, the early colony's economy was heavily dependent on the state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKemp2018-1">[1]</a> For example, some of the earliest agricultural production was directly <a href="/wiki/Third_Government_Farm" title="Third Government Farm">run by the government</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Commissariat" title="Commissariat">Commissariat</a> also played a major role in the economy.<a href="#cite_note-Kemp_152-164">[164]</a> In 1800, 72% of the population relied on government <a href="/wiki/Rationing" title="Rationing">rations</a>, but this was reduced to 32% by 1806.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKemp2018-1">[1]</a> While some convicts were assigned to settlers as labourers, they were usually free to find part-time work for supplemental income, and were allowed to own property (in contravention to British law at the time).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKemp2018-1">[1]</a> Some convicts had their skills taken to use by the colonial government, as with for example the architect <a href="/wiki/Francis_Greenway" title="Francis Greenway">Francis Greenway</a>, who designed many early public buildings. Approximately 10–15% of the convicts worked on public projects building infrastructure, while most of the rest were assigned to private employers.<a href="#cite_note-Kemp_162-165">[165]</a> <a href="/wiki/Land_grant" title="Land grant">Land grants</a> were abandoned in 1831 in favour of selling crown lands, which covered all land deemed "unsettled".<a href="#cite_note-Kemp_172-166">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kemp_182-167">[167]</a> The colonies relied heavily on imports from England for survival. The official currency of the colonies was the British pound, but the unofficial currency and most readily accepted trade good was <a href="/wiki/Rum" title="Rum">rum</a>. The early economy relied on <a href="/wiki/Barter" title="Barter">barter</a> for exchange, an issue which Macquarie (Governor from 1810 to 1821) tried to fix first by introducing <a href="/wiki/Spanish_dollar" title="Spanish dollar">Spanish dollars</a>, and then by establishing the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_New_South_Wales" title="Bank of New South Wales">Bank of New South Wales</a> with the authority to issue financial instruments.<a href="#cite_note-Kemp_192-168">[168]</a> Barter continued, however, until shipments of sterling in the late 1820s enabled a move to a monetary economy.<a href="#cite_note-Kemp_202-169">[169]</a> Macquarie also played a leading role in the economic development of New South Wales by employing a planner to design the street layout of Sydney and commissioning the construction of roads, wharves, churches, and public buildings. He sent explorers out from Sydney and, in 1815, a road across the Blue Mountains was completed, opening the way for large scale farming and grazing in the lightly-wooded pastures west of the Great Dividing Range.<a href="#cite_note-Kingston-2006a2-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarskens2013115–17-43">[43]</a> The colonists spent a large part of the early nineteenth century building infrastructure such as railways, bridges and schools, which facilitated economic development.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> During this period Australian businesspeople began to prosper. For example, the partnership of <a href="/wiki/Berry_and_Wollstonecraft" title="Berry and Wollstonecraft">Berry and Wollstonecraft</a> made enormous profits by means of land grants, convict labour, and exporting native cedar back to England. <a href="/wiki/John_Macarthur_(wool_pioneer)" title="John Macarthur (wool pioneer)">John Macarthur</a>, after retiring from the New South Wales Corps, went on to start the wool industry in Australia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKemp2018-1">[1]</a> From the 1820s <a href="/wiki/Squatting_(Australian_history)" title="Squatting (Australian history)">squatters</a> increasingly established unauthorised cattle and sheep runs beyond the official limits of the settled colony. In 1836, a system of annual licences authorising grazing on Crown Land was introduced in an attempt to control the pastoral industry, but booming wool prices and the high cost of land in the settled areas encouraged further squatting. By 1844 wool accounted for half of the colony's exports and by 1850 most of the eastern third of New South Wales was controlled by fewer than 2,000 pastoralists.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion,_education,_and_culture">Religion, education, and culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Australia_(1788%E2%80%931850)&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Religion, education, and culture">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:StJamesChurchSydney.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/StJamesChurchSydney.jpg/310px-StJamesChurchSydney.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/StJamesChurchSydney.jpg/465px-StJamesChurchSydney.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/StJamesChurchSydney.jpg 2x" data-file-width="572" data-file-height="446" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/St_James%27_Church,_Sydney" title="St James' Church, Sydney">St James' Church, Sydney</a>, about 1836. It was designed by <a href="/wiki/Francis_Greenway" title="Francis Greenway">Francis Greenway</a> and still stands.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Australia_(1788%E2%80%931850)&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> According to <a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Aboriginal mythology">Australian Aboriginal mythology</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Animist" class="mw-redirect" title="Animist">animist</a> framework, the <a href="/wiki/Dreaming_(spirituality)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dreaming (spirituality)">Dreaming</a> is a sacred era in which ancestral <a href="/wiki/Totem" title="Totem">totemic</a> spirit beings formed <a href="/wiki/Creation_myth" title="Creation myth">The Creation</a>. The Dreaming established the laws and structures of society and the ceremonies performed to ensure continuity of life and land.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood2019163–69-172">[172]</a> The early chaplains of the colony were also civil magistrates with the power to discipline convicts and grant tickets of leave. The <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> was the only recognised church before 1820 and its clergy worked closely with the governors. <a href="/wiki/Richard_Johnson_(chaplain)" title="Richard Johnson (chaplain)">Richard Johnson</a>, (chief chaplain 1788–1802) was charged by Governor <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Phillip" title="Arthur Phillip">Arthur Phillip</a>, with improving "public morality" in the colony and was also heavily involved in health and education.<a href="#cite_note-adbonline.anu.edu.au2-173">[173]</a> <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Marsden" title="Samuel Marsden">Samuel Marsden</a> (various ministries 1795–1838) became known for his missionary work, the severity of his punishments as a magistrate, and the vehemence of his public denunciations of Catholicism and Irish convicts.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Castle_Hill_Rebellion_(1804).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Castle_Hill_Rebellion_%281804%29.jpg/310px-Castle_Hill_Rebellion_%281804%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Castle_Hill_Rebellion_%281804%29.jpg/465px-Castle_Hill_Rebellion_%281804%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Castle_Hill_Rebellion_%281804%29.jpg/620px-Castle_Hill_Rebellion_%281804%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="702" /></a><figcaption>A painting depicting the <a href="/wiki/Castle_Hill_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Castle Hill Rebellion">Castle Hill Rebellion</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a> of 1804</figcaption></figure> About a quarter of convicts were Catholics and they frequently requested a Catholic priest to perform their rites. The lack of official recognition of Catholicism was combined with suspicion of Irish convicts which only increased after the Irish-led <a href="/wiki/Castle_Hill_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Castle Hill Rebellion">Castle Hill Rebellion</a> of 1804. Only two Catholic priests operated temporarily in the colony before Governor Macquarie appointed official Catholic chaplains in New South Wales and Van Diemen's Land in 1820.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Brien2013417–20-175">[175]</a> The Bigge reports recommended that the status of the Anglican Church be enhanced as a source of stability and moral authority in the colony. An Anglican archdeacon was appointed in 1824 and allocated a seat in the first advisory Legislative Council. The Anglican clergy and schools also received state support. This policy was changed under Governor Burke by the Church Acts of 1836 and 1837. The government now provided state support for the clergy and church buildings of the four largest denominations: Anglican, Catholic, Presbyterian and, later, Methodist.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Brien2013417–20-175">[175]</a> The Church Acts did not alleviate sectarianism as many Anglicans saw state support of the Catholic Church as a threat. The prominent Presbyterian minister John Dunmore Lang also promoted sectarian divisions in the 1840s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Brien2013421-176">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacintyre202090-177">[177]</a> State support, however, led to a growth in church activities. Charitable associations such as the Catholic <a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_Charity_of_Australia" title="Sisters of Charity of Australia">Sisters of Charity</a>, founded in 1838, provided hospitals, orphanages and asylums for the old and disabled. Religious organisations were also the main providers of school education in the first half of the nineteenth century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacintyre2020123–27-178">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Brien2013422–23-179">[179]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Australia_(1788%E2%80%931850)&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> The first school in the colony was opened in 1789. By 1792, the government had established two public schools for the children of convicts and emancipists. The teachers themselves were female convicts or emancipists. The military also established a school for soldiers and their children.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECleverley19711,_32-180">[180]</a> By the early 1800s, public schools were established in the main settlements and some teachers were opening private academies with tuition fees. Public schools were run by the Church of England and taught reading, writing, arithmetic and scripture. They were funded by the government, the British <a href="/wiki/United_Society_Partners_in_the_Gospel" title="United Society Partners in the Gospel">Society for the Propagation of the Gospel</a>, and community donations. Clergy and professional teachers were sometimes recruited from Britain but most teachers were from the colony.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECleverley197132–40,_44–52-181">[181]</a> The <a href="/wiki/London_Missionary_Society" title="London Missionary Society">London Missionary Society</a> also established several chapel-schools outside the main settlements.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECleverley197184–86-182">[182]</a> Nevertheless, school was not compulsory and many parents preferred to have their children work or help in the home rather than send them to the nearest public school.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECleverley1971130–32-183">[183]</a> Affluent colonists sent their children to Britain or local private academies for schooling, or engaged a tutor or governess.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECleverley1971117–21-184">[184]</a> An orphan school for girls opened in Sydney in 1801, and one for boys in 1819.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECleverley197191,_138-185">[185]</a> Governor Macquarie (1810-1821) established charity schools and, in 1815, a Native Institution for Aboriginal children which provided basic education and training in work skills.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECleverley197191,_105–15,_138-186">[186]</a> In 1826, the Church of England attempted to establish a system of schools through a Church and Schools Corporation but with limited success.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorneSherington2013369–70-187">[187]</a> In the 1830s, most colonial governments offered support for schools in the recognised Anglican, Catholic, Presbyterian and Methodist denominations. In South Australia, Lutherans established schools without government support. In Western Australia, the Catholic church established the first schools. Church-run schools spread to most major towns in the colonies and were the largest provider of school education.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorneSherington2013370–71-188">[188]</a> Education intended for the working classes was also provided by mechanics' institutes and schools of arts. These institutions were opened in Hobart (1827), Sydney (1833), Melbourne (1839), Geelong (1846), Brisbane (1849) and Perth (1851). They were intended to provide adult education in literacy, numeracy, the liberal arts and technical subjects.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDixonHoorn2013497-189">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorneSherington2013375–76-190">[190]</a> Private schools based on British models of grammar schools and public schools also appeared from the 1830s. These included Sydney College (1830),<a href="#cite_note-Kemp_22-191">[191]</a> the Australian College (Sydney, 1831)<a href="#cite_note-:02-192">[192]</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_King%27s_School,_Parramatta" title="The King's School, Parramatta">The King's School</a> (Sydney and Parramatta,1831).<a href="#cite_note-:02-192">[192]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science_and_technology">Science and technology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Australia_(1788%E2%80%931850)&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Science and technology">edit</a>]</div> The new colony was of particular scientific and technological interest in Britain. Up to 1820, Joseph Banks was the chief promoter of the colony's importance to botany and agricultural technology and he corresponded frequently with the early governors on these subjects. <a href="/wiki/William_Hooker_(botanical_illustrator)" title="William Hooker (botanical illustrator)">William Hooker</a> also promoted the study of Australia's plant life, <a href="/wiki/Roderick_Murchison" title="Roderick Murchison">Roderick Murchison</a> its geology, and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Owen" title="Richard Owen">Richard Owen</a> its zoology and palaeontology.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGascoigneMaroske2013440–41-193">[193]</a> Banks organised Matthew Flinders' 1801-03 circumnavigation of the continent, and ensured the crew included an astronomer, a mineralogist and a botanist. The early explorations of surveyor John Oxley involved the mapping of rivers and his parties also included botanists and a mineralogist. The explorations of Sturt and Mitchell were intended to facilitate the economic and scientific development of the colony.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGascoigneMaroske2013442–44-194">[194]</a> In agricultural technology, there were Australian advances in sheep breeding, particularly the development of merino wool. In 1843, John Miller invented the horse-drawn wheat stripper.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGascoigneMaroske2013440–41-193">[193]</a> An astronomical observatory was set up in Sydney in 1788, and governor <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brisbane" title="Thomas Brisbane">Brisbane</a> established a permanent one at Parramatta in 1824. In 1835 the observatory published the Catalogue of 7385 Stars. The Parramatta observatory was closed in 1847 before the Sydney Observatory was opened in 1855. The <a href="/wiki/Admiralty_(United_Kingdom)" title="Admiralty (United Kingdom)">Admiralty</a> established a Magnetical and Meteorological Observatory at Hobart in 1840.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGascoigneMaroske2013444–45-195">[195]</a> The Royal Botanic Garden was established in Sydney in 1816, and Charles Frazer was appointed Colonial Botanist in 1821. The <a href="/wiki/Australian_Museum" title="Australian Museum">Australian Museum</a> was founded in Sydney in 1827. The Tasmanian Society, founded in 1837, was Australia's leading scientific society at the time. The Royal Society of Van Diemen's Land for Botany, Horticulture and the Advancement of Science was established in 1844. The University of Sydney, founded in 1850, included chairs in mathematics, chemistry and physics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGascoigneMaroske2013446–48,_452-196">[196]</a> Colonial medical science was based on existing European knowledge and practice.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGascoigneMaroske2013459-197">[197]</a> Over a hundred men who practised medicine were transported to Australia as convicts between 1788 and 1868. Medical qualifications were not standardised at the time, and many would have been unqualified. <a href="/wiki/D%27Arcy_Wentworth" title="D'Arcy Wentworth">D'Arcy Wentworth</a> was a free settler and assistant surgeon on a convict ship. In 1809 he was appointed Principal Surgeon of the colony. He was instrumental in the opening of the new <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Hospital" title="Sydney Hospital">Sydney hospital</a> in 1816.<a href="#cite_note-:03-198">[198]</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Redfern" title="William Redfern">William Redfern</a> was a convict and surgeon who passed an examination before three colonial doctors, becoming Australia's first locally qualified doctor.<a href="#cite_note-:03-198">[198]</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Bland" title="William Bland">William Bland</a> was a convict and qualified surgeon. He was pardoned in 1815 and set up a private medical practice. He later worked with the <a href="/wiki/Benevolent_Society" title="Benevolent Society">Benevolent Society</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Hospital" title="Sydney Hospital">Sydney Dispensary</a> before embarking on a political career. He was a skilled surgeon who made important contributions to surgical techniques.<a href="#cite_note-:03-198">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Culture">Culture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Australia_(1788%E2%80%931850)&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> Aboriginal groups continued the artistic traditions they had practised for thousands of years. They made art works on bark, stone and their bodies, and in the sand and earth of their land. They told stories of ancestral beings and the Dreaming. They performed their culture and its stories in song, music and dance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDixonHoorn2013492-200">[200]</a> Songmen and women were skilled in correctly singing the songlines of the ancestral beings who created the landscape, and in passing on new songs sent to them in dreams. Aboriginal history, law and creation stories were transmitted orally through generations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood2019167–72-201">[201]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Watkin_tench.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Watkin_tench.jpg/170px-Watkin_tench.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Watkin_tench.jpg/255px-Watkin_tench.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Watkin_tench.jpg/340px-Watkin_tench.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1852" data-file-height="2236" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Watkin_Tench" title="Watkin Tench">Watkin Tench</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captain_lieutenant#United_Kingdom" title="Captain lieutenant">captain-lieutenant</a> of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Royal_Marines" title="History of the Royal Marines">Royal Marines</a> on the <a href="/wiki/First_Fleet" title="First Fleet">First Fleet</a>, author of popular works describing the new colony.</figcaption></figure> The colonists also transmitted their cultures orally and through song, music, art and performance, but also through writing. Governor Macquarie commissioned emancipist <a href="/wiki/Michael_Massey_Robinson" title="Michael Massey Robinson">Michael Massey Robinson</a> to write verse to celebrate the birthdays of <a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_of_Mecklenburg-Strelitz" title="Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz">Queen Charlotte</a>. Alongside such official verse, satirical verse written by convicts such as <a href="/wiki/Frank_the_Poet" title="Frank the Poet">Frank the Poet</a> flourished.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDixonHoorn2013487–89-202">[202]</a><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Glover_-_A_view_of_the_artist%27s_house_and_garden,_in_Mills_Plains,_Van_Diemen%27s_Land_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/John_Glover_-_A_view_of_the_artist%27s_house_and_garden%2C_in_Mills_Plains%2C_Van_Diemen%27s_Land_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/350px-John_Glover_-_A_view_of_the_artist%27s_house_and_garden%2C_in_Mills_Plains%2C_Van_Diemen%27s_Land_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/John_Glover_-_A_view_of_the_artist%27s_house_and_garden%2C_in_Mills_Plains%2C_Van_Diemen%27s_Land_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/525px-John_Glover_-_A_view_of_the_artist%27s_house_and_garden%2C_in_Mills_Plains%2C_Van_Diemen%27s_Land_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/John_Glover_-_A_view_of_the_artist%27s_house_and_garden%2C_in_Mills_Plains%2C_Van_Diemen%27s_Land_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/700px-John_Glover_-_A_view_of_the_artist%27s_house_and_garden%2C_in_Mills_Plains%2C_Van_Diemen%27s_Land_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3501" data-file-height="2326" /></a><figcaption>The house and garden, in Mills Plains, Van Diemen's Land, of prominent early Australian artist <a href="/wiki/John_Glover_(artist)" title="John Glover (artist)">John Glover</a></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Barron_Field_(author)" title="Barron Field (author)">Barron Field</a>, the supreme court judge, published First Fruits of Australian Poetry (1819 and 1823). His poem "The Kangaroo" is notable.