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aria-controls="toc-Early_political_activities_and_life_(1896–1917)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Early political activities and life (1896–1917) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Early_political_activities_and_life_(1896–1917)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Revolutionary_activity_and_imprisonment_(1896–1898)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revolutionary_activity_and_imprisonment_(1896–1898)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Revolutionary activity and imprisonment (1896–1898) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revolutionary_activity_and_imprisonment_(1896–1898)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_marriage_and_Siberian_exile_(1899–1902)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_marriage_and_Siberian_exile_(1899–1902)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 First marriage and Siberian exile (1899–1902) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_marriage_and_Siberian_exile_(1899–1902)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_emigration_and_second_marriage_(1902–1903)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_emigration_and_second_marriage_(1902–1903)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 First emigration and second marriage (1902–1903) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_emigration_and_second_marriage_(1902–1903)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Split_with_Lenin_(1903–1904)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Split_with_Lenin_(1903–1904)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Split with Lenin (1903–1904) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Split_with_Lenin_(1903–1904)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1905_revolution_and_trial_(1905–1906)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1905_revolution_and_trial_(1905–1906)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 1905 revolution and trial (1905–1906) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1905_revolution_and_trial_(1905–1906)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_emigration_(1907–1914)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_emigration_(1907–1914)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Second emigration (1907–1914) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_emigration_(1907–1914)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_I_(1914–1917)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_I_(1914–1917)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 World War I (1914–1917) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_I_(1914–1917)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russian_Revolution_and_aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_Revolution_and_aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Russian Revolution and aftermath </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Russian_Revolution_and_aftermath-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Russian Revolution and aftermath subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Russian_Revolution_and_aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Commissar_for_Foreign_Affairs_and_Brest-Litovsk_(1917–1918)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commissar_for_Foreign_Affairs_and_Brest-Litovsk_(1917–1918)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Commissar for Foreign Affairs and Brest-Litovsk (1917–1918) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commissar_for_Foreign_Affairs_and_Brest-Litovsk_(1917–1918)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Brest-Litovsk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brest-Litovsk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 Brest-Litovsk </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brest-Litovsk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Head_of_the_Red_Army_(spring_1918)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Head_of_the_Red_Army_(spring_1918)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Head of the Red Army (spring 1918) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Head_of_the_Red_Army_(spring_1918)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_War_(1918–1920)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_War_(1918–1920)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Civil War (1918–1920) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_War_(1918–1920)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1918" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1918"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.1 1918 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1918-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Red_Terror" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Red_Terror"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.1.1 Red Terror </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Red_Terror-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Desertions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Desertions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.1.2 Desertions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Desertions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1919" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1919"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.2 1919 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1919-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1920" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1920"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.3 1920 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1920-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trade_union_debate_(1920–1921)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trade_union_debate_(1920–1921)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Trade union debate (1920–1921) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trade_union_debate_(1920–1921)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kronstadt_rebellion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kronstadt_rebellion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Kronstadt rebellion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kronstadt_rebellion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trotsky's_contribution_to_the_Russian_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trotsky's_contribution_to_the_Russian_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Trotsky's contribution to the Russian Revolution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trotsky's_contribution_to_the_Russian_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lenin's_illness_(1922–1923)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lenin's_illness_(1922–1923)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Lenin's illness (1922–1923) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lenin's_illness_(1922–1923)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Left_opposition_(1923–1924)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Left_opposition_(1923–1924)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8 Left opposition (1923–1924) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Left_opposition_(1923–1924)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_Lenin's_death_(1924)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_Lenin's_death_(1924)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.9 After Lenin's death (1924) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_Lenin's_death_(1924)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-A_year_in_the_wilderness_(1925)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#A_year_in_the_wilderness_(1925)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.10 A year in the wilderness (1925) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-A_year_in_the_wilderness_(1925)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Opposition_(1926–1927)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Opposition_(1926–1927)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.11 United Opposition (1926–1927) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Opposition_(1926–1927)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defeat_and_exile_(1927–1928)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defeat_and_exile_(1927–1928)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.12 Defeat and exile (1927–1928) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defeat_and_exile_(1927–1928)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fate_of_Left_Oppositionists_after_Trotsky's_exile_(1929–1941)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fate_of_Left_Oppositionists_after_Trotsky's_exile_(1929–1941)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.13 Fate of Left Oppositionists after Trotsky's exile (1929–1941) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fate_of_Left_Oppositionists_after_Trotsky's_exile_(1929–1941)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exile_(1929–1940)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exile_(1929–1940)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Exile (1929–1940) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Exile_(1929–1940)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Exile (1929–1940) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Exile_(1929–1940)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Turkey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Turkey </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 France </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Norway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Norway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Norway </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Norway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mexico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mexico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Mexico </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mexico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Moscow_show_trials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moscow_show_trials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Moscow show trials </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moscow_show_trials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fourth_International" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fourth_International"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Fourth International </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fourth_International-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Dies_Committee" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Dies_Committee"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 The Dies Committee </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Dies_Committee-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_months" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_months"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.8 Final months </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_months-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assassination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assassination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Assassination </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assassination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personality_and_characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personality_and_characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Personality and characteristics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personality_and_characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_stature_and_conflicts_with_Stalin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_stature_and_conflicts_with_Stalin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Political stature and conflicts with Stalin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_stature_and_conflicts_with_Stalin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relations_with_Lenin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relations_with_Lenin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Relations with Lenin </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Relations_with_Lenin-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Relations with Lenin subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Relations_with_Lenin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lenin's_succession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lenin's_succession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Lenin's succession </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lenin's_succession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_reputation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_reputation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Historical reputation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_reputation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_ideology_and_contributions_to_Marxism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_ideology_and_contributions_to_Marxism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Political ideology and contributions to Marxism </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Political_ideology_and_contributions_to_Marxism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Political ideology and contributions to Marxism subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Political_ideology_and_contributions_to_Marxism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economic_programme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_programme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Economic programme </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_programme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Permanent_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Permanent_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Permanent Revolution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Permanent_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_front_and_theory_of_fascism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_front_and_theory_of_fascism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3 United front and theory of fascism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_front_and_theory_of_fascism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uneven_and_combined_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uneven_and_combined_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.4 Uneven and combined development </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uneven_and_combined_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literary_criticism_and_socialist_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literary_criticism_and_socialist_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.5 Literary criticism and socialist culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literary_criticism_and_socialist_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 In popular culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_by_Trotsky" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_by_Trotsky"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.1 Works by Trotsky </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_by_Trotsky-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.2 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 External links </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle External links subsection </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.1 Works </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Leon Trotsky</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" 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Available in 134 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-134" aria-hidden="true" > 134 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Leon Trotsky" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Trotzki" title="Leo Trotzki – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Leo Trotzki" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="त्रोत्स्की – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="त्रोत्स्की" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Trotskig" title="Leon Trotskig – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Leon Trotskig" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%8A" title="ليون تروتسكي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ليون تروتسكي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Leon Trotsky" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF" title="লিয়ন ট্ৰটস্কি – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="লিয়ন ট্ৰটস্কি" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%C3%B3n_Trotsky" title="León Trotsky – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="León Trotsky" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="त्रोत्स्की – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="त्रोत्स्की" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyun_Trotsky" title="Lyun Trotsky – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Lyun Trotsky" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Trotski" title="Lev Trotski – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Lev Trotski" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF" title="লিওন ত্রোত্‌স্কি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লিওন ত্রোত্‌স্কি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Trockij" title="Lev Trockij – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Lev Trockij" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Троцкий Лев Давидович – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Троцкий Лев Давидович" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%9E_%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87_%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Леў Давідавіч Троцкі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Леў Давідавіч Троцкі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%9E_%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Леў Троцкі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Леў Троцкі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Лев Троцки – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Лев Троцки" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Trotzki" title="Leo Trotzki – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Leo Trotzki" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A1%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%81%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%9A%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%81%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8D" title="ལི་ཡོན་ཁྲོའོ་ཚི་ཁི། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ལི་ཡོན་ཁྲོའོ་ཚི་ཁི།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lav_Trocki" title="Lav Trocki – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Lav Trocki" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyev_Trotsky" title="Lyev Trotsky – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Lyev Trotsky" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Trotski" title="Lev Trotski – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Lev Trotski" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Троцкий Лев Давидович – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Троцкий Лев Давидович" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Leon Trotsky" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Davidovi%C4%8D_Trockij" title="Lev Davidovič Trockij – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Lev Davidovič Trockij" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Leon Trotsky" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Trotskij" title="Lev Trotskij – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Lev Trotskij" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Trotzki" title="Leo Trotzki – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Leo Trotzki" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Trotski" title="Lev Trotski – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Lev Trotski" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%AD%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%A4%CF%81%CF%8C%CF%84%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%B9" title="Λέων Τρότσκι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λέων Τρότσκι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%C3%B3n_Trotski" title="León Trotski – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="León Trotski" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Trockij" title="Lev Trockij – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Lev Trockij" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Trotski" title="Leon Trotski – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Leon Trotski" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Trotski" title="Leon Trotski – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Leon Trotski" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="لئون تروتسکی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لئون تروتسکی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Trotski" title="Léon Trotski – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Léon Trotski" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Trotski" title="Leon Trotski – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Leon Trotski" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Trotsca%C3%AD" title="Leon Trotscaí – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Leon Trotscaí" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Leon Trotsky" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Trotski" title="Lev Trotski – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lev Trotski" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A6%D8%A4%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A4%D8%AA%D8%A6%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%8A" title="لئؤن ترؤتئسکي – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="لئؤن ترؤتئسکي" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="Leon Trotsky" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A0%88%ED%94%84_%ED%8A%B8%EB%A1%9C%EC%B8%A0%ED%82%A4" title="레프 트로츠키 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="레프 트로츠키" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D6%87_%D5%8F%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%81%D5%AF%D5%AB" title="Լև Տրոցկի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լև Տրոցկի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="लियोन त्रोत्स्की – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लियोन त्रोत्स्की" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lew_Dawidowi%C4%8D_Trockij" title="Lew Dawidowič Trockij – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Lew Dawidowič Trockij" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lav_Trocki" title="Lav Trocki – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Lav Trocki" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Davidovich_Trocki" title="Lev Davidovich Trocki – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Lev Davidovich Trocki" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Trotski" title="Leon Trotski – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Leon Trotski" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Trotskij" title="Leon Trotskij – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Leon Trotskij" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Trotsk%C3%ADj" title="Lev Trotskíj – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Lev Trotskíj" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Trockij" title="Lev Trockij – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lev Trockij" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%A7%D7%99" title="לאון טרוצקי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לאון טרוצקי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Trotski" title="Lev Trotski – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Lev Trotski" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%95_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AA%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="ლევ ტროცკი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლევ ტროცკი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Лев Давидович Троцкий – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Лев Давидович Троцкий" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Leon Trotsky" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Leon Trotsky" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Trotsk%C3%AE" title="Lev Trotskî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Lev Trotskî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Leon Trotsky" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Trotski" title="Leo Trotski – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Leo Trotski" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%BBevs_Trockis" title="Ļevs Trockis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ļevs Trockis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Trotzki" title="Leo Trotzki – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Leo Trotzki" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levas_Trockis" title="Levas Trockis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Levas Trockis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Trotski" title="Leon Trotski – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Leon Trotski" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Trotsci" title="Leo Trotsci – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Leo Trotsci" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/lev._trotskis" title="lev. trotskis – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="lev. trotskis" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Davidovics_Trockij" title="Lev Davidovics Trockij – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Lev Davidovics Trockij" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="त्रोत्स्की – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="त्रोत्स्की" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Лав Троцки – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Лав Троцки" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Trotski" title="Léon Trotski – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Léon Trotski" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF" title="ലിയെഫ് ഡേവിഡോവിച് ട്രോട്സ്കി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ലിയെഫ് ഡേവിഡോവിച് ട്രോട്സ്കി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="लेओन ट्रॉट्स्की – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="लेओन ट्रॉट्स्की" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%95_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AA%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="ლევ ტროცკი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ლევ ტროცკი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%89" title="ليون تروتسكى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ليون تروتسكى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="لئون تروتسکی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="لئون تروتسکی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Leon Trotsky" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Trotsky" title="Lev Trotsky – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Lev Trotsky" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Лев Троцкий – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Лев Троцкий" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%91%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B7%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8" title="လီယွန် ထရော့စကီး – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="လီယွန် ထရော့စကီး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Trotski" title="Lev Trotski – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lev Trotski" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="लिओन त्रोत्स्की – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="लिओन त्रोत्स्की" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="लीयो ट्रोट्स्की – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="लीयो ट्रोट्स्की" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AC%E3%83%95%E3%83%BB%E3%83%88%E3%83%AD%E3%83%84%E3%82%AD%E3%83%BC" title="レフ・トロツキー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="レフ・トロツキー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Trotski" title="Leo Trotski – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Leo Trotski" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Trotskij" title="Lev Trotskij – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Lev Trotskij" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Trotskij" title="Lev Trotskij – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Lev Trotskij" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trotski" title="Trotski – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Trotski" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Trotskiy" title="Lev Trotskiy – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Lev Trotskiy" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%93%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%80" title="ਲਿਓਨ ਤ੍ਰੋਤਸਕੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਲਿਓਨ ਤ੍ਰੋਤਸਕੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="تروتسکی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تروتسکی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="لئون تروتسکی – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="لئون تروتسکی" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Davidovi%C4%8D_Trockij" title="Lev Davidovič Trockij – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lev Davidovič Trockij" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lew_Trocki" title="Lew Trocki – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Lew Trocki" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Tr%C3%B3tski" title="Leon Trótski – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Leon Trótski" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Trotskiy" title="Lev Trotskiy – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Lev Trotskiy" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Davidovici_Tro%C8%9Bki" title="Lev Davidovici Troțki – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Lev Davidovici Troțki" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Leon Trotsky" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B9" title="Лев Троцкый – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Лев Троцкый" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9,_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Троцкий, Лев Давидович – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Троцкий, Лев Давидович" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Лев Троцкай – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Лев Троцкай" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="त्रोत्स्की – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="त्रोत्स्की" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Leon Trotsky" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Trocki" title="Leon Trocki – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Leon Trocki" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Davidovich_Trotsky" title="Leon Davidovich Trotsky – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Leon Davidovich Trotsky" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Leon Trotsky" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Davidovi%C4%8D_Trockij" title="Lev Davidovič Trockij – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Lev Davidovič Trockij" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Trocki" title="Lev Trocki – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Lev Trocki" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%DB%86%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%86%D8%AA%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="لیۆن ترۆتسکی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="لیۆن ترۆتسکی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Лав Троцки – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Лав Троцки" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lav_Trocki" title="Lav Trocki – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Lav Trocki" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Trotski" title="Lev Trotski – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lev Trotski" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Trotskij" title="Lev Trotskij – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Lev Trotskij" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Leon Trotsky" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF" title="லியோன் திரொட்ஸ்கி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="லியோன் திரொட்ஸ்கி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Лев Троцкий – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Лев Троцкий" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%80" title="లియోన్ ట్రాట్స్కీ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="లియోన్ ట్రాట్స్కీ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99_%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B5" title="เลออน ทรอตสกี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เลออน ทรอตสกี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Лев Тротский – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Лев Тротский" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Tro%C3%A7ki" title="Lev Troçki – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Lev Troçki" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Trot%C5%9Fki" title="Lev Trotşki – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Lev Trotşki" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Троцький Лев Давидович – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Троцький Лев Давидович" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%B9%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="ٹراٹسکی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ٹراٹسکی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Davidovich_Trotsky" title="Lev Davidovich Trotsky – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lev Davidovich Trotsky" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trotski_Lev" title="Trotski Lev – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Trotski Lev" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%89%98%E6%B4%9B%E8%8C%A8%E5%9F%BA" title="托洛茨基 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="托洛茨基" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Leon Trotsky" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%97%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E8%BE%BE%E7%BB%B4%E5%A4%9A%E7%BB%B4%E5%A5%87%C2%B7%E6%89%98%E6%B4%9B%E8%8C%A8%E5%9F%BA" title="列夫·达维多维奇·托洛茨基 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="列夫·达维多维奇·托洛茨基" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%99%D7%91_%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A6%D7%A7%D7%99" title="לייב טראצקי – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="לייב טראצקי" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%97%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%89%98%E6%B4%9B%E8%8C%A8%E5%9F%BA" title="列夫·托洛茨基 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="列夫·托洛茨基" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Tro%C3%A7ki" title="Lev Troçki – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Lev Troçki" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levs_Truockis" title="Levs Truockis – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Levs Truockis" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%97%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%89%98%E6%B4%9B%E8%8C%A8%E5%9F%BA" title="列夫·托洛茨基 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="列夫·托洛茨基" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Trotski" title="Lev Trotski – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Lev Trotski" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q33391#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Leon_Trotsky" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Soviet politician and revolutionary (1879–1940)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Trotsky" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Trotsky_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Trotsky (disambiguation)">Trotsky (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this name that follows <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Slavic_naming_customs" title="Eastern Slavic naming customs">Eastern Slavic naming customs</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Patronymic" title="Patronymic">patronymic</a> is <a href="/wiki/Davidovich" title="Davidovich">Davidovich</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">family name</a> is <a href="/wiki/Bronstein" title="Bronstein">Bronstein</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Very_long plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-very_long" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article may be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_size" title="Wikipedia:Article size">too long</a> to read and navigate comfortably. 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(September 2024)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Leon Trotsky</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>Лев Троцкий</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R15068,_Leo_Dawidowitsch_Trotzki.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R15068%2C_Leo_Dawidowitsch_Trotzki.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R15068%2C_Leo_Dawidowitsch_Trotzki.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="327" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R15068%2C_Leo_Dawidowitsch_Trotzki.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R15068%2C_Leo_Dawidowitsch_Trotzki.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R15068%2C_Leo_Dawidowitsch_Trotzki.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R15068%2C_Leo_Dawidowitsch_Trotzki.jpg 2x" data-file-width="632" data-file-height="939" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Trotsky <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1918</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Commissariat_for_Military_and_Naval_Affairs" title="People's Commissariat for Military and Naval Affairs">People's Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs of the Soviet Union</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 14 March 1918 – 12 January 1925</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Premier</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Rykov" title="Alexei Rykov">Alexei Rykov</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Podvoisky" title="Nikolai Podvoisky">Nikolai Podvoisky</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Frunze" title="Mikhail Frunze">Mikhail Frunze</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Russia)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (Russia)">People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs of the Russian SFSR</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 8 November 1917 – 13 March 1918</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Premier</th><td class="infobox-data">Vladimir Lenin</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Office established</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Chicherin" title="Georgy Chicherin">Georgy Chicherin</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Petrograd_Soviet#Chairmen" title="Petrograd Soviet">Chairman of the Petrograd Soviet</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 20 September 1917 – 26 December 1917</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Chkheidze" title="Nikolay Chkheidze">Nikolay Chkheidze</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Grigory_Zinoviev" title="Grigory Zinoviev">Grigory Zinoviev</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Lev Davidovich Bronstein</div> (1879-11-07)7 November 1879 (<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">N.S.</a>) <a href="/wiki/Yanovka" class="mw-redirect" title="Yanovka">Yanovka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">21 August 1940(1940-08-21) (aged 60) <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>, Mexico</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Manner of death</th><td class="infobox-data">Assassination</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky_House_Museum" title="Leon Trotsky House Museum">Leon Trotsky House Museum</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citizenship</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Russia (until 1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statelessness" title="Statelessness">Stateless</a> (1932–1937)</li> <li>Mexico (from 1937)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">Russian Social Democratic Labour Party</a> (1898–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezhraiontsy" title="Mezhraiontsy">Mezhraiontsy</a> (1917)<a href="#cite_note-2">[1]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" class="mw-redirect" title="All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)</a> (1918–1927)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"> <a href="/wiki/Aleksandra_Sokolovskaya" title="Aleksandra Sokolovskaya">Aleksandra Sokolovskaya</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1899; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 1902)</div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Natalia_Sedova" title="Natalia Sedova">Natalia Sedova</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1903)</div></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zinaida_Volkova" title="Zinaida Volkova">Zinaida</a></li><li>Nina</li><li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Sedov" title="Lev Sedov">Lev</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Sedov" title="Sergei Sedov">Sergei</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Leon_Trotsky_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Leon Trotsky's signature"><img alt="Trotsky's signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Leon_Trotsky_Signature.svg/128px-Leon_Trotsky_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Leon_Trotsky_Signature.svg/192px-Leon_Trotsky_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Leon_Trotsky_Signature.svg/256px-Leon_Trotsky_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="112" data-file-height="60" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-left listen noprint listen-embedded listen-noimage listen-center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Leon_Trotsky_talks_about_the_Red_Army.ogg" title="File:Leon Trotsky talks about the Red Army.ogg">Leon Trotsky's voice</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="169" data-mwtitle="Leon_Trotsky_talks_about_the_Red_Army.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b3/Leon_Trotsky_talks_about_the_Red_Army.ogg/Leon_Trotsky_talks_about_the_Red_Army.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/Leon_Trotsky_talks_about_the_Red_Army.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description">Recorded 1920</div></div></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background: lavender"><div>Central institution membership</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">1917–1927: Full member, <a href="/wiki/Inner-composition_of_the_6th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Inner-composition of the 6th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks)">6th</a>–<a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_14th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Politburo of the 14th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">14th</a> Politburo of AUCP(b) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">1917–1927: Full member, <a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_6th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="Central Committee of the 6th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">6th</a>–<a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_14th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Central Committee of the 14th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">14th</a> Central Committee of AUCP(b) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">1919–1920: Full member, <a href="/wiki/Orgburo_of_the_8th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Orgburo of the 8th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">8th</a> Orgburo of RCP(b) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">1923–1924: Full member, <a href="/wiki/Orgburo_of_the_12th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Orgburo of the 12th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">12th</a> Orgburo of RCP(b) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">1910–1912: Full member, <a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_5th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="Central Committee of the 5th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">5th</a> Central Committee of RSDLP </li></ul> </div> <hr /> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background: lavender"><div>Other offices held</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">1905: Chairman, <a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg_Soviet" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Petersburg Soviet">St. Petersburg Soviet</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">1917: Chairman, <a href="/wiki/Petrograd_Military_Revolutionary_Committee" title="Petrograd Military Revolutionary Committee">Petrograd Military Revolutionary Committee</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">1917–1918: Member of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Constituent_Assembly" title="Russian Constituent Assembly">Russian Constituent Assembly</a> for <a href="/wiki/Novgorod_electoral_district_(Russian_Constituent_Assembly_election,_1917)" title="Novgorod electoral district (Russian Constituent Assembly election, 1917)">Novgorod</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">1918: Chairman, Supreme Military Council </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">1918–1925: Chairman, <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Military_Council" title="Revolutionary Military Council">Revolutionary Military Council</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks sidebar-person vcard hlist" style="border-color: #D40000"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><table><tbody><tr> <td class="sidebar-person-title-image" style="background-color:#D40000;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/File:Leon_Trotsky_(3x4_close_cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Leon_Trotsky_%283x4_close_cropped%29.jpg/75px-Leon_Trotsky_%283x4_close_cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Leon_Trotsky_%283x4_close_cropped%29.jpg/113px-Leon_Trotsky_%283x4_close_cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Leon_Trotsky_%283x4_close_cropped%29.jpg/150px-Leon_Trotsky_%283x4_close_cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="474" data-file-height="617" /></a></td> <td class="sidebar-person-title" style="background-color:#D40000;color: #FFCC00;"><div>This article is part of a series about</div><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Leon Trotsky</a></td> </tr></tbody></table></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Personal</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Childhood_and_family_(1879–1895)">Childhood and family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotsky%27s_train" title="Trotsky's train">Train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky_House_Museum" title="Leon Trotsky House Museum">House Museum</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Russian political activities</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_exile_of_Trotsky" title="First exile of Trotsky">First exile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution_of_1905" title="Russian Revolution of 1905">Russian Revolution of 1905</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade-union_debate_(Russia)" title="Trade-union debate (Russia)">Trade-union debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kronstadt_rebellion" title="Kronstadt rebellion">Kronstadt rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scissors_Crisis" title="Scissors Crisis">Scissors Crisis</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Deposition</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Case_of_the_Anti-Soviet_%22Bloc_of_Rightists_and_Trotskyites%22" title="Case of the Anti-Soviet "Bloc of Rightists and Trotskyites"">Case of the Anti-Soviet "Bloc of Rightists and Trotskyites"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Committee_for_the_Defense_of_Leon_Trotsky" title="American Committee for the Defense of Leon Trotsky">American Committee for the Defense of Leon Trotsky</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dewey_Commission" title="Dewey Commission">Dewey Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Assassination">Assassination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Mercader" title="Ramón Mercader">perpetrator</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Political ideology</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_centralism" title="Democratic centralism">Democratic centralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Trotskyism" title="Orthodox Trotskyism">orthodox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Stalinist_left" title="Anti-Stalinist left">Anti-Stalinist left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_democracy" title="Soviet democracy">Soviet democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worker%27s_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Worker's control">Worker's control</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Affiliations</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left_Opposition" title="Left Opposition">Left Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Opposition_(Soviet_Union)" title="United Opposition (Soviet Union)">United Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_International" title="Fourth International">Fourth International</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style=""><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky_bibliography" title="Leon Trotsky bibliography">Bibliography</a></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Our_Political_Tasks" title="Our Political Tasks">Our Political Tasks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Revolution_(Trotsky_book)" title="Our Revolution (Trotsky book)">Our Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1905_(book)" title="1905 (book)">1905</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Permanent_Revolution_and_Results_and_Prospects" title="The Permanent Revolution and Results and Prospects">The Permanent Revolution and Results and Prospects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_and_Communism" title="Terrorism and Communism">Terrorism and Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotsky%27s_Military_Writings" title="Trotsky's Military Writings">Trotsky's Military Writings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_and_Revolution" title="Literature and Revolution">Literature and Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Course_(Trotsky_book)" title="New Course (Trotsky book)">New Course</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lessons_of_October" title="Lessons of October">Lessons of October</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Towards_Socialism_or_Capitalism%3F" title="Towards Socialism or Capitalism?">Towards Socialism or Capitalism?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky_on_China" title="Leon Trotsky on China">Leon Trotsky on China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/My_Life_(Trotsky_autobiography)" class="mw-redirect" title="My Life (Trotsky autobiography)">My Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Permanent_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="The Permanent Revolution">The Permanent Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Russian_Revolution" title="History of the Russian Revolution">History of the Russian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Revolution_Betrayed" title="The Revolution Betrayed">The Revolution Betrayed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Stalin_School_of_Falsification" title="The Stalin School of Falsification">The Stalin School of Falsification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Their_Morals_and_Ours:_The_class_foundations_of_moral_practice" title="Their Morals and Ours: The class foundations of moral practice">Their Morals and Ours: The class foundations of moral practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Death_Agony_of_Capitalism_and_the_Tasks_of_the_Fourth_International" title="The Death Agony of Capitalism and the Tasks of the Fourth International">The Transitional Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalin:_An_Appraisal_of_the_Man_and_His_Influence" title="Stalin: An Appraisal of the Man and His Influence">Stalin: An Appraisal of the Man and His Influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Writings_of_Leon_Trotsky" title="Writings of Leon Trotsky">Writings of Leon Trotsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Spanish_Revolution,_1931-1939_(Trotsky_book)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Spanish Revolution, 1931-1939 (Trotsky book)">The Spanish Revolution, 1931-1939</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Struggle_Against_Fascism_in_Germany" title="The Struggle Against Fascism in Germany">The Struggle Against Fascism in Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_Defence_of_Marxism_(book)" title="In Defence of Marxism (book)">In Defence of Marxism</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1923%E2%80%931936).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281923%E2%80%931936%29.svg/60px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281923%E2%80%931936%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281923%E2%80%931936%29.svg/90px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281923%E2%80%931936%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281923%E2%80%931936%29.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281923%E2%80%931936%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="548" data-file-height="545" /></a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Leon_Trotsky_series" title="Template:Leon Trotsky series"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Leon_Trotsky_series" title="Template talk:Leon Trotsky series"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Leon_Trotsky_series" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Leon Trotsky series"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Lev Davidovich Bronstein<a href="#cite_note-3">[b]</a> (7 November [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 26 October] 1879 – 21 August 1940), better known as Leon Trotsky,<a href="#cite_note-5">[c]</a> was a Russian revolutionary, politician, and political theorist. He was a central figure in the <a href="/wiki/1905_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="1905 Revolution">1905 Revolution</a>,<a href="#cite_note-6">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a>, and establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. Trotsky and <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a> were widely considered the two most prominent Soviet figures, and Trotsky was "<a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a>" <a href="/wiki/Second-in-command" title="Second-in-command">second-in-command</a> during the early years of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Soviet Republic">Russian Soviet Republic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-7">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[6]</a> Ideologically a <a href="/wiki/Marxist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist">Marxist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leninist" class="mw-redirect" title="Leninist">Leninist</a>, his thought and writings inspired a school of Marxism known as <a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a>. Born into a wealthy <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> family in Ukraine, then part of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, Trotsky joined the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">Russian Social Democratic Labour Party</a> in 1898. He was arrested for revolutionary activities and exiled to <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>, but in 1902 escaped to London, where he met Lenin and wrote for the party's newspaper <a href="/wiki/Iskra" title="Iskra">Iskra</a>. Trotsky sided with <a href="/wiki/Julius_Martov" title="Julius Martov">Julius Martov</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Mensheviks" title="Mensheviks">Mensheviks</a> against Lenin's <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a> after the party's 1903 schism, but declared himself non-factional in 1904. During the failed 1905 Revolution, Trotsky returned to Russia and was elected chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Soviet" title="Saint Petersburg Soviet">Saint Petersburg Soviet</a>. He was again exiled to Siberia, but escaped in 1907 and spent time in London, Vienna, Switzerland, Paris, and New York. After the <a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a> of 1917 <a href="/wiki/Abdication_of_Nicholas_II" title="Abdication of Nicholas II">overthrew the tsar</a>, Trotsky returned to Russia and joined the Bolsheviks. As chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Petrograd_Soviet" title="Petrograd Soviet">Petrograd Soviet</a>, he played an important role in the October Revolution that overthrew the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Provisional_Government" title="Russian Provisional Government">Provisional Government</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Lenin%27s_first_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Lenin's first government">Lenin's first government</a>, Trotsky was appointed as the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Commissar_for_Foreign_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs">People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs</a> (Foreign Minister) and led negotiations for the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a>, by which Russia withdrew from <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. From 1918 to 1925, he served as the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Commissar_for_Military_and_Naval_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs">People's Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs</a> (Defence Minister); he founded the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> and led it to victory in the Russian Civil War. He was an honorary president of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_International" title="Communist International">Third International</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[7]</a> In 1922, Trotsky and Lenin formed an alliance against the growing <a href="/wiki/Nomenklatura" title="Nomenklatura">Soviet bureaucracy</a>;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMccauley201459Deutscher2003b63Kort2015166Service2010301–20Pipes1993469Volkogonov1996242Lewin200567Tucker1973336Figes2017796,_797D'Agostino201167-11">[8]</a> Lenin proposed that Trotsky become his <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Chairman_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy Chairman of the Soviet Union">Deputy Chairman</a> and preside over <a href="/wiki/Economic_planning" title="Economic planning">economic management</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGetty2013b53Douds2019b165-12">[9]</a> but he declined.