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Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wulfstan_de_York" title="Wulfstan de York – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Wulfstan de York" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wulfstan" title="Wulfstan – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Wulfstan" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wulfstan_II._von_York" title="Wulfstan II. von York – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wulfstan II. von York" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BB%CF%86%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BD" title="Γούλφσταν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γούλφσταν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wulfstan_de_York" title="Wulfstan de York – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Wulfstan de York" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wulfstan_la_2-a" title="Wulfstan la 2-a – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Wulfstan la 2-a" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wulfstan_(mort_en_1023)" title="Wulfstan (mort en 1023) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Wulfstan (mort en 1023)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wulfstan" title="Wulfstan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Wulfstan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wulfstan_II,_arcivescovo_di_York" title="Wulfstan II, arcivescovo di York – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Wulfstan II, arcivescovo di York" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulstanus" title="Vulstanus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Vulstanus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wulfstan_II" title="Wulfstan II – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Wulfstan II" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wulfstan_II_av_York" title="Wulfstan II av York – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Wulfstan II av York" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wulfstan" title="Wulfstan – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Wulfstan" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wulfstan_II_od_Yorka" title="Wulfstan II od Yorka – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Wulfstan II od Yorka" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wulfstan_II" title="Wulfstan II – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Wulfstan II" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wulfstan_II" title="Wulfstan II – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Archbishop of York from 1002 to 1023</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other people called Wulfstan, see <a href="/wiki/Wulfstan_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Wulfstan (disambiguation)">Wulfstan (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above n" style="font-size:125%;color: #202122; background-color: #DFB0DF;"><div style="display:inline" class="fn">Wulfstan</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader role"><a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_York" title="Archbishop of York">Archbishop of York</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Appointed</th><td class="infobox-data">1002</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Term ended</th><td class="infobox-data">1023</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ealdwulf_(archbishop_of_York)" title="Ealdwulf (archbishop of York)">Ealdwulf</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfric_Puttoc" title="Ælfric Puttoc">Ælfric Puttoc</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other post(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_London" title="Bishop of London">Bishop of London</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Worcester" title="Bishop of Worcester">Bishop of Worcester</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background-color:#DDDDDD;">Orders</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Consecration</th><td class="infobox-data">996</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background-color:#DDDDDD;">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">28 May 1023<br /><a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Buried</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ely,_Cambridgeshire" title="Ely, Cambridgeshire">Ely</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Wulfstan</b> (sometimes <b>Wulfstan II</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <b>Lupus</b>;<sup id="cite_ref-DNB_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DNB-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> died 28 May 1023) was an English <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_London" title="Bishop of London">Bishop of London</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Worcester" title="Bishop of Worcester">Bishop of Worcester</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_York" title="Archbishop of York">Archbishop of York</a>. He is thought to have begun his ecclesiastical career as a <a href="/wiki/Benedictine" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedictine">Benedictine</a> monk. He became the Bishop of London in 996. In 1002 he was elected simultaneously to the <a href="/wiki/Diocese" title="Diocese">diocese</a> of <a href="/wiki/Worcester,_England" title="Worcester, England">Worcester</a> and the archdiocese of <a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a>, holding both in plurality until 1016, when he relinquished Worcester; he remained archbishop of York until his death. It was perhaps while he was at London that he first became well known as a writer of sermons, or <a href="/wiki/Homily" title="Homily">homilies</a>, on the topic of <a href="/wiki/Antichrist" title="Antichrist">Antichrist</a>. In 1014, as archbishop, he wrote his most famous work, a homily which he titled the <i><a href="/wiki/Sermo_Lupi_ad_Anglos" title="Sermo Lupi ad Anglos">Sermo Lupi ad Anglos</a></i>, or the <i>Sermon of the Wolf to the English</i>. </p><p>Besides sermons Wulfstan was also instrumental in drafting law codes for both kings <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelred_the_Unready" title="Æthelred the Unready">Æthelred the Unready</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cnut_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Cnut the Great">Cnut the Great</a> of England.<sup id="cite_ref-Mack380_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mack380-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is considered one of the two major writers of the late Anglo-Saxon period in England. After his death in 1023, miracles were said to have occurred at his tomb, but attempts to have him declared a saint never bore fruit. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wulfstan_(died_1023)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wulfstan's early life is obscure, but he was certainly the uncle of one <a href="/wiki/Beorhtheah" title="Beorhtheah">Beorhtheah</a>, his successor at Worcester but one, and the uncle of <a href="/wiki/Wulfstan,_Bishop_of_Worcester" class="mw-redirect" title="Wulfstan, Bishop of Worcester">Wulfstan of Worcester</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wilcoz397_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilcoz397-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About Wulfstan's youth we know nothing. He probably had familial ties to the <a href="/wiki/The_Fens" title="The Fens">Fenlands</a> in <a href="/wiki/East_Anglia" title="East Anglia">East Anglia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Williams85_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams85-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and to <a href="/wiki/Peterborough" title="Peterborough">Peterborough</a> specifically.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although there is no direct evidence of his ever being monastic, the nature of Wulfstan's later episcopal career and his affinity with the Benedictine Reform argue that he had once studied and professed as a Benedictine monk, perhaps at <a href="/wiki/Winchester_Cathedral" title="Winchester Cathedral">Winchester</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Monastic64_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monastic64-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Whitlock35_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whitlock35-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle" title="Anglo-Saxon Chronicle">Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</a></i>, Wulfstan was consecrated bishop of London in 996, succeeding <a href="/wiki/Oelfstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Oelfstan">Aelfstan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Besides the notice in the Chronicle, the first record of his name is in a collection of nine <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> penitential letters collected by him,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> three of which were issued by him as bishop of London, and one by him as "Archbishop of the English". The other five letters in the collection (only one of which is addressed to Wulfstan, as archbishop) were issued by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_V" title="Pope Gregory V">Pope Gregory V</a> and by a Pope John (either <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XVII" title="Pope John XVII">Pope John XVII</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XVIII" title="Pope John XVIII">Pope John XVIII</a>). In the letters issued by Wulfstan as bishop of London he styles himself "Lupus episcopus", meaning "the bishop Wolf."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Lupus" is the Latin form of the first element of his <a href="/wiki/Old_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old English language">Old English</a> name, which means "wolf-stone."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1002 Wulfstan was elected Archbishop of York and was immediately translated to that <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_see" title="Episcopal see">see</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Holding York also brought him control over the diocese of Worcester, as at that time it was practice in England to hold "the potentially disaffected northern archbishopric in plurality with a southern see."<sup id="cite_ref-QDNB_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-QDNB-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He held both Worcester and York until 1016, resigning Worcester to Leofsige while retaining York.<sup id="cite_ref-Handbook224_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Handbook224-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is evidence, however, that he retained influence over Worcester even after this time, and that Leofsige perhaps acted "only as a suffragan to Wulfstan."<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although holding two or more episcopal sees in plurality was both uncanonical and against the spirit of the Benedictine Reform, Wulfstan had inherited this practice from previous archbishops of York, and he was not the last to hold York and Worcester in plurality.<sup id="cite_ref-Wormald193_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wormald193-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wulfstan must have early on garnered the favour of powerful men, particularly Æthelred king of England, for we find him personally drafting all royal law codes promulgated under Æthelred's reign from 1005 to 1016.<sup id="cite_ref-Wormald_Æthelred_the_Lawmaker_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wormald_Æthelred_the_Lawmaker-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is no doubt that Wulfstan had a penchant for law; his knowledge of previous Anglo-Saxon law (both royal and ecclesiastical), as well as ninth-century Carolingian law, was considerable. This surely made him a suitable choice for the king's legal draftsman. But it is also likely that Wulfstan's position as archbishop of York, an important centre in the then politically sensitive northern regions of the English kingdom, made him not only a very influential man in the North, but also a powerful ally for the king and his family in the South. It is indicative of Wulfstan's continuing political importance and savvy that he also acted as legal draftsman for, and perhaps advisor to, the Danish king Cnut, who took England's West Saxon throne in 1016.<sup id="cite_ref-Wormald_Æthelred_the_Lawmaker_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wormald_Æthelred_the_Lawmaker-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Homilist">Homilist</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wulfstan_(died_1023)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Homilist"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sermo_Lupi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Sermo_Lupi.jpg/300px-Sermo_Lupi.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Sermo_Lupi.jpg/450px-Sermo_Lupi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/Sermo_Lupi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="574" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption>A page from a Wulfstan manuscript at the British Library (MS Cott., Nero A.i): <i><b>Sermo Lupi ad Anglos</b> quando Dani maxime persecuti sunt eos quod fuit anno millesimo XIIII ab incarnatione Domini nostri Jesus Christi</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Wulfstan was one of the most distinguished and effective Old English prose writers.<sup id="cite_ref-Lapidge494_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lapidge494-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Williams214_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams214-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His writings cover a wide range of topics in an even greater range of genres, including homilies (or sermons), secular laws, religious canons, and political theory. With <a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfric_of_Eynsham" title="Ælfric of Eynsham">Ælfric of Eynsham</a>, he is one of the two major <a href="/wiki/Vernacular" title="Vernacular">vernacular</a> writers in early eleventh-century England, a period which, ecclesiastically, was still very much enamoured of and greatly influenced by the Benedictine Reform. The Benedictine Reform was a movement which sought to institute monastic standards among the secular <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">clergy</a>, a movement made popular by the churchmen of the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian Empire</a> in the ninth and tenth centuries. The Reform promoted a regular (i.e. based on a <i>regula</i>, or rule) life for priests and clerics, a strict church hierarchy, the primacy of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Roman see</a>, the authority of codified or canonical <a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">church law</a>, and stressed the importance of <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">catholic</a>, that is universal, church practices throughout all <a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a>. These ideas could only thrive in a social and political atmosphere which recognised the importance of both the clergy's and the laity's obedience to the authority of the church on all things spiritual, and also on many things secular and juridical. This was one of the main theoretical models behind much of Wulfstan's legal and quasi-legal writings. But Wulfstan was not blind to the fact that, in order for this Reform model to thrive in England, the English clergy and laity (especially the laity) needed to be educated in the basic tenets of the faith. Nothing less than the legitimacy of English Christendom rested on Englishmen's steadfastness on certain fundamental Christian beliefs and practices, like, for example, knowledge of Christ's life and passion, memorisation of the Pater Noster and the Apostles' Creed, proper baptism, and the correct date and method of celebrating Easter mass. It is towards the promotion of such beliefs and practices, that Wulfstan engaged in writing a number of homilies dedicated to educating both clergy and laity in those Christian fundamentals which he saw as so important for both the flourishing of Christian lives and the success of the English polity.