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith200974-203">[203]</a> Early poems with patriotic Australian themes include William Wentworth's "Australasia" (1823) and Charles Thompson's Wild Notes From the Lyre of a Native Minstrel (1826).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDixonHoorn2013491–92-204">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith200974–75-205">[205]</a> In 1845, the radical republican <a href="/wiki/Charles_Harpur" title="Charles Harpur">Charles Harpur</a> published Thoughts: a Series of Sonnets and went on to become an influential Australian poet.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith200977–78-206">[206]</a> Before the 1850s, there was no Australian book publishing industry and few professional authors. Stories and poetry were published in newspapers and magazines, and books were mostly published in Britain or self-published in Australia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebby200945–46-207">[207]</a> In prose, colonial officers Watkin Tench and <a href="/wiki/David_Collins_(lieutenant_governor)" title="David Collins (lieutenant governor)">David Collins</a> published popular early accounts of the colony.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebby200945-208">[208]</a> Most published prose consisted of works of non-fiction, tales or sketches of colonial life, travel stories and popular fiction. Biographies and novels of convicts were popular. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Savery" title="Henry Savery">Henry Savery</a>'s novel of convict life Quintus Servinton (1830–31) and <a href="/wiki/James_Tucker_(convict)" title="James Tucker (convict)">James Tucker</a>'s Ralph Rashleigh (1844–45) were typical. Novels of emigration to Australia, such as <a href="/wiki/Thomas_McCombie" title="Thomas McCombie">Thomas McCombie</a>'s Adventures of a Colonist (1845), became popular in the 1840s. <a href="/wiki/Mary_Theresa_Vidal" title="Mary Theresa Vidal">Mary Theresa Vidal</a>'s Tales for the Bush (1845) was popular in England and Australia and went through many editions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalziell200999–110-209">[209]</a> In art, the <a href="/wiki/Port_Jackson_Painter" title="Port Jackson Painter">Port Jackson Painters</a> recorded the growth of the settlement, the local Aboriginal people and the flora and fauna of the colony. Convict artists such as <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Watling" title="Thomas Watling">Thomas Watling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lycett" title="Joseph Lycett">Joseph Lycett</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bock" title="Thomas Bock">Thomas Bock</a> painted landscapes, portraits of affluent settlers, scenes of colonial life and official commissions. <a href="/wiki/Augustus_Earle" title="Augustus Earle">Augustus Earle</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Glover_(artist)" title="John Glover (artist)">John Glover</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conrad_Martens" title="Conrad Martens">Conrad Martens</a> were English artists who visited or migrated to Australia in the 1820s and 1830s and painted influential Australian landscapes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDixonHoorn2013494–98-210">[210]</a> Australia's first colonial music was the popular ballads, sea shanties and folk songs brought by convicts and settlers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith200973-211">[211]</a> Military music was also commonly performed in the early years of the colony. Military musicians often performed at church services, balls and other official and private functions. The first known local composition was a set of <a href="/wiki/Quadrille" title="Quadrille">quadrilles</a> written by the bandmaster Reichenberg in 1825. English musician <a href="/wiki/J._P._Deane" title="J. P. Deane">John Phillip Deane</a> (who arrived in Australia in 1822), Irish composer <a href="/wiki/William_Vincent_Wallace" title="William Vincent Wallace">William Vincent Wallace</a> (who arrived in 1835) and English composer <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Nathan" title="Isaac Nathan">Isaac Nathan</a> (who arrived in 1841) all helped develop a musical culture in the Australian colonies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECovell20169–18-212">[212]</a> The first play performed in Australia was a 1789 convict production of Farquar's <a href="/wiki/The_Recruiting_Officer" title="The Recruiting Officer">The Recruiting Officer</a>. Theatrical performances after this were sporadic, as religious authorities considered the theatre promoted immorality. But by the 1830s, popular demand for comedies, melodramas and pantomime led to regular commercial theatrical and musical performances in Sydney and Hobart. Edward Geoghegan's <a href="/wiki/The_Currency_Lass" title="The Currency Lass">The Currency Lass</a> (1844) was a popular example of colonial musical comedy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebby200949–50-213">[213]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Representations_in_literature_and_film">Representations in literature and film</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Australia_(1788%E2%80%931850)&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Representations in literature and film">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Clarke" title="Marcus Clarke">Marcus Clarke</a>'s 1874 novel, <a href="/wiki/For_the_Term_of_his_Natural_Life" class="mw-redirect" title="For the Term of his Natural Life">For the Term of his Natural Life</a>, and the 1983 television adaptation of the novel.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Dark" title="Eleanor Dark">Eleanor Dark</a>'s 1947 Timeless Land trilogy, which spans the colonisation from 1788 to 1811. The 1980s television drama, <a href="/wiki/The_Timeless_Land" title="The Timeless Land">The Timeless Land</a>, was based on this trilogy.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Grenville" title="Kate Grenville">Kate Grenville</a>'s 2005 novel <a href="/wiki/The_Secret_River" title="The Secret River">The Secret River</a>, about a convict transported to Australia for theft and his family, and their confrontations with Aboriginal people.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Australia_(1788%E2%80%931850)&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_colonisation_of_South_Australia" title="British colonisation of South Australia">British colonisation of South Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_colonisation_of_Tasmania" title="British colonisation of Tasmania">British colonisation of Tasmania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="European Australian">European Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europeans_in_Oceania" title="Europeans in Oceania">Europeans in Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Records_of_Australia" title="Historical Records of Australia">Historical Records of Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia" title="History of Australia">History of Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1851%E2%80%931900)" title="History of Australia (1851–1900)">History of Australia (1851–1900)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_South_Wales" title="History of New South Wales">History of New South Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Queensland" title="History of Queensland">History of Queensland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Australia" title="History of South Australia">History of South Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tasmania" title="History of Tasmania">History of Tasmania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_Australia" title="History of Western Australia">History of Western Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journals_of_the_First_Fleet" title="Journals of the First Fleet">Journals of the First Fleet</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Australia_(1788%E2%80%931850)&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Australia_(1788%E2%80%931850)&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKemp2018-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKemp2018_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKemp2018_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKemp2018_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKemp2018_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKemp2018_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKemp2018_1-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKemp2018_1-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKemp2018_1-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKemp2018_1-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKemp2018_1-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKemp2018_1-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKemp2018_1-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKemp2018_1-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKemp2018_1-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKemp2018_1-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKemp2018_1-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKemp2018_1-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKemp2018_1-17">r</a> <a href="#CITEREFKemp2018">Kemp (2018)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFChristopherMaxwell-Stewart2013" class="citation book cs1">Christopher, Emma; Maxwell-Stewart, Hamish (2013). "Convict transportation in global context c. 1700–88". The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I. pp. 70–74.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Convict+transportation+in+global+context+c.+1700%E2%80%9388&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Australia%2C+Volume+I&rft.pages=70-74&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Christopher&rft.aufirst=Emma&rft.au=Maxwell-Stewart%2C+Hamish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Australia+%281788%E2%80%931850%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> David Hill. (2008) 1788; The Brutal Truth of the First Fleet. pp. 9,11. William Heinemann, Australia <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74166-797-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74166-797-4">978-1-74166-797-4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGascoigne1998" class="citation book cs1">Gascoigne, John (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/39524807">Science in the service of empire : Joseph Banks, the British state and the uses of science in the age of revolution</a>. Cambridge, UK. p. 187. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-55069-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-55069-6"><bdi>0-521-55069-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/39524807">39524807</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210718112107/https://www.worldcat.org/title/science-in-the-service-of-empire-joseph-banks-the-british-state-and-the-uses-of-science-in-the-age-of-revolution/oclc/39524807">Archived</a> from the original on 18 July 2021. Retrieved 18 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+in+the+service+of+empire+%3A+Joseph+Banks%2C+the+British+state+and+the+uses+of+science+in+the+age+of+revolution&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pages=187&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F39524807&rft.isbn=0-521-55069-6&rft.aulast=Gascoigne&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F39524807&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Australia+%281788%E2%80%931850%29" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nma.gov.au/exhibitions/endeavour-voyage/kamay-botany-bay">"National Museum of Australia – Kamay – Botany Bay"</a>. www.nma.gov.au. 2022. Retrieved 21 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nma.gov.au&rft.atitle=National+Museum+of+Australia+%E2%80%93+Kamay+%E2%80%93+Botany+Bay&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nma.gov.au%2Fexhibitions%2Fendeavour-voyage%2Fkamay-botany-bay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Australia+%281788%E2%80%931850%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarter1988" class="citation book cs1">Carter, Harold B. (1988). "Banks, Cook and the Century Natural History Tradition". In Delamothe, Tony; Bridge, Carl (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/936496">Interpreting Australia: British Perceptions of Australia since 1788</a>. London: Sir Robert Menzies Centre for Australian Studies. pp. 4–23. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140529200901/http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/936496">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2014. Retrieved 18 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Banks%2C+Cook+and+the+Century+Natural+History+Tradition&rft.btitle=Interpreting+Australia%3A+British+Perceptions+of+Australia+since+1788&rft.place=London&rft.pages=4-23&rft.pub=Sir+Robert+Menzies+Centre+for+Australian+Studies&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=Harold+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatalogue.nla.gov.au%2FRecord%2F936496&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Australia+%281788%E2%80%931850%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Matra to Fox, 2 April 1784. British Library, Add. Ms 47568. </li> <li id="cite_note-Atkinson-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Atkinson_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Atkinson_8-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtkinson1990" class="citation journal cs1">Atkinson, Alan (1 April 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/10314619008595830">"The first plans for governing New South Wales, 1786–87"</a>. Australian Historical Studies. 24 (94): 22–40. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10314619008595830">10.1080/10314619008595830</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1031-461X">1031-461X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143682560">143682560</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian+Historical+Studies&rft.atitle=The+first+plans+for+governing+New+South+Wales%2C+1786%E2%80%9387&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=94&rft.pages=22-40&rft.date=1990-04-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143682560%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1031-461X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10314619008595830&rft.aulast=Atkinson&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F10314619008595830&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Australia+%281788%E2%80%931850%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> ‘Memo. of matters to be brought before Cabinet’, State Library of New South Wales, Dixon 12Library Add. MS Q522 </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Christopher, Emma; Maxwell-Stewart, Hamish (2013). "Convict transportation in global context c. 1700–88". The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I. pp. 75–77 </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Christopher, Emma; Maxwell-Stewart, Hamish (2013). "Convict transportation in global context c. 1700–88". The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I. pp. 77–78 </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Robert J. King, "Norfolk Island: Phantasy and Reality, 1770–1814", The Great Circle, Vol. 25, No. 2, 2003, pp. 20–41. </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Christopher, Emma; Maxwell-Stewart, Hamish (2013). "Convict transportation in global context c. 1700–88". The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I. pp. 70, 83–89 </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Sir Ernest Scott, Australia, J. Holland Rose et al., The Cambridge History of the British Empire, Volume 7, Part 1, Cambridge University Press, 1933, (reissued 2010), p.58. This view is re-affirmed in Alison Bashford and Stewart Macintyre, The Cambridge History of Australia, Cambridge University Press, 2013, Volume 1, p.83. </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Geoffrey Blainey (1966) The Tyranny of Distance; How Distance shaped Australia's History. Sun Books, Melbourne. Reprinted 1982. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-33836-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-33836-7">0-333-33836-7</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Alan Frost, Botany Bay: The Real Story, Collingwood, Black Inc, 2011, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86395-512-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86395-512-6">978-1-86395-512-6</a>; Alan Frost, The First Fleet: The Real Story, Collingwood, Black Inc, 2011, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86395-529-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86395-529-4">978-1-86395-529-4</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Alan Frost, Convicts & Empire: A Naval Question, 1776–1811, Melbourne, Oxford U.P., 1980, pp.115–116, 129; Robert J. King, "'Ports of Shelter and refreshment...' Botany Bay and Norfolk Island in British Naval Strategy, 1786–1808", [Australian] Historical Studies, Vol.72, No. 87, 1986, pp. 199–213. </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> James Matra, 23 August 1783, National Archives, Kew, Colonial Office, Original Correspondence, CO 201/1, ff. 57, 61; reproduced in Jonathan King, "In the Beginning..." The Story of the Creation of Australia, From the Original Writings, Melbourne, Macmillan, 1985, p. 18. After the intention to found a colony in New South Wales was announced, almost all the English newspapers published this passage from Matra's proposal, and from these it was widely copied in the press of other European countries and in the United States; see The Whitehall Evening Post and The General Advertiser of 12 October 1786; The London Chronicle, The Daily Universal Register, The Morning Chronicle and The Morning Post, of 13 October 1786; The Independent Gazetteer (PA), 2 January 1787; The Massachusetts Spy, 18 January 1787; The New Hampshire Spy, 16 January 1787; The Charleston Morning Post, 22 January 1787. </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> These plans are discussed in Robert J. King, "Spanish America in 18th Century British Naval Strategy and the visit of Malaspina to New South Wales in 1793", in Actas del II Simposio de Historia Marítima y Naval Iberoamericano, noviembre 1993, Viña del Mar, Universidad Marítima de Chile, 1996, pp. 1–13; Robert J. King, "An Australian Perspective on the English Invasions of the Rio de la Plata in 1806 and 1807", International Journal of Naval History, Vol. 8, No. 1, April 2009 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.ijnhonline.org/issues/volume-8-2009/apr-2009-vol-8-issue-1/">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131111044402/http://www.ijnhonline.org/issues/volume-8-2009/apr-2009-vol-8-issue-1/">Archived</a> 11 November 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; and in Alan Frost, "Shaking off the Spanish Yoke: British Schemes to Revolutionise Spanish America, 1739–1807", Margarette Lincoln, Science and Exploration in the Pacific: European Voyages to the Southern Oceans in the Eighteenth Century, Woodbridge, Boydell & Brewer, 2001, pp. 19–37. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacintyre202034,_41-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacintyre202034,_41_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacintyre2020">Macintyre (2020)</a>, p. 34, 41. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarskens201391–92-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarskens201391–92_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarskens201391–92_21-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKarskens2013">Karskens (2013)</a>, pp. 91–92. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Christopher, Emma; Maxwell-Stewart, Hamish (2013). "Convict transportation in global context c. 1700–88". The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I. pp. 89 </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrost2012" class="citation book cs1">Frost, Alan (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/758973269">The First Fleet : the real story</a> (2nd ed.). Collingwood, Victoria: Black Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86395-561-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86395-561-4"><bdi>978-1-86395-561-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/758973269">758973269</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210718112108/https://www.worldcat.org/title/first-fleet-the-real-story/oclc/758973269">Archived</a> from the original on 18 July 2021. Retrieved 18 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Fleet+%3A+the+real+story&rft.place=Collingwood%2C+Victoria&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Black+Inc&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F758973269&rft.isbn=978-1-86395-561-4&rft.aulast=Frost&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F758973269&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Australia+%281788%E2%80%931850%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Peter Hill (2008) p.141-150 [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillip" class="citation archive">Phillip, Arthur. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.sl.nsw.gov.au/delivery/DeliveryManagerServlet?embedded=true&toolbar=false&dps_pid=FL1056053">digitised letter</a>". 19: Letter from Arthur Phillip to the Marquis of Lansdowne, 3 July 1788, ID: SAFE/MLMSS 7241 (Safe 1/234). State Library of NSW.</cite> </li> <li id="cite_note-hill-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hill_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hill_26-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill2009" class="citation book cs1">Hill, David (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/313723118">1788 : the brutal truth of the First Fleet : the biggest single overseas migration the world has ever seen</a>. North Sydney, NSW: Random House Australia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74166-800-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74166-800-1"><bdi>978-1-74166-800-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/313723118">313723118</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210718112147/https://www.worldcat.org/title/1788-the-brutal-truth-of-the-first-fleet-the-biggest-single-overseas-migration-the-world-has-ever-seen/oclc/313723118">Archived</a> from the original on 18 July 2021. Retrieved 18 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1788+%3A+the+brutal+truth+of+the+First+Fleet+%3A+the+biggest+single+overseas+migration+the+world+has+ever+seen&rft.place=North+Sydney%2C+NSW&rft.pub=Random+House+Australia&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F313723118&rft.isbn=978-1-74166-800-1&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F313723118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Australia+%281788%E2%80%931850%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing1981" class="citation journal cs1">King, Robert J. (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41562651">"The Territorial Boundaries of New South Wales in 1788"</a>. The Great Circle. 