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBullock1991b163ReesRosa1992b129Kosheleva1995b80–81-13">[10]</a> Trotsky led the party's <a href="/wiki/Left_Opposition" title="Left Opposition">Left Opposition</a>, which opposed the concessions of the <a href="/wiki/New_Economic_Policy" title="New Economic Policy">New Economic Policy</a>. After <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Vladimir_Lenin" title="Death and state funeral of Vladimir Lenin">Lenin's death</a> in 1924, Trotsky was the most prominent critic of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>, but was outmaneuvered by him and lost his positions: he was expelled from the <a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Politburo</a> in 1926 and the party in 1927, internally exiled to <a href="/wiki/Alma_Ata" class="mw-redirect" title="Alma Ata">Alma Ata</a> in 1928, and deported in 1929. He lived in Turkey, France, and Norway before settling in Mexico in 1937. In exile, Trotsky wrote polemically against <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a>, supporting <a href="/wiki/Proletarian_internationalism" title="Proletarian internationalism">proletarian internationalism</a> against Stalin's theory of "<a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_one_country" title="Socialism in one country">socialism in one country</a>". Trotsky's theory of "<a href="/wiki/Permanent_revolution" title="Permanent revolution">permanent revolution</a>" posited that the socialist revolution could only survive if spread to advanced capitalist countries. In <a href="/wiki/The_Revolution_Betrayed" title="The Revolution Betrayed">The Revolution Betrayed</a> (1936), Trotsky argued that the Soviet Union had become a "<a href="/wiki/Degenerated_workers%27_state" title="Degenerated workers' state">degenerated workers' state</a>" due to its isolation, and called for an end to Stalin's dictatorship. He founded the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_International" title="Fourth International">Fourth International</a> in 1938 as an alternative to the <a href="/wiki/Comintern" class="mw-redirect" title="Comintern">Comintern</a>. In 1936, Trotsky was sentenced to death <a href="/wiki/Trial_in_absentia" title="Trial in absentia">in absentia</a> at the first of the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_show_trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow show trials">Moscow show trials</a>, and in 1940, was assassinated at his home in Mexico City by Stalinist agent <a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Mercader" title="Ramón Mercader">Ramón Mercader</a>. <a href="/wiki/Damnatio_memoriae" title="Damnatio memoriae">Written out of Soviet history</a> under Stalin, Trotsky was one of the few of Stalin's rivals who was never <a href="/wiki/Rehabilitation_(Soviet)" title="Rehabilitation (Soviet)">politically rehabilitated</a> by later leaders. In the West, Trotsky emerged as a hero of the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Stalinist_left" title="Anti-Stalinist left">anti-Stalinist left</a> for his defense of a more <a href="/wiki/Socialist_democracy" title="Socialist democracy">democratic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">internationalist</a> form of <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2015a1053-15">[12]</a> against Stalinist <a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">totalitarianism</a>, and for his <a href="/wiki/Intellectual" title="Intellectual">intellectual</a> contributions to Marxism. While some of his wartime actions have proved controversial, such as his ideological defence of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Terror" title="Red Terror">Red Terror</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[13]</a> and suppression of the <a href="/wiki/Kronstadt_rebellion" title="Kronstadt rebellion">Kronstadt rebellion</a>, scholarship ranks Trotsky's leadership of the Red Army highly among historical figures, and he is credited for his major involvement with the <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military history of the Soviet Union">military</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of the Soviet Union">economic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Culture of the Soviet Union">cultural</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnei-Paz1979296KivelsonNeuberger2008149-17">[14]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lenin%27s_First_and_Second_Government" title="Lenin's First and Second Government">political development</a> of the Soviet Union. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Childhood_and_family_(1879–1895)">Childhood and family (1879–1895)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_Trotsky&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Childhood and family (1879–1895)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leo_Trotzki_1888.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Leo_Trotzki_1888.jpg/180px-Leo_Trotzki_1888.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Leo_Trotzki_1888.jpg/270px-Leo_Trotzki_1888.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Leo_Trotzki_1888.jpg/360px-Leo_Trotzki_1888.jpg 2x" data-file-width="366" data-file-height="636" /></a><figcaption>8-year-old Lev Bronstein, 1888</figcaption></figure> Leon Trotsky was born Lev Davidovich Bronstein to David Leontyevich Bronstein (1847–1922) and Anna Lvovna (née Zhivotovskaya, 1850–1910) on 7 November 1879, the fifth child of a wealthy Jewish family in Yanovka, <a href="/wiki/Kherson_Governorate" title="Kherson Governorate">Kherson governorate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Bereslavka,_Ukraine" title="Bereslavka, Ukraine">Bereslavka</a>, Ukraine).<a href="#cite_note-:0-18">[15]</a> His father, David Leontyevich, had lived in <a href="/wiki/Poltava" title="Poltava">Poltava</a> and later moved to Bereslavka, as it had a large Jewish community.<a href="#cite_note-19">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2003a6–7-20">[17]</a> Trotsky's younger sister, <a href="/wiki/Olga_Kameneva" title="Olga Kameneva">Olga</a>, who also grew up to be a <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik">Bolshevik</a> and a Soviet politician, married the prominent Bolshevik <a href="/wiki/Lev_Kamenev" title="Lev Kamenev">Lev Kamenev</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParrish199669-21">[18]</a> Some authors, notably <a href="/wiki/Robert_Service_(historian)" title="Robert Service (historian)">Robert Service</a>, have claimed that Trotsky's childhood first name was <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> Leiba.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService201011-22">[19]</a> The American <a href="/wiki/Trotskyist" class="mw-redirect" title="Trotskyist">Trotskyist</a> <a href="/wiki/David_North_(socialist)" title="David North (socialist)">David North</a> said that this was an assumption based on Trotsky's Jewish birth, but, contrary to Service's claims, there is no documentary evidence to support his using a Yiddish name, when that language was not spoken by his family.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorth2010144–146-23">[20]</a> Both North and political historian <a href="/wiki/Walter_Laqueur" title="Walter Laqueur">Walter Laqueur</a> wrote that Trotsky's childhood name was Lyova, a standard <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> diminutive of the name Lev.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaqueur199059–60-24">[21]</a> North has compared the speculation on Trotsky's given name to the undue emphasis given to his having a Jewish surname.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorth2010144–146-23">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaqueur199059–60-24">[21]</a> The language spoken at home was not Yiddish<a href="#cite_note-25">[22]</a> but a mixture of Russian and <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>, known as <a href="/wiki/Surzhyk" title="Surzhyk">Surzhyk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorth2010145-26">[23]</a> Although Trotsky spoke French, English, and German to a good standard, he said in his autobiography <a href="/wiki/My_Life_(Leon_Trotsky_autobiography)" class="mw-redirect" title="My Life (Leon Trotsky autobiography)">My Life</a> that he was never fluent in any language but Russian.<a href="#cite_note-27">[24]</a> <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Molinier" title="Raymond Molinier">Raymond Molinier</a> wrote that Trotsky spoke French fluently.<a href="#cite_note-28">[25]</a> When Trotsky was eight,<a href="#cite_note-29">[26]</a> his father sent him to <a href="/wiki/Odessa" class="mw-redirect" title="Odessa">Odessa</a> to be educated. He was enrolled in a Lutheran German-language school (School of the Lutheran St. Pauls Cathedral, of <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_Germans" title="Black Sea Germans">Black Sea Germans</a>, which admitted students of other faiths and backgrounds,<a href="#cite_note-30">[27]</a>) which became Russified during his years in Odessa as a result of the Imperial government's policy of <a href="/wiki/Russification" title="Russification">Russification</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lindemann2000-31">[28]</a> Trotsky and his wife Natalia later registered their children as Lutheran, since Austrian law at the time required children to be given religious education "in the faith of their parents".<a href="#cite_note-32">[29]</a> Odessa was then a bustling cosmopolitan port city, very unlike the typical Russian city of the time. This environment contributed to the development of the young man's international outlook.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2003aChapter_1-33">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_political_activities_and_life_(1896–1917)">Early political activities and life (1896–1917)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_Trotsky&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early political activities and life (1896–1917)">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revolutionary_activity_and_imprisonment_(1896–1898)">Revolutionary activity and imprisonment (1896–1898)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_Trotsky&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Revolutionary activity and imprisonment (1896–1898)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LeonTrotsky1897.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/LeonTrotsky1897.jpg/150px-LeonTrotsky1897.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/LeonTrotsky1897.jpg/225px-LeonTrotsky1897.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/LeonTrotsky1897.jpg/300px-LeonTrotsky1897.jpg 2x" data-file-width="429" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Lev Davidovich Bronstein, 1897</figcaption></figure> Trotsky became involved in revolutionary activities in 1896 after moving to the harbor town of <a href="/wiki/Mykolaiv" title="Mykolaiv">Nikolayev</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2003a36-34">[31]</a> At first a <a href="/wiki/Narodnik" class="mw-redirect" title="Narodnik">narodnik</a> (revolutionary <a href="/wiki/Agrarian_socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Agrarian socialist">agrarian socialist</a> <a href="/wiki/Populist" class="mw-redirect" title="Populist">populist</a>), he initially opposed <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> but was won over by his future first wife, <a href="/wiki/Aleksandra_Sokolovskaya" title="Aleksandra Sokolovskaya">Aleksandra Sokolovskaya</a>. That same year, he graduated from his high school with a first class honours.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2003a39-35">[32]</a> According to his relative, Valery Bronstein, his father had intended for Trotsky to become a <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_engineer" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechanical engineer">mechanical engineer</a> after leaving modern school.<a href="#cite_note-36">[33]</a> Trotsky briefly attended <a href="/wiki/Odessa_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Odessa University">Odessa University</a> studying <a href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERenton200419-37">[34]</a> He dropped out in early 1897 to help organize the South Russian Workers' Union in Nikolayev. Trotsky's university colleague and a prominent engineer who served as the Technical Director of the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Shipyard" title="Baltic Shipyard">Baltic Shipyard</a> had noted that he displayed an exceptional gift for mathematics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2003a39-35">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[35]</a> Using the name "Lvov",<a href="#cite_note-:4-39">[36]</a> he wrote and printed leaflets and proclamations, distributed revolutionary pamphlets, and popularized socialist ideas among industrial workers and revolutionary students.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERenton200422–24-40">[37]</a> In January 1898, more than 200 members of the union, including Trotsky, were arrested. He was held for the next two years in prison awaiting trial, first in Nikolayev, then <a href="/wiki/Kherson" title="Kherson">Kherson</a>, then Odessa, and finally in Moscow.<a href="#cite_note-41">[38]</a> In the Moscow prison, he came into contact with other revolutionaries, heard about Lenin and read Lenin's book, <a href="/wiki/The_Development_of_Capitalism_in_Russia" title="The Development of Capitalism in Russia">The Development of Capitalism in Russia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2003a40-42">[39]</a> Two months into his imprisonment, on 1–3 March 1898, the first Congress of the newly formed <a href="/wiki/Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">Russian Social Democratic Labour Party</a> (RSDLP) was held.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchapiro1970645-43">[40]</a> From then on Trotsky identified as a member of the party. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_marriage_and_Siberian_exile_(1899–1902)">First marriage and Siberian exile (1899–1902)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_Trotsky&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: First marriage and Siberian exile (1899–1902)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/First_exile_of_Trotsky" title="First exile of Trotsky">First exile of Trotsky</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leo_Trotzki_1897.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Leo_Trotzki_1897.jpg/180px-Leo_Trotzki_1897.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Leo_Trotzki_1897.jpg/270px-Leo_Trotzki_1897.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Leo_Trotzki_1897.jpg/360px-Leo_Trotzki_1897.jpg 2x" data-file-width="406" data-file-height="505" /></a><figcaption>Trotsky's first wife Aleksandra Sokolovskaya with her brother (left), Trotsky (right), Dr Ziv (bottom) in 1897</figcaption></figure> While imprisoned in Moscow, in the summer of 1899, Trotsky married Aleksandra Sokolovskaya (1872–1938), a fellow Marxist. The ceremony was performed by a Jewish chaplain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2003a42-44">[41]</a> In 1900, he was sentenced to four years exile in <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>. Because of their marriage, Trotsky and his wife were allowed to be exiled to the same location in Siberia: <a href="/wiki/Ust-Kut" title="Ust-Kut">Ust-Kut</a> and the Verkholensk in the <a href="/wiki/Baikal_Lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Baikal Lake">Baikal Lake</a> region. They had two daughters, <a href="/wiki/Zinaida_Volkova" title="Zinaida Volkova">Zinaida</a> (1901–1933) and Nina (1902–1928), born in Siberia. In Siberia, Trotsky studied philosophy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarth197822-45">[42]</a> He became aware of the differences within the party, which had been decimated by arrests in 1898 and 1899. Some social democrats known in <a href="/wiki/Soviet_phraseology" title="Soviet phraseology">Leninist phraseology</a> as "<a href="/wiki/Economism" title="Economism">economists</a>" argued the party should focus on helping industrial workers improve their lot and were less concerned with changing the government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchapiro197031–32-46">[43]</a> They believed that societal reforms would grow out of the worker's struggle for higher pay and better working conditions. Others argued that overthrowing the monarchy was more important and that a well-organized and disciplined revolutionary party was essential. The latter position was expressed by the London-based newspaper <a href="/wiki/Iskra" title="Iskra">Iskra</a> (The Spark), founded in 1900. Trotsky quickly sided with the Iskra position and began writing for the paper.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2003a67-47">[44]</a> In the summer of 1902, at the urging of his wife, Aleksandra, Trotsky escaped from Siberia hidden in hay.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2003a55-48">[45]</a> Aleksandra later escaped with their daughters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarth197822-45">[42]</a> Both daughters married, and Zinaida had children, but the daughters died before their parents. Nina Nevelson died from <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a> in 1928, cared for in her last months by her older sister. Zinaida Volkova followed her father into exile in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, taking her son by her second marriage but leaving behind a daughter in Russia. Suffering also from tuberculosis and <a href="/wiki/Mood_disorder" title="Mood disorder">depression</a>, Zinaida committed suicide in 1933. Aleksandra disappeared in 1935 during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purges</a> under Stalin and was murdered by Soviet forces three years later. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_emigration_and_second_marriage_(1902–1903)">First emigration and second marriage (1902–1903)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_Trotsky&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: First emigration and second marriage (1902–1903)">edit</a>]</div> Until this point, Trotsky had used his birth name: Lev (Leon) Bronstein.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2003a7-49">[46]</a> He changed his surname to "Trotsky", the name he would use for the rest of his life. It is said he adopted the name of a jailer of the Odessa prison in which he had earlier been held.<a href="#cite_note-50">[47]</a> This became his primary revolutionary pseudonym. After escape from Siberia, Trotsky moved to London, joining <a href="/wiki/Georgi_Plekhanov" title="Georgi Plekhanov">Georgi Plekhanov</a>, Vladimir Lenin, <a href="/wiki/Julius_Martov" title="Julius Martov">Julius Martov</a>, and other editors of Iskra. Under the pen name Pero ("quill" or "pen"), Trotsky soon became one of the paper's leading writers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2003a6–7-20">[17]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B8_(%D0%BE%D0%BA._1902).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B8_%28%D0%BE%D0%BA._1902%29.jpg/180px-%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B8_%28%D0%BE%D0%BA._1902%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B8_%28%D0%BE%D0%BA._1902%29.jpg/270px-%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B8_%28%D0%BE%D0%BA._1902%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B8_%28%D0%BE%D0%BA._1902%29.jpg/360px-%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B8_%28%D0%BE%D0%BA._1902%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="827" data-file-height="928" /></a><figcaption>Trotsky in 1902</figcaption></figure> Unknown to Trotsky, the six editors of Iskra were evenly split between the "old guard" led by Plekhanov and the "new guard" led by Lenin and Martov. Plekhanov's supporters were older, and had spent the previous 20 years together in exile in Europe. Members of the new guard were in their early 30s and only recently emigrated from Russia. Lenin, who was trying to establish a permanent majority against Plekhanov within Iskra, expected Trotsky, then 23, to side with the new guard. In March 1903 Lenin wrote: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">I suggest to all the members of the editorial board that they co-opt 'Pero' as a member of the board on the same basis as other members. [...] We very much need a seventh member, both as a convenience in voting (six being an even number) and as an addition to our forces. 'Pero' has been contributing to every issue for several months now; he works, in general, most energetically for the Iskra; he gives lectures (in which he has been very successful). In the section of articles and notes on the events of the day, he will not only be very useful, but absolutely necessary. Unquestionably a man of rare abilities, he has conviction and energy, and he will go much farther.<a href="#cite_note-51">[48]</a></blockquote> Because of Plekhanov's opposition, Trotsky did not become a full member of the board. But participated in its meetings in an advisory capacity, which earned him Plekhanov's enmity. In late 1902, Trotsky met <a href="/wiki/Natalia_Sedova" title="Natalia Sedova">Natalia Sedova</a> (1882–1962), who soon became his companion. They married in 1903, and she was with him until his death. They had two children together, <a href="/wiki/Lev_Sedov" title="Lev Sedov">Lev Sedov</a> (1906–1938) and <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Sedov" title="Sergei Sedov">Sergei Sedov</a> (1908–1937), both of whom would predecease their parents. Regarding his sons' surnames, Trotsky later explained that after the 1917 revolution: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">In order not to oblige my sons to change their name, I, for "citizenship" requirements, took on the name of my wife.<a href="#cite_note-52">[49]</a></blockquote> Trotsky never used the name "Sedov" either privately or publicly. Natalia Sedova sometimes signed her name "Sedova-Trotskaya". <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Split_with_Lenin_(1903–1904)">Split with Lenin (1903–1904)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_Trotsky&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Split with Lenin (1903–1904)">edit</a>]</div> In the meantime, after a period of secret police repression and internal confusion that followed the <a href="/wiki/1st_Congress_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="1st Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">First Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party</a> in 1898, Iskra succeeded in convening the party's <a href="/wiki/2nd_Congress_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="2nd Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">Second Congress</a> in London in August 1903. Trotsky and other Iskra editors attended. The first congress went as planned, with Iskra supporters handily defeating the few "economist" delegates. Then the congress discussed the position of the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Bund" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Bund">Jewish Bund</a>, which had co-founded the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">Russian Social Democratic Labour Party</a> (RSDLP) in 1898 but wanted to remain autonomous within the party.<a href="#cite_note-:3-53">[50]</a> Shortly afterwards, the pro-Iskra delegates unexpectedly split into two factions. The split was initially over an organisational issue. Lenin and his supporters, the Bolsheviks, argued for a smaller but highly organized party where only party members would be seen as members, while Martov and his supporters, the <a href="/wiki/Mensheviks" title="Mensheviks">Mensheviks</a>, argued for a bigger and less disciplined party where people who assisted would also be seen as members. In a surprise development, Trotsky and most of the Iskra editors supported Martov and the Mensheviks, while Plekhanov supported Lenin and the <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a>. During 1903 and 1904, many members changed sides in the factions. Trotsky left the Mensheviks in September 1904 over their insistence on an alliance with Russian liberals and their opposition to a reconciliation with Lenin and the Bolsheviks.<a href="#cite_note-54">[51]</a> From 1904 until 1917, Trotsky described himself as a "non-factional social democrat". He tried to reconcile different groups within the party, which resulted in many clashes with Lenin and other prominent party members. Trotsky later maintained that he had been wrong in opposing Lenin on the issue of the party. Trotsky began developing his theory of <a href="/wiki/Permanent_revolution" title="Permanent revolution">permanent revolution</a> and developed a close working relationship with <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Parvus" title="Alexander Parvus">Alexander Parvus</a> in 1904–07.<a href="#cite_note-55">[52]</a> During their split, Lenin referred to Trotsky as "Little Judas" (Iudushka, based on the character from <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Saltykov-Shchedrin" title="Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin">Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin</a>'s novel <a href="/wiki/The_Golovlyov_Family" title="The Golovlyov Family">The Golovlyov Family</a>),<a href="#cite_note-56">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[54]</a> a "scoundrel"<a href="#cite_note-58">[55]</a> and a "swine".<a href="#cite_note-59">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1905_revolution_and_trial_(1905–1906)">1905 revolution and trial (1905–1906)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_Trotsky&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 1905 revolution and trial (1905–1906)">edit</a>]</div> The unrest and agitation against the Russian government came to a head in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a> on 3 January 1905 (<a href="/wiki/Julian_Calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Julian Calendar">Julian Calendar</a>), when a strike broke out at the <a href="/wiki/Putilov_Works" class="mw-redirect" title="Putilov Works">Putilov Works</a> in the city. This single strike grew into a general strike, and by 7 January 1905, there were 140,000 strikers in Saint Petersburg.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrotsky197173-60">[57]</a> On Sunday, 9 January 1905, Father <a href="/wiki/Georgi_Gapon" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgi Gapon">Georgi Gapon</a> knowingly led a procession of radicals mixed within larger groups of ordinary working citizens through the streets to the <a href="/wiki/Winter_Palace" title="Winter Palace">Winter Palace</a> to supposedly beseech the Tsar for food and relief from the government. According to Gapon himself, he led the people into a Palace Guard already on the defensive due to the crowd instigating violence against them. They eventually fired on the demonstration, resulting in the deaths of an unknown number of violent radicals, peaceful demonstrators and police caught within the melee. Although Sunday, 9 January 1905, became known as <a href="/wiki/Bloody_Sunday_(1905)" title="Bloody Sunday (1905)">Bloody Sunday</a>, Gapon's own biography points to a conspiracy. This was later confirmed by Russian police records listing the number of known militant radicals found among the dead.<a href="#cite_note-61">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[59]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leon_Trotsky_Mugshot.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Leon_Trotsky_Mugshot.png/290px-Leon_Trotsky_Mugshot.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Leon_Trotsky_Mugshot.png/435px-Leon_Trotsky_Mugshot.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Leon_Trotsky_Mugshot.png/580px-Leon_Trotsky_Mugshot.png 2x" data-file-width="2351" data-file-height="1342" /></a><figcaption>Police mugshots of Trotsky in 1905 after Soviet members were arrested during a meeting in the Free Economic Society building</figcaption></figure> Following the events of Bloody Sunday, Trotsky secretly returned to Russia in February 1905, by way of <a href="/wiki/Kiev" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiev">Kiev</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2003a117-63">[60]</a> At first he wrote leaflets for an underground printing press in Kiev, but soon moved to the capital, Saint Petersburg. There he worked with both Bolsheviks, such as <a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Central Committee</a> member <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Krasin" title="Leonid Krasin">Leonid Krasin</a>, and the local Menshevik committee, which he pushed in a more radical direction. The latter, however, were betrayed by a secret police agent in May, and Trotsky had to flee to rural <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Finland" title="Grand Duchy of Finland">Finland</a>. There he worked on fleshing out his theory of permanent revolution.<a href="#cite_note-64">[61]</a> On 19 September 1905, the typesetters at the <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Sytin" title="Ivan Sytin">Ivan Sytin</a>'s printing house in Moscow went out on strike for shorter hours and higher pay. By the evening of 24 September, the workers at 50 other printing shops in Moscow were also on strike. On 2 October 1905, the typesetters in printing shops in Saint Petersburg decided to strike in support of the Moscow strikers. On 7 October 1905, the railway workers of the <a href="/wiki/Moscow%E2%80%93Kazan_Railway" title="Moscow–Kazan Railway">Moscow–Kazan Railway</a> went out on strike.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrotsky197185–88-65">[62]</a> Amid the resulting confusion, Trotsky returned from Finland to Saint Petersburg on 15 October 1905. On that day, Trotsky spoke before the Saint Petersburg Soviet Council of Workers Deputies, which was meeting at the Technological Institute in the city. Also attending were some 200,000 people crowded outside to hear the speeches—about half of all workers in Saint Petersburg.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2003a126-66">[63]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TrotskiEnLaFortalezaDePedroYPabloEn1906.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/TrotskiEnLaFortalezaDePedroYPabloEn1906.png/180px-TrotskiEnLaFortalezaDePedroYPabloEn1906.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/TrotskiEnLaFortalezaDePedroYPabloEn1906.png/270px-TrotskiEnLaFortalezaDePedroYPabloEn1906.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/TrotskiEnLaFortalezaDePedroYPabloEn1906.png/360px-TrotskiEnLaFortalezaDePedroYPabloEn1906.png 2x" data-file-width="1223" data-file-height="1918" /></a><figcaption>Trotsky in prison, awaiting trial, 1906</figcaption></figure> After his return, Trotsky and <a href="/wiki/Parvus" class="mw-redirect" title="Parvus">Parvus</a> took over the newspaper Russian Gazette, increasing its circulation to 500,000. Trotsky also co-founded, together with Parvus and Julius Martov and other Mensheviks, "Nachalo" ("The Beginning"), which also proved to be a very successful newspaper in the revolutionary atmosphere of Saint Petersburg in 1905.