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a series of homilies begun during his tenure as Bishop of London, Wulfstan attained a high degree of competence in rhetorical prose, working with a distinctive rhythmical system based around alliterative pairings. He used intensifying words, distinctive vocabulary and compounds, rhetorical figures, and repeated phrases as literary devices. These devices lend Wulfstan's homilies their tempo-driven, almost feverish, quality, allowing them to build toward multiple climaxes. An example from one of his earliest sermons, titled <i>Secundum Lucam,</i> describes with vivid rhetorical force the unpleasantries of Hell (notice the alliteration, parallelism, and rhyme): </p><p><b>W</b>a þam þonne þe <b>æ</b>r ge<b>ea</b>rnode helle <b>w</b>ite. Ðær is ece bryne <b>gr</b>imm<b>e</b> gemencged, & ðær is ece <b>gr</b>yr<b>e</b>; þær is gr<b>anung</b> & w<b>anung</b> & aa singal heof; þær is <b>ea</b>lra <b>y</b>rmða gehwylc & <b>ea</b>lra deofla geþring. <b>W</b>a þam þe þær sceal <b>w</b>unian on <b>w</b>ite. Betere him <b>w</b>ære þæt he man nære æfre ge<b>w</b>orden þonne he ge<b>w</b>urde.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>"Woe then to him who has earned for himself the torments of Hell. There there is everlasting fire roiling painfully, and there there is everlasting filth. There there is groaning and moaning and always constant wailing. There there is every kind of misery, and the press of every kind of devil. Woe to him who dwells in torment: better it were for him that he were never born, than that he become thus."</i><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>This type of heavy-handed, though effective, <a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">rhetoric</a> immediately made Wulfstan's homilies popular tools for use at the pulpit.<sup id="cite_ref-Szarmach821_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Szarmach821-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is good evidence that Wulfstan's homiletic style was appreciated by his contemporaries. While yet bishop of London, in 1002 he received an anonymous letter in Latin praising his style and eloquence. In this letter, an unknown contemporary refuses to do a bit of translation for Wulfstan because he fears he could never properly imitate the Bishop's style.<sup id="cite_ref-DNB_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DNB-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Chronicle of <a href="/wiki/Ely,_Cambridgeshire" title="Ely, Cambridgeshire">Ely</a> said of his preaching that "when he spoke, it was as if his listeners were hearing the very wisdom of God Himself."<sup id="cite_ref-QWilliams86_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-QWilliams86-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though they were rhetorically ornate, Wulfstan's homilies show a conscious effort to avoid the intellectual conceits presumably favoured by educated (i.e. monastic) audiences; his target audience was the common English Christian, and his message was suited to everyone who wished to flock to the cathedral to hear it. Wulfstan refused to include in his works confusing or philosophical concepts, speculation, or long narratives – devices which other homilies of the time regularly employed (likely to the dismay of the average parishioner). He also rarely used Latin phrases or words, though a few of his homilies do survive in Latin form, versions that were either drafts for later English homilies, or else meant to be addressed to a learned clergy. Even so, even his Latin sermons employ a straightforward approach to sermonising. Wulfstan's homilies are concerned only with the "bare bones, but these he invests with a sense of urgency of moral or legal rigorism in a time of great danger".<sup id="cite_ref-Gatch108_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gatch108-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/canon" class="extiw" title="wikt:canon">canon</a> of Wulfstan's homiletic works is somewhat ambiguous, as it is often difficult to tell if a homily in his style was actually written by Wulfstan, or is merely the work of someone who had appreciated Wulfstanian style and imitated it. However, throughout his episcopal career, he is believed to have written upwards of 30 sermons in Old English. The number of his Latin sermons has not yet been established.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He may also have been responsible, wholly or in part, for other extant anonymous Old English sermons, for his style can be detected in a range of homiletic texts which cannot be directly attributed to him. However, as mentioned, some scholars believe that Wulfstan's powerful rhetorical style produced imitators, whose homilies would now be difficult to distinguish from genuine Wulfstanian homilies.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those homilies which are certainly by Wulfstan can be divided into 'blocks', that is by subject and theme, and in this way it can be seen that at different points in his life Wulfstan was concerned with different aspects of Christian life in England.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first 'block' was written ca. 996–1002 and is concerned with eschatology, that is, the end of the world. These homilies give frequent descriptions of the coming of Antichrist and the evils that will befall the world before Christ's Second Coming. They likely play on the anxiety that surely developed as the end of the first millennium AD approached. The second 'block', written around 1002–1008, is concerned with the tenets of the Christian faith. The third 'block', written around 1008–1020, concerns archiepiscopal functions. The fourth and final 'block', written around 1014–1023, known as the "Evil Days" 'block', concerns the evils that befall a kingdom and people who do not live proper Christian lives. This final block contains his most famous homily, the <i><a href="/wiki/Sermo_Lupi_ad_Anglos" title="Sermo Lupi ad Anglos">Sermo Lupi ad Anglos</a></i>, where Wulfstan rails against the deplorable customs of his time, and sees recent Viking invasions as God's punishment of the English for their lax ways. About 1008 (and again in a revision about 1016) he wrote a lengthy work which, although not strictly homiletic, summarises many of the favourite points he had hitherto expounded upon in his homilies. Titled by modern editors as the <i>Institutes of Polity</i>, it is a piece of 'estates literature' which details, from the perspective of a Christian polity, the duties of each member of society, beginning with the top (the king) and ending at the bottom (common folk).<sup id="cite_ref-Jost39_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jost39-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wulfstan_(died_1023)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wulfstan was a native speaker of Old English. He was also a competent Latinist. As York was at the centre of a region of England that had for some time been colonised by people of Scandinavian descent, it is possible that Wulfstan was familiar with, or perhaps even bilingual in, <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a>. He may have helped incorporate <a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">Scandinavian</a> vocabulary into Old English. Dorothy Whitelock remarks that "the influence of his sojourns in the north is seen in his terminology. While in general he writes a variety of late <a href="/wiki/Wessex" title="Wessex">West Saxon</a> literary language, he uses in some texts words of Scandinavian origin, especially in speaking of the various social classes."<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some cases, Wulfstan is the only one known to have used a word in Old English, and in some cases such words are of Scandinavian origin. Some words of his that have been recognised as particularly Scandinavian are <i>þræl</i> "slave, servant" (cf. Old Norse <i>þræll</i>; cp. Old English <i>þeowa</i>), <i>bonda</i> "husband, householder" (cf. Old Norse <i>bondi</i>; cp. Old English <i>ceorl</i>), <i>eorl</i> "nobleman of high rank, (Danish) jarl" (cf. Old Norse <i>jarl</i>; cp. Old English <i>ealdorman</i>), <i>fysan</i> "to make someone ready, to put someone to flight" (cf. Old Norse <i>fysa</i>), <i>genydmaga</i> "close kinsfolk" (cf. Old Norse <i>nauðleyti</i>), and <i>laga</i> "law" (cf. Old Norse <i>lag</i>; cp. Old English <i>æw</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some Old English words which appear only in works under his influence are <i>werewulf</i> "were-wolf," <i>sibleger</i> "incest," <i>leohtgescot</i> "light-scot" (a tithe to churches for candles), <i>tofesian,</i> <i>ægylde,</i> and <i>morðwyrhta</i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Church_reform_and_royal_service">Church reform and royal service</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wulfstan_(died_1023)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Church reform and royal service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EthelUn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/EthelUn.jpg/220px-EthelUn.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/EthelUn.jpg/330px-EthelUn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/EthelUn.jpg/440px-EthelUn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="624" data-file-height="936" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelred_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Æthelred II">Æthelred II</a> of England from the <i>Chronicle of Abingdon</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Wulfstan was very involved in the reform of the English church, and was concerned with improving both the quality of Christian faith and the quality of ecclesiastical administration in his dioceses (especially York, a relatively impoverished diocese at this time). Towards the end of his episcopate in York, he established a small monastery in <a href="/wiki/Gloucester" title="Gloucester">Gloucester</a>, which had to be re-established in 1058 after being burned.<sup id="cite_ref-Monastic70_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monastic70-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to his religious and literary career, Wulfstan enjoyed a lengthy and fruitful career as one of England's foremost statesmen. Under both <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelred_the_Unready" title="Æthelred the Unready">Æthelred II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cnut_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Cnut the Great">Cnut</a>, Wulfstan was primarily responsible for the drafting of English law codes relating to both secular and ecclesiastical affairs, and seems to have held a prominent and influential position at court.<sup id="cite_ref-DNB_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DNB-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He drew up the laws that Æthelred issued at Enham in 1008, which dealt with the cult of St Edward the Martyr, the raising and equipping of ships and ship's crews, the payment of tithes, and a ban on the export of (Christian) slaves from the kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-WilliamsMany_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WilliamsMany-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pushing for religious, social, political, and moral reforms, Wulfstan "wrote legislation to reassert the laws of earlier Anglo-Saxon kings and bring order to a country that had been unsettled by war and influx of Scandinavians."<sup id="cite_ref-Szarmach820_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Szarmach820-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Knut_der_Gro%C3%9Fe_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Knut_der_Gro%C3%9Fe_cropped.jpg/220px-Knut_der_Gro%C3%9Fe_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Knut_der_Gro%C3%9Fe_cropped.jpg/330px-Knut_der_Gro%C3%9Fe_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Knut_der_Gro%C3%9Fe_cropped.jpg/440px-Knut_der_Gro%C3%9Fe_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="896" data-file-height="1199" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cnut" title="Cnut">Cnut</a> from a medieval illuminated manuscript</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1009 Wulfstan wrote the edict that Æthelred II issued calling for the whole nation to fast and pray for three days during <a href="/wiki/Thorkell_the_Tall" title="Thorkell the Tall">Thorkell</a>'s raids on England, in a national act of <a href="/wiki/Penance" title="Penance">penance</a>. Only water and bread were to be eaten, people should walk to church barefoot, a payment of one penny from each <a href="/wiki/Hide_(unit)" title="Hide (unit)">hide</a> of land was to be made, and everyone should attend <a href="/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)" title="Mass (liturgy)">Mass</a> every day of the three days. Anyone not participating would be fined or flogged.<sup id="cite_ref-Emma73_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emma73-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Cnut conquered England, Wulfstan quickly became an advisor to the new king, as evidenced by Wulfstan's influence on the law code issued by Cnut.<sup id="cite_ref-Emma115_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emma115-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the death of <a href="/wiki/Lyfing_(Archbishop_of_Canterbury)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyfing (Archbishop of Canterbury)">Lyfing</a>, Archbishop of Canterbury in 1020, Wulfstan consecrated his successor <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelnoth_(archbishop_of_Canterbury)" title="Æthelnoth (archbishop of Canterbury)">Æthelnoth</a> in 1020, and wrote to Cnut asking the king to grant the same rights and dignities for the new archbishop that previous archbishops had held.<sup id="cite_ref-Emma123_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emma123-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wulfstan also wrote the laws that were issued by Cnut at Winchester in 1021 or 1022.<sup id="cite_ref-DNB_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DNB-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These laws continued in force throughout the 11th century, as they were the laws referred to in <a href="/wiki/Domesday_Book" title="Domesday Book">Domesday Book</a> as "the law of King Edward".<sup id="cite_ref-Williams156_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams156-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_legacy">Death and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wulfstan_(died_1023)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Death and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wulfstan died at York on 28 May 1023. His body was taken for burial to the monastery of <a href="/wiki/Ely_Cathedral" title="Ely Cathedral">Ely</a>, in accordance with his wishes. Miracles are ascribed to his tomb by the <i>Liber Eliensis</i>, but it does not appear that any attempt to declare him a saint was made beyond this.<sup id="cite_ref-DNB_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DNB-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The historian Denis Bethell called him the "most important figure in the English Church in the reigns of Æthelred II and Cnut."<sup id="cite_ref-Bethell686_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bethell686-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wulfstan's writings influenced a number of writers in late Old English literature. There are echoes of Wulfstan's writings in the 1087 entry of the <i><a href="/wiki/Peterborough_Chronicle" title="Peterborough Chronicle">Peterborough Chronicle</a></i>, a version of the <i><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle" title="Anglo-Saxon Chronicle">Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</a></i> written at <a href="/wiki/Peterborough_Cathedral" title="Peterborough Cathedral">Peterborough Abbey</a>. This entry has long been famous as it deals with the death of King <a href="/wiki/William_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="William I of England">William the Conqueror</a>, and contrasts his worldly power with his status after death.