3 (2): 70–89. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0156-8698">0156-8698</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41562651">41562651</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Great+Circle&rft.atitle=The+Territorial+Boundaries+of+New+South+Wales+in+1788&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=70-89&rft.date=1981&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41562651%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0156-8698&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Robert+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41562651&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Australia+%281788%E2%80%931850%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-King-1998-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-King-1998_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-King-1998_28-1">b</a> Robert J. King, "Terra Australis, New Holland and New South Wales: the Treaty of Tordesillas and Australia", The Globe, No. 47, 1998, pp. 35–55. </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Watkin Tench, A Narrative of the Expedition to Botany Bay, London, Debrett, April 1789, p. 67. </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Robert J. King, "Terra Australis, New Holland and New South Wales: the Treaty of Tordesillas and Australia", The Globe, No. 47, 1998, pp. 35–55, 48–49. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kingston-2006b2-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kingston-2006b2_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kingston-2006b2_31-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKingston2006" class="citation book cs1">Kingston, Beverley (2006). A History of New South Wales. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+New+South+Wales&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=1-2&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Kingston&rft.aufirst=Beverley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Australia+%281788%E2%80%931850%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing1999" class="citation journal cs1">King, Robert J. (1 December 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=AONE&sw=w&issn=00358762&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA58117482&sid=googleScholar&linkaccess=abs">"What brought Laperouse to Botany Bay?"</a>. Journal of the Royal Australian Historical Society. 85 (2): 140. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210718112128/https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=AONE&sw=w&issn=00358762&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA58117482&sid=googleScholar&linkaccess=abs&userGroupName=anon%7Ea6690d86">Archived</a> from the original on 18 July 2021. Retrieved 18 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Australian+Historical+Society&rft.atitle=What+brought+Laperouse+to+Botany+Bay%3F&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=140&rft.date=1999-12-01&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Robert+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgo.gale.com%2Fps%2Fi.do%3Fp%3DAONE%26sw%3Dw%26issn%3D00358762%26v%3D2.1%26it%3Dr%26id%3DGALE%257CA58117482%26sid%3DgoogleScholar%26linkaccess%3Dabs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Australia+%281788%E2%80%931850%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HttpadbonlineanueduaubiogsAbhtmhiliteArthurPhillip-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HttpadbonlineanueduaubiogsAbhtmhiliteArthurPhillip_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HttpadbonlineanueduaubiogsAbhtmhiliteArthurPhillip_33-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFB.H._Fletcher" class="citation book cs1">B.H. Fletcher. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adbonline.anu.edu.au/biogs/A020292b.htm?hilite=Arthur%3BPhillip">"Phillip, Arthur (1738–1814)"</a>. ADBonline.anu.edu.au. ADBonline.anu.edu.au. Retrieved 14 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Phillip%2C+Arthur+%281738%E2%80%931814%29&rft.btitle=ADBonline.anu.edu.au&rft.pub=ADBonline.anu.edu.au&rft.au=B.H.+Fletcher&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadbonline.anu.edu.au%2Fbiogs%2FA020292b.htm%3Fhilite%3DArthur%253BPhillip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Australia+%281788%E2%80%931850%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> King, Robert J. "Norfolk Island: Phantasy and Reality, 1770–1814." The Great Circle, Vol. 25, No. 2, 2003, pp. 20–41. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacintyre202078-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacintyre202078_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacintyre2020">Macintyre (2020)</a>, p. 78. </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Alexandro Malaspina, "Examen Politico de las Colonias Ynglesas en el Mar Pacifico", Museo Naval (Madrid), MS 329, ff. 57–88v; MS 318 ff. 11–37v; translated in Robert J. King, The Secret History of the Convict Colony: Alexandro Malaspina's report on the British settlement of New South Wales, Sydney, Allen & Unwin Australia, 1990, pp. 95–96. </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> François Péron, "Mémoire sur les Établissements Anglais à la Nouvelle Hollande, à la Terre de Diémen et sur les Archipels du Grand Océan Pacifique" [1803], published by Roger Martin in Revue de l'Institut Napoléon, No.176, 1998. See also Robert J. King, "Spain and the Botany Bay colony: a response to an imperial challenge", Journal of the Royal Australian Historical Society, vol.106, pt.2, December 2020, pp.125–145. </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Robert J. King, "'Etruria': the Great Seal of New South Wales", Journal of the Numismatic Association of Australia, vol.5, October 1990, pp.3–8. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.numismatics.org.au/pdfjournal/Vol5/Vol%205%20Article%201.pdf">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200329230614/http://www.numismatics.org.au/pdfjournal/Vol5/Vol%205%20Article%201.pdf">Archived</a> 29 March 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; <a href="/wiki/File:Sydney_Cove_medallion_1789_Josiah_Wedgwood_a928587.jpg" title="File:Sydney Cove medallion 1789 Josiah Wedgwood a928587.jpg">photo of example</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarskens201390–114-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarskens201390–114_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarskens201390–114_39-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKarskens2013">Karskens (2013)</a>, pp. 90–114. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA.G.L._Shaw" class="citation book cs1">A.G.L. Shaw. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A010111b.htm?hilite=william%3Bbligh">"Bligh, William (1754–1817)"</a>. ADB.online.anu.edu.au. ADB.online.anu.edu.au. Retrieved 14 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bligh%2C+William+%281754%E2%80%931817%29&rft.btitle=ADB.online.anu.edu.au&rft.pub=ADB.online.anu.edu.au&rft.au=A.G.L.+Shaw&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adb.online.anu.edu.au%2Fbiogs%2FA010111b.htm%3Fhilite%3Dwilliam%253Bbligh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Australia+%281788%E2%80%931850%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacintyre202065-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacintyre202065_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacintyre202065_41-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacintyre2020">Macintyre (2020)</a>, p. 65. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kingston-2006a2-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kingston-2006a2_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kingston-2006a2_42-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kingston-2006a2_42-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKingston2006" class="citation book cs1">Kingston, Beverley (2006). A History of New South Wales. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 118–19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521833844" title="Special:BookSources/9780521833844"><bdi>9780521833844</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+New+South+Wales&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=118-19&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780521833844&rft.aulast=Kingston&rft.aufirst=Beverley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Australia+%281788%E2%80%931850%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarskens2013115–17-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarskens2013115–17_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarskens2013115–17_43-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKarskens2013">Karskens (2013)</a>, pp. 115–17. </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFN.D._McLachlan" class="citation book cs1">N.D. McLachlan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A020162b.htm?hilite=lachlan%3Bmacquarie">"Macquarie, Lachlan (1762–1824)"</a>. ADB.online.anu.edu.au. ADB.online.anu.edu.au. Retrieved 14 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Macquarie%2C+Lachlan+%281762%E2%80%931824%29&rft.btitle=ADB.online.anu.edu.au&rft.pub=ADB.online.anu.edu.au&rft.au=N.D.+McLachlan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adb.online.anu.edu.au%2Fbiogs%2FA020162b.htm%3Fhilite%3Dlachlan%253Bmacquarie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Australia+%281788%E2%80%931850%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacintyre202054–59-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacintyre202054–59_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacintyre2020">Macintyre (2020)</a>, pp. 54–59. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacintyre202055,_60,_77-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacintyre202055,_60,_77_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacintyre2020">Macintyre (2020)</a>, pp. 55, 60, 77. </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCalmanKippen2013" class="citation book cs1">McCalman, Janet; Kippen, Rebecca (2013). "Population and health". The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I. p. 297.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Population+and+health&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Australia%2C+Volume+I&rft.pages=297&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=McCalman&rft.aufirst=Janet&rft.au=Kippen%2C+Rebecca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Australia+%281788%E2%80%931850%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_48-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFordRoberts2013" class="citation book cs1">Ford, Lisa; Roberts, David Andrew (2013). "Expansion, 1820–1850". The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I. pp. 128–135.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Expansion%2C+1820%E2%80%931850&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Australia%2C+Volume+I&rft.pages=128-135&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Ford&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rft.au=Roberts%2C+David+Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Australia+%281788%E2%80%931850%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Historical_Records_of_Australia" title="Historical Records of Australia">Historical Records of Australia</a>, Series III, Vol. V, 1922, pp. 743–47, 770. </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanner2005" class="citation journal cs1">Banner, Stuart (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30042845">"Why Terra Nullius? Anthropology and Property Law in Early Australia"</a>. Law and History Review. 23 (1): 95–131. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0738248000000067">10.1017/S0738248000000067</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30042845">30042845</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145484253">145484253</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Law+and+History+Review&rft.atitle=Why+Terra+Nullius%3F+Anthropology+and+Property+Law+in+Early+Australia&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=95-131&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145484253%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30042845%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0738248000000067&rft.aulast=Banner&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30042845&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Australia+%281788%E2%80%931850%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson2011" class="citation web cs1">Thompson, Stephen (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.migrationheritage.nsw.gov.au/exhibition/objectsthroughtime/bourketerra/">"Governor Bourke's 1835 Proclamation of Terra Nullius"</a>. 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London: Faber and Faber. pp. 118–19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0571180744" title="Special:BookSources/0571180744"><bdi>0571180744</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+Australia&rft.place=London&rft.pages=118-19&rft.edition=Fifth&rft.pub=Faber+and+Faber&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0571180744&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=A.+G.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Australia+%281788%E2%80%931850%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacintyre202085–86-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacintyre202085–86_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacintyre2020">Macintyre (2020)</a>, pp. 85–86. </li> <li id="cite_note-srnsw-60"><a href="#cite_ref-srnsw_60-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140624194804/http://search.records.nsw.gov.au/agencies/2517">"King George's Sound Settlement"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://foundingdocs.gov.au/item.asp?sdID=38">the original</a> on 2 June 2011. Retrieved 14 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Foundingdocs.gov.au&rft.pub=Foundingdocs.gov.au&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffoundingdocs.gov.au%2Fitem.asp%3FsdID%3D38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Australia+%281788%E2%80%931850%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Parliament-2006-67"><a href="#cite_ref-Parliament-2006_67-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110706122623/http://www.parliament.sa.gov.au/AboutParliament/History/Overview/Pages/Legislative%20Council.aspx">"Parliament.sa.gov.au"</a>. Parliament.sa.gov.au. 21 August 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parliament.sa.gov.au/AboutParliament/History/Overview/Pages/Legislative%20Council.aspx">the original</a> on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 14 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Parliament.sa.gov.au&rft.pub=Parliament.sa.gov.au&rft.date=2006-08-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.sa.gov.au%2FAboutParliament%2FHistory%2FOverview%2FPages%2FLegislative%2520Council.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Australia+%281788%E2%80%931850%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurthoysMitchell2013" class="citation book cs1">Curthoys, Ann; Mitchell, Jessie (2013). "The advent of self-government". The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I. pp. 163–64.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+advent+of+self-government&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Australia%2C+Volume+I&rft.pages=163-64&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Curthoys&rft.aufirst=Ann&rft.au=Mitchell%2C+Jessie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Australia+%281788%E2%80%931850%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> Shaw, A. G. L. (1983). pp. 137–38 </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> Jan Bassett (1986) p. 258 </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> See Lloyd Robson (1976) The Convict Settlers of Australia. 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The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I. pp. 346–49 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood2019105-118"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood2019105_118-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlood2019">Flood (2019)</a>, p. 105. </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClements2013" class="citation cs2">Clements, Nicholas (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/17070/2/Whole-Clements-thesis.pdf">Frontier Conflict in Van Diemen's Land (PhD thesis)</a> (PDF), University of Tasmania, pp. 329–31, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150518103925/http://eprints.utas.edu.au/17070/2/Whole-Clements-thesis.pdf">archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 18 May 2015</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frontier+Conflict+in+Van+Diemen%27s+Land+%28PhD+thesis%29&rft.pages=329-31&rft.pub=University+of+Tasmania&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Clements&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.utas.edu.au%2F17070%2F2%2FWhole-Clements-thesis.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Australia+%281788%E2%80%931850%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood2019107-120"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood2019107_120-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlood2019">Flood (2019)</a>, p. 107. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroome201944–45,_54,_77-121"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroome201944–45,_54,_77_121-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBroome2019">Broome (2019)</a>, pp. 44–45, 54, 77. </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> Banivanua Mar, Tracey; Edmonds, Penelope (2013). "Indigenous and settler relations". The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I. p. 350 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroome201944-123"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroome201944_123-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBroome2019">Broome (2019)</a>, p. 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood2019127-124"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood2019127_124-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlood2019">Flood (2019)</a>, p. 127. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood2019125-30,_138-125"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood2019125-30,_138_125-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlood2019">Flood (2019)</a>, p. 125-30, 138. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroome201974–77-126"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroome201974–77_126-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBroome2019">Broome (2019)</a>, pp. 74–77. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarskens2013106,_117–19-127"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarskens2013106,_117–19_127-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKarskens2013">Karskens (2013)</a>, pp. 106, 117–19. </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-128"><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_128-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowden1966" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Bowden, Keith Macrae (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/bass-george-1748">"Bass, George (1771–1803)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Australian_Dictionary_of_Biography" title="Australian Dictionary of Biography">Australian Dictionary of Biography</a>. Vol. 1. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, <a href="/wiki/Australian_National_University" title="Australian National University">Australian National University</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-522-84459-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-522-84459-7"><bdi>978-0-522-84459-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1833-7538">1833-7538</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/70677943">70677943</a>. Retrieved 15 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bass%2C+George+%281771%E2%80%931803%29&rft.btitle=Australian+Dictionary+of+Biography&rft.place=Canberra&rft.pub=National+Centre+of+Biography%2C+Australian+National+University&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F70677943&rft.issn=1833-7538&rft.isbn=978-0-522-84459-7&rft.aulast=Bowden&rft.aufirst=Keith+Macrae&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadb.anu.edu.au%2Fbiography%2Fbass-george-1748&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Australia+%281788%E2%80%931850%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroome201933-129"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroome201933_129-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBroome2019">Broome (2019)</a>, p. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-Banivanua_Mar-20132-130">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Banivanua_Mar-20132_130-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Banivanua_Mar-20132_130-1">b</a> Banivanua Mar, Tracey; Edmonds, Penelope (2013). "Indigenous and settler relations". The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I. p. 344–45 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood201969–70-131"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood201969–70_131-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlood2019">Flood (2019)</a>, pp. 69–70. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarskens2013117–19-132"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarskens2013117–19_132-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKarskens2013">Karskens (2013)</a>, pp. 117–19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroome201952–53-133"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroome201952–53_133-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBroome2019">Broome (2019)</a>, pp. 52–53. </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNettelbeck2012" class="citation journal cs1">Nettelbeck, Amanda (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/1031461X.2012.706621">"'A Halo of Protection': Colonial Protectors and the Principle of Aboriginal Protection through Punishment"</a>. Australian Historical Studies. 43 (3): 396–411. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F1031461X.2012.706621">10.1080/1031461X.2012.706621</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143060019">143060019</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian+Historical+Studies&rft.atitle=%27A+Halo+of+Protection%27%3A+Colonial+Protectors+and+the+Principle+of+Aboriginal+Protection+through+Punishment&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=396-411&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F1031461X.2012.706621&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143060019%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Nettelbeck&rft.aufirst=Amanda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F1031461X.2012.706621&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Australia+%281788%E2%80%931850%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> Banivanua Mar, Tracey; Edmonds, Penelope (2013). "Indigenous and settler relations". The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I. p. 345 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroome201931–32,_72-136"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroome201931–32,_72_136-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBroome2019">Broome (2019)</a>, pp. 31–32, 72. </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> Banivanua Mar, Tracey; Edmonds, Penelope (2013). "Indigenous and settler relations". The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I. p. 355-58, 358–60 </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-138">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_138-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_138-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_138-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_138-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://explore.moadoph.gov.au/timelines/milestones-in-australian-democracy">"Milestones in Australian democracy"</a>. Museum of Australian Democracy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210405092820/https://explore.moadoph.gov.au/timelines/milestones-in-australian-democracy">Archived</a> from the original on 5 April 2021. Retrieved 18 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Museum+of+Australian+Democracy&rft.atitle=Milestones+in+Australian+democracy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fexplore.moadoph.gov.au%2Ftimelines%2Fmilestones-in-australian-democracy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Australia+%281788%E2%80%931850%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButlin,_Noel_George.2010" class="citation book cs1">Butlin, Noel George. (2010). Forming a Colonial Economy : Australia, 1810–1850. Cambridge University Press. p. 119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-511-55232-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-511-55232-8"><bdi>978-0-511-55232-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/958549195">958549195</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forming+a+Colonial+Economy+%3A+Australia%2C+1810%E2%80%931850.&rft.pages=119&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F958549195&rft.isbn=978-0-511-55232-8&rft.au=Butlin%2C+Noel+George.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Australia+%281788%E2%80%931850%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-140">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_140-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_140-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKemp2018">Kemp (2018)</a> The New South Wales Act 1823 had broadened participation in the government of the colony when it established an appointed Legislative Council of five to seven members to put the rules and regulations of the colony on a secure legal basis, and provided for a professional administration. Only the Governor, however, could initiate legislation. The authority of the appointed legislature fell well short of the colonists’ aspirations. It had no power over colonial lands, and none over the transportation system nor the treatment of convicts. The magistrates’ powers were defined. The Act was to operate until 1 July 1827 when the arrangements in it would be reviewed. The system, in fact, remained in operation until 1832. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kemp_2-141"><a href="#cite_ref-Kemp_2_141-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKemp2018">Kemp (2018)</a> In addition to the nominated Legislative Council, a highly significant innovation in the Act for the government of New South Wales was the establishment of a Supreme Court with the powers of the King's Bench court in London, which included the power to issue writs to control inferior courts and officials. This gave the court the capacity to control the executive </li> <li id="cite_note-Kemp_3-142"><a href="#cite_ref-Kemp_3_142-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKemp2018">Kemp (2018)</a> One of his most important powers, however, was the requirement that, before the Governor put a proposed law before the Council, the Chief Justice should issue a certificate that it was not repugnant to the laws of England, a power that was to prove a significant restraint on, and source of frustration for, Brisbane's successor, Sir Ralph Darling. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kemp_4-143"><a href="#cite_ref-Kemp_4_143-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKemp2018">Kemp (2018)</a> Despite the reforms the colonial ‘constitution’ lacked one of the main principles that was said to underpin the British constitution: the separation of powers. Forbes was not only Chief Justice. He was also a member of the Legislative Council and of the Governor's Executive Council. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kemp_5-144"><a href="#cite_ref-Kemp_5_144-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKemp2018">Kemp (2018)</a> In 1825 its membership was expanded, as permitted under the Act, to seven, including non-official members. John Macarthur became a member, and in the same year the Governor's instructions were amended to create an executive council consisting of the leading officials of the colony. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kemp_6-145"><a href="#cite_ref-Kemp_6_145-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKemp2018">Kemp (2018)</a> When he proposed bills to the Legislative Council to control the press by licensing newspapers and imposing a stamp duty, Chief Justice Forbes refused to certify them as ‘not repugnant to the laws of England’. Darling then adopted an alternative course of action to bring Wentworth and Wardell to heel, prosecuting them in 1828 for seditious libel. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kemp_7-146"><a href="#cite_ref-Kemp_7_146-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKemp2018">Kemp (2018)</a> One outcome of Bigge's reports was the declaration of Van Diemen's Land as a separate colony. This was formally undertaken by Sir Ralph Darling when he arrived in Australia as Governor to succeed Brisbane in 1825. Darling was to remain Governor of both settlements, being represented in Van Diemen's Land by a lieutenant-governor. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kemp_8-147"><a href="#cite_ref-Kemp_8_147-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKemp2018">Kemp (2018)</a> The South Australian Association, formed by a number of the parliamentary philosophical radicals, secured a South Australian Act in 1834, which divided authority between the Colonial Office and a Board of Colonization Commissioners. The new colony was to be the purest experiment in the world in giving full expression to the ideas of the Benthamites. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kemp_9-148"><a href="#cite_ref-Kemp_9_148-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKemp2018">Kemp (2018)</a> The directions of reform and the case for defending conservative interests were influenced by the dominant ideas associated with the Whig, Tory and liberal positions in England. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kemp_10-149"><a href="#cite_ref-Kemp_10_149-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKemp2018">Kemp (2018)</a> The politics of New South Wales under Bourke cannot be understood simply as a battle for power between ‘emancipists’ and ‘exclusives’. This was only one of the colony's lines of political cleavage. Many supporting the claims of emancipists were free emigrants, and the formulation by the emigrants of their claims expressed liberal ideas that had much wider currency than in New South Wales alone. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kemp_11-150"><a href="#cite_ref-Kemp_11_150-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKemp2018">Kemp (2018)</a> There was, however, another fear that lay behind the concerns of the conservatives that had more realism to it, and that also boded ill for the convict system: the freed convicts who might acquire the franchise mightexercise their rights, at best, to seek to regulate and control their former masters or, at worst, to wreak revenge upon them. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kemp_12-151"><a href="#cite_ref-Kemp_12_151-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKemp2018">Kemp (2018)</a> Macarthur's remarks expressed his profound political and social conservatism. He was a cultured and civilised leader of the colony's wealthy conservative elite </li> <li id="cite_note-Kemp_13-152"><a href="#cite_ref-Kemp_13_152-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKemp2018">Kemp (2018)</a> Macarthur's group also saw — accurately — that many of these now ‘free’ citizens had little education, and could make little contribution to government. Not understanding how prosperity was achieved, if politically empowered they might even act in ways that were counter to their own real interests. If they gained political power, the whole economic progress of the colony would be imperilled by foolish and ill-considered schemes. Economic development must come before democracy, in the interests of all. In pursuit of this delaying strategy, the political rhetoric of the conservatives exaggerated the risks and dangers, and highlighted the need for strong action against crime and lawbreakers. </li> <li id="cite_note-ADB_John_Plunkett-153"><a href="#cite_ref-ADB_John_Plunkett_153-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuttor1967" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Suttor" title="Timothy Suttor">Suttor, T. L.</a> (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/plunkett-john-hubert-2556">"Plunkett, John Hubert (1802–1869)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Australian_Dictionary_of_Biography" title="Australian Dictionary of Biography">Australian Dictionary of Biography</a>. Vol. 2. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, <a href="/wiki/Australian_National_University" title="Australian National University">Australian National University</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-522-84459-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-522-84459-7"><bdi>978-0-522-84459-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1833-7538">1833-7538</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/70677943">70677943</a>. Retrieved 15 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Plunkett%2C+John+Hubert+%281802%E2%80%931869%29&rft.btitle=Australian+Dictionary+of+Biography&rft.place=Canberra&rft.pub=National+Centre+of+Biography%2C+Australian+National+University&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F70677943&rft.issn=1833-7538&rft.isbn=978-0-522-84459-7&rft.aulast=Suttor&rft.aufirst=T.+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadb.anu.edu.au%2Fbiography%2Fplunkett-john-hubert-2556&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Australia+%281788%E2%80%931850%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurthoysMitchell2013" class="citation book cs1">Curthoys, Ann; Mitchell, Jessie (2013). "The advent of self-government". The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I. pp. 152–55.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+advent+of+self-government&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Australia%2C+Volume+I&rft.pages=152-55&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Curthoys&rft.aufirst=Ann&rft.au=Mitchell%2C+Jessie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Australia+%281788%E2%80%931850%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> Shaw, A. G. L. (1983). pp. 89–93 </li> <li id="cite_note-Tink-156"><a href="#cite_ref-Tink_156-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTink,_Andrew2009" class="citation book cs1">Tink, Andrew (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/28173894">William Charles Wentworth : Australia's greatest native son</a>. Allen & Unwin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74175-192-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74175-192-5"><bdi>978-1-74175-192-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=William+Charles+Wentworth+%3A+Australia%27s+greatest+native+son&rft.pub=Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-74175-192-5&rft.au=Tink%2C+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftrove.nla.gov.au%2Fwork%2F28173894&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Australia+%281788%E2%80%931850%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-157"><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_157-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131006181503/http://aec.gov.au/Elections/Australian_Electoral_History/reform.htm">"Australia's major electoral developments Timeline: 1788 – 1899"</a>. Australian Electoral Commission. 28 January 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aec.gov.au/Elections/Australian_Electoral_History/reform.htm">the original</a> on 6 October 2013. Retrieved 12 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Electoral+Commission&rft.atitle=Australia%27s+major+electoral+developments+Timeline%3A+1788+%E2%80%93+1899&rft.date=2011-01-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faec.gov.au%2FElections%2FAustralian_Electoral_History%2Freform.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Australia+%281788%E2%80%931850%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHirst201451–54-158"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHirst201451–54_158-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHirst2014">Hirst (2014)</a>, pp. 51–54. </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibbs1999" class="citation book cs1">Gibbs, R. M. (1999). A History of South Australia (Third, revised ed.). Mitcham: Southern Heritage. pp. 111–13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780646385952" title="Special:BookSources/9780646385952"><bdi>9780646385952</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+South+Australia&rft.place=Mitcham&rft.pages=111-13&rft.edition=Third%2C+revised&rft.pub=Southern+Heritage&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780646385952&rft.aulast=Gibbs&rft.aufirst=R.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Australia+%281788%E2%80%931850%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> Curthoys, Ann; Mitchell, Jessie (2013). "The advent of self-government". The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I. pp. 155–56. </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlainey2013" class="citation book cs1">Blainey, Geoffrey (2013). A History of Victoria. Melbourne: Cambridge University Press. pp. 40–41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107691612" title="Special:BookSources/9781107691612"><bdi>9781107691612</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Victoria&rft.place=Melbourne&rft.pages=40-41&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781107691612&rft.aulast=Blainey&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Australia+%281788%E2%80%931850%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> Curthoys, Ann; Mitchell, Jessie (2013). "The advent of self-government". The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I. pp. 157–58. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacintyre202034–41-163"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacintyre202034–41_163-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacintyre2020">Macintyre (2020)</a>, pp. 34–41. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kemp_152-164"><a href="#cite_ref-Kemp_152_164-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKemp2018">Kemp (2018)</a> The Government Commissariat (established to support the convict system and the military establishment) continued to be a significant participant in the market, affecting prices and the pattern of production. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kemp_162-165"><a href="#cite_ref-Kemp_162_165-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKemp2018">Kemp (2018)</a> Between 10 and 15 per cent of the convicts were engaged in the building of public infrastructure such as roads, bridges, buildings and so on. Most of the remainder were allocated under the assignment system to private employers. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kemp_172-166"><a href="#cite_ref-Kemp_172_166-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKemp2018">Kemp (2018)</a> Bourke found the colony's development had reached a stage where land grants could be abandoned and Crown land alienated only by sale. Land grants were abandoned in 1831. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kemp_182-167"><a href="#cite_ref-Kemp_182_167-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKemp2018">Kemp (2018)</a> A feature of imperial land settlement policy was the declaration by the Crown that it retained title to all unsettled lands. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kemp_192-168"><a href="#cite_ref-Kemp_192_168-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKemp2018">Kemp (2018)</a> Macquarie could see that the absence of a proper money supply and a recognised currency was a significant inhibitor of enterprise. He made an attempt to equip the colony with a money economy to facilitate economic exchange, using Spanish dollars, and while this was an improvement, it was still an unsatisfactory solution that raised continual questions about the value of the currency. It also suffered from a tendency for the currency to leak abroad. 24 In 1817 Macquarie chartered (illegally) a bank – the Bank of New South Wales (now Westpac) – with purported limited liability and the authority to issue financial instruments. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kemp_202-169"><a href="#cite_ref-Kemp_202_169-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKemp2018">Kemp (2018)</a> Australia began to acquire a satisfactory means of exchange to replace barter when, in the later 1820s, substantial shipments of sterling were at last made to the colony. Despite some interference from the Commissariat, which sought to encourage Spanish dollars, by the 1830s the Australian colonies were established on sterling currency </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelleuish2007" class="citation journal cs1">Melleuish, Greg (Autumn 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cis.org.au/app/uploads/2015/04/images/stories/policy-magazine/2007-autumn/2007-23-1-greg-melleuish.pdf">"The History of Liberty in Australia"</a> (PDF). Policy. 23 (1). The Centre for Independent Studies. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201228033124/https://www.cis.org.au/app/uploads/2015/04/images/stories/policy-magazine/2007-autumn/2007-23-1-greg-melleuish.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 28 December 2020. Retrieved 18 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Policy&rft.atitle=The+History+of+Liberty+in+Australia&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Melleuish&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cis.org.au%2Fapp%2Fuploads%2F2015%2F04%2Fimages%2Fstories%2Fpolicy-magazine%2F2007-autumn%2F2007-23-1-greg-melleuish.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Australia+%281788%E2%80%931850%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIngold2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tim_Ingold" title="Tim Ingold">Ingold, Tim</a> (2000). "Totemism, animism, and the depiction of animals". The perception of the environment: essays on livelihood, dwelling, and skill. London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 112–113.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Totemism%2C+animism%2C+and+the+depiction+of+animals&rft.btitle=The+perception+of+the+environment%3A+essays+on+livelihood%2C+dwelling%2C+and+skill&rft.place=London&rft.pages=112-113&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Ingold&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Australia+%281788%E2%80%931850%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood2019163–69-172"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood2019163–69_172-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlood2019">Flood (2019)</a>, pp. 163–69. </li> <li id="cite_note-adbonline.anu.edu.au2-173"><a href="#cite_ref-adbonline.anu.edu.au2_173-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFK.J._Cable" class="citation book cs1">K.J. 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Retrieved 14 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Marsden%2C+Samuel+%281765%E2%80%931838%29&rft.btitle=ADBonline.anu.edu.au&rft.pub=ADBonline.anu.edu.au&rft.au=A.T.+Yarwood&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadbonline.anu.edu.au%2Fbiogs%2FA020176b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Australia+%281788%E2%80%931850%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Brien2013417–20-175">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Brien2013417–20_175-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Brien2013417–20_175-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFO'Brien2013">O'Brien (2013)</a>, pp. 417–20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Brien2013421-176"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Brien2013421_176-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFO'Brien2013">O'Brien (2013)</a>, p. 421. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacintyre202090-177"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacintyre202090_177-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacintyre2020">Macintyre (2020)</a>, p. 90. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacintyre2020123–27-178"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacintyre2020123–27_178-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacintyre2020">Macintyre (2020)</a>, pp. 123–27. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Brien2013422–23-179"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Brien2013422–23_179-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFO'Brien2013">O'Brien (2013)</a>, pp. 422–23. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECleverley19711,_32-180"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECleverley19711,_32_180-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCleverley1971">Cleverley (1971)</a>, pp. 1, 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECleverley197132–40,_44–52-181"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECleverley197132–40,_44–52_181-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCleverley1971">Cleverley (1971)</a>, pp. 32–40, 44–52. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECleverley197184–86-182"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECleverley197184–86_182-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCleverley1971">Cleverley (1971)</a>, pp. 84–86. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECleverley1971130–32-183"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECleverley1971130–32_183-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCleverley1971">Cleverley (1971)</a>, pp. 130–32. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECleverley1971117–21-184"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECleverley1971117–21_184-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCleverley1971">Cleverley (1971)</a>, pp. 117–21. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECleverley197191,_138-185"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECleverley197191,_138_185-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCleverley1971">Cleverley (1971)</a>, pp. 91, 138. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECleverley197191,_105–15,_138-186"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECleverley197191,_105–15,_138_186-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCleverley1971">Cleverley (1971)</a>, pp. 91, 105–15, 138. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorneSherington2013369–70-187"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorneSherington2013369–70_187-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHorneSherington2013">Horne & Sherington (2013)</a>, pp. 369–70. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorneSherington2013370–71-188"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorneSherington2013370–71_188-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHorneSherington2013">Horne & Sherington (2013)</a>, pp. 370–71. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDixonHoorn2013497-189"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDixonHoorn2013497_189-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDixonHoorn2013">Dixon & Hoorn (2013)</a>, p. 497. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorneSherington2013375–76-190"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorneSherington2013375–76_190-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHorneSherington2013">Horne & Sherington (2013)</a>, pp. 375–76. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kemp_22-191"><a href="#cite_ref-Kemp_22_191-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKemp2018">Kemp (2018)</a> Francis Forbes had laid the foundation stone for Sydney College (later Sydney Grammar) in 1830, and on its completion chaired its council. </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-192">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_192-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_192-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker1967" class="citation web cs1">Baker, D. 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Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 94 (7): 358–361. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F014107680109400715">10.1177/014107680109400715</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0141-0768">0141-0768</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1281607">1281607</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11418713">11418713</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210718112118/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/014107680109400715">Archived</a> from the original on 18 July 2021. Retrieved 18 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Society+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=From+Convicts+to+Founding+Fathers%E2%80%94Three+notable+Sydney+Doctors&rft.volume=94&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=358-361&rft.date=2001-07-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1281607%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0141-0768&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11418713&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F014107680109400715&rft.aulast=Hull&rft.aufirst=Gillian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%2F014107680109400715&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Australia+%281788%E2%80%931850%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCobley1966" class="citation web cs1">Cobley, John (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/bland-william-1793">"Bland, William (1789–1868)"</a>. 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Retrieved 13 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Dictionary+of+Biography%2C+National+Centre+of+Biography%2C+Australian+National+University&rft.atitle=Bland%2C+William+%281789%E2%80%931868%29&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Cobley&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fadb.anu.edu.au%2Fbiography%2Fbland-william-1793&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Australia+%281788%E2%80%931850%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDixonHoorn2013492-200"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDixonHoorn2013492_200-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDixonHoorn2013">Dixon & Hoorn (2013)</a>, p. 492. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood2019167–72-201"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood2019167–72_201-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlood2019">Flood (2019)</a>, pp. 167–72. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDixonHoorn2013487–89-202"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDixonHoorn2013487–89_202-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDixonHoorn2013">Dixon & Hoorn (2013)</a>, pp. 487–89. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith200974-203"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith200974_203-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith2009">Smith (2009)</a>, p. 74. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDixonHoorn2013491–92-204"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDixonHoorn2013491–92_204-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDixonHoorn2013">Dixon & Hoorn (2013)</a>, pp. 491–92. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith200974–75-205"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith200974–75_205-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith2009">Smith (2009)</a>, pp. 74–75. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith200977–78-206"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith200977–78_206-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith2009">Smith (2009)</a>, pp. 77–78. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebby200945–46-207"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebby200945–46_207-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWebby2009">Webby (2009)</a>, pp. 45–46. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebby200945-208"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebby200945_208-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWebby2009">Webby (2009)</a>, p. 45. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalziell200999–110-209"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalziell200999–110_209-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDalziell2009">Dalziell (2009)</a>, pp. 99–110. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDixonHoorn2013494–98-210"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDixonHoorn2013494–98_210-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDixonHoorn2013">Dixon & Hoorn (2013)</a>, pp. 494–98. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith200973-211"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith200973_211-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith2009">Smith (2009)</a>, p. 73. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECovell20169–18-212"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECovell20169–18_212-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCovell2016">Covell (2016)</a>, pp. 9–18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebby200949–50-213"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebby200949–50_213-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWebby2009">Webby (2009)</a>, pp. 49–50. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Australia_(1788%E2%80%931850)&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBashfordMacintyre2013" class="citation book cs1">Bashford, Alison; Macintyre, Stuart, eds. (2013). The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume 1, Indigenous and Colonial Australia. Port Melbourne: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-01153-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-01153-3"><bdi>978-1-107-01153-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Australia%2C+Volume+1%2C+Indigenous+and+Colonial+Australia&rft.place=Port+Melbourne&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-107-01153-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Australia+%281788%E2%80%931850%29" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">Horne, Julia; Sherington, Geoffrey. "Chapter 15: Education". 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Melbourne University Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-522-87334-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-522-87334-4"><bdi>978-0-522-87334-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1088319758">1088319758</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210718112110/https://books.google.com/books?id=LUVvDwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 18 July 2021. Retrieved 14 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Land+of+Dreams%3A+How+Australians+Won+Their+Freedom%2C+1788-1860&rft.pub=Melbourne+University+Publishing&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1088319758&rft.isbn=978-0-522-87334-4&rft.aulast=Kemp&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLUVvDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Australia+%281788%E2%80%931850%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacintyre2020" class="citation book cs1">Macintyre, Stuart (2020). A Concise History of Australia (5th ed.). Port Melbourne: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781108728485" title="Special:BookSources/9781108728485"><bdi>9781108728485</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+Australia&rft.place=Port+Melbourne&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9781108728485&rft.aulast=Macintyre&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Australia+%281788%E2%80%931850%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Brien2013" class="citation book cs1">O'Brien, Anne (2013). "Religion". In Bashford, Alison; Macintyre, Stuart (eds.). The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume 1, Indigenous and Colonial Australia. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-1070-1153-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-1070-1153-3"><bdi>978-1-1070-1153-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Religion&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Australia%2C+Volume+1%2C+Indigenous+and+Colonial+Australia&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-1070-1153-3&rft.aulast=O%27Brien&rft.aufirst=Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Australia+%281788%E2%80%931850%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynolds1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Reynolds_(historian)" title="Henry Reynolds (historian)">Reynolds, Henry</a> (1999). Why Weren't We Told?. Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-027842-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-027842-2"><bdi>978-0-14-027842-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+Weren%27t+We+Told%3F&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-14-027842-2&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Australia+%281788%E2%80%931850%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2009" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Vivian (2009). "Australian colonial poetry, 1788-1888: Claiming the future, restoring the past". In Pierce, Peter (ed.). The Cambridge History of Australian Literature. Port Melbourne: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521881654" title="Special:BookSources/9780521881654"><bdi>9780521881654</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Australian+colonial+poetry%2C+1788-1888%3A+Claiming+the+future%2C+restoring+the+past&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Australian+Literature&rft.place=Port+Melbourne&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780521881654&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Vivian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Australia+%281788%E2%80%931850%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebby2009" class="citation book cs1">Webby, Elizabeth (2009). "The beginnings of literature in colonial Australia". In Pierce, Peter (ed.). The Cambridge History of Australian Literature. Port Melbourne: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521881654" title="Special:BookSources/9780521881654"><bdi>9780521881654</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+beginnings+of+literature+in+colonial+Australia&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Australian+Literature&rft.place=Port+Melbourne&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780521881654&rft.aulast=Webby&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Australia+%281788%E2%80%931850%29" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Australia_(1788%E2%80%931850)&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Clark, C. M. H. (1955), Select Documents in Australian History 1788–1850 (<a href="/wiki/Angus_and_Robertson" class="mw-redirect" title="Angus and Robertson">Angus and Robertson</a>). Available at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.189518/page/n0">[3]</a></li> <li>Duyker, Edward & Maryse. 2001. Voyage to Australia and the Pacific 1791–1793. Melbourne University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-522-84932-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-522-84932-6">0-522-84932-6</a>.</li> <li>Duyker, Edward & Maryse. 2003. Citizen Labillardière – A Naturalist's Life in Revolution and Exploration. The Miegunyah Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-522-85010-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-522-85010-3">0-522-85010-3</a>.</li> <li>Horner, Frank. 1995. Looking for La Pérouse. Melbourne University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-522-84451-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-522-84451-0">0-522-84451-0</a>.</li> <li>Lepailleur, François-Maurice. 1980. Land of a Thousand Sorrows. The Australian Prison Journal 1840–1842, of the Exiled Canadien Patriote, François-Maurice Lepailleur. Trans. and edited by F. Murray Greenwood. University of British Columbia Press, Vancouver. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7748-0123-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7748-0123-9">0-7748-0123-9</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Holland_Rose" title="John Holland Rose">Rose, J. Holland</a>; <a href="/wiki/A._P._Newton" title="A. P. Newton">Newton, A. P.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Alfred_Benians" title="Ernest Alfred Benians">Benians, E. A.</a> (1968), <a href="/wiki/The_Cambridge_History_of_the_British_Empire" title="The Cambridge History of the British Empire">The Cambridge History of the British Empire</a>, Volume II—The Growth of the New Empire 1783–1870. Available at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.20687/page/n3">[4]</a></li> <li>The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gutenberg.net.au/aust-history.html">Australian History</a> page at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gutenberg.net.au">Project Gutenberg of Australia</a> – digitised versions of many old books</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Former_British_Empire_and_Current_British_Overseas_Territories" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:British_overseas_territories" title="Template:British overseas territories"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:British_overseas_territories" title="Template talk:British overseas territories"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:British_overseas_territories" title="Special:EditPage/Template:British overseas territories"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Former_British_Empire_and_Current_British_Overseas_Territories" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Former <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> and Current <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territories</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>Legend</dt> <dd>Former territory</dd> <dd>Current territory</dd> <dd>*Current <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realm</a></dd> <dd>†Current member of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Europe</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a> since 1960 (before as part of <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Corsican_Kingdom" title="Anglo-Corsican Kingdom">Corsica</a> 1794–1796</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/British_Cyprus" title="British Cyprus">Cyprus</a> 1878–1960</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> since 1713</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heligoland" title="Heligoland">Heligoland</a> 1807–1890</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_the_Ionian_Islands" title="United States of the Ionian Islands">Ionian Islands</a> 1809–1864</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Ireland</a> 1542–1800 (integrated into the UK) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Free State</a> 1921–1931</li></ul></li> <li>†Malta <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malta_Protectorate" title="Malta Protectorate">Protectorate</a> 1800–1813</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Malta" title="Crown Colony of Malta">Colony</a> 1813–1964</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menorca" title="Menorca">Minorca</a> 1708–1757, 1763–1782 and 1798–1802</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Africa</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a>23 since 1815</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basutoland" title="Basutoland">Basutoland</a> (†<a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a>) 1868–1966</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bechuanaland_Protectorate" title="Bechuanaland Protectorate">Bechuanaland</a> (†<a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a>) 1884–1966</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Cameroons" title="British Cameroons">Cameroons</a>13 1919–1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a> 1795–1803</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape of Good Hope</a> 1806–1910</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Central_Africa_Protectorate" title="British Central Africa Protectorate">Central Africa</a> 1891–1907</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Africa_Protectorate" title="East Africa Protectorate">East Africa</a> 1895–1920</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Egypt" title="Sultanate of Egypt">Egypt</a> 1882–1922</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Gambia_Colony_and_Protectorate" title="Gambia Colony and Protectorate">The Gambia</a> 1816–1965</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_(British_colony)" title="Gold Coast (British colony)">Gold Coast</a> (†<a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>) 1874–1957</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Kenya_Colony" title="Kenya Colony">Kenya</a> 1920–1963</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagos_Colony" title="Lagos Colony">Lagos</a> 1862–1906</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Madeira" title="History of Madeira">Madeira</a> 1807–1808</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/British_Mauritius" title="British Mauritius">Mauritius</a> 1810–1968</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Natal" title="Colony of Natal">Natal</a> 1856–1910</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger_Coast_Protectorate" title="Niger Coast Protectorate">Niger Coast</a> 1884–1900</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Colonial_Nigeria" title="Colonial Nigeria">Nigeria</a> 1914–1960</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Nigeria_Protectorate" title="Northern Nigeria Protectorate">Northern Nigeria</a> 1900–1914</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Rhodesia" title="Northern Rhodesia">Northern Rhodesia</a>15 1924–1964</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyasaland" title="Nyasaland">Nyasaland</a> 1891–1964</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_River_Colony" title="Orange River Colony">Orange River</a> 1900–1910</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a>23 since 1658</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/History_of_Seychelles" title="History of Seychelles">Seychelles</a> 1903–1976</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Colony_and_Protectorate" title="Sierra Leone Colony and Protectorate">Sierra Leone</a> 1792–1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Somaliland" title="British Somaliland">Somaliland</a> 1884–1960</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">South Africa</a> 1910–1931</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South-West_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="South-West Africa">South-West Africa</a>12 1915–1931</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Southern Rhodesia</a>14 1923–1965 and 1979–1980</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Nigeria_Protectorate" title="Southern Nigeria Protectorate">Southern Nigeria</a> 1900–1914</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/History_of_Swaziland" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Swaziland">Swaziland</a> 1893–1968</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan" title="Anglo-Egyptian Sudan">Sudan</a> 1899–1956</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanganyika_Territory" title="Tanganyika Territory">Tanganyika</a>13 1922–1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transvaal_Colony" title="Transvaal Colony">Transvaal</a> 1900–1910</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a>23 since 1816</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Uganda_Protectorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Uganda Protectorate">Uganda</a> 1890–1962</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanzibar" title="Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a> 1890–1963</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_Kingdom" title="Zulu Kingdom">Zululand</a> 1887–1897</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>12Now †<a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li>13<a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">League of Nations mandate</a>. British Cameroons is now part of †<a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>, while Tanganyika is part of †<a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>.