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2003a138–139-67">[64]</a> Just before Trotsky's return, the Mensheviks had independently come up with the same idea that Trotsky had: an elected non-party revolutionary organization representing the capital's workers, the first <a href="/wiki/Soviet_(council)" title="Soviet (council)">Soviet</a> ("Council") of Workers. By the time of Trotsky's arrival, the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Soviet" title="Saint Petersburg Soviet">Saint Petersburg Soviet</a> was already functioning, headed by <a href="/wiki/Georgy_Stepanovich_Khrustalev-Nosar" title="Georgy Stepanovich Khrustalev-Nosar">Khrustalyev-Nosar</a> (Georgy Nosar, alias Pyotr Khrustalyov). Khrustalyev-Nosar had been a compromise figure when elected as the head of the Saint Petersburg Soviet. He was a lawyer that stood above the political factions contained in the Soviet.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2003a131-68">[65]</a> However, since his election, he proved to be very popular with the workers in spite of the Bolsheviks' original opposition to him. Khrustalev-Nosar became famous in his position as spokesman for the Saint Petersburg Soviet.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrotsky1971218-69">[66]</a> Indeed, to the outside world, Khrustalev-Nosar was the embodiment of the Saint Petersburg Soviet.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2003a131-68">[65]</a> Trotsky joined the Soviet under the name "Yanovsky" (after the village he was born in, Yanovka) and was elected vice-chairman. He did much of the actual work at the Soviet and, after Khrustalev-Nosar's arrest on 26 November 1905, was elected its chairman. On 2 December, the Soviet issued a proclamation which included the following statement about the Tsarist government and its foreign debts:<a href="#cite_note-70">[67]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The autocracy never enjoyed the confidence of the people and was never granted any authority by the people. We have therefore decided not to allow the repayment of such loans as have been made by the Tsarist government when openly engaged in a war with the entire people.</blockquote> The following day, on 3 December 1905, the Soviet was surrounded by troops loyal to the government and the deputies were arrested.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrotsky1971231–233-71">[68]</a> Trotsky and other Soviet leaders were tried in 1906 on charges of supporting an armed rebellion. On 4 October 1906 he was convicted and sentenced to internal exile to Siberia. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_emigration_(1907–1914)">Second emigration (1907–1914)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_Trotsky&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Second emigration (1907–1914)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ParvusTrotskiDeich.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/ParvusTrotskiDeich.jpg/220px-ParvusTrotskiDeich.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/ParvusTrotskiDeich.jpg/330px-ParvusTrotskiDeich.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/ParvusTrotskiDeich.jpg/440px-ParvusTrotskiDeich.jpg 2x" data-file-width="647" data-file-height="536" /></a><figcaption>Trotsky with <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Parvus" title="Alexander Parvus">Alexander Parvus</a> (left) and <a href="/wiki/Leo_Deutsch" title="Leo Deutsch">Leo Deutsch</a> (right) in Saint Peter and Paul Fortress prison at Saint Petersburg in 1906</figcaption></figure> While en route to exile in <a href="/wiki/Obdorsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Obdorsk">Obdorsk</a>, Siberia, in January 1907, Trotsky escaped at <a href="/wiki/Beryozovo,_Khanty-Mansi_Autonomous_Okrug" title="Beryozovo, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug">Berezov</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[69]</a> and once again made his way to London. He attended the <a href="/wiki/5th_Congress_of_the_RSDLP" class="mw-redirect" title="5th Congress of the RSDLP">5th Congress of the RSDLP</a>. In October, he moved to <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, Austria-Hungary. For the next seven years, he often took part in the activities of the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Social_Democratic_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian Social Democratic Party">Austrian Social Democratic Party</a> and, occasionally, of the <a href="/wiki/German_Social_Democratic_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="German Social Democratic Party">German Social Democratic Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:3-53">[50]</a> In Vienna, Trotsky became close to <a href="/wiki/Adolph_Joffe" title="Adolph Joffe">Adolph Joffe</a>, his friend for the next 20 years, who introduced him to <a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">psychoanalysis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-73">[70]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%83_%E2%80%9E%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B0%E2%80%9C_%D0%B2_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5_(%D0%BE%D0%BA._1910).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%83_%E2%80%9E%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B0%E2%80%9C_%D0%B2_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5_%28%D0%BE%D0%BA._1910%29.jpg/150px-%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%83_%E2%80%9E%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B0%E2%80%9C_%D0%B2_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5_%28%D0%BE%D0%BA._1910%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%83_%E2%80%9E%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B0%E2%80%9C_%D0%B2_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5_%28%D0%BE%D0%BA._1910%29.jpg/225px-%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%83_%E2%80%9E%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B0%E2%80%9C_%D0%B2_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5_%28%D0%BE%D0%BA._1910%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%83_%E2%80%9E%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B0%E2%80%9C_%D0%B2_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5_%28%D0%BE%D0%BA._1910%29.jpg/300px-%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%83_%E2%80%9E%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B0%E2%80%9C_%D0%B2_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5_%28%D0%BE%D0%BA._1910%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="314" data-file-height="440" /></a><figcaption>Trotsky reading Pravda in Vienna, circa 1910</figcaption></figure> In October 1908 he was asked to join the editorial staff of <a href="/wiki/Pravda" title="Pravda">Pravda</a> ("Truth"), a bi-weekly, Russian-language social democratic paper for Russian workers, which he co-edited with Adolph Joffe and <a href="/wiki/Matvey_Skobelev" title="Matvey Skobelev">Matvey Skobelev</a>. It was smuggled into Russia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2003a191-74">[71]</a> The paper appeared very irregularly; only five issues were published in its first year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2003a191-74">[71]</a> Avoiding factional politics, the paper proved popular with Russian industrial workers. Both the Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks split multiple times after the failure of the 1905–1907 revolution. Money was very scarce for the publication of Pravda. Trotsky approached the <a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Russian Central Committee</a> to seek financial backing for the newspaper throughout 1909.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2003a192-75">[72]</a> A majority of Bolsheviks controlled the Central Committee in 1910. Lenin agreed to the financing of "Pravda", but required a Bolshevik to be appointed as co-editor of the paper.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2003a192-75">[72]</a> When various Bolshevik and Menshevik factions tried to re-unite at the January 1910 RSDLP Central Committee meeting in Paris over Lenin's objections,<a href="#cite_note-76">[73]</a> Trotsky's Pravda was made a party-financed 'central organ'. Lev Kamenev, Trotsky's brother-in-law, was added to the editorial board from the Bolsheviks, but the unification attempts failed in August 1910. Kamenev resigned from the board amid mutual recriminations. Trotsky continued publishing Pravda for another two years until it finally folded in April 1912.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2003aChapter_1-33">[30]</a> The Bolsheviks started a new workers-oriented newspaper in Saint Petersburg on 22 April 1912 and also called it Pravda. Trotsky was so upset by what he saw as a usurpation of his newspaper's name that in April 1913, he wrote a letter to <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Chkheidze" title="Nikolay Chkheidze">Nikolay Chkheidze</a>, a Menshevik leader, bitterly denouncing Lenin and the Bolsheviks. Though he quickly got over the disagreement, the message was intercepted by the <a href="/wiki/Okhrana" title="Okhrana">Russian secret police</a>, and a copy was put into their archives. Shortly after Lenin's death in 1924, the letter was found and publicized by Trotsky's opponents within the Communist Party to portray him as Lenin's enemy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2003a6–7-20">[17]</a> The 1910s were a period of heightened tension within the RSDLP, leading to numerous frictions between Trotsky, the Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks. The most serious disagreement that Trotsky and the Mensheviks had with Lenin at the time was over the issue of "expropriations",<a href="#cite_note-77">[74]</a> i.e., armed robbery of banks and other companies by Bolshevik groups to procure money for the Party. These actions had been banned by the 5th Congress, but were continued by the Bolsheviks. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trotsky_in_Vienna.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Trotsky_in_Vienna.jpg/220px-Trotsky_in_Vienna.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Trotsky_in_Vienna.jpg/330px-Trotsky_in_Vienna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Trotsky_in_Vienna.jpg/440px-Trotsky_in_Vienna.jpg 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="386" /></a><figcaption>Trotsky in Vienna</figcaption></figure> In January 1912, the majority of the Bolshevik faction, led by Lenin, as well as a few defecting Mensheviks, held a conference in <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a> and decided to break away from the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">Russian Social Democratic Labour Party</a>, and formed a new party, the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks)</a>. In response, Trotsky organized a "unification" conference of social democratic factions in Vienna in August 1912 (a.k.a. "The August Bloc") and tried to re-unite the Bolsheviks and Mensheviks into one party. The attempt was generally unsuccessful.<a href="#cite_note-:3-53">[50]</a> In Vienna, Trotsky continuously published articles in radical Russian and Ukrainian newspapers, such as Kievskaya Mysl, under a variety of pseudonyms, often using "Antid Oto", a name chosen at random from an Italian dictionary, with Trotsky joking that "wanted to inject the Marxist antidote into the legitimate newspapers".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService201062-78">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[76]</a> In September 1912, Kievskaya Mysl sent him to the Balkans as its war correspondent, where he covered the two <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Wars" title="Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a> for the next year. While there, Trotsky chronicled the ethnic cleansing carried out by the Serbian army against the Albanian civilian population.<a href="#cite_note-80">[77]</a> He became a close friend of <a href="/wiki/Christian_Rakovsky" title="Christian Rakovsky">Christian Rakovsky</a>, later a leading Soviet politician and Trotsky's ally in the Soviet Communist Party. On 3 August 1914, at the outbreak of World War I, in which <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a> fought against the Russian Empire, Trotsky was forced to flee Vienna for neutral Switzerland to avoid arrest as a Russian <a href="/wiki/%C3%89migr%C3%A9" title="Émigré">émigré</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:4-39">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_I_(1914–1917)">World War I (1914–1917)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_Trotsky&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: World War I (1914–1917)">edit</a>]</div> The outbreak of World War I caused a sudden realignment within the RSDLP and other European social democratic parties over the issues of war, revolution, pacifism and internationalism, redividing the party into defeatists and defencists. Within the RSDLP, Lenin, Trotsky and Martov advocated various internationalist anti-war positions that saw defeat for your own country's ruling class imperialists as the "lesser evil" in the war, while they opposed all imperialists in the imperialist war. These anti-war believers were known as "defeatists". Those who supported one side over the other in the war were known as "defencists". Plekhanov and many other defencist social democrats (both Bolsheviks and Mensheviks) supported the Russian government to some extent and wanted them to win the war, while Trotsky's ex-colleague Parvus, now a defencist, sided against Russia so strongly that he wanted Germany to win the war. In Switzerland, Trotsky briefly worked within the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Socialist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss Socialist Party">Swiss Socialist Party</a>, prompting it to adopt an internationalist resolution. He wrote a book opposing the war, The War and the International,<a href="#cite_note-81">[78]</a> and the pro-war position taken by the European social democratic parties, primarily the German party. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trotskynina1915.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Trotskynina1915.jpg/170px-Trotskynina1915.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Trotskynina1915.jpg/255px-Trotskynina1915.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Trotskynina1915.jpg/340px-Trotskynina1915.jpg 2x" data-file-width="369" data-file-height="437" /></a><figcaption>Leon Trotsky with his daughter Nina in 1915</figcaption></figure> As a war correspondent for the Kievskaya Mysl, Trotsky moved to France on 19 November 1914. In January 1915 in Paris, he began editing (at first with Martov, who soon resigned as the paper moved to the left) <a href="/wiki/Nashe_Slovo" title="Nashe Slovo">Nashe Slovo</a> ("Our Word"), an internationalist socialist newspaper. He adopted the slogan of "peace without indemnities or annexations, peace without conquerors or conquered." Lenin advocated Russia's defeat in the war and demanded a complete break with the <a href="/wiki/Second_International" title="Second International">Second International</a>.<a href="#cite_note-82">[79]</a> Trotsky attended the <a href="/wiki/Zimmerwald_Conference" title="Zimmerwald Conference">Zimmerwald Conference</a> of anti-war socialists in September 1915 and advocated a middle course between those who, like Martov, would stay within the Second International at any cost and those who, like Lenin, would break with the Second International and form a <a href="/wiki/Third_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Third International">Third International</a>. The conference adopted the middle line proposed by Trotsky. At first opposed, in the end Lenin voted for Trotsky's resolution to avoid a split among anti-war socialists.<a href="#cite_note-83">[80]</a> In September 1916,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubenstein201175-84">[81]</a> Trotsky was deported from France to Spain for his anti-war activities. Spanish authorities did not want him and deported him to the United States on 25 December 1916. He arrived in New York City on 13 January 1917. He stayed for over two months at 1522 Vyse Avenue in <a href="/wiki/The_Bronx" title="The Bronx">The Bronx</a>. In New York he wrote articles for the local <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian language</a> socialist newspaper, <a href="/wiki/Novy_Mir_(1916_magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Novy Mir (1916 magazine)">Novy Mir</a>, and the Yiddish-language daily, <a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Daily_Forward" class="mw-redirect" title="The Jewish Daily Forward">Der Forverts</a> ("Forward"), in translation. He also made speeches to Russian émigrés.<a href="#cite_note-:5-85">[82]</a> Trotsky was living in New York City when the <a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a> of 1917 led to the abdication of <a href="/wiki/Tsar_Nicholas_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsar Nicholas II">Tsar Nicholas II</a>. He left New York on 27 March 1917, but his ship, the <a href="/wiki/SS_Kristianiafjord" class="mw-redirect" title="SS Kristianiafjord">SS Kristianiafjord</a>, was intercepted by <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">British naval</a> officials in Canada at <a href="/wiki/Halifax,_Nova_Scotia" title="Halifax, Nova Scotia">Halifax, Nova Scotia</a>. He was detained for a month at <a href="/wiki/Amherst_Internment_Camp" title="Amherst Internment Camp">Amherst Internment Camp</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a>. While imprisoned in the camp, Trotsky established an increasing friendship with the workers and sailors amongst his fellow inmates, describing his month at the camp as "one continual mass meeting".<a href="#cite_note-ns1758.ca-86">[83]</a> Trotsky's speeches and agitation incurred the wrath of German officer inmates who complained to the British camp commander, Colonel Morris, about Trotsky's "anti-patriotic" attitude.<a href="#cite_note-ns1758.ca-86">[83]</a> Morris then forbade Trotsky to make any more public speeches, leading to 530 prisoners protesting and signing a petition against Morris' order.<a href="#cite_note-ns1758.ca-86">[83]</a> Back in Russia, after initial hesitation and facing pressure from the workers' and peasants' Soviets, the Russian foreign minister <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Milyukov" title="Pavel Milyukov">Pavel Milyukov</a> was compelled to demand the release of Trotsky as a Russian citizen, and the British government freed him on 29 April 1917.<a href="#cite_note-ns1758.ca-86">[83]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leo_Trotzki_1917.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Leo_Trotzki_1917.jpg/220px-Leo_Trotzki_1917.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Leo_Trotzki_1917.jpg/330px-Leo_Trotzki_1917.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Leo_Trotzki_1917.jpg/440px-Leo_Trotzki_1917.jpg 2x" data-file-width="516" data-file-height="749" /></a><figcaption>Trotsky arriving in Petrograd by train in May 1917</figcaption></figure> He reached Russia on 17 May 1917. After his return, Trotsky substantially agreed with the Bolshevik position, but did not join them right away. Russian social democrats were split into at least six groups, and the Bolsheviks were waiting for the next party Congress to determine which factions to merge with. Trotsky temporarily joined the <a href="/wiki/Mezhraiontsy" title="Mezhraiontsy">Mezhraiontsy</a>, a regional social democratic organization in <a href="/wiki/Petrograd" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrograd">Petrograd</a>, and became one of its leaders. At the First <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Soviets" title="Congress of Soviets">Congress of Soviets</a> in June, he was elected a member of the first <a href="/wiki/All-Russian_Central_Executive_Committee" title="All-Russian Central Executive Committee">All-Russian Central Executive Committee</a> ("VTsIK") from the Mezhraiontsy faction.<a href="#cite_note-87">[84]</a> After an unsuccessful pro-Bolshevik uprising in Petrograd, Trotsky was arrested on 7 August 1917. He was released 40 days later in the aftermath of the failed counter-revolutionary <a href="/wiki/Kornilov_Affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Kornilov Affair">uprising by Lavr Kornilov</a>. After the Bolsheviks gained a majority in the <a href="/wiki/Petrograd_Soviet" title="Petrograd Soviet">Petrograd Soviet</a>, Trotsky was elected chairman on 8 October [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 25 September] 1917.<a href="#cite_note-Wade_p._xxi-88">[85]</a> Trotsky sided with Lenin against <a href="/wiki/Grigory_Zinoviev" title="Grigory Zinoviev">Grigory Zinoviev</a> and Lev Kamenev when the Bolshevik Central Committee discussed staging an armed uprising, and he led the efforts to overthrow the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Provisional_Government" title="Russian Provisional Government">Russian Provisional Government</a> headed by socialist <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Kerensky" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleksandr Kerensky">Aleksandr Kerensky</a>. The following summary of Trotsky's role in 1917 was written by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> in Pravda, 6 November 1918.<a href="#cite_note-NI26-89">[86]</a> Although this passage was quoted in Stalin's book The October Revolution (1934),<a href="#cite_note-NI26-89">[86]</a> it was expunged from Stalin's Works (1949).<a href="#cite_note-90">[87]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">All practical work in connection with the organization of the uprising was done under the immediate direction of Comrade Trotsky, the President of the Petrograd Soviet. It can be stated with certainty that the Party is indebted primarily and principally to Comrade Trotsky for the rapid going over of the garrison to the side of the Soviet and the efficient manner in which the work of the <a href="/wiki/Military_Revolutionary_Committee" title="Military Revolutionary Committee">Military Revolutionary Committee</a> was organized.</blockquote> After the success of the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a> on 7–8 November 1917, Trotsky led the efforts to repel a <a href="/wiki/Kerensky-Krasnov_uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerensky-Krasnov uprising">counter-attack</a> by <a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossacks</a> under General <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Krasnov" title="Pyotr Krasnov">Pyotr Krasnov</a> and other troops still loyal to the overthrown Provisional Government at <a href="/wiki/Gatchina" title="Gatchina">Gatchina</a>. Allied with Lenin, he defeated attempts by other Bolshevik Central Committee members (Zinoviev, Kamenev, Rykov, etc.) to share power with other moderate, socialist parties. Trotsky was an outspoken advocate for a predominantly Bolshevik government and was reluctant to recall Mensheviks as partners after their voluntary withdrawal from the Congress of the Soviets. However, he released several socialist ministers from prison, and neither Trotsky nor his colleagues in 1917 wished to suppress these parties. The Bolsheviks also reserved a number of vacant seats in the Soviets and <a href="/wiki/All-Russian_Central_Executive_Committee" title="All-Russian Central Executive Committee">Central Executive</a> for the parties in proportion to their vote share at the Congress.<a href="#cite_note-91">[88]</a> At the same time, a number of prominent members of the <a href="/wiki/Left_Socialist_Revolutionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Left Socialist Revolutionaries">Left Socialist Revolutionaries</a> had assumed positions in Lenin's government and lead commissariats in several areas. This included agriculture (<a href="/wiki/Andrei_Kolegayev" title="Andrei Kolegayev">Kolegaev</a>), property (<a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Karelin" title="Vladimir Karelin">Karelin</a>), justice (<a href="/wiki/Isaac_Steinberg" title="Isaac Steinberg">Steinberg</a>), post offices and telegraphs (<a href="/wiki/Prosh_Proshian" title="Prosh Proshian">Proshian</a>) and local government (Trutovsky).<a href="#cite_note-92">[89]</a> According to Deutscher, the Mensheviks and Social Revolutionaries presented a number of demands for a coalition government. These demands proposed disarming the Bolshevik detachments and excluding Lenin and Trotsky from the coalition. This was seen as unacceptable to even the most moderate, Bolshevik negotiators such as Kamenev and Sokolnikov.<a href="#cite_note-93">[90]</a> By the end of 1917, Trotsky was unquestionably the second man in the Bolshevik Party after Lenin. He overshadowed Zinoviev, who had been Lenin's top lieutenant over the previous decade. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Russian_Revolution_and_aftermath">Russian Revolution and aftermath</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_Trotsky&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Russian Revolution and aftermath">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commissar_for_Foreign_Affairs_and_Brest-Litovsk_(1917–1918)">Commissar for Foreign Affairs and Brest-Litovsk (1917–1918)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_Trotsky&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Commissar for Foreign Affairs and Brest-Litovsk (1917–1918)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Protecci%C3%B3n_del_Palacio_Tauride_durante_el_Segundo_Congreso_Regional_de_los_Soviets.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Protecci%C3%B3n_del_Palacio_Tauride_durante_el_Segundo_Congreso_Regional_de_los_Soviets.jpg/220px-Protecci%C3%B3n_del_Palacio_Tauride_durante_el_Segundo_Congreso_Regional_de_los_Soviets.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Protecci%C3%B3n_del_Palacio_Tauride_durante_el_Segundo_Congreso_Regional_de_los_Soviets.jpg/330px-Protecci%C3%B3n_del_Palacio_Tauride_durante_el_Segundo_Congreso_Regional_de_los_Soviets.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Protecci%C3%B3n_del_Palacio_Tauride_durante_el_Segundo_Congreso_Regional_de_los_Soviets.jpg/440px-Protecci%C3%B3n_del_Palacio_Tauride_durante_el_Segundo_Congreso_Regional_de_los_Soviets.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="510" /></a><figcaption>The dissolution of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Constituent_Assembly" title="Russian Constituent Assembly">Constituent Assembly</a> on 6 January 1918. The <a href="/wiki/Tauride_Palace" title="Tauride Palace">Tauride Palace</a> is locked and guarded by Trotsky, <a href="/wiki/Sverdlov" class="mw-redirect" title="Sverdlov">Sverdlov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grigory_Zinoviev" title="Grigory Zinoviev">Zinoviev</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lashevich" title="Mikhail Lashevich">Lashevich</a>.</figcaption></figure> After the Bolsheviks came to power, Trotsky became the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Commissar_for_Foreign_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs">People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs</a> and published the <a href="/wiki/Secret_treaties" class="mw-redirect" title="Secret treaties">secret treaties</a> previously signed by the <a href="/wiki/Triple_Entente" title="Triple Entente">Triple Entente</a> that detailed plans for post-war reallocation of colonies and redrawing state borders. On 23 November 1917, Trotsky revealed the <a href="/wiki/Sykes%E2%80%93Picot_Agreement" title="Sykes–Picot Agreement">secret treaty arrangements</a> which had been made between the Tsarist government, Britain and France, causing them considerable embarrassment. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Brest-Litovsk">Brest-Litovsk</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_Trotsky&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Brest-Litovsk">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leon_Trotsky_Lev_Kamenev_Brest-Litovsk_negotiations.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Leon_Trotsky_Lev_Kamenev_Brest-Litovsk_negotiations.jpg/220px-Leon_Trotsky_Lev_Kamenev_Brest-Litovsk_negotiations.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Leon_Trotsky_Lev_Kamenev_Brest-Litovsk_negotiations.jpg/330px-Leon_Trotsky_Lev_Kamenev_Brest-Litovsk_negotiations.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Leon_Trotsky_Lev_Kamenev_Brest-Litovsk_negotiations.jpg/440px-Leon_Trotsky_Lev_Kamenev_Brest-Litovsk_negotiations.jpg 2x" data-file-width="635" data-file-height="589" /></a><figcaption>Trotsky and <a href="/wiki/Lev_Kamenev" title="Lev Kamenev">Lev Kamenev</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Brest-Litovsk negotiations</a> (c. 1917–1918)</figcaption></figure> In preparation for peace talks with the representatives of the Imperial German government and the representatives of the other Central Powers leading up to the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a>, Leon Trotsky appointed his old friend Joffe to represent the Bolsheviks. When the Soviet delegation learned that Germans and Austro-Hungarians planned to annex slices of Polish territory and to set up a rump Polish state with what remained, while the Baltic provinces were to become client states ruled by German princes, the talks were recessed for 12 days. The Soviets' only hopes were that, given time, their allies would agree to join the negotiations or that the western European proletariat would revolt, so their best strategy was to prolong the negotiations. As Foreign Minister Leon Trotsky wrote, "To delay negotiations, there must be someone to do the delaying".<a href="#cite_note-94">[91]</a> Therefore, Trotsky replaced Joffe as the leader of the Soviet delegation during the peace negotiations in <a href="/wiki/Brest-Litovsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Brest-Litovsk">Brest-Litovsk</a> from 22 December 1917 to 10 February 1918.<a href="#cite_note-95">[92]</a> At that time the Soviet government was split on the issue. <a href="/wiki/Left_Communists_(Soviet_Russia)" title="Left Communists (Soviet Russia)">Left Communists</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bukharin" title="Nikolai Bukharin">Nikolai Bukharin</a>, continued to believe that there could be no peace between a Soviet republic and a capitalist empire, and that only a revolutionary war leading to a pan-European Soviet republic would bring a durable peace.