<sup id="cite_ref-Lerer13_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lerer13-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other suggestions of Wulfstan's writing occur in works of Old English, including the <i>Soul's Address to the Body</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lerer_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lerer-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His law codes, which were written under Æthelred and Cnut, remained in effect through the reign of King <a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Confessor" title="Edward the Confessor">Edward the Confessor</a>, and were still being reaffirmed in 1100, when King <a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_England" title="Henry I of England">Henry I of England</a> swore a coronation oath to observe the laws of King Edward.<sup id="cite_ref-Confessor178_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Confessor178-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The unique 11th-century manuscript of the Early English <i>Apollonius of Tyre</i> may only have survived because it was bound into a book together with Wulfstan's homilies.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wulfstan_(died_1023)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Works_of_Wulfstan_of_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Works of Wulfstan of York">Works of Wulfstan of York</a></div> <p>Wulfstan wrote some works in Latin, and numerous works in Old English, then the vernacular.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He has also been credited with a few short poems. His works can generally be divided into homiletic, legal, and philosophical categories. </p><p>Wulfstan's best-known homily is <i>Sermo Lupi ad Anglos</i>, or <i>Sermon of the Wolf to the English.</i> In it he proclaims the depredations of the "Danes" (who were, at that point, primarily Norwegian invaders) a scourge from <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a> to lash the English for their sins. He calls upon them to repent of their sinful ways and "return to the faith of baptism, where there is protection from the fires of hell."<sup id="cite_ref-Szarmach820_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Szarmach820-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also wrote many homilies relating to the <a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">Last Days</a> and the coming of the <a href="/wiki/Antichrist" title="Antichrist">Antichrist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Monastic64_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monastic64-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hill47_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hill47-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Age of the Antichrist was a popular theme in Wulfstan's homilies, which also include the issues of death and Judgment Day. Six homilies that illustrate this theme include: <i>Secundum Matheum, Secundum Lucam, De Anticristo, De Temporibus Antichrist</i>, <i>Secundum Marcum</i> and "<a href="/wiki/De_Falsis_Deis" class="mw-redirect" title="De Falsis Deis">De Falsis Deis</a>". <i>De Antichristo</i> was the "first full development of the Antichrist theme", and Wulfstan addressed it to the clergy.<sup id="cite_ref-Gatch105_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gatch105-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Believing that he lived at the time right before the Antichrist was to come, he felt compelled to diligently warn and teach the clergy to withstand the dishonest teaching of the enemies of God.<sup id="cite_ref-Gatch116_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gatch116-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These six homilies also include: emphasis that the hour of the Antichrist is very near, warnings that the English should be aware of false Christs who will attempt to seduce men, warnings that God will pass judgement on man's faithfulness, discussion of man's sins, evils of the world, and encouragement to love God and do his will.<sup id="cite_ref-GatchCh10_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GatchCh10-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He wrote the <i>Canons of Edgar</i> and <i>The Law of Edward and Guthrum</i> which date before 1008.<sup id="cite_ref-DNB_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DNB-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Canons</i> was written to instruct the secular clergy serving a parish in the responsibilities of their position. <i>The Law of Edward and Guthrum</i>, on the other hand, is an ecclesiastical law handbook.<sup id="cite_ref-Williams88_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams88-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern editors have paid most attention to his homilies: they have been edited by Arthur Napier,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by Dorothy Whitelock,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by Dorothy Bethurum.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since that publication, other works that were likely authored by Wulfstan have been identified; a forthcoming edition by Andy Orchard will update the canon of Wulfstan's homilies. Wulfstan was also a book collector; he is responsible for amassing a large collection of texts pertaining to canon law, the liturgy, and episcopal functions. This collection is known as Wulftan's <i>Commonplace Book.</i> A significant part of the Commonplace book consists of a work once known as the <i>Excerptiones pseudo-Ecgberhti</i>, though it has most recently been edited as <a href="/wiki/Wulfstan%27s_Canon_Law_Collection" class="mw-redirect" title="Wulfstan's Canon Law Collection">Wulfstan's Canon Law Collection</a> (a.k.a. <i>Collectio canonum Wigorniensis</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This work is a collection of conciliar decrees and church canons, most of which he culled from numerous ninth and tenth-century Carolingian works. This work demonstrates the wide range of Wulfstan's reading and studies. He sometimes borrowed from this collection when he wrote his later works, especially the law codes of Æthelred.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also a number of works which are associated with the archbishop, but whose authorship is unknown, such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Late_Old_English_Handbook_for_the_Use_of_a_Confessor" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Old English Handbook for the Use of a Confessor">Late Old English Handbook for the Use of a Confessor</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Style">Style</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wulfstan_(died_1023)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Style"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wulfstan's style is admired by many sources, easily recognisable and exceptionally distinguished. "Much Wulfstan material is, more-over, attributed largely or even solely on the basis of his highly idiosyncratic prose style, in which strings of syntactically independent two-stress phrases are linked by complex patterns of alliteration and other kinds of sound play. Indeed, so idiosyncratic is Wulfstan’s style that he is even ready to rewrite minutely works prepared for him by Ǣlfric".<sup id="cite_ref-Lapidge494_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lapidge494-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From this identifiable style, 26 sermons can be attributed to Wulfstan, 22 of which are written in Old English, the others in Latin. However, it's suspected that many anonymous materials are Wulfstan's as well, and his handwriting has been found in many manuscripts, supplementing or correcting material.<sup id="cite_ref-Lapidge494_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lapidge494-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He wrote more than just sermons, including law-codes and sections of prose. </p><p>Certainly he must have been a talented writer, gaining a reputation of eloquence while he still lived in London.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a letter to him, "the writer asks to be excused from translating something Wulfstan had asked him to render into English and pleads as an excuse his lack of ability in comparison with the bishop’s skill".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, "[o]ne early student of Wulfstan, Einenkel, and his latest editor, Jost, agree in thinking he wrote verse and not prose" (Continuations, 229). This suggests Wulfstan's writing is not only eloquent, but poetic, and among many of his rhetorical devices is marked rhythm (229). Taking a look at Wulfstan's actual manuscripts, presented by Volume 17 of Early English Manuscripts in Facsimile, it becomes apparent that his writing was exceptionally neat and well structured – even his notes in the margins are well organised and tidy, and his handwriting itself is ornate but readable.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (March 2018)">original research?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wulfstan_(died_1023)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 60em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William of Malmesbury thought that Wulfstan was not a monk, but the <i>Historia Eliensis</i> and Florence of Worcester both claim that he was.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For these letters see Whitelock <i>Councils and Synods</i> pp. 231–237</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">However it is not clear if he immediately relinquished his seat at London: his London successor's signature does not appear until 1004.<sup id="cite_ref-Whitlock464_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whitlock464-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Note that there was once some confusion among scholars as to the exact time Wulfstan was moved from London to Worcester. But, in 1937 Dorothy Whitelock established a general consensus around the date 1002 for his simultaneous promotion to York and Worcester. Nevertheless, a discrepancy in sourcebooks still persists: see, e.g., Fryde <i>Handbook of British Chronology</i> p. 220.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wulfstan's immediate predecessor at York was <a href="/wiki/Ealdwulf_(died_1002)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ealdwulf (died 1002)">Ealdwulf</a>, who also held Worcester in plurality.<sup id="cite_ref-Whitlock464_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whitlock464-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequent joint tenures of York and Worcester occurred in 1040–41 and 1061–62.<sup id="cite_ref-Wormald193_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wormald193-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chiefly because they have yet to be edited in full. However, an edition is forthcoming from Thomas Hall.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For discussion, see "Wulfstan's Scandinavian Loanword Usage: An Aspect of the Linguistic Situation in the Late Old English Danelaw" Tadao Kubouchi. For definitions and occurrences, see the Dictionary of Old English Online.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">An up-to-date list is provided by Sara M. Pons-Sanz "A Reconsideration of Wulfstan's use of Norse-Derived Terms: The Case of <i>Þræl</i>" pp. 6–7.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wulfstan_(died_1023)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Keynes, 'Archbishops and Bishops', p. 563</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DNB-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DNB_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DNB_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DNB_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DNB_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DNB_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DNB_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wormald "Wulfstan" <i>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mack380-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mack380_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mack "Changing Thegns" <i>Albion</i> p. 380</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wormald "Archbishop Wulfstan" p. 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilcoz397-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wilcoz397_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilcox "Wolf on Shepherds" p. 397</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Williams85-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Williams85_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams <i>Æthelred the Unready</i> p. 85</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wormald "Archbishop Wulfstan" p. 12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Monastic64-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Monastic64_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Monastic64_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Knowles <i>Monastic Order</i> p. 64</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Whitlock35-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Whitlock35_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Whitelock "Archbishop Wulfstan" p. 35</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</i>, year 996</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAshe" class="citation web cs1">Ashe, Laura. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historyextra.com/period/viking/wulfstan-account-norse-raiders-invasion-doomed-anglo-saxons/">"Viking Apocalypse: The Invasion that Spelled Doom for the Anglo-Saxons"</a>. <i>History Extra</i>. BBC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+Extra&rft.atitle=Viking+Apocalypse%3A+The+Invasion+that+Spelled+Doom+for+the+Anglo-Saxons&rft.aulast=Ashe&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyextra.com%2Fperiod%2Fviking%2Fwulfstan-account-norse-raiders-invasion-doomed-anglo-saxons%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWulfstan+%28died+1023%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.behindthename.com/name/wulfstan">"Wulfstan"</a>. <i>Behind the Name</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Behind+the+Name&rft.atitle=Wulfstan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.behindthename.com%2Fname%2Fwulfstan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWulfstan+%28died+1023%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Whitlock464-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Whitlock464_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whitlock464_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Whitelock "Note on the Career of Wulfstan the Homilist" p. 464</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-QDNB-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-QDNB_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted in Wormald "Wulfstan" <i>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Handbook224-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Handbook224_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fryde, et al. <i>Handbook of British Chronology</i> p. 224</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Whitelock "Wulfstan at York" p. 214, and note 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wormald193-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wormald193_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wormald193_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wormald "Archbishop Wulfstan" p. 193</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wormald_Æthelred_the_Lawmaker-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wormald_Æthelred_the_Lawmaker_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wormald_Æthelred_the_Lawmaker_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wormald "Æthelred the Lawmaker"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lapidge494-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lapidge494_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lapidge494_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lapidge494_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Orchard "Wulfstan the Homilist" <i>Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England</i> pp. 494–495</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Williams214-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Williams214_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams <i>English and the Norman Conquest</i> p. 214</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLionarons2010" class="citation book cs1">Lionarons, Joyce Tally (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wHGf13k9G80C&dq=Wulfstan+homilies+basic+tenets&pg=PA107"><i>The Homiletic Writings of Archbishop Wulfstan</i></a>. D. S. Brewer. p. 107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781843842569" title="Special:BookSources/9781843842569"><bdi>9781843842569</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Homiletic+Writings+of+Archbishop+Wulfstan&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=D.