</li> <li>14<a href="/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">Self-governing</a> Southern Rhodesia <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia%27s_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence">unilaterally declared independence</a> in 1965 (as <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a>) and continued as an <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_recognition" title="Diplomatic recognition">unrecognised</a> state until the 1979 <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_House_Agreement" title="Lancaster House Agreement">Lancaster House Agreement</a>. After recognised independence in 1980, Zimbabwe was a member of the Commonwealth until it withdrew in 2003.</li> <li>15Now †<a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Asia</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Colony" title="Aden Colony">Aden Colony</a> 1839–1967</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="First Anglo-Afghan War">Afghanistan</a> 1839–1842 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_influence_in_Afghanistan" title="European influence in Afghanistan">Protectorate</a> 1879–1919</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Bencoolen" title="British Bencoolen">Bencoolen</a> 1685–1824</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangka_Island" title="Bangka Island">Banka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belitung" title="Belitung">Billiton</a> 1812–1824</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal</a> 1757–1947</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bhutan" title="History of Bhutan">Bhutan</a> (protectorate) 1907–1949</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Borneo" title="British Borneo">Borneo</a> 1874–1963</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a> since 1965 (before as part of <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a>)26</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_rule_in_Burma" title="British rule in Burma">Burma</a> 1824–1948</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruneian Empire">Brunei</a> 1888–1984</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/British_Ceylon" title="British Ceylon">Ceylon</a> 1795–1948</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/British_Cyprus" title="British Cyprus">Cyprus</a> 1878–1960</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Hong_Kong" title="British Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> 1841–1997</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">India</a>18 1858–1947</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a> 1811–1816</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikhdom_of_Kuwait" title="Sheikhdom of Kuwait">Kuwait</a> 1918–1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Labuan" title="Crown Colony of Labuan">Labuan</a> 1848–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">Malaya</a> 1819–1826 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federated_Malay_States" title="Federated Malay States">Federated States</a> 1895–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unfederated_Malay_States" title="Unfederated Malay States">Unfederated States</a> 1885–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Union" title="Malayan Union">Union</a> 1946–1948</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya" title="Federation of Malaya">Federation</a> 1948–1957</li></ul></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Independence_of_the_Maldives" title="Independence of the Maldives">Maldives</a> 1796–1965</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_occupation_of_Manila" title="British occupation of Manila">Manila and Cavite</a> 1762–1764</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Mesopotamia" title="Mandate for Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>19 1920–1932</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat_and_Oman" title="Muscat and Oman">Muscat and Oman</a> 1891–1971</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo" title="North Borneo">North Borneo</a> 1882–1963 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_North_Borneo" title="Crown Colony of North Borneo">Crown Colony</a> 1946–1963</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padang" title="Padang">Padang</a> 1781–1784 and 1795–1819</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Palestine</a>19 1923–1948</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Penang" title="History of Penang">Penang</a> 1786–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4n_S%C6%A1n_Island" title="Côn Sơn Island">Pulo Condore</a> 1702–1705</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raj_of_Sarawak" title="Raj of Sarawak">Sarawak</a> 1841–1946 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Sarawak" title="Crown Colony of Sarawak">Crown Colony</a> 1946–1963</li></ul></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Singapore" title="Colony of Singapore">Singapore</a> 1946–1963</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Vietnam_(1945%E2%80%931946)" title="War in Vietnam (1945–1946)">South Vietnam</a> 1945–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straits_Settlements" title="Straits Settlements">Straits Settlements</a> 1826–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Transjordan" title="Emirate of Transjordan">Transjordan</a> 1921–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trucial_States" title="Trucial States">Trucial States</a> 1892–1971</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weihaiwei_under_British_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Weihaiwei under British rule">Weihai</a> 1898–1930</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>18Now †<a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, †<a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> and †<a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li>19<a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">League of Nations mandate</a>. Iraq's mandate was not enacted and replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Iraqi Treaty">Anglo-Iraqi Treaty</a></li> <li>26Legitimacy of territorial establishment <a href="/wiki/Chagos_Archipelago_sovereignty_dispute" title="Chagos Archipelago sovereignty dispute">disputed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">North America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a> since 1650</li> <li>*<a href="/wiki/Antigua" title="Antigua">Antigua</a> 1632–1860</li> <li>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="History of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a> 1860–1981</li> <li>†*<a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Bahamas" title="History of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a> 1670–1973</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/History_of_Barbados" title="History of Barbados">Barbados</a> 1624–1966</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Islands_Department" title="Bay Islands Department">Bay Islands</a> 1643–1860</li> <li>†*<a href="/wiki/British_Honduras" title="British Honduras">Belize</a> 1871–1981</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a> since 1619</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Arctic_Territories" title="British Arctic Territories">British Arctic Territories</a> 16th c.–1880</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_British_Columbia_(1858%E2%80%931866)" title="Colony of British Columbia (1858–1866)">British Columbia</a> 1858–1866 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_British_Columbia_(1866%E2%80%931871)" title="Colony of British Columbia (1866–1871)">1866–1871</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Island" title="Cape Breton Island">Cape Breton Island</a> 1754–1820</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/History_of_Dominica" title="History of Dominica">Dominica</a> 1763–1978</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Florida" title="East Florida">East Florida</a> 1763–1783</li> <li>†*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Grenada" title="History of Grenada">Grenada</a> 1762–1974</li> <li>†*<a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada" title="Lower Canada">Lower</a> 1791–1841</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada" title="Upper Canada">Upper</a> 1791–1841</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Canada" title="Province of Canada">Province</a> 1841–1867</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Confederation_Canada_(1867%E2%80%931914)" title="Post-Confederation Canada (1867–1914)">Dominion</a> 1867–1931</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Carolina" title="Province of Carolina">Carolina</a> 1663–1712</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a> since 1670</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_District" title="Columbia District">Columbia District</a>/<a href="/wiki/Oregon_Country" title="Oregon Country">Oregon Country</a> 1818–1846</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Colony" title="Connecticut Colony">Connecticut</a> 1636–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Colony" title="Delaware Colony">Delaware</a> 1701–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Jersey" title="East Jersey">East Jersey</a> 1674–1702</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Georgia" title="Province of Georgia">Georgia</a> 1733–1776</li> <li>†*<a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Jamaica" title="Colony of Jamaica">Jamaica</a> 1655–1962</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Leeward_Islands" title="British Leeward Islands">Leeward Islands</a> 1671–1816, 1833–1960</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony" title="Massachusetts Bay Colony">MassachusettsBay</a> 1629–1691 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay" title="Province of Massachusetts Bay">Province</a>, 1691–1776</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Maryland" title="Province of Maryland">Maryland</a> 1632–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a> since 1632</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosquito_Coast" title="Mosquito Coast">Mosquito Coast</a> 1655–1860</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevis" title="Nevis">Nevis</a> 1628–1983</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Albion" title="New Albion">New Albion</a> 1579</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Brunswick" title="History of New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a> 1784–1867</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_England" title="Dominion of New England">New England</a> 1686–1689</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_Hampshire" title="Province of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a> 1680–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Haven_Colony" title="New Haven Colony">New Haven</a> 1637–1662</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_Jersey" title="Province of New Jersey">New Jersey</a> 1665–1674 and 1702–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_York" title="Province of New York">New York</a> 1664–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Newfoundland" title="Dominion of Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a> 1907–1949</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="History of Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a> 1583–1907</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_North_Carolina" title="Province of North Carolina">North Carolina</a> 1712–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-Western_Territory" title="North-Western Territory">North-Western Territory</a> 1859–1870</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nova_Scotia" title="History of Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a> 1713–1867</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulet_affair_(1843)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulet affair (1843)">Paulet affair</a> 1843</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Prince_Edward_Island" title="History of Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a> 1763–1873</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pennsylvania" title="Province of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> 1681–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Colony" title="Plymouth Colony">Plymouth</a> 1620–1691</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)" title="Province of Quebec (1763–1791)">Quebec</a> 1763–1791* <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_the_Queen_Charlotte_Islands" title="Colony of the Queen Charlotte Islands">Queen Charlotte Islands</a> 1853–1863</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Rhode_Island_and_Providence_Plantations" title="Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations">Rhode Island</a> 1636–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupert%27s_Land" title="Rupert's Land">Rupert's Land</a> 1670–1870</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Croix,_U.S._Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands">Saint Croix</a> 1625–1650</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts" title="Saint Kitts">Saint Kitts</a> 1623–1983</li> <li>†*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="History of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a> 1882–1983</li> <li>†*<a href="/wiki/British_Saint_Lucia" class="mw-redirect" title="British Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a> 1605–1979</li> <li>†*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="History of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a> 1627–1979</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saybrook_Colony" title="Saybrook Colony">Saybrook</a> 1635–1644</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_South_Carolina" title="Province of South Carolina">South Carolina</a> 1712–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stickeen_Territories" title="Stickeen Territories">Stickeen</a> 1862–1863</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/History_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="History of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a> 1889–1962</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a> since 1799</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Vancouver_Island" title="Colony of Vancouver Island">Vancouver Island</a> 1849–1866</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a> since 1666</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia">Virginia</a> 1607–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_West_Florida" title="British West Florida">West Florida</a> 1763–1783</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies_Federation" title="West Indies Federation">West Indies Federation</a> 1958–1962 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies_Associated_States" title="West Indies Associated States">Associated States</a> 1967–1983</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Jersey" title="West Jersey">West Jersey</a> 1674–1702</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Windward_Islands" title="British Windward Islands">Windward Islands</a> 1833–1960</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Navbox_with_columns" title="Template:Navbox with columns"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Navbox_with_columns" title="Template talk:Navbox with columns"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox_with_columns" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox with columns"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Oceania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Oceania</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">18th and 19th centuries</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">20th century</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_New_South_Wales" title="Colony of New South Wales">New South Wales</a> 1788–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Diemen%27s_Land" title="Van Diemen's Land">Van Diemen's Land</a>/<a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Tasmania" title="Colony of Tasmania">Tasmania</a> 1803–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auckland_Islands" title="Auckland Islands">Auckland Islands</a>20 1807–1863</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hebrides" title="New Hebrides">New Hebrides</a>21 1824–1980</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Queensland" title="Colony of Queensland">Queensland</a> 1824–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swan_River_Colony" title="Swan River Colony">Swan River</a>/<a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Western_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony of Western Australia">Western Australia</a> 1829–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_South_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony of South Australia">South Australia</a> 1836–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Pitcairn_Islands" title="History of the Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a> since 1838</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_New_Zealand" title="Colony of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> 1841–1907</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Australia" title="North Australia">North Australia</a> 1846–1847</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Victoria" title="Colony of Victoria">Victoria</a> 1851–1901</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Fiji" title="Colony of Fiji">Fiji</a> 1874–1970</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Western_Pacific_Territories" title="British Western Pacific Territories">Western Pacific Territories</a> 1877–1976</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Papua" title="Territory of Papua">Papua</a> 1884–1902</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rarotonga" title="Kingdom of Rarotonga">Rarotonga</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands_Federation" title="Cook Islands Federation">Cook Islands</a>20 1888–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Islands">Union Islands</a>20 1889–1948</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands" title="Gilbert and Ellice Islands">Gilbert and Ellice Islands</a>22 1892–1979</li> <li>†*<a href="/wiki/British_Solomon_Islands" title="British Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a> 1893–1978</li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li>†<a href="/wiki/History_of_Tonga" title="History of Tonga">Tonga</a> 1900–1970</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Niue" title="History of Niue">Niue</a>20 1900–1974</li> <li>†*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1901%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Australia (1901–1945)">Australia</a> 1901–1942</li> <li>†*<a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_Zealand" title="Dominion of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> 1907–1947</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Western_Samoa_Trust_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Samoa Trust Territory">Samoa</a> 1914–1962</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/History_of_Nauru" title="History of Nauru">Nauru</a> 1919–1942 and 1945–1968</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>20Now part of the †<a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">Realm of New Zealand</a></li> <li>21Now †<a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li>22Now †<a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a> and †*<a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="South_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">South America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Providence_Island_colony" title="Providence Island colony">Providence Island</a> 1631–1641</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willoughbyland" class="mw-redirect" title="Willoughbyland">Willoughbyland</a> 1651–1667</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archipelago_of_San_Andr%C3%A9s,_Providencia_and_Santa_Catalina" title="Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina">Saint Andrew and Providence Islands</a>4 1670–1688</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/British_Guiana" title="British Guiana">Guiana</a> 1831–1966</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a>5 since 1833</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a>5 since 1908</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>4Now a <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_Colombia" title="Departments of Colombia">department</a> of <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li>5Occupied by Argentina during the <a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a> of April–June 1982.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Antarctica_and_the_South_Atlantic" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Antarctica and the South Atlantic</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a>23 since 1658</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a>23 since 1815</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a>23 since 1816</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a> since 1833</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Australian_Antarctic_Territory" title="Australian Antarctic Territory">Australian Antarctic Territory</a> (transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Commonwealth of Australia</a>) 1841–1933</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Ross_Dependency" title="Ross Dependency">Ross Dependency</a> (transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">Realm of New Zealand</a>) 1841–1947</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Territory" title="British Antarctic Territory">British Antarctic Territory</a>24 since 1908</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a>25 since 1908</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>23Since 2009 part of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a>; Ascension Island (1922–) and Tristan da Cunha (1938–) were previously dependencies of Saint Helena.</li> <li>24Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1962; overlaps portions of Argentine and Chilean claims, borders not enforced but claim not renounced under the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic Treaty">Antarctic Treaty</a>.