<a href="#cite_note-Leon_Trotsky-96">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[94]</a> They cited the successes of the newly formed (15 January 1918) voluntary <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> against <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Polish</a> forces of Gen. <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Dowbor-Mu%C5%9Bnicki" title="Józef Dowbor-Muśnicki">Józef Dowbor-Muśnicki</a> in Belarus, <a href="/wiki/White_movement" title="White movement">White</a> forces in the <a href="/wiki/Don_River,_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Don River, Russia">Don</a> region, and newly independent <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="Ukrainian People's Republic">Ukrainian</a> forces as proof that the Red Army could repel German forces, especially if propaganda and <a href="/wiki/Asymmetrical_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Asymmetrical warfare">asymmetrical warfare</a> were used.<a href="#cite_note-Leon_Trotsky-96">[93]</a> They were willing to hold talks with the Germans as a means of exposing German imperial ambitions (territorial gains, <a href="/wiki/War_reparations" title="War reparations">reparations</a>, etc.) in the hope of accelerating the hoped−for Soviet revolution in the West. Still, they were dead set against signing any peace treaty. In the case of a German ultimatum, they advocated proclaiming a revolutionary war against Germany to inspire Russian and European workers to fight for socialism. This opinion was shared by <a href="/wiki/Left_Socialist_Revolutionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Left Socialist Revolutionaries">Left Socialist Revolutionaries</a>, who were then the Bolsheviks' junior partners in a coalition government.<a href="#cite_note-lsrm-98">[95]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk-en.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Map_Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk-en.jpg/170px-Map_Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk-en.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Map_Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk-en.jpg/255px-Map_Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk-en.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Map_Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk-en.jpg/340px-Map_Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk-en.jpg 2x" data-file-width="589" data-file-height="916" /></a><figcaption>Territory lost under the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk_(Ukraine%E2%80%93Central_Powers)" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (Ukraine–Central Powers)">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a></figcaption></figure> Lenin, who had earlier hoped for a speedy Soviet revolution in Germany and other parts of Europe, quickly decided that the Imperial government of Germany was still firmly in control and that, without a strong Russian military, an armed conflict with Germany would lead to a collapse of the Soviet government in Russia. He agreed with the Left Communists that ultimately a pan-European Soviet revolution would solve all problems, but until then the Bolsheviks had to stay in power. Lenin did not mind prolonging the negotiating process for maximum propaganda effect, but, from January 1918 on, advocated signing a separate peace treaty if faced with a German ultimatum. Trotsky's position was between these two Bolshevik factions. Like Lenin, he admitted that the old Russian military, inherited from the monarchy and the Provisional Government and in advanced stages of decomposition, was unable to fight:<a href="#cite_note-99">[96]</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">That we could no longer fight was perfectly clear to me and that the newly formed <a href="/wiki/Red_Guards_(Russia)" title="Red Guards (Russia)">Red Guard</a> and Red Army detachments were too small and poorly trained to resist the Germans.</blockquote> But he agreed with the Left Communists that a separate peace treaty with an imperialist power would be a terrible morale and material blow to the Soviet government, negate all its military and political successes of 1917 and 1918, resurrect the notion that the Bolsheviks secretly allied with the German government, and cause an upsurge of internal resistance. He argued that any German ultimatum should be refused, and that this might well lead to an uprising in Germany, or at least inspire German soldiers to disobey their officers since any German offensive would be a naked land grab for territories. Trotsky wrote in 1925:<a href="#cite_note-100">[97]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">We began peace negotiations in the hope of arousing the workmen's party of Germany and Austria-Hungary as well as of the Entente countries. For this reason we were obliged to delay the negotiations as long as possible to give the European workman time to understand the main fact of the Soviet revolution itself and particularly its peace policy. But there was the other question: Can the Germans still fight? Are they in a position to begin an attack on the revolution that will explain the cessation of the war? How can we find out the state of mind of the German soldiers, how to fathom it?</blockquote> Trotsky, in a letter he wrote to Lenin during the negotiations, which must have been written before 18 January 1918, described its policy, summarily, as follows:<a href="#cite_note-101">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[100]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Dear Vladimir Ilyich It is impossible to sign their peace. They already have agreed with fictitious Governments of Poland, <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Courland" title="Courland">Courland</a> and others concerning territorial concessions and military and customs treaties. (...) We cannot sign their peace. My plan is this: We announce the termination of the war and demobilization without signing any peace. We declare we cannot participate in the looting war of the Allies nor can we sign a looting peace. Poland's, Lithuania's and Courland's fate we place upon the responsibility of the German working people. The Germans will be unable to attack us after we declare the war ended. At any rate, it would be very difficult for Germany to attack us, because of her internal condition. The <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Scheidemann" title="Philipp Scheidemann">Scheidemannites</a> adopted a formal resolution to break with the Government if it makes annexationist demands of the Russian revolution. The <a href="/wiki/Berliner_Tageblatt" title="Berliner Tageblatt">Berliner Tageblatt</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Vossische_Zeitung" title="Vossische Zeitung">Vossische Zeitung</a> demand an understanding with Russia by all means. The <a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(Germany)" title="Centre Party (Germany)">Centrists</a> favor an agreement. (...) We declare we end the war but do not sign a peace. They will be unable to make an offensive against us. If they attack us, our position will be no worse than now (...) We must have your decision. We can still drag on negotiations for one or two or three or four days. Afterward they must be broken off. I see no other solution than that proposed. I clasp your hand. Yours, TROTZKY. Answer by direct wire: "I agree to your plan" or "I don't agree."</blockquote> However, even though Lenin was in favor of a peace, due to party opposition, he responded with these messages from 18 January 1918:<a href="#cite_note-104">[101]</a> "Stalin has just arrived; we will look into the matter with him and let you have a joint answer right away," and "please adjourn proceedings and leave for Petrograd. Send a reply; I will wait. Lenin, Stalin." As it was remarked by Trotsky that, "[... p]ossibly this answer already showed that he did not agree with my proposition (...)", Trotsky returned to Petrograd to debate with Lenin.<a href="#cite_note-105">[102]</a> During his debate with Trotsky, Lenin concluded: "(...) In any case, I stand for the immediate signing of peace; it is safer."<a href="#cite_note-106">[103]</a> However, after debates with the German delegation, Trotsky and the Russian delegation withdrew from peace talks on 10 February 1918, by declaring ending the war on the side of Soviet Russia, and not signing a peace treaty.<a href="#cite_note-107">[104]</a> Privately, in correspondence with <a href="/wiki/Count_Otto_von_Czernin" title="Count Otto von Czernin">Count Otto von Czernin</a>, Trotsky had expressed his willigness to relent to peace terms upon the resumption of a German offensive although with moral dissent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2015a389-108">[105]</a> Contrary to Russia's declaration, Germany resumed <a href="/wiki/Operation_Faustschlag" title="Operation Faustschlag">military operations</a> on 18 February. Within a day, it became clear that the German army was capable of conducting offensive operations and that Red Army detachments, which were relatively small, poorly organized, and poorly led, were no match for it. On the evening of 18 February 1918, Trotsky and his supporters in the committee abstained, and Lenin's proposal was accepted 7–4. The Soviet government sent a <a href="/wiki/Radiogram_(message)" title="Radiogram (message)">radiogram to</a> the German side, taking the final Brest-Litovsk peace terms.<a href="#cite_note-Felshtinsky-109">[106]</a> Germany did not respond for three days and continued its offensive, encountering little resistance. The response arrived on 21 February, but the proposed terms were so harsh that even Lenin briefly thought that the Soviet government had no choice but to fight. But in the end, the committee again voted 7–4 on 23 February 1918; the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a> was signed on 3 March and ratified on 15 March 1918. Since Trotsky was so closely associated with the policy previously followed by the Soviet delegation at Brest-Litovsk, he resigned from his position as Commissar for Foreign Affairs to remove a potential obstacle to the new policy. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Head_of_the_Red_Army_(spring_1918)">Head of the Red Army (spring 1918)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_Trotsky&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Head of the Red Army (spring 1918)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leon_Trotsky_Armored_Train_1920.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Leon_Trotsky_Armored_Train_1920.jpg/150px-Leon_Trotsky_Armored_Train_1920.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Leon_Trotsky_Armored_Train_1920.jpg/225px-Leon_Trotsky_Armored_Train_1920.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Leon_Trotsky_Armored_Train_1920.jpg/300px-Leon_Trotsky_Armored_Train_1920.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1026" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Trotsky speaks from <a href="/wiki/Trotsky%27s_train" title="Trotsky's train">his armoured train</a> during the civil war in 1920</figcaption></figure> On 13 March 1918, Trotsky's resignation as Commissar for Foreign Affairs was officially accepted, and he was appointed People's Commissar of Army and Navy Affairs—in place of Podvoisky—and chairman of the Supreme Military Council. The post of commander-in-chief was abolished, and Trotsky gained full control of the Red Army, responsible only to the Communist Party leadership, whose Left Socialist Revolutionary allies had left the government over the controversial treaty of Brest-Litovsk.<a href="#cite_note-lsrm-98">[95]</a> The entire Bolshevik leadership of the Red Army, including People's Commissar (defence minister) <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Podvoisky" title="Nikolai Podvoisky">Nikolai Podvoisky</a> and commander-in-chief <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Krylenko" title="Nikolai Krylenko">Nikolai Krylenko</a>, protested vigorously against Trotsky's appointment and eventually resigned. They believed that the Red Army should consist only of dedicated revolutionaries, rely on propaganda and force, and have elected officers. They viewed former imperial officers and generals as potential traitors who should be kept out of the new military, much less put in charge of it. Their views continued to be popular with many Bolsheviks throughout most of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a>, and their supporters, including Podvoisky, who became one of Trotsky's deputies, were a constant thorn in Trotsky's side. The discontent with Trotsky's policies of strict discipline, forced <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">conscription</a> and reliance on carefully supervised non-Communist military experts eventually led to the <a href="/wiki/Military_Opposition" title="Military Opposition">Military Opposition</a>, which was active within the Communist Party in late 1918–1919.<a href="#cite_note-Life_XXXVI-110">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_War_(1918–1920)">Civil War (1918–1920)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_Trotsky&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Civil War (1918–1920)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1918">1918</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_Trotsky&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: 1918">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WhiteArmyPropagandaPosterOfTrotsky.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/WhiteArmyPropagandaPosterOfTrotsky.jpg/170px-WhiteArmyPropagandaPosterOfTrotsky.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/WhiteArmyPropagandaPosterOfTrotsky.jpg/255px-WhiteArmyPropagandaPosterOfTrotsky.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/WhiteArmyPropagandaPosterOfTrotsky.jpg/340px-WhiteArmyPropagandaPosterOfTrotsky.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="828" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitic</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[108]</a> 1919 <a href="/wiki/White_movement" title="White movement">White Army</a> propaganda poster depicting Trotsky as <a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a> wearing a <a href="/wiki/Pentagram" title="Pentagram">pentagram</a> and portraying the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_in_the_Russian_Revolution_and_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Chinese in the Russian Revolution and in the Russian Civil War">Bolsheviks' Chinese supporters</a> as mass murderers. The caption reads, "Peace and Liberty in <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Sovdepiya</a>".</figcaption></figure> The military situation soon tested Trotsky's managerial and organization-building skills. In May–June 1918, the <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Legions" class="mw-redirect" title="Czechoslovak Legions">Czechoslovak Legions</a> en route from European Russia to <a href="/wiki/Vladivostok" title="Vladivostok">Vladivostok</a> rose against the Soviet government. This left the Bolsheviks with the loss of most of the country's territory, an increasingly well-organized resistance by Russian anti-Communist forces (usually referred to as the <a href="/wiki/White_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="White Movement">White Army</a> after their best-known component) and widespread defection by the military experts whom Trotsky relied on.<a href="#cite_note-112">[109]</a> Trotsky and the government responded with a full-fledged <a href="/wiki/Mobilization" title="Mobilization">mobilization</a>, which increased the size of the Red Army from fewer than 300,000 in May 1918 to one million in October, and an introduction of <a href="/wiki/Political_commissar" title="Political commissar">political commissars</a> into the army. The latter had the task of ensuring the loyalty of military experts (mostly former officers in the Imperial Army) and co-signing their orders. Trotsky regarded the organisation of the Red Army as built on the ideas of the October Revolution. As he later wrote in his autobiography:<a href="#cite_note-113">[110]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">An army cannot be built without reprisals. Masses of men cannot be led to death unless the army command has the death-penalty in its arsenal. So long as those malicious tailless apes that are so proud of their technical achievements—the animals that we call men—will build armies and wage wars, the command will always be obliged to place the soldiers between the possible death in the front and the inevitable one in the rear. And yet armies are not built on fear. The Tsar's army fell to pieces not because of any lack of reprisals. In his attempt to save it by restoring the death-penalty, Kerensky only finished it. Upon the ashes of the great war, the Bolsheviks created a new army. These facts demand no explanation for any one who has even the slightest knowledge of the language of history. The strongest cement in the new army was the ideas of the October revolution, and <a href="/wiki/Trotsky%27s_train" title="Trotsky's train">the train</a> supplied the front with this cement.</blockquote> Another controversial feature of his military decisions was to inaugurate hostage-taking of relatives of ex-Tsarist officials working in the Red Army to avert the risk of <a href="/wiki/Defection" title="Defection">defection</a> or betrayal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKort2015130-114">[111]</a> Service pointed out that this practice was exercised by both Red and White armies during the Civil War.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2010263-115">[112]</a> Trotsky would later defend his decision and argue that none of the families of ex-officials who did betray the army and contribute to additional human casualties were themselves ever executed. He would also insist that had these draconian measures been adopted rather than excess "magnanimity" to opponents at the start of the October Revolution then Russia would have experienced far less casualties.<a href="#cite_note-116">[113]</a> Deutscher draws attention to the fact that Trotsky preferred to exchange hostages and prisoners rather than execute them. He recounts that Trotsky had released <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Krasnov" title="Pyotr Krasnov">General Krasnov</a> on parole in 1918 after the <a href="/wiki/Kerensky%E2%80%93Krasnov_uprising" title="Kerensky–Krasnov uprising">Kerensky–Krasnov uprising</a> during the initial stage of the civil war but the general would take up arms against the Soviets shortly again afterwards.<a href="#cite_note-117">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Red_Terror">Red Terror</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_Trotsky&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Red Terror">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Russian_civil_war_west.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Russian_civil_war_west.svg/220px-Russian_civil_war_west.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Russian_civil_war_west.svg/330px-Russian_civil_war_west.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Russian_civil_war_west.svg/440px-Russian_civil_war_west.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1035" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>European theatre of the Russian Civil War in 1918–19</figcaption></figure> Arising after <a href="/wiki/Assassination_attempts_on_Vladimir_Lenin" title="Assassination attempts on Vladimir Lenin">assassination attempts on Lenin</a> and Trotsky along with the successful assassinations of Petrograd <a href="/wiki/Cheka" title="Cheka">Cheka</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Moisei_Uritsky" title="Moisei Uritsky">Moisei Uritsky</a> and party editor <a href="/wiki/V._Volodarsky" title="V. Volodarsky">V. Volodarsky</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Leninism_under_Lenin-118">[115]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Red_Terror" title="Red Terror">Red Terror</a> was enacted. The French <a href="/wiki/Reign_of_Terror" title="Reign of Terror">Reign of Terror</a> has been viewed as an influence and a model for the civil war repressions.<a href="#cite_note-:1-119">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-18">[15]</a> The decision to enact the Red Terror was also driven by initial <a href="/wiki/White_Army" title="White Army">White Army</a> massacres of "Red" prisoners in 1917, <a href="/wiki/Allied_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War">allied intervention in the Russian Civil War</a> and the large-scale massacres of Reds during the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Civil_War" title="Finnish Civil War">Finnish Civil War</a> in which 10,000-20,000 workers had been liquidated by the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Whites" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish Whites">Finnish Whites</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Leninism_under_Lenin-118">[115]</a> In his book, <a href="/wiki/Terrorism_and_Communism" title="Terrorism and Communism">Terrorism and Communism</a>, Trotsky argued that the reign of terror in Russia began with the <a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(Russia)" title="White Terror (Russia)">White Terror</a> under the White Guard forces and the Bolsheviks responded with the Red Terror.<a href="#cite_note-120">[117]</a> <a href="/wiki/Felix_Dzerzhinsky" title="Felix Dzerzhinsky">Felix Dzerzhinsky</a> was tasked with rooting out <a href="/wiki/Counter-revolutionary" title="Counter-revolutionary">counter-revolutionary</a> threats and appointed director of the All-Russian Extraordinary Commission (aka <a href="/wiki/Cheka" title="Cheka">Cheka</a>), a predecessor of the KGB that served as the <a href="/wiki/Secret_police" title="Secret police">secret police</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-121">[118]</a> From early 1918, the Bolsheviks started physical elimination of opposition and other socialist and revolutionary fractions, <a href="/wiki/Anarchists" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchists">anarchists</a> among the first.<a href="#cite_note-Berkman-122">[119]</a> On 11 August 1918, prior to the events that would officially catalyze the Terror, Lenin <a href="/wiki/Lenin%27s_Hanging_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Lenin's Hanging Order">sent telegrams</a> "to introduce mass terror" in <a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod" title="Nizhny Novgorod">Nizhny Novgorod</a> in response to a suspected civilian uprising, and to "crush" landowners who resisted, sometimes violently, the requisitioning of their grain by military detachments.<a href="#cite_note-litvinalkbterror-123">[120]</a> On 30 August, <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Revolutionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist Revolutionary">Socialist Revolutionary</a> <a href="/wiki/Fanny_Kaplan" title="Fanny Kaplan">Fanny Kaplan</a> unsuccessfully <a href="/wiki/Assassination_attempts_on_Vladimir_Lenin" title="Assassination attempts on Vladimir Lenin">attempted to assassinate</a> <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-119">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-121">[118]</a> In September, Trotsky rushed back from the far-eastern front of the civil war to Moscow after the second day of the shooting and Stalin remained in <a href="/wiki/Tsaritsyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsaritsyn">Tsaritsyn</a>.<a href="#cite_note-124">[121]</a> Kaplan referenced the Bolsheviks' growing authoritarianism. These events persuaded the government to heed Dzerzhinsky's lobbying for greater terror against opposition. The campaign of mass repressions would officially begin thereafter.<a href="#cite_note-:1-119">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-121">[118]</a> The Red Terror is began between 17 and 30 August 1918.<a href="#cite_note-:1-119">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-121">[118]</a> Regarding the Red Terror Trotsky wrote:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The bourgeoisie today is a falling class... We are forced to tear it off, to chop it away. The Red Terror is a weapon utilized against a class, doomed to destruction, which does not wish to perish. If the White Terror can only retard the historical rise of the proletariat, the Red Terror hastens the destruction of the bourgeoisie.<a href="#cite_note-125">[122]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Desertions">Desertions</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_Trotsky&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Desertions">edit</a>]</div> In dealing with <a href="/wiki/Desertion" title="Desertion">deserters</a>, Trotsky appealed to them politically, arousing them with the ideas of the Revolution. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">In...Kaluga, Voronezh, and Ryazan, tens of thousands of young peasants had failed to answer the first recruiting summons by the Soviets ... The war commissariat of Ryazan succeeded in gathering in some fifteen thousand of such deserters. While passing through Ryazan, I decided to take a look at them. Some of our men tried to dissuade me. "Something might happen," they warned me. But everything went off beautifully. The men were called out of their barracks. "Comrade-deserters—come to the meeting. Comrade Trotsky has come to speak to you." They ran out excited, boisterous, as curious as schoolboys. I had imagined them much worse, and they had imagined me as more terrible...The "comrade-deserters" were looking at me with such curiosity that it seemed as if their eyes would pop out of their heads. I...spoke to them for about an hour and a half. It was a most responsive audience. I tried to raise them in their own eyes; concluding, I asked them to lift their hands in token of their loyalty to the revolution. The new ideas infected them before my very eyes. They were genuinely enthusiastic...shouted at the tops of their voices. They would hardly let me go. I learned afterward, with some pride, that one of the best ways to educate them was to remind them: "What did you promise Comrade Trotsky?" Later on, regiments of Ryazan "deserters" fought well at the fronts.</blockquote> The first use of the punitive <a href="/wiki/Barrier_troops" title="Barrier troops">barrier troops</a> by the Red Army occurred in the summer and fall of 1918 in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(RSFSR)" title="Eastern Front (RSFSR)">Eastern front</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a>, when <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Defence_(Soviet_Union)" title="Minister of Defence (Soviet Union)">People's Commissar of Military and Naval Affairs</a> (War Commissar) Trotsky authorized <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Tukhachevsky" title="Mikhail Tukhachevsky">Mikhail Tukhachevsky</a>, commander of the <a href="/wiki/1st_Army_(RSFSR)" title="1st Army (RSFSR)">1st Army</a>, to station blocking detachments behind unreliable infantry regiments, with orders to shoot if front-line troops either deserted or retreated without permission. The barrier troops comprised personnel drawn from <a href="/wiki/Cheka" title="Cheka">Cheka</a> punitive detachments or regular infantry regiments.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1996180-126">[123]</a> In December 1918, Trotsky ordered detachments of additional barrier troops be raised for attachment to each infantry formation. On 18 December he cabled: "How do things stand with the blocking units? As far as I am aware they have not been included in our establishment and it appears they have no personnel. It is absolutely essential that we have at least an embryonic network of blocking units and that we work out a procedure for bringing them up to strength and deploying them."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1996180-126">[123]</a> The barrier troops were also used to enforce Bolshevik control over food supplies in areas controlled by the army, a role which earned them the hatred of the civilian population.<a href="#cite_note-127">[124]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Demyan_Bedny_and_Leon_Trotsky.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Demyan_Bedny_and_Leon_Trotsky.jpg/220px-Demyan_Bedny_and_Leon_Trotsky.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Demyan_Bedny_and_Leon_Trotsky.jpg/330px-Demyan_Bedny_and_Leon_Trotsky.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Demyan_Bedny_and_Leon_Trotsky.jpg/440px-Demyan_Bedny_and_Leon_Trotsky.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1324" data-file-height="856" /></a><figcaption>Trotsky with <a href="/wiki/Demyan_Bedny" title="Demyan Bedny">Demyan Bedny</a> near Kazan, 1918</figcaption></figure> Given the lack of manpower and the 16 opposing foreign armies, Trotsky insisted on the use of former Tsarist officers as military specialists within the army, in combination with Bolshevik political commissars to ensure the revolutionary nature of the Red Army. Lenin commented on this:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">When Comrade Trotsky informed me recently that the number of officers of the old army employed by our War Department runs into several tens of thousands, I perceived concretely where the secret of using our enemy lay, how to compel those who had opposed communism to build it, how to build communism with the bricks which the capitalists had chosen to hurl against us! We have no other bricks! And so, we must compel the bourgeois experts, under the leadership of the proletariat, to build up our edifice with these bricks. This is what is difficult; but this is the pledge of victory.<a href="#cite_note-128">[125]</a></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trotsky,_Lenin,_Kamenev_(1919).