+S.+Brewer&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781843842569&rft.aulast=Lionarons&rft.aufirst=Joyce+Tally&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwHGf13k9G80C%26dq%3DWulfstan%2Bhomilies%2Bbasic%2Btenets%26pg%3DPA107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWulfstan+%28died+1023%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bethurum <i>Homilies of Wulfstan</i> p. 126, lines 65–70</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://the-american-catholic.com/2020/01/19/saint-of-the-day-quote-115/">"Saint of the Day Quote: Saint Wulfstan"</a>. <i>The American Catholic</i>. 19 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+American+Catholic&rft.atitle=Saint+of+the+Day+Quote%3A+Saint+Wulfstan&rft.date=2020-01-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthe-american-catholic.com%2F2020%2F01%2F19%2Fsaint-of-the-day-quote-115%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWulfstan+%28died+1023%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Szarmach821-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Szarmach821_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Szarmach "Wulfstan of York" <i>Medieval England</i> p. 821</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-QWilliams86-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-QWilliams86_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted in Williams <i>Æthelred the Unready</i> p. 86</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gatch108-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gatch108_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gatch <i>Preaching and Theology</i> p. 108</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hall "Wulfstan's Latin Sermons"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jost <i>Wulfstanstudien</i> pp. 110–182</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bethurum <i>Homilies of Wulfstan</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jost39-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jost39_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wulfstan <i>Die 'Institutes of Polity, Civil and Ecclesiastical': Ein Werk Erzbischof Wulfstans von York</i> pp. 39–165</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Whitelock "Wulfstan at York" p. 226</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Monastic70-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Monastic70_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Knowles <i>Monastic Order</i> p. 70</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WilliamsMany-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WilliamsMany_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams <i>Æthelred the Unready</i> pp. 14, 82, 94</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Szarmach820-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Szarmach820_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Szarmach820_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Szarmach "Wulfstan of York" <i>Medieval England</i> p. 820</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Emma73-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Emma73_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">O'Brien <i>Queen Emma and the Vikings</i> p. 73</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Emma115-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Emma115_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">O'Brien <i>Queen Emma and the Vikings</i> pp. 115–118</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Emma123-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Emma123_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">O'Brien <i>Queen Emma and the Vikings</i> p. 123</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Williams156-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Williams156_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams <i>English and the Norman Conquest</i> p. 156</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bethell686-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bethell686_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bethell "English Black Monks" <i>English Historical Review</i> p. 684</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lerer13-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lerer13_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lerer "Old English and its Afterlife" <i>Cambridge History of Medieval English Literature</i> p. 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lerer-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lerer_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lerer "Old English and its Afterlife" <i>Cambridge History of Medieval English Literature</i> p. 28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Confessor178-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Confessor178_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barlow <i>Edward the Confessor</i> p. 178</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goolden, Peter <i>The Old English Apollonius of Tyre</i> Oxford University Press 1958 xxxii–xxxiv</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hill47-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hill47_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hill <i>Road to Hastings</i> p. 47</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gatch105-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gatch105_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gatch <i>Preaching and Theology</i> p. 105</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gatch116-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gatch116_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gatch <i>Preaching and Theology</i> p. 116</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GatchCh10-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GatchCh10_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gatch <i>Preaching and Theology</i> Chapter 10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Williams88-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Williams88_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams <i>Æthelred the Unready</i> p. 88</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wulfstan <i>Homilien</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wulfstan <i>Sermo Lupi ad Anglos</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wulfstan <i>The Homilies of Wulfstan</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wulfstan <i>Wulfstan's Canon Law Collection</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wormald <i>Making of English Law</i> pp. 355–66</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wormald "Archbishop Wulfstan:" p. 10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bethurum <i>Homilies of Wulfstan</i> p. 58.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wulfstan_(died_1023)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 60em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarlow,_Frank1970" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Barlow_(historian)" title="Frank Barlow (historian)">Barlow, Frank</a> (1970). <i>Edward the Confessor</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-01671-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-01671-8"><bdi>0-520-01671-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/106149">106149</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edward+the+Confessor&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F106149&rft.isbn=0-520-01671-8&rft.au=Barlow%2C+Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWulfstan+%28died+1023%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBethell1969" class="citation journal cs1">Bethell, D. L. (1969). "English Black Monks and Episcopal Elections in the 1120s". <i><a href="/wiki/The_English_Historical_Review" title="The English Historical Review">The English Historical Review</a></i>. <b>84</b> (333): 673–694. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fehr%2FLXXXIV.CCCXXXIII.673">10.1093/ehr/LXXXIV.CCCXXXIII.673</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+English+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=English+Black+Monks+and+Episcopal+Elections+in+the+1120s&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=333&rft.pages=673-694&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fehr%2FLXXXIV.CCCXXXIII.673&rft.aulast=Bethell&rft.aufirst=D.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWulfstan+%28died+1023%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBethurum1957" class="citation book cs1">Bethurum, Dorothy (1957). <i>The Homilies of Wulfstan</i>. Oxford: Clarendon Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Homilies+of+Wulfstan&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1957&rft.aulast=Bethurum&rft.aufirst=Dorothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWulfstan+%28died+1023%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlair,_John2005" class="citation book cs1">Blair, John (2005). <i>The Church in Anglo-Saxon Society</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-822695-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-822695-0"><bdi>0-19-822695-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/186485136">186485136</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Church+in+Anglo-Saxon+Society&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F186485136&rft.isbn=0-19-822695-0&rft.au=Blair%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWulfstan+%28died+1023%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFryde,_E._B.Greenway,_D._E.Porter,_S.Roy,_I.1996" class="citation book cs1">Fryde, E. B.; Greenway, D. E.; Porter, S.; Roy, I. (1996). <i>Handbook of British Chronology</i> (Third revised ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-56350-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-56350-X"><bdi>0-521-56350-X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/183920684">183920684</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+British+Chronology&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.edition=Third+revised&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F183920684&rft.isbn=0-521-56350-X&rft.au=Fryde%2C+E.+B.&rft.au=Greenway%2C+D.+E.&rft.au=Porter%2C+S.&rft.au=Roy%2C+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWulfstan+%28died+1023%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGatch1977" class="citation book cs1">Gatch, Milton McC. (1977). <i>Preaching and Theology in Anglo-Saxon England: AElfric and Wulfstan</i>. Toronto and Buffalo: University of Toronto Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Preaching+and+Theology+in+Anglo-Saxon+England%3A+AElfric+and+Wulfstan&rft.place=Toronto+and+Buffalo&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Gatch&rft.aufirst=Milton+McC.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWulfstan+%28died+1023%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Hall, Thomas N. (2004). "Wulfstan's Latin Sermons". In Towened, Matthew (ed.). <i>Wulfstan, Archbishop of York: The Proceedings of the 2nd Alcuin Conference</i>. Turnhout: Brepols. pp. 93–139.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wulfstan%27s+Latin+Sermons&rft.btitle=Wulfstan%2C+Archbishop+of+York%3A+The+Proceedings+of+the+2nd+Alcuin+Conference&rft.place=Turnhout&rft.pages=93-139&rft.pub=Brepols&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Thomas+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWulfstan+%28died+1023%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill,_Paul2005" class="citation book cs1">Hill, Paul (2005). <i>The Road to Hastings: The Politics of Power in Anglo-Saxon England</i>. Stroud: Tempus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7524-3308-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7524-3308-3"><bdi>0-7524-3308-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/57354405">57354405</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Road+to+Hastings%3A+The+Politics+of+Power+in+Anglo-Saxon+England&rft.place=Stroud&rft.pub=Tempus&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F57354405&rft.isbn=0-7524-3308-3&rft.au=Hill%2C+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWulfstan+%28died+1023%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJost1950" class="citation book cs1">Jost, Karl (1950). <i>Wulfstanstudien</i>. Bern: A. Francke.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wulfstanstudien&rft.place=Bern&rft.pub=A.+Francke&rft.date=1950&rft.aulast=Jost&rft.aufirst=Karl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWulfstan+%28died+1023%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeynes2014" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Keynes, Simon (2014). "Appendix II: Archbishops and Bishops 597-1066". In Lapidge, Michael; Blair, John; Keynes, Simon; Scragg, Donald (eds.). <i>The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England</i> (Second ed.). Chichester, UK: Blackwell Publishing. pp. 539–66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-65632-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-65632-7"><bdi>978-0-470-65632-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Appendix+II%3A+Archbishops+and+Bishops+597-1066&rft.btitle=The+Wiley+Blackwell+Encyclopedia+of+Anglo-Saxon+England&rft.place=Chichester%2C+UK&rft.pages=539-66&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-470-65632-7&rft.aulast=Keynes&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWulfstan+%28died+1023%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnowles,_David1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Knowles_(scholar)" title="David Knowles (scholar)">Knowles, David</a> (1976). <i>The Monastic Order in England: A History of its Development from the Times of St. Dunstan to the Fourth Lateran Council, 940–1216</i> (Second reprint ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-05479-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-05479-6"><bdi>0-521-05479-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/156898145">156898145</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Monastic+Order+in+England%3A+A+History+of+its+Development+from+the+Times+of+St.