</li> <li>25Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1985</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_flags_of_the_British_Empire_and_the_overseas_territories" title="Historical flags of the British Empire and the overseas territories">Historical flags of the British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a> culture</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:British_Empire" title="Category:British Empire">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:British_Empire" title="Portal:British Empire">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Australia_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Australia_topics" title="Template:Australia topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Australia_topics" title="Template talk:Australia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Australia_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Australia topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Australia_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Australia-related_articles" title="Index of Australia-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia" title="History of Australia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Australian_history" title="Timeline of Australian history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Australian_history" title="Bibliography of Australian history">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Australia" title="Prehistory of Australia">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_Australia" title="Archaeology of Australia">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_land_exploration_of_Australia" title="European land exploration of Australia">European exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Australia" title="Territorial evolution of Australia">Territorial evolution</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1788–1850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1851%E2%80%931900)" title="History of Australia (1851–1900)">1851–1900</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1901%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Australia (1901–1945)">1901–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1945%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Australia (1945–present)">Since 1945</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Asian_Australians" title="History of Asian Australians">Asian Australians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Australia" title="Constitutional history of Australia">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_Australia" title="Diplomatic history of Australia">Diplomatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Australia" title="Economic history of Australia">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Australia" title="Federation of Australia">Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_history_of_Australia" title="Immigration history of Australia">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indigenous_Australians" title="History of Indigenous Australians">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia" title="Military history of Australia">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_monarchy_in_Australia" title="History of monarchy in Australia">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Australia" title="History of rail transport in Australia">Railway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Australia" title="Geography of Australia">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Australia" title="Climate of Australia">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Australia" title="Climate change in Australia">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)">Continent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deserts_of_Australia" title="Deserts of Australia">Deserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Australia" title="Environment of Australia">Environment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Australia" title="Environmental issues in Australia">issues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Australia" title="List of earthquakes in Australia">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Australia" title="Flora of Australia">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Australia" title="Fauna of Australia">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forests_of_Australia" title="Forests of Australia">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Australia" title="Geology of Australia">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Australia" title="List of islands of Australia">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Australia" title="List of mountains in Australia">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Australia" title="List of regions of Australia">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Reserve_System" title="National Reserve System">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Australia" title="List of rivers of Australia">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Australia" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Australia">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative divisions of Australia">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia" title="States and territories of Australia">States and territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_capital_cities" title="List of Australian capital cities">Capitals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Australia" title="List of cities in Australia">Cities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Australia" title="Politics of Australia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asylum_in_Australia" title="Asylum in Australia">Asylum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Australia" title="Constitution of Australia">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_court_hierarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian court hierarchy">Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Australia" title="Elections in Australia">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_funding_in_Australia" title="Political funding in Australia">Donations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_system_of_Australia" title="Electoral system of Australia">Electoral system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Australia" title="List of political parties in Australia">Parties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_federal_budget" title="Australian federal budget">Federal budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Australia" title="Foreign relations of Australia">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Australia" title="Human rights in Australia">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_Australia" title="Intersex rights in Australia">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Australia" title="LGBTQ rights in Australia">LGBTQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_Australia" title="Transgender rights in Australia">Transgender</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Intelligence_Community" title="Australian Intelligence Community">Intelligence and security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_legal_system" title="Australian legal system">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_constitutional_law" title="Australian constitutional law">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Australia" title="Judiciary of Australia">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Australia" title="Law enforcement in Australia">Enforcement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Defence_Force" title="Australian Defence Force">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Australia" title="Monarchy of Australia">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_government_debt" title="Australian government debt">National debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Australia" title="Parliament of Australia">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Australia#Ideology_in_Australian_politics" title="Politics of Australia">Political ideology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Australia" title="Anarchism in Australia">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_politics_in_Australia" title="Christian politics in Australia">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Australia" title="Conservatism in Australia">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics_in_Australia" title="Far-right politics in Australia">Far-right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Australia" title="Liberalism in Australia">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_nationalism" title="Australian nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Australia" title="Republicanism in Australia">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Australia" title="Socialism in Australia">Socialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Public_Service" title="Australian Public Service">Public Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_and_government_in_Australia" title="Women and government in Australia">Women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_heads_of_government_in_Australia" title="List of female heads of government in Australia">Government leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_cabinet_ministers_of_Australia" title="List of female cabinet ministers of Australia">Government ministers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_(Australia)" title="Opposition (Australia)">Shadow Cabinet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Government" title="Australian Government">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Australia" title="Cabinet of Australia">Cabinet of Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_ministries" title="List of Australian ministries">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Australia" title="Governor-General of Australia">Governor-General</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors-general_of_Australia" title="List of governors-general of Australia">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Australia" title="Prime Minister of Australia">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Australia" title="List of prime ministers of Australia">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Australia" title="Economy of Australia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Australia" title="Agriculture in Australia">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_dollar" title="Australian dollar">Dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Australia" title="Energy in Australia">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_states_and_territories_by_gross_state_product" title="List of Australian states and territories by gross state product">Gross state product</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_ownership_in_Australia" title="Home ownership in Australia">Home ownership</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_housing_in_Australia" title="Public housing in Australia">Public housing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Median_household_income_in_Australia_and_New_Zealand" title="Median household income in Australia and New Zealand">Household income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Australia" title="Manufacturing in Australia">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Australia" title="Mass media in Australia">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Australia" title="Mining in Australia">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Australia" title="Poverty in Australia">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_Australia" title="Reserve Bank of Australia">Reserve Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Securities_Exchange" title="Australian Securities Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superannuation_in_Australia" title="Superannuation in Australia">Superannuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Australia" title="Taxation in Australia">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Australia" title="Telecommunications in Australia">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Australia" title="Tourism in Australia">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Australia" title="Transport in Australia">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_security_in_Australia" title="Social security in Australia">Welfare system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Australia" title="Category:Society of Australia">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Australia" title="Abortion in Australia">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aged_care_in_Australia" title="Aged care in Australia">Aged care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Australia" title="Censorship in Australia">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_nationality_law" title="Australian nationality law">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Australia" title="Crime in Australia">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Australia" title="Education in Australia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assisted_dying_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Assisted dying in Australia">Euthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_Australia" title="Health care in Australia">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Australia" title="Homelessness in Australia">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Australia" title="Human trafficking in Australia">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Australia" title="Immigration to Australia">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Australia" title="Irreligion in Australia">Irreligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Australia" title="Languages of Australia">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_states_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Australian states by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australians" title="Australians">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Australia" title="Demographics of Australia">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Australia" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Australia">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Indigenous Australians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Australia" title="Prostitution in Australia">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Australia" title="Racism in Australia">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Australia" title="Religion in Australia">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Australia" title="Squatting in Australia">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Australia" title="Waste management in Australia">Waste management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Australia" title="Women in Australia">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Australia" title="Culture of Australia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Australia" title="Architecture of Australia">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_art" title="Australian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_in_Australia" title="Arts in Australia">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">Australian English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Australia" title="Cinema of Australia">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_cuisine" title="Australian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Australia" title="Dance in Australia">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_literature" title="Australian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Australia" title="Music of Australia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Australia" title="Public holidays in Australia">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Australia" title="List of radio stations in Australia">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Australia" title="Sport in Australia">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Australia" title="National symbols of Australia">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Australia" title="Television in Australia">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Australia" title="Theatre of Australia">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_studies" title="Australian studies">Australian studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Australia" title="Outline of Australia">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Australia-related_articles" title="Index of Australia-related articles">Index</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Australian_history" title="Bibliography of Australian history">Bibliography</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Australia" title="Category:Australia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Australia" title="Portal:Australia">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Convicts_in_Australia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Convicts_in_Australia" title="Template:Convicts in Australia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Convicts_in_Australia" title="Template talk:Convicts in Australia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Convicts_in_Australia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Convicts in Australia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Convicts_in_Australia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Convicts_in_Australia" title="Convicts in Australia">Convicts in Australia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convict_assignment" title="Convict assignment">Assignment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia_Day" title="Australia Day">Australia Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipist" title="Emancipist">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_factory" title="Female factory">Female factories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Certificate_of_freedom" title="Certificate of freedom">Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia" title="History of Australia">History of Australia</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">1788–1850</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Holland_(Australia)" title="New Holland (Australia)">New Holland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convict_women_in_Australia" title="Convict women in Australia">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_penal_colonies" title="List of Australian penal colonies">Penal colonies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cockatoo_Island" title="Cockatoo Island">Cockatoo Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosehill,_New_South_Wales" title="Rosehill, New South Wales">Rosehill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Cove" title="Sydney Cove">Sydney Cove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moreton_Bay" title="Moreton Bay">Moreton Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redcliffe,_Queensland" title="Redcliffe, Queensland">Redcliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Island" title="Maria Island">Maria Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Arthur,_Tasmania" title="Port Arthur, Tasmania">Port Arthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Tasmania" title="Richmond, Tasmania">Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risdon_Cove" title="Risdon Cove">Risdon Cove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macquarie_Harbour_Penal_Station" title="Macquarie Harbour Penal Station">Macquarie Harbour</a> (<a href="/wiki/Convicts_on_the_West_Coast_of_Tasmania" title="Convicts on the West Coast of Tasmania">History</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island" title="Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_Norfolk_Island" title="History of Norfolk Island">History</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saltwater_River,_Tasmania" title="Saltwater River, Tasmania">Saltwater River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sullivans_Cove" title="Sullivans Cove">Sullivans Cove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convict_era_of_Western_Australia" title="Convict era of Western Australia">Western Australia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Fleet" title="First Fleet">First Fleet</a> (1788)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Fleet_(Australia)" title="Second Fleet (Australia)">Second Fleet</a> (1789)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Fleet_(Australia)" title="Third Fleet (Australia)">Third Fleet</a> (1791)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Shore_(1794_ship)#Mutiny" title="Lady Shore (1794 ship)">Lady Shore mutiny</a> (1797)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle_Hill_convict_rebellion" title="Castle Hill convict rebellion">Castle Hill Rebellion</a> (1804)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rum_Rebellion" title="Rum Rebellion">Rum Rebellion</a> (1808)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emu_(1812_ship)" title="Emu (1812 ship)">Capture of the brig Emu</a> (1813)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argo_(1806_Chittagong_ship)" title="Argo (1806 Chittagong ship)">Argo disappearance</a> (1814)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island_convict_mutinies" title="Norfolk Island convict mutinies">Norfolk Island mutinies</a> (1826–1846)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_mutiny" title="Cyprus mutiny">Cyprus mutiny</a> (1829)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathurst_Rebellion" title="Bathurst Rebellion">Bathurst Rebellion</a> (1830)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badger_escape" title="Badger escape">Badger escape</a> (1833)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_escape" title="Frederick escape">Frederick escape</a> (1834)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_III_(ship)" title="George III (ship)">Wreck of the George III</a> (1835)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hive_shipwreck" title="Hive shipwreck">Wreck of the Hive</a> (1835)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neva_(1813_ship)" title="Neva (1813 ship)">Wreck of the Neva</a> (1835)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooking_Pot_Uprising" title="Cooking Pot Uprising">Cooking Pot Uprising</a> (1846)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalpa_rescue" title="Catalpa rescue">Catalpa rescue</a> (1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australasian_Anti-Transportation_League" title="Australasian