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Trotsky%2C_Lenin%2C_Kamenev_%281919%29.jpg/220px-Trotsky%2C_Lenin%2C_Kamenev_%281919%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Trotsky%2C_Lenin%2C_Kamenev_%281919%29.jpg/330px-Trotsky%2C_Lenin%2C_Kamenev_%281919%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Trotsky%2C_Lenin%2C_Kamenev_%281919%29.jpg/440px-Trotsky%2C_Lenin%2C_Kamenev_%281919%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1673" data-file-height="1253" /></a><figcaption>Trotsky (left), with <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a> (centre) and <a href="/wiki/Lev_Kamenev" title="Lev Kamenev">Kamenev</a> (right), in discussion during the Russian Civil War</figcaption></figure> In September 1918, the Bolshevik government, facing military difficulties, declared what amounted to martial law and reorganized the Red Army. The Supreme Military Council was abolished, and the position of commander-in-chief was restored, filled by the commander of the <a href="/wiki/Latvian_Riflemen" title="Latvian Riflemen">Latvian Riflemen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jukums_V%C4%81cietis" title="Jukums Vācietis">Jukums Vācietis</a>, who had formerly led the Eastern Front against the Czechoslovak Legions. Vatsetis took charge of the day-to-day operations. Trotsky became chairman of the newly formed Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic and retained overall control of the military. Trotsky and Vatsetis had clashed earlier in 1918, while Vatsetis and Trotsky's adviser Mikhail Bonch-Bruevich were also on unfriendly terms. Nevertheless, Trotsky eventually established a working relationship with the often prickly Vatsetis. The reorganization caused yet another conflict, this time between Trotsky and Stalin, in late September. Trotsky appointed former imperial general <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Sytin" title="Pavel Sytin">Pavel Pavlovich Sytin</a> to command the Southern Front, but in early October 1918 Stalin refused to accept him and so he was recalled from the front. Lenin and <a href="/wiki/Yakov_Sverdlov" title="Yakov Sverdlov">Yakov Sverdlov</a> tried to make Trotsky and Stalin reconcile, but their meeting proved unsuccessful. In 1919, 612 "hardcore" deserters of the total 837,000 draft dodgers and deserters were executed following Trotsky's dracionan measures.<a href="#cite_note-129">[126]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Orlando_Figes" title="Orlando Figes">Orlando Figes</a>, most "deserters...were handed back to the military authorities, and formed into units for transfer to one of the rear armies or directly to the front". Even those registered as "malicious" deserters were returned to the ranks when the demand for reinforcements became desperate". Forges noted that the Red Army instituted <a href="/wiki/Amnesty" title="Amnesty">amnesty</a> weeks to prohibit punitive measures against desertion which encouraged the voluntary return of 98,000-132,000 deserters.<a href="#cite_note-130">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1919">1919</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_Trotsky&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: 1919">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trotsky_con_la_guardia_roja.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Trotsky_con_la_guardia_roja.jpg/220px-Trotsky_con_la_guardia_roja.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Trotsky_con_la_guardia_roja.jpg/330px-Trotsky_con_la_guardia_roja.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Trotsky_con_la_guardia_roja.jpg/440px-Trotsky_con_la_guardia_roja.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="524" /></a><figcaption>Trotsky addressing soldiers during the Polish-Soviet War</figcaption></figure> Throughout late 1918 and early 1919, there were a number of attacks on Trotsky's leadership of the Red Army, including veiled accusations in newspaper articles inspired by Stalin and a direct attack by the Military Opposition at the <a href="/wiki/8th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="8th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">VIIIth Party Congress</a> in March 1919. On the surface, he weathered them successfully and was elected one of only five full members of the first <a href="/wiki/Politburo" title="Politburo">Politburo</a> after the Congress. But he later wrote:<a href="#cite_note-Life_XXXVI-110">[107]</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">It is no wonder that my military work created so many enemies for me. I did not look to the side, I elbowed away those who interfered with military success, or in the haste of the work trod on the toes of the unheeding and was too busy even to apologize. Some people remember such things. The dissatisfied and those whose feelings had been hurt found their way to Stalin or Zinoviev, for these two also nourished hurts.</blockquote> In mid-1919, the dissatisfied had an opportunity to mount a serious challenge to Trotsky's leadership: the Red Army grew from 800,000 to 3,000,000 and fought simultaneously on sixteen fronts.<a href="#cite_note-131">[128]</a> At the 3–4 July Central Committee meeting, after a heated exchange, the majority supported Kamenev and Smilga against Vācietis and Trotsky. Trotsky's plan was rejected, and he was much criticized for various alleged shortcomings in his leadership style, much of it of a personal nature. Stalin used this opportunity to pressure Lenin<a href="#cite_note-My_Life-132">[129]</a> to dismiss Trotsky from his post. However, some significant changes to the leadership of the Red Army were made. Trotsky was temporarily sent to the Southern Front, while Smilga informally coordinated the work in Moscow. Most members of the Revolutionary Military Council who were not involved in its day-to-day operations were relieved of their duties on 8 July, and new members, including Smilga, were added. The same day, while Trotsky was in the south, Vācietis was suddenly arrested by the Cheka on suspicion of involvement in an anti-Soviet plot, and replaced by Sergey Kamenev. After a few weeks in the south, Trotsky returned to Moscow and resumed control of the Red Army. A year later, Smilga and <a href="/wiki/Tukhachevsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Tukhachevsky">Tukhachevsky</a> were defeated during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Warsaw_(1920)" title="Battle of Warsaw (1920)">Battle of Warsaw</a>, but Trotsky refused this opportunity to pay Smilga back, which earned him Smilga's friendship and later his support during the intra-Party battles of the 1920s.<a href="#cite_note-133">[130]</a> By October 1919, the government was in the worst crisis of the Civil War: Denikin's troops approached <a href="/wiki/Tula,_Russia" title="Tula, Russia">Tula</a> and Moscow from the south, and General <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Yudenich" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikolay Yudenich">Nikolay Yudenich</a>'s troops approached Petrograd from the west. Lenin decided that since it was more important to defend Moscow, Petrograd would have to be abandoned. Trotsky argued<a href="#cite_note-134">[131]</a> that Petrograd needed to be defended, at least in part to prevent <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> and Finland from intervening. In a rare reversal, Trotsky was supported by Stalin and Zinoviev, and prevailed against Lenin in the Central Committee. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1920">1920</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_Trotsky&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: 1920">edit</a>]</div> With the defeat of Denikin and Yudenich in late 1919, the Soviet government's emphasis shifted to the economy. Trotsky spent the winter of 1919–20 in the Urals region trying to restart its economy. A false rumor of his assassination circulated in Germany and the international press on New Year's Day 1920.<a href="#cite_note-135">[132]</a> Based on his experiences, he proposed abandoning the policies of <a href="/wiki/War_Communism" class="mw-redirect" title="War Communism">War Communism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-136">[133]</a> which included confiscating grain from peasants, and partially restoring the grain market. Still committed to War Communism, Lenin rejected his proposal. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trotsky_on_a_Polish_poster_of_1920.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Trotsky_on_a_Polish_poster_of_1920.jpg/220px-Trotsky_on_a_Polish_poster_of_1920.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Trotsky_on_a_Polish_poster_of_1920.jpg/330px-Trotsky_on_a_Polish_poster_of_1920.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Trotsky_on_a_Polish_poster_of_1920.jpg/440px-Trotsky_on_a_Polish_poster_of_1920.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1913" data-file-height="2542" /></a><figcaption>Trotsky on an <a href="/wiki/Anti-Sovietism" title="Anti-Sovietism">anti-Soviet</a> Polish poster titled "Bolshevik freedom" which depicts him on a pile of skulls, holding a bloody knife, during the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish–Soviet War</a></figcaption></figure> In early 1920, Soviet–Polish tensions eventually led to the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish–Soviet War</a>. In the run-up and during the war, Trotsky argued<a href="#cite_note-My_Life-132">[129]</a> that the Red Army was exhausted and the Soviet government should sign a peace treaty with Poland as soon as possible. He did not believe that the Red Army would find much support in Poland proper. Lenin later wrote that he and other Bolshevik leaders believed the Red Army's successes in the Russian Civil War and against the Poles meant "The defensive period of the war with worldwide imperialism was over, and we could, and had the obligation to, exploit the military situation to launch an offensive war."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1996Political_Report_of_the_Central_Committee_of_the_RKP(b)_to_the_Ninth_All-Russian_Conference_of_the_Communist_Party_delivered_by_Lenin_on_20_September_1920,_Document_59_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1996Political_Report_of_the_Central_Committee_of_the_RKP(b)_to_the_Ninth_All-Russian_Conference_of_the_Communist_Party_delivered_by_Lenin_on_20_September_1920,_Document_59-137">[134]</a> Poland defeated the Red Army, and the offensive was turned back during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Warsaw_(1920)" title="Battle of Warsaw (1920)">Battle of Warsaw</a> in August 1920. Back in Moscow, Trotsky again argued for a peace treaty, and this time prevailed. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trade_union_debate_(1920–1921)">Trade union debate (1920–1921)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_Trotsky&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Trade union debate (1920–1921)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Trade-union_debate_(Russia)" title="Trade-union debate (Russia)">Trade-union debate (Russia)</a></div> During the trade union debate of 1920–1921, Trotsky argued that trade unions should be integrated directly into the state apparatus, advocating for a "militarization of labor" to rebuild the Soviet economy after the Civil War. He believed that in a workers' state, the state should control the unions, with workers being treated as "soldiers of labor" under strict discipline.<a href="#cite_note-138">[135]</a> This position was sharply criticized by <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a>, who argued that trade unions should retain some independence from the state and act as "schools of communism" rather than instruments of state control. Lenin's view won out at the <a href="/wiki/10th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="10th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">10th Congress</a> in 1921, and several of Trotsky's supporters, including <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Krestinsky" title="Nikolay Krestinsky">Nikolay Krestinsky</a>, lost their leadership positions. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kronstadt_rebellion">Kronstadt rebellion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_Trotsky&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Kronstadt rebellion">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kronstadt_rebellion" title="Kronstadt rebellion">Kronstadt rebellion</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kronstadt_attack.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Kronstadt_attack.JPG/220px-Kronstadt_attack.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Kronstadt_attack.JPG/330px-Kronstadt_attack.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Kronstadt_attack.JPG/440px-Kronstadt_attack.JPG 2x" data-file-width="789" data-file-height="543" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> troops attack <a href="/wiki/Kronstadt_rebellion" title="Kronstadt rebellion">Kronstadt sailors</a> in March 1921.</figcaption></figure> In March 1921, during the Kronstadt Rebellion, sailors and soldiers in the naval base of <a href="/wiki/Kronstadt" title="Kronstadt">Kronstadt</a> rose up against the Bolshevik government, demanding greater freedom for workers and peasants, an end to one-party rule, and the restoration of civil rights.<a href="#cite_note-139">[136]</a> The rebellion occurred simultaneously with the 10th Party Congress, further destabilizing the fragile political situation. Trotsky, as Commissar of War, was instrumental in ordering the suppression of the rebellion. On 18 March 1921, after several failed negotiations, the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> stormed the island, resulting in the deaths of thousands of Kronstadt sailors.<a href="#cite_note-140">[137]</a> Trotsky justified the action by presenting evidence that the rebellion had foreign backing, though this claim has been contested by several historians.<a href="#cite_note-141">[138]</a> Trotsky's role has been the subject of criticism, with anarchists such as <a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Emma Goldman</a> accusing him of betraying the revolution's democratic ideals.<a href="#cite_note-142">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trotsky's_contribution_to_the_Russian_Revolution">Trotsky's contribution to the Russian Revolution</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_Trotsky&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Trotsky's contribution to the Russian Revolution">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leon_Trotsky_as_the_October_Revolution_Guard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Leon_Trotsky_as_the_October_Revolution_Guard.jpg/150px-Leon_Trotsky_as_the_October_Revolution_Guard.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Leon_Trotsky_as_the_October_Revolution_Guard.jpg/225px-Leon_Trotsky_as_the_October_Revolution_Guard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Leon_Trotsky_as_the_October_Revolution_Guard.jpg/300px-Leon_Trotsky_as_the_October_Revolution_Guard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="633" data-file-height="828" /></a><figcaption>Trotsky, the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Commissar_for_Military_and_Naval_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs">People's Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs</a>, as the Guard of the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a> on 14 May 1923</figcaption></figure> Vladimir Cherniaev, a leading Russian historian, sums up Trotsky's main contributions to the Russian Revolution: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Trotsky bears a great deal of responsibility both for the victory of the Red Army in the civil war, and for the establishment of a one-party authoritarian state with its apparatus for ruthlessly suppressing dissent... He was an ideologist and practitioner of the Red Terror. He despised "bourgeois democracy"; he believed that spinelessness and soft-heartedness would destroy the revolution, and that the suppression of the propertied classes and political opponents would clear the historical arena for socialism. He was the initiator of concentration camps, compulsory "labour camps", and the militarization of labour, and the state takeover of trade unions. Trotsky was implicated in many practices which would become standard in the Stalin era, including <a href="/wiki/Summary_execution" title="Summary execution">summary executions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto2-143">[140]</a></blockquote> Historian Geoffrey Swain argues that: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The Bolsheviks triumphed in the Civil War because of Trotsky's ability to work with military specialists, because of the style of work he introduced where widescale consultation was followed through by swift and determined action.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwain2014a210-144">[141]</a></blockquote> Lenin said in 1921 that Trotsky was "in love with organisation," but in working politics, "he has not got a clue." Swain explains the paradox by arguing that Trotsky was not good at teamwork; he was a loner who had mostly worked as a journalist, not as a professional revolutionary like the others.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwain2014a211-145">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lenin's_illness_(1922–1923)">Lenin's illness (1922–1923)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_Trotsky&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Lenin's illness (1922–1923)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TrotskiEnMosc%C3%BAConTropas1922_(cropped).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/TrotskiEnMosc%C3%BAConTropas1922_%28cropped%29.jpeg/180px-TrotskiEnMosc%C3%BAConTropas1922_%28cropped%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="180" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/TrotskiEnMosc%C3%BAConTropas1922_%28cropped%29.jpeg/270px-TrotskiEnMosc%C3%BAConTropas1922_%28cropped%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/TrotskiEnMosc%C3%BAConTropas1922_%28cropped%29.jpeg/360px-TrotskiEnMosc%C3%BAConTropas1922_%28cropped%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="476" data-file-height="601" /></a><figcaption>Trotsky with Red Army soldiers in Moscow, 1922</figcaption></figure> In late 1921, Lenin's health deteriorated and he was absent from Moscow for longer periods of time. He had three strokes between 25 May 1922 and 9 March 1923, which caused paralysis, loss of speech and finally death on 21 January 1924. With Lenin increasingly sidelined throughout 1922, Stalin was elevated to the newly created position of the Central Committee <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">general secretary</a>.<a href="#cite_note-146">[d]</a> Zinoviev and Lev Kamenev<a href="#cite_note-147">[e]</a> became part of the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/troika" class="extiw" title="wikt:troika">troika</a> (triumvirate) formed by Stalin to ensure that Trotsky, publicly the number-two man in the country and Lenin's <a href="/wiki/Heir_presumptive" title="Heir presumptive">heir presumptive</a>, would not succeed Lenin. The rest of the recently expanded Politburo (Rykov, <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Tomsky" title="Mikhail Tomsky">Mikhail Tomsky</a>, Bukharin) was at first uncommitted, but eventually joined the troika. Stalin's power of patronage<a href="#cite_note-148">[f]</a> in his capacity as general secretary clearly played a role, but Trotsky and his supporters later concluded that a more fundamental reason was the process of slow bureaucratisation of the Soviet regime once the extreme conditions of the Civil War were over. Much of the Bolshevik elite wanted 'normality,' while Trotsky was personally and politically personified as representing a turbulent revolutionary period that they would much rather leave behind. Although the exact sequence of events is unclear, evidence suggests that at first the troika nominated Trotsky to head second-rate government departments (e.g., Gokhran, the State Depository for Valuables).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1996Document_103_(22_May_1922)-149">[143]</a> In mid-July 1922, Kamenev wrote a letter to the recovering Lenin to the effect that "(the Central Committee) is throwing or is ready to throw a good cannon overboard". Lenin was shocked and responded:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1996Document_106-150">[144]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Throwing Trotsky overboard—surely you are hinting at that, it is impossible to interpret it otherwise—is the height of stupidity. If you do not consider me already hopelessly foolish, how can you think of that????</blockquote> From then until his final stroke, Lenin spent much of his time trying to devise a way to prevent a split within the Communist Party leadership, which was reflected in <a href="/wiki/Lenin%27s_Testament" title="Lenin's Testament">Lenin's Testament</a>. As part of this effort, on 11 September 1922 Lenin proposed that Trotsky become his deputy at the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_People%27s_Commissars" title="Council of People's Commissars">Council of People's Commissars</a> (Sovnarkom). The Politburo approved the proposal, but Trotsky "categorically refused". Lenin's proposal has been interpreted by various scholars as evidence that he designated Trotsky as a successor as head of government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1996Document_109-151">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hitler_and_Stalin_:_parallel_lives-152">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMandel1995149-153">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubenstein2011127-155">[149]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rakovsky_and_trotsky_circa_1924_trimmed.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Rakovsky_and_trotsky_circa_1924_trimmed.jpg/150px-Rakovsky_and_trotsky_circa_1924_trimmed.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Rakovsky_and_trotsky_circa_1924_trimmed.jpg/225px-Rakovsky_and_trotsky_circa_1924_trimmed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Rakovsky_and_trotsky_circa_1924_trimmed.jpg/300px-Rakovsky_and_trotsky_circa_1924_trimmed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2354" data-file-height="3779" /></a><figcaption>Trotsky with Rakovsky, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1924</figcaption></figure> In late 1922, Trotsky secured an alliance with Lenin against Stalin and the emerging Soviet bureaucracy.<a href="#cite_note-156">[150]</a> Stalin had recently engineered the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Soviet_Socialist_Republics" class="mw-redirect" title="Union of Soviet Socialist Republics">Union of Soviet Socialist Republics</a> (USSR), further centralising state control. The alliance proved effective on the issue of foreign trade<a href="#cite_note-157">[g]</a> but was hindered by Lenin's progressing illness. In January 1923, Lenin amended his Testament to suggest that Stalin should be removed as the party's general secretary, while also mildly criticising Trotsky and other Bolshevik leaders. The relationship between Stalin and Lenin had broken down completely by this time, as was demonstrated during an event where Stalin crudely insulted Lenin's wife, <a href="/wiki/Nadezhda_Krupskaya" title="Nadezhda Krupskaya">Nadezhda Krupskaya</a>. In March 1923, days before his third stroke, Lenin asked Trotsky to denounce Stalin and his so-called "Great-Russian nationalistic campaign" at the <a href="/wiki/12th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="12th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">XIIth Party Congress</a>. At the XIIth Party Congress in April 1923, however, just after Lenin's final stroke, Trotsky did not raise the issue.<a href="#cite_note-158">[151]</a> Instead, he made a speech about intra-party democracy while avoiding any direct confrontation of the troika.<a href="#cite_note-159">[h]</a> Stalin had prepared for the congress by replacing many local party delegates with those loyal to him, mostly at the expense of Zinoviev and Kamenev's backers.<a href="#cite_note-160">[152]</a> The delegates, most of whom were unaware of the divisions within the Politburo, gave Trotsky a <a href="/wiki/Standing_ovation" title="Standing ovation">standing ovation</a>. This upset the troika, already infuriated by <a href="/wiki/Karl_Radek" title="Karl Radek">Karl Radek</a>'s article, "Leon Trotsky – Organiser of Victory"<a href="#cite_note-162">[i]</a> published in Pravda on 14 March 1923. Stalin delivered the key reports on organisational structure and questions of nationality; while Zinoviev delivered the Central Committee political report, traditionally Lenin's prerogative. Among the resolutions adopted by the XIIth Congress were those calling for greater democracy within the Party, but these were vague and remained unimplemented. The <a href="/wiki/Stalin%27s_rise_to_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalin's rise to power">power struggle</a> in the Soviet Union which emerged during Lenin's illness and eventual death would also determine the prospect of world revolution. In particular, the leadership of the German Communist party had requested that Moscow send Trotsky to Germany to direct the <a href="/wiki/German_October" title="German October">1923 insurrection</a>. However, this proposal was rejected by the Politburo which was controlled by Stalin, Zinoviev and Kamenev who decided to send a commission of lower-ranking Russian Communist party members.<a href="#cite_note-163">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Left_opposition_(1923–1924)">Left opposition (1923–1924)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_Trotsky&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Left opposition (1923–1924)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Left_Opposition" title="Left Opposition">Left Opposition</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trotsky-Annenkov_1922_sketch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Trotsky-Annenkov_1922_sketch.jpg/180px-Trotsky-Annenkov_1922_sketch.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Trotsky-Annenkov_1922_sketch.jpg/270px-Trotsky-Annenkov_1922_sketch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Trotsky-Annenkov_1922_sketch.jpg/360px-Trotsky-Annenkov_1922_sketch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="616" /></a><figcaption>A 1922 <a href="/wiki/Cubist" class="mw-redirect" title="Cubist">cubist</a> portrait by <a href="/wiki/Yury_Annenkov" title="Yury Annenkov">Yury Annenkov</a> – a version of this appeared on one of the earliest covers of <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a> magazine.</figcaption></figure> Starting in mid-1923, the Soviet economy ran into significant difficulties, which led to numerous strikes countrywide. Two secret groups within the Communist Party, "<a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Truth" title="Workers' Truth">Workers' Truth</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Workers_Group_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party" title="Workers Group of the Russian Communist Party">Workers' Group</a>", were uncovered and suppressed by the Soviet secret police. On 8 October 1923 Trotsky sent a letter to the Central Committee and the <a href="/wiki/Central_Control_Commission_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Control Commission of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Central Control Commission</a>, attributing these difficulties to lack of intra-Party democracy. Trotsky wrote: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">In the fiercest moment of War Communism, the system of appointment within the party did not have one tenth of the extent that it has now. Appointment of the secretaries of provincial committees is now the rule. That creates for the secretary a position essentially independent of the local organization. [...] The bureaucratization of the party apparatus has developed to unheard-of proportions by means of the method of secretarial selection. [...] There has been created a very broad stratum of party workers, entering into the apparatus of the government of the party, who completely renounce their own party opinion, at least the open expression of it, as though assuming that the secretarial hierarchy is the apparatus which creates party opinion and party decisions. Beneath this stratum, abstaining from their own opinions, there lies the broad mass of the party, before whom every decision stands in the form of a summons or a command.<a href="#cite_note-164">[155]</a></blockquote> Other senior communists who had similar concerns sent <a href="/wiki/The_Declaration_of_46" title="The Declaration of 46">The Declaration of 46</a> to the Central Committee on 15 October, in which they wrote: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">[...] we observe an ever progressing, barely disguised division of the party into a secretarial hierarchy and into "laymen", into professional party functionaries, chosen from above, and the other party masses, who take no part in social life. [...] free discussion within the party has virtually disappeared, party public opinion has been stifled. [...] it is the secretarial hierarchy, the party hierarchy which to an ever greater degree chooses the delegates to the conferences and congresses, which to an ever greater degree are becoming the executive conferences of this hierarchy.</blockquote> Although the text of these letters remained secret at the time, they had a significant effect on the Party leadership and prompted a partial retreat by the <a href="/wiki/NKVD_troika" title="NKVD troika">troika</a> and its supporters on the issue of intra-Party democracy, notably in Zinoviev's Pravda article published on 7 November. Throughout November, the troika tried to come up with a compromise to placate, or at least temporarily neutralise, Trotsky and his supporters. (Their task was made easier by the fact that Trotsky was sick in November and December.) The first draft of the resolution was rejected by Trotsky, which led to the formation of a special group consisting of Stalin, Trotsky and Kamenev, which was charged with drafting a mutually acceptable compromise. On 5 December, the Politburo and the Central Control Commission unanimously adopted the group's final draft as its resolution. On 8 December, Trotsky published an open letter, in which he expounded on the recently adopted resolution's ideas. The troika used his letter as an excuse to launch a campaign against Trotsky, accusing him of factionalism, setting "the youth against the fundamental generation of old revolutionary Bolsheviks"<a href="#cite_note-165">[156]</a> and other sins. Trotsky defended his position in a series of seven letters which were collected as The New Course in January 1924.<a href="#cite_note-166">[157]</a> The illusion of a "monolithic Bolshevik leadership" was thus shattered and a lively intra-Party discussion ensued, both in local Party organizations and in the pages of Pravda. The discussion lasted most of December and January until the XIIIth Party Conference of 16–18 January 1924. Those who opposed the Central Committee's position in the debate were thereafter referred to as members of the <a href="/wiki/Left_Opposition" title="Left Opposition">Left Opposition</a>.