+Dunstan+to+the+Fourth+Lateran+Council%2C+940%E2%80%931216&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.edition=Second+reprint&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F156898145&rft.isbn=0-521-05479-6&rft.au=Knowles%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWulfstan+%28died+1023%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLerer1999" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Lerer, Seth (1999). "Old English and its Afterlife". In David Wallace (ed.). <i>The Cambridge History of Medieval English Literature</i>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-44420-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-44420-9"><bdi>0-521-44420-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Old+English+and+its+Afterlife&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Medieval+English+Literature&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-521-44420-9&rft.aulast=Lerer&rft.aufirst=Seth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWulfstan+%28died+1023%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMack,_Katharin1984" class="citation journal cs1">Mack, Katharin (Winter 1984). "Changing Thegns: Cnut's Conquest and the English Aristocracy". <i><a href="/wiki/Albion_(history_journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Albion (history journal)">Albion</a></i>. <b>16</b> (4): 375–387. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4049386">10.2307/4049386</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4049386">4049386</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Albion&rft.atitle=Changing+Thegns%3A+Cnut%27s+Conquest+and+the+English+Aristocracy&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=375-387&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F4049386&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4049386%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Mack%2C+Katharin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWulfstan+%28died+1023%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrchard1991" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Orchard, Andy (1991). 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Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-22492-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-22492-1"><bdi>978-0-631-22492-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wulstan+the+Homilist&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Encyclopedia+of+Anglo-Saxon+England&rft.place=Malden%2C+MA&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-631-22492-1&rft.aulast=Orchard&rft.aufirst=Andy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWulfstan+%28died+1023%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Brien,_Harriet2005" class="citation book cs1">O'Brien, Harriet (2005). <i>Queen Emma and the Vikings: A History of Power, Love and Greed in Eleventh-Century England</i>. 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(1989). "Wulfstan of York". <i>Dictionary of the Middle Ages</i>. Vol. 1 & 12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wulfstan+of+York&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+the+Middle+Ages&rft.date=1989&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWulfstan+%28died+1023%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzarmach,_Paul_E.M_Teresa_TavorminaJoel_T._Rosenthal1998" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Szarmach, Paul E.; M Teresa Tavormina; Joel T. Rosenthal, eds. (1998). "Wulfstan of York". <i>Medieval England: An Encyclopedia</i>. New York: Garland Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8240-5786-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8240-5786-2"><bdi>978-0-8240-5786-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wulfstan+of+York&rft.btitle=Medieval+England%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Garland+Publishers&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8240-5786-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWulfstan+%28died+1023%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitelock1942" class="citation journal cs1">Whitelock, Dorothy (1942). "Archbishop Wulfstan, Homilist and Statesman". <i>Transactions of the Royal Historical Society</i>. Fourth Series. <b>24</b> (24): 25–45. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3678467">10.2307/3678467</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3678467">3678467</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162930449">162930449</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Royal+Historical+Society&rft.atitle=Archbishop+Wulfstan%2C+Homilist+and+Statesman&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=24&rft.pages=25-45&rft.date=1942&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162930449%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3678467%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3678467&rft.aulast=Whitelock&rft.aufirst=Dorothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWulfstan+%28died+1023%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitelock,_Dorothy1981" class="citation book cs1">Whitelock, Dorothy (1981). <i>Councils and Synods, With Other Documents Relating to the English Church, Volume 1: A.D. 871–1204 (pt. 1: 871–1066)</i>. Oxford: Clarendon Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Councils+and+Synods%2C+With+Other+Documents+Relating+to+the+English+Church%2C+Volume+1%3A+A.D.+871%E2%80%931204+%28pt.+1%3A+871%E2%80%931066%29&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.au=Whitelock%2C+Dorothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWulfstan+%28died+1023%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitelock1937" class="citation journal cs1">Whitelock, Dorothy (1937). "A Note on the Career of Wulfstan the Homilist". <i>The English Historical Review</i>. <b>lii</b> (52): 460–65. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fehr%2FLII.CCVII.460">10.1093/ehr/LII.CCVII.460</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+English+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=A+Note+on+the+Career+of+Wulfstan+the+Homilist&rft.volume=lii&rft.issue=52&rft.pages=460-65&rft.date=1937&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fehr%2FLII.CCVII.460&rft.aulast=Whitelock&rft.aufirst=Dorothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWulfstan+%28died+1023%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitelock,_Dorothy1963" class="citation book cs1">Whitelock, Dorothy (1963). <i>Sermo Lupi Ad Anglos</i> (3rd ed.). London: Methuen.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sermo+Lupi+Ad+Anglos&rft.place=London&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Methuen&rft.date=1963&rft.au=Whitelock%2C+Dorothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWulfstan+%28died+1023%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitelock1965" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Whitelock, Dorothy (1965). "Wulfstan at York". In Jess B. Bessinger; Robert P. Creed (eds.). <i>Franciplegius: Medieval and Linguistic Studies in Honor of Francis Peabody Magoun Jr</i>. New York. pp. 214–231.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wulfstan+at+York&rft.btitle=Franciplegius%3A+Medieval+and+Linguistic+Studies+in+Honor+of+Francis+Peabody+Magoun+Jr.&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=214-231&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Whitelock&rft.aufirst=Dorothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWulfstan+%28died+1023%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_encyclopedia" title="Template:Cite encyclopedia">cite encyclopedia</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilcox" class="citation journal cs1">Wilcox, Jonathan. "The Wolf on Shepherds: Wulfstan, Bishops, and the Context of the <i>Sermo Lupi ad Anglos</i>": 395–418.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Wolf+on+Shepherds%3A+Wulfstan%2C+Bishops%2C+and+the+Context+of+the+Sermo+Lupi+ad+Anglos&rft.pages=395-418&rft.aulast=Wilcox&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWulfstan+%28died+1023%29" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams,_Ann2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ann_Williams_(historian)" title="Ann Williams (historian)">Williams, Ann</a> (2003). <i>Æthelred the Unready: The Ill-Counselled King</i>. London: Hambledon & London. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85285-382-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-85285-382-4"><bdi>1-85285-382-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/51780838">51780838</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C3%86thelred+the+Unready%3A+The+Ill-Counselled+King&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hambledon+%26+London&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F51780838&rft.isbn=1-85285-382-4&rft.au=Williams%2C+Ann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWulfstan+%28died+1023%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams,_Ann2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ann_Williams_(historian)" title="Ann Williams (historian)">Williams, Ann</a> (2000). <i>The English and the Norman Conquest</i>. Ipswich: Boydell Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85115-708-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-85115-708-4"><bdi>0-85115-708-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/52062791">52062791</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+English+and+the+Norman+Conquest&rft.place=Ipswich&rft.pub=Boydell+Press&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F52062791&rft.isbn=0-85115-708-4&rft.au=Williams%2C+Ann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWulfstan+%28died+1023%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWormald,_Patrick1978" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Wormald" title="Patrick Wormald">Wormald, Patrick</a> (1978). "Æthelred the Lawmaker". In David Hill (ed.). <i>Ethelred the Unready: Papers from the Millenary Conference</i>. Oxford. pp. 47–80.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%C3%86thelred+the+Lawmaker&rft.btitle=Ethelred+the+Unready%3A+Papers+from+the+Millenary+Conference&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=47-80&rft.date=1978&rft.au=Wormald%2C+Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWulfstan+%28died+1023%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_encyclopedia" title="Template:Cite encyclopedia">cite encyclopedia</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWormald,_Patrick1999" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Wormald" title="Patrick Wormald">Wormald, Patrick</a> (1999). "Archbishop Wulfstan and the Holiness of Society". In D. Pelteret (ed.). <i>Anglo-Saxon History: Basic Readings</i>. New York. pp. 191–224.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Archbishop+Wulfstan+and+the+Holiness+of+Society&rft.btitle=Anglo-Saxon+History%3A+Basic+Readings&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=191-224&rft.date=1999&rft.au=Wormald%2C+Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWulfstan+%28died+1023%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_encyclopedia" title="Template:Cite encyclopedia">cite encyclopedia</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWormald,_Patrick2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Wormald" title="Patrick Wormald">Wormald, Patrick</a> (2004). "Archbishop Wulfstan: Eleventh-Century State-Builder". In Townend, Matthew (ed.). <i>Wulfstan, Archbishop of York: The Proceedings of the 2nd Alcuin Conference</i>. Turnhout. pp. 9–27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Archbishop+Wulfstan%3A+Eleventh-Century+State-Builder&rft.btitle=Wulfstan%2C+Archbishop+of+York%3A+The+Proceedings+of+the+2nd+Alcuin+Conference&rft.place=Turnhout&rft.pages=9-27&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Wormald%2C+Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWulfstan+%28died+1023%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_encyclopedia" title="Template:Cite encyclopedia">cite encyclopedia</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWormald,_Patrick2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Wormald" title="Patrick Wormald">Wormald, Patrick</a> (2000). <i>The Making of English Law: King Alfred to the Twelfth Century – Volume 1: Legislation and its Limits</i>. Oxford: Blackwell.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+English+Law%3A+King+Alfred+to+the+Twelfth+Century+%E2%80%93+Volume+1%3A+Legislation+and+its+Limits&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=2000&rft.au=Wormald%2C+Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWulfstan+%28died+1023%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWormald,_Patrick2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Wormald" title="Patrick Wormald">Wormald, Patrick</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/30098">"Wulfstan (d. 1023)"</a>. <i>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F30098">10.1093/ref:odnb/30098</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wulfstan+%28d.+1023%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F30098&rft.au=Wormald%2C+Patrick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2Farticle%2F30098&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWulfstan+%28died+1023%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWulfstan1959" class="citation book cs1">Wulfstan (1959). <i>Die 'Institutes of Polity, Civil and Ecclesiastical': Ein Werk Erzbischof Wulfstans von York</i>. Swiss Studies in English 47. Jost, Karl (editor). Bern: A. Francke AG Verlag.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+%27Institutes+of+Polity%2C+Civil+and+Ecclesiastical%27%3A+Ein+Werk+Erzbischof+Wulfstans+von+York&rft.place=Bern&rft.series=Swiss+Studies+in+English+47&rft.pub=A.+Francke+AG+Verlag&rft.date=1959&rft.au=Wulfstan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWulfstan+%28died+1023%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWulfstanBethurum,_Dorothy1957" class="citation book cs1">Wulfstan; Bethurum, Dorothy (1957). <i>The Homilies of Wulfstan</i>. Oxford: Clarendon Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Homilies+of+Wulfstan&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1957&rft.au=Wulfstan&rft.au=Bethurum%2C+Dorothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWulfstan+%28died+1023%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWulfstanNapier,_Arthur1883" class="citation book cs1">Wulfstan; Napier, Arthur (1883). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WecUpDmMTrkC"><i>Sammlung der ihm Zugeschriebenen Homilien nebst Untersuchungen über ihre Echtheit</i></a>. Berlin: Weidmann.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sammlung+der+ihm+Zugeschriebenen+Homilien+nebst+Untersuchungen+%C3%BCber+ihre+Echtheit&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Weidmann&rft.date=1883&rft.au=Wulfstan&rft.au=Napier%2C+Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWecUpDmMTrkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWulfstan+%28died+1023%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWulfstan1999" class="citation book cs1">Wulfstan (1999). James E. Cross; Andrew Hamer (eds.). <i>Wulfstan's Canon Law Collection</i>. Anglo-Saxon Texts I. Cambridge, UK: D. S. Brewer.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wulfstan%27s+Canon+Law+Collection&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.series=Anglo-Saxon+Texts+I&rft.pub=D.+S.+Brewer&rft.date=1999&rft.au=Wulfstan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWulfstan+%28died+1023%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wulfstan_(died_1023)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Pons-Sanz, Sara M. <i>Norse-Derived Vocabulary in Late Old English Texts: Wulfstan’s Works, a Case Study</i>. North-Western European Language Evolution Supplement 22. University Press of Southern Denmark, 2007.