Anti-Transportation League">Anti-Transportation League</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Convict_ship" title="Convict ship">Convict ships</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Fleet" title="First Fleet">First Fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Fleet_(Australia)" title="Second Fleet (Australia)">Second Fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Fleet_(Australia)" title="Third Fleet (Australia)">Third Fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convict_ships_to_New_South_Wales" title="Convict ships to New South Wales">New South Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convict_ships_to_Norfolk_Island" title="Convict ships to Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convict_ships_to_Tasmania" title="Convict ships to Tasmania">Tasmania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_convict_ship_voyages_to_Western_Australia" title="List of convict ship voyages to Western Australia">Western Australia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Governors_of_the_Australian_states" title="Governors of the Australian states">Governors</a> and commandants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sir_George_Arthur,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir George Arthur, 1st Baronet">Arthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Bligh" title="William Bligh">Bligh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bourke" title="Richard Bourke">Bourke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brisbane" title="Thomas Brisbane">Brisbane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Collins_(lieutenant_governor)" title="David Collins (lieutenant governor)">Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Darling" title="Ralph Darling">Darling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Davey_(governor)" title="Thomas Davey (governor)">Davey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Denison" title="William Denison">Denison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Eardley-Wilmot,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir John Eardley-Wilmot, 1st Baronet">Eardley-Wilmot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Franklin" title="John Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Gipps" title="George Gipps">Gipps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hunter_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="John Hunter (Royal Navy officer)">Hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Johnston_(British_Marines_officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="George Johnston (British Marines officer)">Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Gidley_King" title="Philip Gidley King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Logan" title="Patrick Logan">Logan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachlan_Macquarie" title="Lachlan Macquarie">Macquarie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Paterson_(explorer)" title="William Paterson (explorer)">Paterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Phillip" title="Arthur Phillip">Phillip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Sorell" title="William Sorell">Sorell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_convicts_transported_to_Australia" title="List of convicts transported to Australia">Notable convicts</a> and personnel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Surgeons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Bland" title="William Bland">William Bland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Bowes_Smyth" title="Arthur Bowes Smyth">Arthur Bowes Smyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Redfern" title="William Redfern">William Redfern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%27Arcy_Wentworth" title="D'Arcy Wentworth">D'Arcy Wentworth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Entrepreneurs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enoch_Barratt" title="Enoch Barratt">Enoch Barratt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Connor" title="Daniel Connor">Daniel Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Cooper_(convict_and_merchant)" title="Daniel Cooper (convict and merchant)">Daniel Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Davies_(publisher)" title="John Davies (publisher)">John Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Field_(Australian_pastoralist)" title="William Field (Australian pastoralist)">William Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hutchinson_(superintendent)" title="William Hutchinson (superintendent)">William Hutchinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Hyde" title="Mary Hyde">Mary Hyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kable" title="Henry Kable">Henry Kable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Levey" title="Solomon Levey">Solomon Levey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_Lord" title="Simeon Lord">Simeon Lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Reibey" title="Mary Reibey">Mary Reibey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Sidaway" title="Robert Sidaway">Robert Sidaway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Squire" title="James Squire">James Squire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tawell" title="John Tawell">John Tawell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Terry" title="Samuel Terry">Samuel Terry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Architects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Blackburn_(architect)" title="James Blackburn (architect)">James Blackburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Greenway" title="Francis Greenway">Francis Greenway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bushranger" title="Bushranger">Bushrangers</a> and escapees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Badger" title="Charlotte Badger">Charlotte Badger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Brady" title="Matthew Brady">Matthew Brady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Bryant" title="Mary Bryant">Mary Bryant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Bryant_(convict)" title="William Bryant (convict)">William Bryant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Buckley_(convict)" title="William Buckley (convict)">William Buckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moondyne_Joe" title="Moondyne Joe">Moondyne Joe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Caesar" title="John Caesar">John Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Cash" title="Martin Cash">Martin Cash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Chopin" title="William Chopin">William Chopin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Howe_(bushranger)" title="Michael Howe (bushranger)">Michael Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Kavenagh" title="Lawrence Kavenagh">Lawrence Kavenagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mitchel" title="John Mitchel">John Mitchel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Muir_of_Huntershill" title="Thomas Muir of Huntershill">Thomas Muir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Boyle_O%27Reilly" title="John Boyle O'Reilly">John Boyle O'Reilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pearce" title="Alexander Pearce">Alexander Pearce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Westwood_(bushranger)" title="William Westwood (bushranger)">William Westwood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Backler" title="Joseph Backler">Joseph Backler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bock" title="Thomas Bock">Thomas Bock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Browne_(painter)" title="Richard Browne (painter)">Richard Browne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knud_Bull" title="Knud Bull">Knud Bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Edgar" title="Edmund Edgar">Edmund Edgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Eyre_(painter)" title="John Eyre (painter)">John Eyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Buelow_Gould" title="William Buelow Gould">William Buelow Gould</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lycett" title="Joseph Lycett">Joseph Lycett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Rodius" title="Charles Rodius">Charles Rodius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Griffiths_Wainewright" title="Thomas Griffiths Wainewright">Thomas Griffiths Wainewright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Watling" title="Thomas Watling">Thomas Watling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Walsh_(convict)" title="James Walsh (convict)">James Walsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politicians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Cuffay" title="William Cuffay">William Cuffay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Groom" title="William Henry Groom">William Henry Groom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Izod_O%27Doherty" title="Kevin Izod O'Doherty">Kevin Izod O'Doherty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chroniclers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Cashman" title="Denis Cashman">Denis Cashman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Catchpole" title="Margaret Catchpole">Margaret Catchpole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_the_Poet" title="Frank the Poet">Frank the Poet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Savery" title="Henry Savery">Henry Savery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hardy_Vaux" title="James Hardy Vaux">James Hardy Vaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Acton_Wroth" title="John Acton Wroth">John Acton Wroth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Explorers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Baxter_(explorer)" title="John Baxter (explorer)">John Baxter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Meehan_(surveyor)" title="James Meehan (surveyor)">James Meehan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Wild" title="Joseph Wild">Joseph Wild</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other convicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Esther_Abrahams" title="Esther Abrahams">Esther Abrahams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Baughan" title="John Baughan">John Baughan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bloodsworth" title="James Bloodsworth">James Bloodsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Blue" title="Billy Blue">Billy Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cadman_(convict)" title="John Cadman (convict)">John Cadman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Callaghan" title="Elizabeth Callaghan">Elizabeth Callaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Dawson" title="Margaret Dawson">Margaret Dawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurence_Hynes_Halloran" title="Laurence Hynes Halloran">Laurence Hynes Halloran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Jeffrey" title="Mark Jeffrey">Mark Jeffrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B8rgen_J%C3%B8rgensen" title="Jørgen Jørgensen">Jørgen Jørgensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Smith_O%27Brien" title="William Smith O'Brien">William Smith O'Brien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Palin" title="Robert Palin">Robert Palin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Nichols" title="Isaac Nichols">Isaac Nichols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Potaski" title="Joseph Potaski">Joseph Potaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Ruse" title="James Ruse">James Ruse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Thackery" title="Elizabeth Thackery">Elizabeth Thackery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wade" title="Mary Wade">Mary Wade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Popular culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_ballads" title="Transportation ballads">Transportation ballads</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Botany_Bay_(song)" title="Botany Bay (song)">Botany Bay</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Moreton_Bay_(song)" title="Moreton Bay (song)">Moreton Bay</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Jim_Jones_at_Botany_Bay" title="Jim Jones at Botany Bay">Jim Jones at Botany Bay</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Van_Diemen%27s_Land_(folk_song)" title="Van Diemen's Land (folk song)">Van Diemen's Land</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/For_the_Term_of_His_Natural_Life_(1908_film)" title="For the Term of His Natural Life (1908 film)">For the Term of His Natural Life</a> (1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Assigned_Servant" title="The Assigned Servant">The Assigned Servant</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/It_Is_Never_Too_Late_to_Mend_(1911_film)" title="It Is Never Too Late to Mend (1911 film)">It Is Never Too Late to Mend</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lady_Outlaw" title="The Lady Outlaw">The Lady Outlaw</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Life_of_Rufus_Dawes" title="The Life of Rufus Dawes">The Life of Rufus Dawes</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Mark_of_the_Lash" title="The Mark of the Lash">The Mark of the Lash</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_Hundred_Years_Ago" title="One Hundred Years Ago">One Hundred Years Ago</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Romantic_Story_of_Margaret_Catchpole" title="The Romantic Story of Margaret Catchpole">The Romantic Story of Margaret Catchpole</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentenced_for_Life_(1911_film)" title="Sentenced for Life (1911 film)">Sentenced for Life</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moondyne#1913_film" title="Moondyne">Moondyne</a> (1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transported" title="Transported">Transported</a> (1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Tenth_Straw" title="The Tenth Straw">The Tenth Straw</a> (1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/For_the_Term_of_His_Natural_Life_(1927_film)" title="For the Term of His Natural Life (1927 film)">For the Term of His Natural Life</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/To_New_Shores" title="To New Shores">To New Shores</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Sky_at_Morning_(1944_film)" title="Red Sky at Morning (1944 film)">Red Sky at Morning</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Under_Capricorn" title="Under Capricorn">Under Capricorn</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botany_Bay_(film)" title="Botany Bay (film)">Botany Bay</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam%27s_Woman" title="Adam's Woman">Adam's Woman</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journey_Among_Women" title="Journey Among Women">Journey Among Women</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Confession_of_Alexander_Pearce" title="The Last Confession of Alexander Pearce">The Last Confession of Alexander Pearce</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Diemen%27s_Land_(film)" title="Van Diemen's Land (film)"> Van Diemen's Land</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Nightingale_(2018_film)" title="The Nightingale (2018 film)">The Nightingale</a> (2017)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Television</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Devil_Makes_Sunday" title="The Devil Makes Sunday">The Devil Makes Sunday</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Devil_Makes_Sunday_(1962_film)" title="The Devil Makes Sunday (1962 film)">The Devil Makes Sunday</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Against_the_Wind_(miniseries)" title="Against the Wind (miniseries)">Against the Wind</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sara_Dane" title="Sara Dane">Sara Dane</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/For_the_Term_of_His_Natural_Life_(miniseries)" title="For the Term of His Natural Life (miniseries)">For the Term of His Natural Life</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Incredible_Journey_of_Mary_Bryant" title="The Incredible Journey of Mary Bryant">The Incredible Journey of Mary Bryant</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banished_(TV_series)" title="Banished (TV series)">Banished</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Secret_River_(TV_series)" title="The Secret River (TV series)">The Secret River</a> (2015)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Journals_of_the_First_Fleet" title="Journals of the First Fleet">Journals of the First Fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/It_Is_Never_Too_Late_to_Mend_(novel)" title="It Is Never Too Late to Mend (novel)">It's Never Too Late to Mend</a> (1856)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Broad_Arrow" title="The Broad Arrow">The Broad Arrow</a> (1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Expectations" title="Great Expectations">Great Expectations</a> (1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Wild_Goose" title="The Wild Goose">The Wild Goose</a> (1867)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/For_the_Term_of_His_Natural_Life" title="For the Term of His Natural Life">For the Term of His Natural Life</a> (1872)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moondyne" title="Moondyne">Moondyne</a> (1879)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bring_Larks_and_Heroes" title="Bring Larks and Heroes">Bring Larks and Heroes</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Fringe_of_Leaves" title="A Fringe of Leaves">A Fringe of Leaves</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Playmaker" title="The Playmaker">The Playmaker</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remembering_Babylon" title="Remembering Babylon">Remembering Babylon</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Potato_Factory" title="The Potato Factory">The Potato Factory</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Maggs" title="Jack Maggs">Jack Maggs</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gould%27s_Book_of_Fish" title="Gould's Book of Fish">Gould's Book of Fish</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Secret_River" title="The Secret River">The Secret River</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lieutenant_(novel)" title="The Lieutenant (novel)">The Lieutenant</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parrot_and_Olivier_in_America" title="Parrot and Olivier in America">Parrot and Olivier in America</a> (2010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Transports" title="The Transports">The Transports</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Country%27s_Good" title="Our Country's Good">Our Country's Good</a> (1988)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Art</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Medal" title="Charlotte Medal">Charlotte Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Jackson_Painter" title="Port Jackson Painter">Port Jackson Painter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajah_Quilt" title="Rajah Quilt">Rajah Quilt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydney_punchbowls" title="Sydney punchbowls">Sydney punchbowls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_twenty-dollar_note" title="Australian twenty-dollar note">Twenty Dollar Note</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Convict_Sites" title="Australian Convict Sites">Australian Convict Sites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brickendon_Estate" title="Brickendon Estate">Brickendon Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadmans_Cottage" title="Cadmans Cottage">Cadmans Cottage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascades_Female_Factory" title="Cascades Female Factory">Cascades Female Factory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_Mines_Historic_Site" title="Coal Mines Historic Site">Coal Mines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commissariat_Store,_Brisbane" title="Commissariat Store, Brisbane">Commissariat Store, Brisbane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darlington_Probation_Station" title="Darlington Probation Station">Darlington Probation Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Farm" title="Elizabeth Farm">Elizabeth Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experiment_Farm_Cottage" title="Experiment Farm Cottage">Experiment Farm Cottage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fremantle_Prison" title="Fremantle Prison">Fremantle Prison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_North_Road_(New_South_Wales)" title="Great North Road (New South Wales)">Great North Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyde_Park_Barracks,_Sydney" title="Hyde Park Barracks, Sydney">Hyde Park Barracks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingston_and_Arthur%27s_Vale_Historic_Area" title="Kingston and Arthur's Vale Historic Area">Kingston and Arthur's Vale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lennox_Bridge,_Parramatta" title="Lennox Bridge, Parramatta">Lennox Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Government_House,_Parramatta" title="Old Government House, Parramatta">Old Government House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parramatta_Female_Factory" title="Parramatta Female Factory">Parramatta Female Factory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Arthur,_Tasmania" title="Port Arthur, Tasmania">Port Arthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond_Bridge_(Tasmania)" title="Richmond Bridge (Tasmania)">Richmond Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond_Gaol" title="Richmond Gaol">Richmond Gaol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Female_Factory" title="Ross Female Factory">Ross Female Factory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Old_Windmill,_Brisbane" title="The Old Windmill, Brisbane">The Old Windmill, Brisbane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaucluse_House" title="Vaucluse House">Vaucluse House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woolmers_Estate" title="Woolmers Estate">Woolmers Estate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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(1788\u20131850)","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Australia_(1788%E2%80%931850)","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q5775114","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q5775114","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-07-18T14:26:15Z","dateModified":"2024-09-16T03:50:20Z","headline":"period of history of Australia from 1788 to 1850"}</script> </body> </html>