<a href="#cite_note-lom-167">[158]</a> In 1924, in a series of conferences at Sverdlov University; Stalin cited several times, in a critical way 'the Permanentists', as the followers of Trotsky 'Permanent revolution'. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soviet_leaders_write_the_letter_of_defiance_to_George_Curzon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Soviet_leaders_write_the_letter_of_defiance_to_George_Curzon.jpg/220px-Soviet_leaders_write_the_letter_of_defiance_to_George_Curzon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Soviet_leaders_write_the_letter_of_defiance_to_George_Curzon.jpg/330px-Soviet_leaders_write_the_letter_of_defiance_to_George_Curzon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Soviet_leaders_write_the_letter_of_defiance_to_George_Curzon.jpg/440px-Soviet_leaders_write_the_letter_of_defiance_to_George_Curzon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="948" data-file-height="652" /></a><figcaption>Leon Trotsky with Soviet leaders write the letter of defiance to British <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Secretary" title="Foreign Secretary">Foreign Secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston" class="mw-redirect" title="Marquess Curzon of Kedleston">Marquess Curzon of Kedleston</a> in 1923, in a parody of <a href="/wiki/Ilya_Repin" title="Ilya Repin">Ilya Repin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Reply_of_the_Zaporozhian_Cossacks" title="Reply of the Zaporozhian Cossacks">Reply of the Zaporozhian Cossacks</a></figcaption></figure> Since the troika controlled the Party apparatus through Stalin's Secretariat and Pravda through its editor Bukharin, it was able to direct the discussion and the process of delegate selection. Although Trotsky's position prevailed within the Red Army and Moscow universities and received about half the votes in the Moscow Party organisation, it was defeated elsewhere, and the Conference was packed with pro-troika delegates. In the end, only three delegates voted for Trotsky's position, and the Conference denounced "Trotskyism"<a href="#cite_note-168">[j]</a> as a "petty bourgeois deviation". Members of the Left Opposition represented most of the international elements of the party and held offices at the highest responsibility with <a href="/wiki/Christian_Rakovsky" title="Christian Rakovsky">Christian Rakovsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adolph_Joffe" title="Adolph Joffe">Adolph Joffe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Krestinsky" title="Nikolay Krestinsky">Nikolay Krestinsky</a> holding <a href="/wiki/Ambassador" title="Ambassador">ambassadorial</a> posts in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-169">[159]</a> Internationally, Trotsky's opposition and criticism of the ruling troika received support from several, Central Committee members of foreign communist parties. This included <a href="/wiki/Christian_Rakovsky" title="Christian Rakovsky">Christian Rakovsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Council_of_People%27s_Commissars_(Ukraine)" title="Council of People's Commissars (Ukraine)">Chairman</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian SSR">Ukraine Sovnarkom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boris_Souvarine" title="Boris Souvarine">Boris Souvarine</a> of the <a href="/wiki/French_Communist_Party" title="French Communist Party">French Communist Party</a> and the Central Committee of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Poland" title="Communist Party of Poland">Polish Communist Party</a> which was led by prominent theoreticians such as <a href="/wiki/Maksymilian_Horwitz" title="Maksymilian Horwitz">Maksymilian Horwitz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maria_Koszutska" title="Maria Koszutska">Maria Koszutska</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Warski" title="Adolf Warski">Adolf Warski</a>.<a href="#cite_note-170">[160]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_Lenin's_death_(1924)">After Lenin's death (1924)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_Trotsky&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: After Lenin's death (1924)">edit</a>]</div> There was little overt political disagreement within the Soviet leadership throughout most of 1924. On the surface, Trotsky remained the most prominent and popular Bolshevik leader, although his "mistakes" were often alluded to by troika partisans. Behind the scenes, he was completely cut off from the decision-making process. Politburo meetings were pure formalities since all key decisions were made ahead of time by the troika and its supporters. Trotsky's control over the military was undermined by reassigning his deputy, Ephraim Sklyansky, and appointing <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Frunze" title="Mikhail Frunze">Mikhail Frunze</a>, who was being groomed to take Trotsky's place. At the <a href="/wiki/13th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="13th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">thirteenth Party Congress</a> in May, Trotsky delivered a conciliatory speech:<a href="#cite_note-171">[161]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">None of us desires or is able to dispute the will of the Party. Clearly, the Party is always right... We can only be right with and by the Party, for history has provided no other way of being in the right. The English have a saying, "My country, right or wrong", whether it is in the right or in the wrong, it is my country. We have much better historical justification in saying whether it is right or wrong in certain individual concrete cases, it is my party... And if the Party adopts a decision which one or other of us thinks unjust, he will say, just or unjust, it is my party, and I shall support the consequences of the decision to the end.<a href="#cite_note-172">[162]</a></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leon_Trotsky_attends_The_October_Revolution_parade_1924.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Leon_Trotsky_attends_The_October_Revolution_parade_1924.jpg/220px-Leon_Trotsky_attends_The_October_Revolution_parade_1924.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Leon_Trotsky_attends_The_October_Revolution_parade_1924.jpg/330px-Leon_Trotsky_attends_The_October_Revolution_parade_1924.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Leon_Trotsky_attends_The_October_Revolution_parade_1924.jpg/440px-Leon_Trotsky_attends_The_October_Revolution_parade_1924.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2129" data-file-height="911" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Bubnov" title="Andrei Bubnov">Andrei Bubnov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kliment_Voroshilov" title="Kliment Voroshilov">Kliment Voroshilov</a>, Leon Trotsky, <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Kalinin" title="Mikhail Kalinin">Mikhail Kalinin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Frunze" title="Mikhail Frunze">Mikhail Frunze</a> attend the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a> parade in <a href="/wiki/Red_Square" title="Red Square">Red Square</a> on 7 November 1924</figcaption></figure> In the meantime, the Left Opposition, which had coagulated somewhat unexpectedly in late 1923 and lacked a definite platform aside from general dissatisfaction with the intra-Party "regime", began to crystallise. It lost some less dedicated members to the harassment by the troika, but it also began formulating a program. Economically, the Left Opposition opposed the development of capitalist elements in the Soviet economy and advocated for accelerated industrialization through state-led policies.<a href="#cite_note-173">[163]</a>" That put them at odds with Bukharin and Rykov, the "Right" within the Party, who supported the troika. On the question of world revolution, Trotsky and Karl Radek saw a period of stability in Europe, while Stalin and Zinoviev confidently predicted an "acceleration" of revolution in Western Europe in 1924. On the theoretical plane, Trotsky remained committed to the Bolshevik idea that the Soviet Union could not create a true socialist society in the absence of the world revolution, while Stalin gradually came up with a policy of building "socialism in one country". These ideological divisions provided much of the intellectual basis for the political divide between Trotsky and the Left Opposition on the one hand, and Stalin and his allies on the other. At the thirteenth Congress Kamenev and Zinoviev helped Stalin defuse Lenin's Testament, which belatedly came to the surface. But just after the congress, the troika, always an alliance of convenience, showed signs of weakness. Stalin began making poorly veiled accusations about Zinoviev and Kamenev. Yet in October 1924, Trotsky published <a href="/wiki/Lessons_of_October" title="Lessons of October">Lessons of October</a>,<a href="#cite_note-174">[164]</a> a summary of the events of the 1917 revolution. He described Zinoviev and Kamenev's opposition to the Bolshevik seizure of power in 1917, something they would have preferred left unmentioned. This started a new round of intra-party struggle, which became known as the Literary Discussion, with Zinoviev and Kamenev again allied with Stalin against Trotsky. Their criticism of Trotsky was concentrated in three areas: <ul><li>Trotsky's disagreements and conflicts with Lenin and the Bolsheviks prior to 1917.</li> <li>Trotsky's alleged distortion of the events of 1917 to emphasise his role and diminish the roles played by other Bolsheviks.</li> <li>Trotsky's harsh treatment of his subordinates and other alleged mistakes during the Civil War.</li></ul> Trotsky was again sick and unable to respond while his opponents mobilised all their resources to denounce him. They succeeded in damaging his military reputation so much that he was forced to resign as People's Commissar of Army and Fleet Affairs and Chairman of the Revolutionary Military Council on 6 January 1925. Zinoviev demanded Trotsky's expulsion from the Communist Party, but Stalin refused to go along and played the role of a moderate. Trotsky kept his Politburo seat, but was effectively put on probation. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="A_year_in_the_wilderness_(1925)">A year in the wilderness (1925)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_Trotsky&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: A year in the wilderness (1925)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leon_Trotsky_and_Leonid_Serebryakov_attend_the_Congress_of_Soviets_of_the_Soviet_Union_May_1925.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Leon_Trotsky_and_Leonid_Serebryakov_attend_the_Congress_of_Soviets_of_the_Soviet_Union_May_1925.jpg/220px-Leon_Trotsky_and_Leonid_Serebryakov_attend_the_Congress_of_Soviets_of_the_Soviet_Union_May_1925.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Leon_Trotsky_and_Leonid_Serebryakov_attend_the_Congress_of_Soviets_of_the_Soviet_Union_May_1925.jpg/330px-Leon_Trotsky_and_Leonid_Serebryakov_attend_the_Congress_of_Soviets_of_the_Soviet_Union_May_1925.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Leon_Trotsky_and_Leonid_Serebryakov_attend_the_Congress_of_Soviets_of_the_Soviet_Union_May_1925.jpg/440px-Leon_Trotsky_and_Leonid_Serebryakov_attend_the_Congress_of_Soviets_of_the_Soviet_Union_May_1925.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="1324" /></a><figcaption>Leon Trotsky and <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Serebryakov" title="Leonid Serebryakov">Leonid Serebryakov</a> attend the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Soviets_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Congress of Soviets of the Soviet Union">Congress of Soviets of the Soviet Union</a> in May 1925</figcaption></figure> For Trotsky, 1925 was a difficult year. After the bruising Literary Discussion and losing his Red Army posts, he was effectively unemployed throughout the winter and spring. In May 1925, he was given three posts: chairman of the Concessions Committee, head of the electro-technical board, and chairman of the scientific-technical board of industry. Trotsky wrote in My Life<a href="#cite_note-:5-85">[82]</a> that he "was taking a rest from politics" and "naturally plunged into the new line of work up to my ears".<a href="#cite_note-175">[165]</a> Trotsky would also deliver a tribute to Lenin in his 1925 short book, "Lenin".<a href="#cite_note-176">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[167]</a> Some contemporary accounts paint a picture of a remote and distracted man.<a href="#cite_note-178">[168]</a> Later in the year, Trotsky resigned his two technical positions (maintaining Stalin-instigated interference and sabotage) and concentrated on his work in the Concessions Committee.<a href="#cite_note-179">[169]</a> In one of the few political developments that affected Trotsky in 1925, the circumstances of the controversy over Lenin's Testament were described by American Marxist <a href="/wiki/Max_Eastman" title="Max Eastman">Max Eastman</a> in his book Since Lenin Died (1925). Trotsky denied these statements made by Eastman in an article he wrote.<a href="#cite_note-180">[170]</a> In the meantime, the troika finally broke up. Bukharin and Rykov sided with Stalin while Krupskaya and Soviet Commissar of Finance <a href="/wiki/Grigory_Sokolnikov" title="Grigory Sokolnikov">Grigory Sokolnikov</a> aligned with Zinoviev and Kamenev. The struggle became open at the September 1925 meeting of the Central Committee and came to a head at the <a href="/wiki/14th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="14th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">XIV Party Congress</a> in December 1925. With only the Leningrad Party organization behind them, Zinoviev and Kamenev, dubbed The New Opposition, were thoroughly defeated, while Trotsky refused to get involved in the fight and did not speak at the Congress. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leon_Trotsky_speaks_on_the_fifth_anniversary_of_Soviet_Georgia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Leon_Trotsky_speaks_on_the_fifth_anniversary_of_Soviet_Georgia.jpg/180px-Leon_Trotsky_speaks_on_the_fifth_anniversary_of_Soviet_Georgia.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Leon_Trotsky_speaks_on_the_fifth_anniversary_of_Soviet_Georgia.jpg/270px-Leon_Trotsky_speaks_on_the_fifth_anniversary_of_Soviet_Georgia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Leon_Trotsky_speaks_on_the_fifth_anniversary_of_Soviet_Georgia.jpg/360px-Leon_Trotsky_speaks_on_the_fifth_anniversary_of_Soviet_Georgia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="970" data-file-height="1420" /></a><figcaption>Trotsky addresses a meeting in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_the_Unions" title="House of the Unions">House of the Unions</a> in March 1926</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Opposition_(1926–1927)">United Opposition (1926–1927)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_Trotsky&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: United Opposition (1926–1927)">edit</a>]</div> In early 1926, Zinoviev, Kamenev and their supporters in the "New Opposition" gravitated closer to Trotsky's supporters, and the two groups soon formed an alliance, which also incorporated some smaller opposition groups within the Communist Party. The alliance became known as the <a href="/wiki/United_Opposition_(Soviet_Union)" title="United Opposition (Soviet Union)">United Opposition</a>. The United Opposition was repeatedly threatened with sanctions by the Stalinist leadership of the Communist Party, and Trotsky had to agree to tactical retreats, mostly to preserve his alliance with Zinoviev and Kamenev. The opposition remained united against <a href="/wiki/Stalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalin">Stalin</a> throughout 1926 and 1927, especially on the issue of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Nationalist_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Nationalist Revolution">Chinese Revolution</a>. The methods used by the Stalinists against the Opposition became more and more extreme. At the XV Party Conference in October 1926, Trotsky could barely speak because of interruptions and catcalls, and at the end of the Conference he lost his Politburo seat. In 1927, Stalin started using the <a href="/wiki/Gosudarstvennoye_Politicheskoye_Upravlenie" class="mw-redirect" title="Gosudarstvennoye Politicheskoye Upravlenie">GPU</a> (Soviet secret police) to infiltrate and discredit the opposition. Rank-and-file oppositionists were increasingly harassed, sometimes expelled from the Party and even arrested. Soviet policy toward the Chinese Revolution became the ideological line of demarcation between Stalin and the United Opposition. The Chinese Revolution began on 10 October 1911,<a href="#cite_note-181">[171]</a> resulting in the abdication of the Chinese Emperor, <a href="/wiki/Puyi" title="Puyi">Puyi</a>, on 12 February 1912.<a href="#cite_note-182">[172]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a> established the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%9349)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China (1912–49)">Republic of China</a>. In reality, however, the Republic controlled very little of the country. Much of China was divided between various regional warlords. The Republican government established a new "nationalist people's army and a national people's party"—the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a>. In 1920, the Kuomintang opened relations with Soviet Russia. With Soviet help, the Republic of China built up the nationalist people's army. With the development of the nationalist army, a <a href="/wiki/Northern_Expedition" title="Northern Expedition">Northern Expedition</a> was planned to smash the power of the warlords of the northern part of the country. This Northern Expedition became a point of contention over foreign policy by Stalin and Trotsky. Stalin tried to persuade the small Chinese <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of China">Communist Party</a> to merge with the Kuomintang (KMT) Nationalists to bring about a bourgeois revolution before attempting to bring about a Soviet-style working class revolution.<a href="#cite_note-183">[173]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Stalin_and_Leon_Trotsky_at_Felix_Dzerzhinsky_funeral.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Joseph_Stalin_and_Leon_Trotsky_at_Felix_Dzerzhinsky_funeral.jpg/220px-Joseph_Stalin_and_Leon_Trotsky_at_Felix_Dzerzhinsky_funeral.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Joseph_Stalin_and_Leon_Trotsky_at_Felix_Dzerzhinsky_funeral.jpg/330px-Joseph_Stalin_and_Leon_Trotsky_at_Felix_Dzerzhinsky_funeral.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Joseph_Stalin_and_Leon_Trotsky_at_Felix_Dzerzhinsky_funeral.jpg/440px-Joseph_Stalin_and_Leon_Trotsky_at_Felix_Dzerzhinsky_funeral.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="681" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Kalinin" title="Mikhail Kalinin">Kalinin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalin">Stalin</a> bearing the coffin of <a href="/wiki/Felix_Dzerzhinsky" title="Felix Dzerzhinsky">Felix Dzerzhinsky</a> on 22 July 1926. Trotsky can be seen over Kalinin's left shoulder.</figcaption></figure> Trotsky wanted the Communist Party to complete an orthodox proletarian revolution and have clear class independence from the KMT. Stalin funded the KMT during the expedition.<a href="#cite_note-184">[174]</a> Stalin countered Trotskyist criticism by making a secret speech in which he said that <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a>'s right-wing Kuomintang were the only ones capable of defeating the imperialists, that Chiang had funding from the rich merchants, and that his forces were to be utilized until squeezed for all usefulness like a lemon before being discarded. However, Chiang quickly reversed the tables in the <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_massacre" title="Shanghai massacre">Shanghai massacre</a> of 12 April 1927 by massacring the Communist Party in Shanghai midway through the Northern Expedition.<a href="#cite_note-185">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[176]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Defeat_and_exile_(1927–1928)">Defeat and exile (1927–1928)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_Trotsky&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Defeat and exile (1927–1928)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leon_Trotsky_1928.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Leon_Trotsky_1928.jpg/220px-Leon_Trotsky_1928.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Leon_Trotsky_1928.jpg/330px-Leon_Trotsky_1928.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Leon_Trotsky_1928.jpg/440px-Leon_Trotsky_1928.jpg 2x" data-file-width="455" data-file-height="397" /></a><figcaption>Trotsky with his wife Natalia and son Lev in Alma Ata, 1928</figcaption></figure> On the tenth anniversary of the October Revolution, the Opposition held a street demonstration in Moscow against Stalin's Government, that was dispersed by the sovietic authorities and Trotsky was expelled from the Communist Party shortly after.<a href="#cite_note-187">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[178]</a> Trotsky gave the eulogy at the funeral of his friend, the Soviet diplomat <a href="/wiki/Adolph_Joffe" title="Adolph Joffe">Adolph Joffe</a>, in November 1927. It would be the last speech that Trotsky would give in the Soviet Union. When the XV Party Congress made United Opposition views incompatible with membership in the Communist Party, Zinoviev, Kamenev, and their supporters capitulated and renounced their alliance with the Left Opposition. Trotsky and most of his followers, on the other hand, refused to surrender and stayed the course. Trotsky was exiled to <a href="/wiki/Almaty" title="Almaty">Alma Ata, Kazakhstan</a> on 31 January 1928. He was expelled from the Soviet Union to Turkey in February 1929, accompanied by his wife Natalia Sedova and their eldest son, Lev.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubenstein2013155,_202-189">[179]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fate_of_Left_Oppositionists_after_Trotsky's_exile_(1929–1941)">Fate of Left Oppositionists after Trotsky's exile (1929–1941)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_Trotsky&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Fate of Left Oppositionists after Trotsky's exile (1929–1941)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soviet_reaction_to_Leon_Trotsky_publication.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Soviet_reaction_to_Leon_Trotsky_publication.jpg/220px-Soviet_reaction_to_Leon_Trotsky_publication.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Soviet_reaction_to_Leon_Trotsky_publication.jpg/330px-Soviet_reaction_to_Leon_Trotsky_publication.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Soviet_reaction_to_Leon_Trotsky_publication.jpg/440px-Soviet_reaction_to_Leon_Trotsky_publication.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2166" data-file-height="2195" /></a><figcaption>The publication of Trotsky's autobiography <a href="/wiki/My_Life_(Leon_Trotsky_autobiography)" class="mw-redirect" title="My Life (Leon Trotsky autobiography)">My Life</a> as reported in the Soviet Union in August 1929, with the editors of Projector titled the publication: "On the service of bourgeoisie"</figcaption></figure> After Trotsky's expulsion from the Soviet Union, Trotskyists within the Soviet Union began to waver. Between 1929 and 1932, most leading members of the Left Opposition surrendered to Stalin, "admitted their mistakes" and were reinstated in the Communist Party. One initial exception to this was <a href="/wiki/Christian_Rakovsky" title="Christian Rakovsky">Christian Rakovsky</a>, who inspired Trotsky between 1929 and 1934 with his refusal to capitulate as state suppression of any remaining opposition to Stalin increased by the year. In late 1932, Rakovsky had failed with an attempt to flee the Soviet Union and was exiled to <a href="/wiki/Yakutia" class="mw-redirect" title="Yakutia">Yakutia</a> in March 1933. Answering Trotsky's request, the French mathematician and Trotskyist <a href="/wiki/Jean_Van_Heijenoort" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Van Heijenoort">Jean Van Heijenoort</a>, together with his fellow activist <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Frank" title="Pierre Frank">Pierre Frank</a>, unsuccessfully called on the influential Soviet author <a href="/wiki/Maxim_Gorky" title="Maxim Gorky">Maxim Gorky</a> to intervene in favor of Christian Rakovsky, and boarded the ship he was traveling on near Constantinople.<a href="#cite_note-yedlin-190">[180]</a> According to Heijenoort, they only managed to meet Gorky's son, Maxim Peshkov, who reportedly told them that his father was indisposed, but promised to pass on their request.<a href="#cite_note-yedlin-190">[180]</a> Rakovsky was the last prominent Trotskyist to capitulate to Stalin in April 1934, when Rakovsky formally "admitted his mistakes" (his letter to Pravda, titled There Should Be No Mercy, depicted Trotsky and his supporters as "agents of the German <a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a>").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedvedev1976169-191">[181]</a> Rakovsky was appointed to high office in the Commissariat for Health and allowed to return to Moscow, also serving as Soviet ambassador to Japan in 1935.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeofanovBarry199522-192">[182]</a> However, Rakovsky was cited in allegations involving the killing of <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Kirov" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergey Kirov">Sergey Kirov</a>, and was arrested and imprisoned in late 1937, during the Great Purge.<a href="#cite_note-faganoppexile-193">[183]</a> Almost all Trotskyists who were still within the Soviet Union's borders were executed in the Great Purges of 1936–1938, although Rakovsky survived until the <a href="/wiki/Medvedev_Forest_massacre" title="Medvedev Forest massacre">Medvedev Forest massacre</a> of September 1941, where he was shot dead along with 156 other prisoners on Stalin's orders, less than three months into the <a href="/wiki/Axis_invasion_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis invasion of the Soviet Union">Axis invasion of the Soviet Union</a>. Also among the Medvedev Forest victims was Trotsky's sister/Kamenev's first wife, <a href="/wiki/Olga_Kameneva" title="Olga Kameneva">Olga Kameneva</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParrish199669-21">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exile_(1929–1940)">Exile (1929–1940)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_Trotsky&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Exile (1929–1940)">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turkey">Turkey</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_Trotsky&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Turkey">edit</a>]</div> After being deported from the Soviet Union, in February 1929, Trotsky arrived in Turkey. During his first two months in Turkey, Trotsky lived with his wife and eldest son at the <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Russia" title="List of diplomatic missions of Russia">Soviet Union Consulate</a> in <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> and then at a nearby hotel in the city. In April 1929, Trotsky, his wife and son were moved to the island of <a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCy%C3%BCkada" title="Büyükada">Büyükada</a> (also known by its Greek name of Prinkipo) by the Turkish authorities. On Büyükada, they were moved into a house called the Yanaros mansion.<a href="#cite_note-194">[184]</a> During his exile in Turkey, Trotsky was under the surveillance of the Turkish police forces of <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Mustafa Kemal Pasha">Mustafa Kemal Pasha</a>. Trotsky was also at risk from the many former White Army officers who lived on Prinkipo, officers who had opposed the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a> and who had been defeated by Trotsky and the Red Army in the Russian Civil War. However, Trotsky's European supporters volunteered to serve as bodyguards and assured his safety.<a href="#cite_note-marxists.org-195">[185]</a> At this time, he made requests to enter Belgium, France, Norway, Germany, and the United Kingdom,<a href="#cite_note-196">[186]</a> but all refused access. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trotsky_House_Istanbul.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Trotsky_House_Istanbul.jpg/220px-Trotsky_House_Istanbul.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Trotsky_House_Istanbul.jpg/330px-Trotsky_House_Istanbul.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Trotsky_House_Istanbul.jpg/440px-Trotsky_House_Istanbul.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2516" data-file-height="1752" /></a><figcaption>Trotsky's house, the Yanaros mansion on the island of <a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCy%C3%BCkada" title="Büyükada">Büyükada</a> in Turkey, as it appears today. Trotsky lived at the house from April 1929 until July 1933.</figcaption></figure> Soon after arriving in Turkey Trotsky established the publication <a href="/wiki/Bulletin_of_the_Opposition" title="Bulletin of the Opposition">Bulletin of the Opposition</a>. A Russian language journal, it was first published in July 1929 in Paris.<a href="#cite_note-197">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[188]</a> In 1931, Trotsky wrote a letter to a friend entitled "What is Fascism" in which he attempted to <a href="/wiki/Definitions_of_fascism#Leon_Trotsky" title="Definitions of fascism">define fascism</a> and asserted that the <a href="/wiki/Communist_International" title="Communist International">Communist International</a> was wrong to describe the <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_Primo_de_Rivera" title="Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera">dictatorship of Primo de Rivera</a> as "<a href="/wiki/Fascist" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist">fascist</a>" because it was not a mass movement arising from a base in the lower classes.