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wulfstan_(died_1023)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pase.ac.uk/jsp/persons/CreatePersonFrames.jsp?personKey=11858">Wulfstan 41</a> at <a href="/wiki/Prosopography_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England">Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webpages.ursinus.edu/jlionarons/wulfstan/wulfstan.html">Wulfstan's Eschatological Homilies</a></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://courses.ttu.edu/jhowe/Wulfstan%20Sermon.htm">Sermo Lupi ad Anglos</a></i>, translated by M. Bernstein from Manuscript I</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FABE60;"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfstan_of_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Ælfstan of London">Ælfstan</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_London" title="Bishop of London">Bishop of London</a> </b><br />996–1002 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfhun_(Bishop_of_London)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ælfhun (Bishop of London)">Ælfhun</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ealdwulf_(archbishop_of_York)" title="Ealdwulf (archbishop of York)">Ealdwulf</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Worcester" title="Bishop of Worcester">Bishop of Worcester</a> </b><br />1002–1016 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Leofsige" title="Leofsige">Leofsige</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_York" title="Archbishop of York">Archbishop of York</a> </b><br />1002–1023 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfric_Puttoc" title="Ælfric Puttoc">Ælfric Puttoc</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="width:1%">Post-Augustine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mellitus" title="Mellitus">Mellitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedd" title="Cedd">Cedd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_(bishop)" title="Wine (bishop)">Wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earconwald" title="Earconwald">Earconwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldhere_(bishop)" title="Waldhere (bishop)">Waldhere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingwald" title="Ingwald">Ingwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecgwulf" title="Ecgwulf">Ecgwulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wigheah" title="Wigheah">Wigheah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadberht_(bishop_of_London)" title="Eadberht (bishop of London)">Eadberht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadgar_of_London" title="Eadgar of London">Eadgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coenwalh_(bishop)" title="Coenwalh (bishop)">Coenwalh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadbald_(bishop_of_London)" title="Eadbald (bishop of London)">Eadbald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathoberht" title="Heathoberht">Heathoberht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmund_(bishop_of_London)" title="Osmund (bishop of London)">Osmund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelnoth_(bishop_of_London)" title="Æthelnoth (bishop of London)">Æthelnoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceolberht" title="Ceolberht">Ceolberht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deorwulf" title="Deorwulf">Deorwulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swithwulf_(bishop_of_London)" title="Swithwulf (bishop of London)">Swithwulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heahstan" title="Heahstan">Heahstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wulfsige_of_London" title="Wulfsige of London">Wulfsige</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelweard_of_London" title="Æthelweard of London">Æthelweard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leofstan" title="Leofstan">Leofstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodred_(bishop_of_London)" title="Theodred (bishop of London)">Theodred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brihthelm_(bishop_of_London)" title="Brihthelm (bishop of London)">Brihthelm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunstan" title="Dunstan">Dunstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfstan_(bishop_of_London)" title="Ælfstan (bishop of London)">Ælfstan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wulfstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfhun_(bishop_of_London)" title="Ælfhun (bishop of London)">Ælfhun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfwig" title="Ælfwig">Ælfwig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfweard_of_London" title="Ælfweard of London">Ælfweard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_of_Jumi%C3%A8ges" title="Robert of Jumièges">Robert of Jumièges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spearhafoc" title="Spearhafoc">Spearhafoc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post-Conquest</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_the_Norman" title="William the Norman">William the Norman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_d%27Orevalle" title="Hugh d'Orevalle">Hugh d'Orevalle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_(bishop_of_London)" title="Maurice (bishop of London)">Maurice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_de_Belmeis_I" title="Richard de Belmeis I">Richard de Belmeis I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Universalis" title="Gilbert Universalis">Gilbert Universalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_St_Saba" title="Anselm of St Saba">Anselm</a> <i>(quashed)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_de_Sigello" title="Robert de Sigello">Robert de Sigello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_de_Belmeis_II" title="Richard de Belmeis II">Richard de Belmeis II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Foliot" title="Gilbert Foliot">Gilbert Foliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_FitzNeal" title="Richard FitzNeal">Richard FitzNeal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Sainte-M%C3%A8re-%C3%89glise" title="William of Sainte-Mère-Église">William of Sainte-Mère-Église</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eustace_of_Fauconberg" title="Eustace of Fauconberg">Eustace of Fauconberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Niger" title="Roger Niger">Roger Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulk_Basset_(bishop_of_London)" title="Fulk Basset (bishop of London)">Fulk Basset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wingham" title="Henry Wingham">Henry Wingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Talbot_(bishop_of_London)" title="Richard Talbot (bishop of London)">Richard Talbot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Sandwich" title="Henry of Sandwich">Henry of Sandwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chishull" title="John Chishull">John Chishull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulke_Lovell" title="Fulke Lovell">Fulke Lovell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Gravesend" title="Richard Gravesend">Richard Gravesend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Baldock" title="Ralph Baldock">Ralph Baldock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Segrave" title="Gilbert Segrave">Gilbert Segrave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Newport_(bishop)" title="Richard Newport (bishop)">Richard Newport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Gravesend" title="Stephen Gravesend">Stephen Gravesend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_de_Wentworth" title="Richard de Wentworth">Richard de Wentworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Stratford" title="Ralph Stratford">Ralph Stratford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Northburgh" title="Michael Northburgh">Michael Northburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Sudbury" title="Simon Sudbury">Simon Sudbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Courtenay" title="William Courtenay">William Courtenay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Braybrooke" title="Robert Braybrooke">Robert Braybrooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Walden" title="Roger Walden">Roger Walden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Bubwith" title="Nicholas Bubwith">Nicholas Bubwith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Clifford" title="Richard Clifford">Richard Clifford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kemp" title="John Kemp">John Kemp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Grey_(bishop_of_Lincoln)" title="William Grey (bishop of Lincoln)">William Grey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_FitzHugh" title="Robert FitzHugh">Robert FitzHugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gilbert_(bishop)" title="Robert Gilbert (bishop)">Robert Gilbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kempe" title="Thomas Kempe">Thomas Kempe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hill_(bishop)" title="Richard Hill (bishop)">Richard Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Savage_(bishop)" title="Thomas Savage (bishop)">Thomas Savage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Warham" title="William Warham">William Warham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Barons" title="William Barons">William Barons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_FitzJames" title="Richard FitzJames">Richard FitzJames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuthbert_Tunstall" title="Cuthbert Tunstall">Cuthbert Tunstall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">During the Reformation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Stokesley" title="John Stokesley">John Stokesley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Bonner" title="Edmund Bonner">Edmund Bonner</a> <i>(1st)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Ridley_(martyr)" title="Nicholas Ridley (martyr)">Nicholas Ridley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Bonner" title="Edmund Bonner">Edmund Bonner</a> <i>(2nd)</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post-Reformation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Grindal" title="Edmund Grindal">Edmund Grindal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Sandys_(bishop)" title="Edwin Sandys (bishop)">Edwin Sandys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Aylmer_(bishop)" title="John Aylmer (bishop)">John Aylmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Fletcher_(bishop)" title="Richard Fletcher (bishop)">Richard Fletcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bancroft" title="Richard Bancroft">Richard Bancroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Vaughan_(bishop)" title="Richard Vaughan (bishop)">Richard Vaughan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ravis" title="Thomas Ravis">Thomas Ravis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Abbot_(bishop)" title="George Abbot (bishop)">George Abbot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_King_(bishop_of_London)" title="John King (bishop of London)">John King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Montaigne" title="George Montaigne">George Montaigne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Laud" title="William Laud">William Laud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Juxon" title="William Juxon">William Juxon</a></li> <li><i>Episcopacy abolished (<a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England" title="Commonwealth of England">Commonwealth</a>)</i></li> <li>William Juxon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Sheldon" title="Gilbert Sheldon">Gilbert Sheldon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Henchman" title="Humphrey Henchman">Humphrey Henchman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Compton_(bishop)" title="Henry Compton (bishop)">Henry Compton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Robinson_(bishop_of_London)" title="John Robinson (bishop of London)">John Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Gibson" title="Edmund Gibson">Edmund Gibson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sherlock" title="Thomas Sherlock">Thomas Sherlock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hayter" title="Thomas Hayter">Thomas Hayter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Osbaldeston" title="Richard Osbaldeston">Richard Osbaldeston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Terrick" title="Richard Terrick">Richard Terrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lowth" title="Robert Lowth">Robert Lowth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beilby_Porteus" title="Beilby Porteus">Beilby Porteus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Randolph_(bishop_of_London)" title="John Randolph (bishop of London)">John Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howley" title="William Howley">William Howley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Blomfield" title="Charles James Blomfield">Charles James Blomfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Campbell_Tait" title="Archibald Campbell Tait">Archibald Campbell Tait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jackson_(bishop)" title="John Jackson (bishop)">John Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Temple" title="Frederick Temple">Frederick Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandell_Creighton" title="Mandell Creighton">Mandell Creighton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Winnington-Ingram" title="Arthur Winnington-Ingram">Arthur Winnington-Ingram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Fisher" title="Geoffrey Fisher">Geoffrey Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wand" title="William Wand">William Wand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Montgomery_Campbell" title="Henry Montgomery Campbell">Henry Montgomery Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Stopford_(bishop)" title="Robert Stopford (bishop)">Robert Stopford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ellison" title="Gerald Ellison">Gerald Ellison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graham_Leonard" title="Graham Leonard">Graham Leonard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hope,_Baron_Hope_of_Thornes" title="David Hope, Baron Hope of Thornes">David Hope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Chartres" title="Richard Chartres">Richard Chartres</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pete_Broadbent" title="Pete Broadbent">Pete Broadbent</a> (Acting)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Mullally" title="Sarah Mullally">Sarah Mullally</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bishops_of_Worcester" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #FFFFFF; border-bottom: #7F1734 5px solid; border-top: #7F1734 5px solid;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bishops_of_Worcester" title="Template:Bishops of Worcester"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bishops_of_Worcester" title="Template talk:Bishops of Worcester"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bishops_of_Worcester" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bishops of Worcester"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bishops_of_Worcester" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Worcester" title="Bishop of Worcester">Bishops of Worcester</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosel" title="Bosel">Bosel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oftfor" title="Oftfor">Oftfor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egwin_of_Evesham" title="Egwin of Evesham">Egwin of Evesham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfrith_I_(bishop_of_Worcester)" title="Wilfrith I (bishop of Worcester)">Wilfrith</a> <i>(I)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milred" title="Milred">Milred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waermund_(bishop_of_Worcester)" title="Waermund (bishop of Worcester)">Waermund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilhere" title="Tilhere">Tilhere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathured_of_Worcester" title="Heathured of Worcester">Heathured</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denebeorht" title="Denebeorht">Denebeorht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heahbeorht" title="Heahbeorht">Heahbeorht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ealhhun" title="Ealhhun">Ealhhun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werferth" title="Werferth">Werferth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelhun" title="Æthelhun">Æthelhun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfrith_II_(bishop_of_Worcester)" title="Wilfrith II (bishop of Worcester)">Wilfrith</a> <i>(II)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koenwald" title="Koenwald">Koenwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunstan" title="Dunstan">Dunstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_of_Worcester" title="Oswald of Worcester">Oswald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ealdwulf_(archbishop_of_York)" title="Ealdwulf (archbishop of York)">Ealdwulf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">High medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wulfstan</a> <i>(I)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leofsige" title="Leofsige">Leofsige</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beorhtheah" title="Beorhtheah">Beorhtheah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyfing_of_Winchester" title="Lyfing of Winchester">Lyfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfric_Puttoc" title="Ælfric Puttoc">Ælfric Puttoc</a></li> <li>Lyfing</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ealdred_(bishop)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ealdred (bishop)">Ealdred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wulfstan_(died_1095)" title="Wulfstan (died 1095)">Wulfstan</a> <i>(II)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samson_(bishop_of_Worcester)" title="Samson (bishop of Worcester)">Samson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theulf" title="Theulf">Theulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_of_Worcester" title="Simon of Worcester">Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_de_Pageham" title="John de Pageham">John de Pageham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alured" title="Alured">Alured</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_of_Worcester" title="Roger of Worcester">Roger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldwin_of_Forde" title="Baldwin of Forde">Baldwin of Forde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Northall" title="William of Northall">William of Northall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_FitzRalph" title="Robert FitzRalph">Robert FitzRalph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_de_Sully_(bishop_of_Worcester)" title="Henry de Sully (bishop of Worcester)">Henry de Sully</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Coutances" title="John of Coutances">John of Coutances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauger_of_Worcester" title="Mauger of Worcester">Mauger</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Randulf_of_Evesham" title="Randulf of Evesham">Randulf of Evesham</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_de_Gray" title="Walter de Gray">Walter de Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvester_of_Worcester" title="Sylvester of Worcester">Sylvester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_de_Blois_(bishop_of_Worcester)" title="William de Blois (bishop of Worcester)">William de Blois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_de_Cantilupe" title="Walter de Cantilupe">Walter de Cantilupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_of_Ely" title="Nicholas of Ely">Nicholas of Ely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godfrey_Giffard" title="Godfrey Giffard">Godfrey Giffard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Late medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/John_St_German" title="John St German">John St German</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Gainsborough" title="William Gainsborough">William Gainsborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Reynolds" title="Walter Reynolds">Walter Reynolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Maidstone" title="Walter Maidstone">Walter Maidstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cobham" title="Thomas Cobham">Thomas Cobham</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wulstan_Bransford" title="Wulstan Bransford">Wulstan Bransford</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Orleton" title="Adam Orleton">Adam Orleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Montacute" title="Simon Montacute">Simon Montacute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hemenhale" title="Thomas Hemenhale">Thomas Hemenhale</a></li> <li>Wulstan Bransford</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Thoresby" title="John of Thoresby">John of Thoresby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Brian" title="Reginald Brian">Reginald Brian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Barnet" title="John Barnet">John Barnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Whittlesey" title="William Whittlesey">William Whittlesey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lenn" title="William Lenn">William Lenn</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Walter_Lyghe" title="Walter Lyghe">Walter Lyghe</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wakefield_(bishop_of_Worcester)" title="Henry Wakefield (bishop of Worcester)">Henry Wakefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Tideman_of_Winchcombe" title="Robert Tideman of Winchcombe">Robert Tideman of Winchcombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Clifford" title="Richard Clifford">Richard Clifford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Peverel" title="Thomas Peverel">Thomas Peverel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Morgan_(bishop)" title="Philip Morgan (bishop)">Philip Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Polton" title="Thomas Polton">Thomas Polton</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brunce" title="Thomas Brunce">Thomas Brunce</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bourchier_(cardinal)" title="Thomas Bourchier (cardinal)">Thomas Bourchier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Carpenter_(bishop_of_Worcester)" title="John Carpenter (bishop of Worcester)">John Carpenter</a> <i>("Bishop of Worcester and Westbury")</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Alcock_(bishop)" title="John Alcock (bishop)">John Alcock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Morton_(bishop)" title="Robert Morton (bishop)">Robert Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_de%27_Gigli" title="Giovanni de' Gigli">Giovanni de' Gigli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silvestro_de%27_Gigli" title="Silvestro de' Gigli">Silvestro de' Gigli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Ghinucci" title="Girolamo Ghinucci">Girolamo Ghinucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Latimer" title="Hugh Latimer">Hugh Latimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bell_(bishop_of_Worcester)" title="John Bell (bishop of Worcester)">John Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Heath" title="Nicholas Heath">Nicholas Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hooper_(bishop)" title="John Hooper (bishop)">John Hooper</a>, Bishop of Worcester and Gloucester</li> <li>Nicholas Heath</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Pate_(bishop)" title="Richard Pate (bishop)">Richard Pate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Sandys_(bishop)" title="Edwin Sandys (bishop)">Edwin Sandys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Bullingham" title="Nicholas Bullingham">Nicholas Bullingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Whitgift" title="John Whitgift">John Whitgift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Freke" title="Edmund Freke">Edmund Freke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Fletcher_(bishop)" title="Richard Fletcher (bishop)">Richard Fletcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bilson" title="Thomas Bilson">Thomas Bilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gervase_Babington" title="Gervase Babington">Gervase Babington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Parry_(bishop_of_Worcester)" title="Henry Parry (bishop of Worcester)">Henry Parry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Thornborough" title="John Thornborough">John Thornborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Prideaux" title="John Prideaux">John Prideaux</a></li> <li><i>Episcopacy abolished (<a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England" title="Commonwealth of England">Commonwealth</a>)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Morley_(bishop)" title="George Morley (bishop)">George Morley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gauden" title="John Gauden">John Gauden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Earle_(bishop)" title="John Earle (bishop)">John Earle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Skinner_(bishop)" title="Robert Skinner (bishop)">Robert Skinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Blandford" title="Walter Blandford">Walter Blandford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Fleetwood" title="James Fleetwood">James Fleetwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Thomas_(bishop_of_Worcester)" title="William Thomas (bishop of Worcester)">William Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Stillingfleet" title="Edward Stillingfleet">Edward Stillingfleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lloyd_(bishop_of_Worcester)" title="William Lloyd (bishop of Worcester)">William Lloyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hough_(bishop)" title="John Hough (bishop)">John Hough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Maddox" title="Isaac Maddox">Isaac Maddox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Johnson_(bishop_of_Worcester)" title="James Johnson (bishop of Worcester)">James Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brownlow_North" title="Brownlow North">Brownlow North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hurd_(bishop)" title="Richard Hurd (bishop)">Richard Hurd</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Late modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Folliott_Cornewall" title="Folliott Cornewall">Folliott Cornewall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Carr_(bishop)" title="Robert Carr (bishop)">Robert Carr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Pepys" title="Henry Pepys">Henry Pepys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Philpott_(bishop)" title="Henry Philpott (bishop)">Henry Philpott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Perowne" title="John Perowne">John Perowne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gore" title="Charles Gore">Charles Gore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huyshe_Yeatman-Biggs" title="Huyshe Yeatman-Biggs">Huyshe Yeatman-Biggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Pearce" title="Ernest Pearce">Ernest Pearce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Perowne" title="Arthur Perowne">Arthur Perowne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wilson_Cash" title="William Wilson Cash">William Wilson Cash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mervyn_Charles-Edwards" title="Mervyn Charles-Edwards">Mervyn Charles-Edwards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Woods" title="Robin Woods">Robin Woods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Goodrich" title="Philip Goodrich">Philip Goodrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Selby" title="Peter Selby">Peter Selby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Inge" title="John Inge">John Inge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bishops_and_Archbishops_of_York" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #FFFFFF; border-bottom: #7F1734 5px solid; border-top: #7F1734 5px solid;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bishops_and_Archbishops_of_York" title="Template:Bishops and Archbishops of York"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bishops_and_Archbishops_of_York" title="Template talk:Bishops and Archbishops of York"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bishops_and_Archbishops_of_York" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bishops and Archbishops of York"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bishops_and_Archbishops_of_York" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Bishops and <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_York" title="Archbishop of York">Archbishops of York</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-<a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a> bishops</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paulinus_of_York" title="Paulinus of York">Paulinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad_of_Mercia" title="Chad of Mercia">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfrid" title="Wilfrid">Wilfrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosa_of_York" title="Bosa of York">Bosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Beverley" title="John of Beverley">John of Beverley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_II_(bishop_of_York)" title="Wilfrid II (bishop of York)">Wilfrid II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-Reformation<br />archbishops</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecgbert_of_York" title="Ecgbert of York">Egbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelbert_of_York" title="Æthelbert of York">Æthelbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eanbald_(died_796)" title="Eanbald (died 796)">Eanbald I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eanbald_(floruit_798)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eanbald (floruit 798)">Eanbald II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wulfsige_of_York" title="Wulfsige of York">Wulfsige</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wigmund_(archbishop_of_York)" title="Wigmund (archbishop of York)">Wigmund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wulfhere_of_York" title="Wulfhere of York">Wulfhere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelbald_of_York" title="Æthelbald of York">Æthelbald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrotheweard" title="Hrotheweard">Hrotheweard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wulfstan_(died_956)" title="Wulfstan (died 956)">Wulfstan I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscytel" title="Oscytel">Oscytel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwald" title="Edwald">Edwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_of_Worcester" title="Oswald of Worcester">Oswald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ealdwulf_(archbishop_of_York)" title="Ealdwulf (archbishop of York)">Ealdwulf</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wulfstan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfric_Puttoc" title="Ælfric Puttoc">Ælfric Puttoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynesige" title="Cynesige">Cynesige</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ealdred_(archbishop_of_York)" title="Ealdred (archbishop of York)">Ealdred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_of_Bayeux" title="Thomas of Bayeux">Thomas of Bayeux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_(archbishop_of_York)" title="Gerard (archbishop of York)">Gerard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_II_of_York" title="Thomas II of York">Thomas II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurstan" title="Thurstan">Thurstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_York" title="William of York">William FitzHerbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Murdac" title="Henry Murdac">Henry Murdac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_York" title="William of York">William FitzHerbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_de_Pont_L%27%C3%89v%C3%AAque" title="Roger de Pont L'Évêque">Roger de Pont L'Évêque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_(archbishop_of_York)" title="Geoffrey (archbishop of York)">Geoffrey Plantagenet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Langton_(priest)" title="Simon Langton (priest)">Simon Langton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_de_Gray" title="Walter de Gray">Walter de Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewal_de_Bovil" title="Sewal de Bovil">Sewal de Bovil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godfrey_Ludham" title="Godfrey Ludham">Godfrey Ludham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Langton" title="William Langton">William Langton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Giffard" title="Walter Giffard">Walter Giffard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_de_Wickwane" title="William de Wickwane">William de Wickwane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_le_Romeyn" title="John le Romeyn">John le Romeyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Newark" title="Henry of Newark">Henry of Newark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_of_Corbridge" title="Thomas of Corbridge">Thomas of Corbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Greenfield" title="William Greenfield">William Greenfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Melton" title="William Melton">William Melton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Zouche" title="William Zouche">William Zouche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Thoresby" title="John of Thoresby">John of Thoresby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Neville" title="Alexander Neville">Alexander Neville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Arundel" title="Thomas Arundel">Thomas Arundel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Waldby" title="Robert Waldby">Robert Waldby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Scrope_(bishop)" title="Richard Scrope (bishop)">Richard le Scrope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Langley" title="Thomas Langley">Thomas Langley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hallam" title="Robert Hallam">Robert Hallam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Bowet" title="Henry Bowet">Henry Bowet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Morgan_(bishop)" title="Philip Morgan (bishop)">Philip Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Fleming_(bishop)" title="Richard Fleming (bishop)">Richard Fleming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kemp" title="John Kemp">John Kemp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Booth_(bishop)" title="William Booth (bishop)">William Booth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Neville_(bishop)" title="George Neville (bishop)">George Neville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Booth" title="Lawrence Booth">Lawrence Booth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Rotherham" title="Thomas Rotherham">Thomas Rotherham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Savage_(bishop)" title="Thomas Savage (bishop)">Thomas Savage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Bainbridge" title="Christopher Bainbridge">Christopher Bainbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wolsey" title="Thomas Wolsey">Thomas Wolsey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post-Reformation<br />archbishops</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Lee_(bishop)" title="Edward Lee (bishop)">Edward Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Holgate" title="Robert Holgate">Robert Holgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Heath" title="Nicholas Heath">Nicholas Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Young_(bishop)" title="Thomas Young (bishop)">Thomas Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Grindal" title="Edmund Grindal">Edmund Grindal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Sandys_(bishop)" title="Edwin Sandys (bishop)">Edwin Sandys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Piers" title="John Piers">John Piers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Hutton_(archbishop_of_York)" title="Matthew Hutton (archbishop of York)">Matthew Hutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobias_Matthew" title="Tobias Matthew">Tobias Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Montaigne" title="George Montaigne">George Montaigne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Harsnett" title="Samuel Harsnett">Samuel Harsnett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Neile" title="Richard Neile">Richard Neile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Williams_(archbishop_of_York)" title="John Williams (archbishop of York)">John Williams</a></li> <li><i>Episcopacy abolished (<a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England" title="Commonwealth of England">Commonwealth</a>)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accepted_Frewen" title="Accepted Frewen">Accepted Frewen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Sterne_(bishop)" title="Richard Sterne (bishop)">Richard Sterne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dolben" title="John Dolben">John Dolben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lamplugh" title="Thomas Lamplugh">Thomas Lamplugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sharp_(bishop)" title="John Sharp (bishop)">John Sharp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_William_Dawes,_3rd_Baronet" title="Sir William Dawes, 3rd Baronet">Sir William Dawes Bt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancelot_Blackburne" title="Lancelot Blackburne">Lancelot Blackburne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Herring" title="Thomas Herring">Thomas Herring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Hutton_(archbishop_of_Canterbury)" title="Matthew Hutton (archbishop of Canterbury)">Matthew Hutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gilbert_(archbishop_of_York)" title="John Gilbert (archbishop of York)">John Gilbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hay_Drummond" title="Robert Hay Drummond">Robert Hay Drummond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Markham_(bishop)" title="William Markham (bishop)">William Markham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Venables-Vernon-Harcourt" title="Edward Venables-Vernon-Harcourt">Edward Venables-Vernon-Harcourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Musgrave_(bishop)" title="Thomas Musgrave (bishop)">Thomas Musgrave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Longley" title="Charles Longley">Charles Longley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Thomson_(bishop)" title="William Thomson (bishop)">William Thomson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Connor_Magee" title="William Connor Magee">William Connor Magee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Maclagan" title="William Maclagan">William Maclagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmo_Gordon_Lang" title="Cosmo Gordon Lang">Cosmo Lang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Temple_(bishop)" title="William Temple (bishop)">William Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_Garbett" title="Cyril Garbett">Cyril Garbett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ramsey" title="Michael Ramsey">Michael Ramsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Coggan" title="Donald Coggan">Donald Coggan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Blanch" title="Stuart Blanch">Stuart Blanch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Habgood" title="John Habgood">John Habgood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hope,_Baron_Hope_of_Thornes" title="David Hope, Baron Hope of Thornes">David Hope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sentamu" title="John Sentamu">John Sentamu</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ferguson_(bishop)" title="Paul Ferguson (bishop)">Paul Ferguson</a> (acting diocesan)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Cottrell" title="Stephen Cottrell">Stephen Cottrell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Old_English_prose" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Old_English_prose" title="Template:Old English prose"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Old_English_prose" title="Template talk:Old English prose"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Old_English_prose" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Old English prose"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Old_English_prose" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Old_English_literature#Prose" title="Old English literature">Old English prose</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hagiography" title="Hagiography">Hagiography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_English_Martyrology" title="Old English Martyrology">Old English Martyrology</a></li> <li><i>Lives of Saints</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Resting-Places_of_the_Saints" title="On the Resting-Places of the Saints">On the Resting-Places of the Saints</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leofric,_Earl_of_Mercia#Visio_Leofrici" title="Leofric, Earl of Mercia">Visio Leofrici</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Homily" title="Homily">Homilies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blickling_Homilies" class="mw-redirect" title="Blickling Homilies">Blickling Homilies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambeth_Homilies" title="Lambeth Homilies">Lambeth Homilies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vercelli_Homilies" class="mw-redirect" title="Vercelli Homilies">Vercelli Homilies</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sermo_Lupi_ad_Anglos" title="Sermo Lupi ad Anglos">Sermo Lupi ad Anglos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_falsis_diis" title="De falsis diis">De falsis diis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_(homily)" title="Judith (homily)"><i>Judith</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">Historiography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_English_Orosius" title="Old English Orosius">History of the World</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_History_of_the_English_People" title="Ecclesiastical History of the English People">Ecclesiastical History of the English People</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle" title="Anglo-Saxon Chronicle">Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winchcombe_Annals" title="Winchcombe Annals">Winchcombe Annals</a></li> <li>Old English <i><a href="/wiki/Hexameron" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexameron">Hexameron</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wisdom_literature" title="Wisdom literature">Wisdom literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Solomon_and_Saturn#Prose_Solomon_and_Saturn" title="Solomon and Saturn">The Prose Solomon and Saturn</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Adrian_and_Ritheus" title="Adrian and Ritheus">Adrian and Ritheus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Durham_Proverbs" title="The Durham Proverbs">The Durham Proverbs</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_English_Dicts_of_Cato" title="Old English Dicts of Cato">Old English <i>Dicts of Cato</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_the_Great" title="Alfred the Great">Ælfredian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Old_English_Boethius" class="mw-redirect" title="The Old English Boethius">Froforboc</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cura_Pastoralis" class="mw-redirect" title="Cura Pastoralis">Hierdeboc</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Soliloquies_of_Augustine" title="Soliloquies of Augustine">Blostman</a></i></li> <li><i>Psalms</i> 1–50</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Werferth" title="Werferth">Dialogi</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Legal texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon laws">Law codes</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ge%C3%BEync%C3%B0o" title="Geþyncðo">Geþyncðo</a></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Textus_Roffensis" title="Textus Roffensis">Textus Roffensis</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_charters" title="Anglo-Saxon charters">Charters</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Canons_of_Edgar" title="Canons of Edgar">Canons of Edgar</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fonthill_Letter" title="Fonthill Letter">Fonthill Letter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scientific texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bald%27s_Leechbook" title="Bald's Leechbook">Leechbook</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lacnunga" title="Lacnunga">Lacnunga</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leechbook_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Leechbook III">Leechbook III</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byrhtferth_of_Ramsey#Manual" class="mw-redirect" title="Byrhtferth of Ramsey">Byrhtferth's Manual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Apuleius#Translation:_the_Old_English_Herbarium" title="Pseudo-Apuleius">Old English Herbarium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ecclesiastical texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Handbook_for_a_Confessor" title="Handbook for a Confessor">Handbook for a Confessor</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatton_Gospels" title="Hatton Gospels">Hatton Gospels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wessex_Gospels" title="Wessex Gospels">Wessex Gospels</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_English_Gospel_of_Nicodemus" title="Old English Gospel of Nicodemus">Gospel of Nicodemus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vindicta_Salvatoris" title="Vindicta Salvatoris">Vindicta Salvatoris</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_English_Hexateuch" title="Old English Hexateuch">Old English Hexateuch</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Interrogationes_Sigewulfi" class="mw-redirect" title="Interrogationes Sigewulfi">Interrogationes Sigewulfi in Genesim</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_royal_genealogies" title="Anglo-Saxon royal genealogies">Genealogies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kentish_Royal_Legend" title="Kentish Royal Legend">Kentish Royal Legend</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Apollonius_of_Tyre#Translations" title="Apollonius of Tyre">Apollonius of Tyre</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_English_Lapidary" title="Old English Lapidary">Old English Lapidary</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wonders_of_the_East" title="Wonders of the East">Wonders of the East</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Authors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_the_Great" title="Alfred the Great">Ælfred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfric_of_Eynsham" title="Ælfric of Eynsham">Ælfric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byrhtferth_of_Ramsey" class="mw-redirect" title="Byrhtferth of Ramsey">Byrhtferth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werferth" title="Werferth">Werferth</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wulfstan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1236490#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1236490#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1236490#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118771434">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50027889">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13516435v">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13516435v">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35622185">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jx20070509008&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX4946690">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070161348">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90893292">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/dbqstcxx5rb5267">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810644757205606">Poland</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810651781705606">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" 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