<a href="#cite_note-199">[189]</a> On 20 February 1932, Trotsky and all of his family lost their Soviet citizenship and were forbidden to enter the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwain2006191-200">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[191]</a> In 1932, Trotsky entered via a port into the fascist <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a><a href="#cite_note-202">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[193]</a> on his way to a socialist conference in Denmark.<a href="#cite_note-204">[194]</a> By the end of 1932, Trotsky had made contact with the anti-Stalin opposition inside the USSR and discussed the possibility of forming a bloc.<a href="#cite_note-205">[195]</a> There was no evidence of any alliance with <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> or <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a>, as the Soviet Union government claimed. The alleged members of the anti-Stalin bloc were Zinovievites, <a href="/wiki/Right_Opposition" title="Right Opposition">rightists</a> and Trotskyists who "capitulated" to Stalin. Kamenev and Zinoviev were also alleged members of the bloc. Trotsky wanted by no means that the alliance became a fusion, and he was afraid of the right gaining much power inside the bloc. Historian <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Brou%C3%A9" title="Pierre Broué">Pierre Broué</a> concluded that the bloc dissolved in early 1933, since some of its members like Zinoviev and Kamenev joined Stalin again, and because there were no letters in the Trotsky Harvard archive mentioning the bloc after 1932.<a href="#cite_note-206">[196]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_Trotsky&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: France">edit</a>]</div> In July 1933, Trotsky was offered asylum in France by Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Daladier" title="Édouard Daladier">Édouard Daladier</a>. Trotsky accepted the offer, but he was forbidden to live in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> and soon found himself under the surveillance of the French police. From July 1933 to February 1934, Trotsky and his wife lived in <a href="/wiki/Royan" title="Royan">Royan</a>. The philosopher and activist <a href="/wiki/Simone_Weil" title="Simone Weil">Simone Weil</a> also arranged for Trotsky and his bodyguards to stay for a few days at her parents' house.<a href="#cite_note-marxists.org-195">[185]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/6_February_1934_crisis" title="6 February 1934 crisis">6 February 1934 crisis</a> in France, the French minister of internal affairs, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Sarraut" title="Albert Sarraut">Albert Sarraut</a>, signed a decree to deport Trotsky from France.<a href="#cite_note-marxists.org-195">[185]</a> However, no foreign government was found willing to accept Trotsky within its borders. Accordingly, the French authorities instructed Trotsky to move to a residence in the tiny village of <a href="/wiki/Barbizon" title="Barbizon">Barbizon</a> under the strict surveillance of the French police, where Trotsky found his contact with the outside world to be even worse than during his exile in Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-marxists.org-195">[185]</a> In May 1935, soon after the French government had agreed to the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Soviet_Treaty_of_Mutual_Assistance" title="Franco-Soviet Treaty of Mutual Assistance">Franco-Soviet Treaty of Mutual Assistance</a> with the Soviet Union government, Trotsky was officially told that he was no longer welcome in France. After weighing his options, Trotsky applied to move to Norway. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Norway">Norway</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_Trotsky&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Norway">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heradsbygdveien_26,_H%C3%B8nefoss.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Heradsbygdveien_26%2C_H%C3%B8nefoss.jpg/220px-Heradsbygdveien_26%2C_H%C3%B8nefoss.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Heradsbygdveien_26%2C_H%C3%B8nefoss.jpg/330px-Heradsbygdveien_26%2C_H%C3%B8nefoss.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Heradsbygdveien_26%2C_H%C3%B8nefoss.jpg/440px-Heradsbygdveien_26%2C_H%C3%B8nefoss.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3365" data-file-height="2552" /></a><figcaption>Konrad Knudsen's House in Veksal, Norderhov, Norway, where Trotsky lived from June 1935 to September 1936</figcaption></figure> After obtaining permission from Justice Minister <a href="/wiki/Trygve_Lie" title="Trygve Lie">Trygve Lie</a> to enter the country, Trotsky and his wife became a guest of <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Knudsen" title="Konrad Knudsen">Konrad Knudsen</a> at <a href="/wiki/Norderhov" title="Norderhov">Norderhov</a>, near <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B8nefoss" title="Hønefoss">Hønefoss</a>, and spent over a year living at Knudsen's house, from 18 June 1935 to 2 September 1936. Trotsky was hospitalized for a few weeks at the nearby <a href="/wiki/Oslo_University_Hospital,_Ullev%C3%A5l" title="Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål">Oslo Community Hospital</a>, from 19 September 1935.<a href="#cite_note-Swain-207">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[198]</a> Following French media complaints about Trotsky's role in encouraging the <a href="/wiki/Matignon_Agreements_(1936)" title="Matignon Agreements (1936)">mass strikes in France in May and June 1936</a> with his articles, the <a href="/wiki/Johan_Nygaardsvold" title="Johan Nygaardsvold">Johan Nygaardsvold</a>-led Norwegian government began to exhibit disquiet about Trotsky's actions. In the summer of 1936, Trotsky's asylum was increasingly made a political issue by the fascist <a href="/wiki/Nasjonal_Samling" title="Nasjonal Samling">Nasjonal Samling</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Vidkun_Quisling" title="Vidkun Quisling">Vidkun Quisling</a>,<a href="#cite_note-author-209">[199]</a> along with an increase in pressure from the Soviet government on the Norwegian authorities. On 5 August 1936, Knudsen's house was burgled by fascists from the Nasjonal Samling while Trotsky and his wife were out on a seashore trip with Knudsen and his wife. The burglars targeted Trotsky's works and archives for vandalism. The raid was largely thwarted by Knudsen's daughter, Hjørdis, although the burglars did take a few papers from the nearest table as they left.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-210">[200]</a> Although the perpetrators were caught and put on trial, the "evidence" obtained in the burglary was used by the government to make claims against Trotsky.<a href="#cite_note-author-209">[199]</a>  On 14 August 1936, the Soviet Press Agency <a href="/wiki/Telegraph_Agency_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union">TASS</a> announced the discovery of a "Trotskyist–Zinovievist" plot and the imminent start of the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_trials" title="Moscow trials">Moscow trials</a> of the accused. Trotsky demanded a complete and open enquiry into Moscow's accusations. The accused were sentenced to death, including Grigory Zinoviev and Lev Kamenev, and executed on 25 August 1936. On 26 August 1936, eight policemen arrived at Knudsen's house demanding that Trotsky sign new conditions for residing in Norway. These conditions included agreeing to write no more about current political matters, to give no interviews, and to have all his correspondence (incoming and outgoing) inspected by the police. Trotsky categorically refused the conditions, and Trotsky was then told that he and his wife would soon be moved to another residence.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-210">[200]</a> The following day Trotsky was interrogated by the police about his political activities, with the police officially citing Trotsky as a "witness" to the fascist raid of 5 August 1936.<a href="#cite_note-211">[201]</a> On 2 September 1936, four weeks after the break-in at Knudsen's house, Trygve Lie ordered that Trotsky and his wife be transferred to a farm in <a href="/wiki/Hurum" title="Hurum">Hurum</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Hurum-212">[202]</a> where they were under house arrest.<a href="#cite_note-author-209">[199]</a> The treatment of Trotsky and his wife at Hurum was harsh, as they were forced to stay indoors for 22 hours per day under the constant guard of thirteen policemen, with only one hour permitted twice a day for a walk on the farm.<a href="#cite_note-author-209">[199]</a> Trotsky was prevented from posting any letters and prevented from arguing back against his critics in Norway and beyond. Only Trotsky's lawyers and the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Labour_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian Labour Party">Norwegian Labour Party</a> Parliamentary leader, <a href="/wiki/Olav_Scheflo" title="Olav Scheflo">Olav Scheflo</a>, were permitted to visit.<a href="#cite_note-author-209">[199]</a> From October 1936, even the outdoor walks were prohibited for Trotsky and his wife.<a href="#cite_note-author-209">[199]</a> Trotsky did eventually manage to smuggle out one letter on 18 December 1936, titled The Moscow "Confessions".<a href="#cite_note-213">[203]</a> On 19 December 1936, Trotsky and his wife were deported from Norway after being put on the Norwegian oil tanker Ruth, under guard by <a href="/wiki/Jonas_Lie_(government_minister)" title="Jonas Lie (government minister)">Jonas Lie</a>. When later living in Mexico, Trotsky was utterly scathing about the treatment he received during his 108 days at <a href="/wiki/Hurum" title="Hurum">Hurum</a>, and accused the Norwegian government of trying to prevent him from publicly voicing his strong opposition to the Moscow Trials and other show trials, saying: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">When I look back today on this period of internment, I must say that never, anywhere, in the course of my entire life—and I have lived through many things—was I persecuted with as much miserable cynicism as I was by the Norwegian "Socialist" government. For four months, these ministers, dripping with democratic hypocrisy, gripped me in a stranglehold to prevent me from protesting the greatest crime history may ever know.<a href="#cite_note-author-209">[199]</a> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mexico">Mexico</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_Trotsky&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Mexico">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leon_Trotsky_House,_Mexico_City_(7144251529).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Leon_Trotsky_House%2C_Mexico_City_%287144251529%29.jpg/220px-Leon_Trotsky_House%2C_Mexico_City_%287144251529%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Leon_Trotsky_House%2C_Mexico_City_%287144251529%29.jpg/330px-Leon_Trotsky_House%2C_Mexico_City_%287144251529%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Leon_Trotsky_House%2C_Mexico_City_%287144251529%29.jpg/440px-Leon_Trotsky_House%2C_Mexico_City_%287144251529%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3216" data-file-height="2136" /></a><figcaption>Trotsky's house in <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a> from April 1939 until his assassination in August 1940</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trotsky_%26_Khalo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Trotsky_%26_Khalo.jpg/220px-Trotsky_%26_Khalo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Trotsky_%26_Khalo.jpg/330px-Trotsky_%26_Khalo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Trotsky_%26_Khalo.jpg/440px-Trotsky_%26_Khalo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="915" data-file-height="590" /></a><figcaption>Trotsky arrives in Mexico, January 1937 with his wife. Artist <a href="/wiki/Frida_Kahlo" title="Frida Kahlo">Frida Kahlo</a> behind them.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Trotsky_Speech_In_Mexico_%281930-1939%29.webm/220px--Trotsky_Speech_In_Mexico_%281930-1939%29.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="215" data-mwtitle="Trotsky_Speech_In_Mexico_(1930-1939).webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Trotsky_Speech_In_Mexico_(1930-1939).webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Trotsky_Speech_In_Mexico_%281930-1939%29.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/30/Trotsky_Speech_In_Mexico_%281930-1939%29.webm/Trotsky_Speech_In_Mexico_%281930-1939%29.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/30/Trotsky_Speech_In_Mexico_%281930-1939%29.webm/Trotsky_Speech_In_Mexico_%281930-1939%29.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/30/Trotsky_Speech_In_Mexico_%281930-1939%29.webm/Trotsky_Speech_In_Mexico_%281930-1939%29.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/30/Trotsky_Speech_In_Mexico_%281930-1939%29.webm/Trotsky_Speech_In_Mexico_%281930-1939%29.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ATrotsky_Speech_In_Mexico_%281930-1939%29.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video><figcaption>A speech of Trotsky in Mexico, where he thanks Mexico and President Lázaro Cárdenas for receiving him, and says that Stalin's trial against him is based on false evidence</figcaption></figure> The Ruth arrived in Mexico on 9 January 1937.<a href="#cite_note-author-209">[199]</a> On Trotsky's arrival, the Mexican president, <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1zaro_C%C3%A1rdenas" title="Lázaro Cárdenas">Lázaro Cárdenas</a>, welcomed Trotsky to Mexico and arranged for his special train The Hidalgo to bring Trotsky to Mexico City from the port of <a href="/wiki/Tampico" title="Tampico">Tampico</a>.<a href="#cite_note-214">[204]</a> From January 1937 to April 1939, Trotsky and his wife lived in the <a href="/wiki/Coyoac%C3%A1n" title="Coyoacán">Coyoacán</a> area of Mexico City at <a href="/wiki/La_Casa_Azul_(The_Blue_House)" class="mw-redirect" title="La Casa Azul (The Blue House)">La Casa Azul (The Blue House)</a>, the home of the painter <a href="/wiki/Frida_Kahlo" title="Frida Kahlo">Frida Kahlo</a>, with whom Trotsky had an affair, and Kahlo's husband and fellow painter, <a href="/wiki/Diego_Rivera" title="Diego Rivera">Diego Rivera</a>.<a href="#cite_note-215">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-Patenaude,_Bertrand-216">[206]</a> She later presented him with <a href="/wiki/Self-Portrait_Dedicated_to_Leon_Trotsky" title="Self-Portrait Dedicated to Leon Trotsky">Self-Portrait Dedicated to Leon Trotsky</a> on his birthday, the 20th anniversary of the October Revolution.<a href="#cite_note-kettenmann-217">[207]</a> His final move was a few blocks away to a residence on Avenida Viena in April 1939, following a break with Rivera.<a href="#cite_note-Patenaude,_Bertrand-216">[206]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trotskycannon.felixmorrow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/17/Trotskycannon.felixmorrow.jpg/170px-Trotskycannon.felixmorrow.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/17/Trotskycannon.felixmorrow.jpg/255px-Trotskycannon.felixmorrow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/17/Trotskycannon.felixmorrow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="307" data-file-height="332" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/James_P._Cannon" title="James P. Cannon">James Cannon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Felix_Morrow" title="Felix Morrow">Felix Morrow</a> with a bust of Trotsky</figcaption></figure> Trotsky wrote prolifically while in exile, penning several key works, including his <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Russian_Revolution" title="History of the Russian Revolution">History of the Russian Revolution</a> (1930) and <a href="/wiki/The_Revolution_Betrayed" title="The Revolution Betrayed">The Revolution Betrayed</a> (1936), a critique of the Soviet Union under <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a>. He argued that the Soviet state had become a "<a href="/wiki/Degenerated_workers%27_state" title="Degenerated workers' state">degenerated workers' state</a>" controlled by an undemocratic bureaucracy, which would eventually either be overthrown via a <a href="/wiki/Political_revolution_(Trotskyism)" title="Political revolution (Trotskyism)">political revolution</a> establishing a workers' democracy, or degenerate into a capitalist class.<a href="#cite_note-218">[208]</a> While in Mexico, Trotsky also worked closely with <a href="/wiki/James_P._Cannon" title="James P. Cannon">James Cannon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hansen_(socialist)" title="Joseph Hansen (socialist)">Joseph Hansen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Farrell_Dobbs" title="Farrell Dobbs">Farrell Dobbs</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Workers Party (United States)">Socialist Workers Party</a> of the United States, and other supporters.<a href="#cite_note-219">[209]</a> Cannon, a long-time leading member of the American communist movement, had supported Trotsky in the struggle against Stalinism since he had first read Trotsky's criticisms of the Soviet Union in 1928. Trotsky's critique of the Stalinist regime, though banned, was distributed to leaders of the Comintern. Among his other supporters was <a href="/wiki/Chen_Duxiu" title="Chen Duxiu">Chen Duxiu</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-220">[210]</a> While in Mexico, Trotsky worked with <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Breton" title="André Breton">André Breton</a> and Diego Rivera to write the <a href="/wiki/Manifesto_for_an_Independent_Revolutionary_Art" title="Manifesto for an Independent Revolutionary Art">Manifesto for an Independent Revolutionary Art</a>, published in 1938, which emphasized the need for artistic freedom outside the constraints of capitalist and Stalinist regimes. This collaboration inspired the creation of the International Federation of Independent Revolutionary Art (FIARI) in 1938. However, this organization was short-lived and ended before 1940.<a href="#cite_note-221">[211]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moscow_show_trials">Moscow show trials</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_Trotsky&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Moscow show trials">edit</a>]</div> In August 1936, the first Moscow show trial of the so-called "Trotskyite–Zinovievite Terrorist Center" was staged in front of an international audience. During the trial, Zinoviev, Kamenev and 14 other accused, most of them prominent Old Bolsheviks, confessed to having plotted with Trotsky to kill Stalin and other members of the Soviet leadership. The court found every defendant guilty, <a href="/wiki/Trial_in_absentia" title="Trial in absentia">in absentia</a>, including Trotsky, sentencing them to death. The second show trial of Karl Radek, <a href="/wiki/Grigori_Sokolnikov" class="mw-redirect" title="Grigori Sokolnikov">Grigori Sokolnikov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Pyatakov" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuri Pyatakov">Yuri Pyatakov</a>, and 14 others, took place in January 1937, during which more alleged conspiracies and crimes were linked to Trotsky. The findings were published in the book "Not Guilty".<a href="#cite_note-222">[212]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The Moscow trials are perpetuated under the banner of socialism. We will not concede this banner to the masters of falsehood! If our generation happens to be too weak to establish Socialism over the earth, we will hand the spotless banner down to our children. The struggle which is in the offing transcends by far the importance of individuals, factions and parties. It is the struggle for the future of all mankind. It will be severe, it will be lengthy. Whoever seeks physical comfort and spiritual calm let him step aside. In time of reaction it is more convenient to lean on the bureaucracy than on the truth. But all those for whom the word 'Socialism' is not a hollow sound but the content of their moral life—forward! Neither threats nor persecutions nor violations can stop us! Be it even over our bleaching bones the future will triumph! We will blaze the trail for it. It will conquer! Under all the severe blows of fate, I shall be happy as in the best days of my youth; because, my friends, the highest human happiness is not the exploitation of the present but the preparation of the future."<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Leon Trotsky, 'I Stake My Life', opening address to the <a href="/wiki/Dewey_Commission" title="Dewey Commission">Dewey Commission</a>, 9 February 1937<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorth2010viii-223">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-224">[214]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fourth_International">Fourth International</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_Trotsky&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Fourth International">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Trotskyism" title="Category:Trotskyism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:200%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding-bottom:0.7em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Logo_of_the_Fourth_International.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Logo of the Fourth International"><img alt="Logo of the Fourth International" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Logo_of_the_Fourth_International.svg/80px-Logo_of_the_Fourth_International.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Logo_of_the_Fourth_International.svg/120px-Logo_of_the_Fourth_International.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Logo_of_the_Fourth_International.svg/160px-Logo_of_the_Fourth_International.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="743" data-file-height="919" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Stalinist_left" title="Anti-Stalinist left">Anti-Stalinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureaucratic_collectivism" title="Bureaucratic collectivism">Bureaucratic collectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-class_alliance" title="Cross-class alliance">Cross-class alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deformed_workers%27_state" title="Deformed workers' state">Deformed workers' state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degenerated_workers%27_state" title="Degenerated workers' state">Degenerated workers' state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_centralism" title="Democratic centralism">Democratic centralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_economy#Decentralized_planning" title="Planned economy">Decentralized economic planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entryism" title="Entryism">Entryism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_revolution" title="Permanent revolution">Permanent revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_revolution_(Trotskyism)" title="Political revolution (Trotskyism)">Political revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_internationalism" title="Proletarian internationalism">Proletarian internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_revolution" title="Social revolution">Social revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_democracy" title="Soviet democracy">Soviet democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">State capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substitutionism" title="Substitutionism">Substitutionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transitional_demand" title="Transitional demand">Transitional demand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uneven_and_combined_development" title="Uneven and combined development">Uneven and combined development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_democracy" title="Union democracy">Union democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_front" title="United front">United front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanguardism" title="Vanguardism">Vanguard party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_communism" title="World communism">World communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_revolution" title="World revolution">World revolution</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Branches</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Trotskyism" title="Orthodox Trotskyism">Orthodox Trotskyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_camp" title="Third camp">Third camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_International_Posadist#Theories" title="Fourth International Posadist">Posadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pabloism" class="mw-redirect" title="Pabloism">Pabloism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Leon Trotsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Abern" title="Martin Abern">Martin Abern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariq_Ali" title="Tariq Ali">Tariq Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Antonov-Ovseenko" title="Vladimir Antonov-Ovseenko">Vladimir Antonov-Ovseenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bensa%C3%AFd" title="Daniel Bensaïd">Daniel Bensaïd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Blanco_(politician)" title="Hugo Blanco (politician)">Hugo Blanco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Callinicos" title="Alex Callinicos">Alex Callinicos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_P._Cannon" title="James P. Cannon">James P. Cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Deutscher" title="Isaac Deutscher">Isaac Deutscher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Dowson" title="Ross Dowson">Ross Dowson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hal_Draper" title="Hal Draper">Hal Draper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Duxiu" title="Chen Duxiu">Chen Duxiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Cliff" title="Tony Cliff">Tony Cliff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Frank" title="Pierre Frank">Pierre Frank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Grant" title="Ted Grant">Ted Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_Hallas" title="Duncan Hallas">Duncan Hallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hansen_(socialist)" title="Joseph Hansen (socialist)">Joseph Hansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerry_Healy" title="Gerry Healy">Gerry Healy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._L._R._James" title="C. L. R. James">C. L. R. James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal_Khan" title="Lal Khan">Lal Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Lambert" title="Pierre Lambert">Pierre Lambert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livio_Maitan" title="Livio Maitan">Livio Maitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Mandel" title="Ernest Mandel">Ernest Mandel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahuel_Moreno" title="Nahuel Moreno">Nahuel Moreno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_North_(socialist)" title="David North (socialist)">David North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Novack" title="George Novack">George Novack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Pablo" title="Michel Pablo">Michel Pablo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Posadas" title="J. Posadas">J. Posadas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeni_Preobrazhensky" title="Yevgeni Preobrazhensky">Yevgeni Preobrazhensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Rakovsky" title="Christian Rakovsky">Christian Rakovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Sedov" title="Lev Sedov">Lev Sedov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Shachtman" title="Max Shachtman">Max Shachtman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Smirnov_(politician)" title="Ivan Smirnov (politician)">Ivan Smirnov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%E1%BA%A1_Thu_Th%C3%A2u" title="Tạ Thu Thâu">Tạ Thu Thâu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Taaffe" title="Peter Taaffe">Peter Taaffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Woods_(political_theorist)" title="Alan Woods (political theorist)">Alan Woods</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Theoretical works</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1905" title="1905">1905</a> (1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_and_Communism" title="Terrorism and Communism">Terrorism and Communism</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotsky%27s_military_writings" class="mw-redirect" title="Trotsky's military writings">Trotsky's military writings</a> (1923-1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_and_Revolution" title="Literature and Revolution">Literature and Revolution</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Course_(Trotsky_book)" title="New Course (Trotsky book)">New Course</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lessons_of_October" title="Lessons of October">Lessons of October</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Towards_Socialism_or_Capitalism%3F" title="Towards Socialism or Capitalism?">Towards Socialism or Capitalism?</a> (1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky_on_China" title="Leon Trotsky on China">Leon Trotsky on China</a> (1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Russian_Revolution" title="History of the Russian Revolution">History of the Russian Revolution</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Spanish_Revolution,_1931-1939_(Trotsky_book)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Spanish Revolution, 1931-1939 (Trotsky book)">The Spanish Revolution, 1931-1939</a> (1931-1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Struggle_Against_Fascism_in_Germany" title="The Struggle Against Fascism in Germany">The Struggle Against Fascism in Germany</a>(1931-40)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Revolution_Betrayed" title="The Revolution Betrayed">The Revolution Betrayed</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Their_Morals_and_Ours:_The_class_foundations_of_moral_practice" title="Their Morals and Ours: The class foundations of moral practice">Their Morals and Ours: The class foundations of moral practice</a> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Death_Agony_of_Capitalism_and_the_Tasks_of_the_Fourth_International" title="The Death Agony of Capitalism and the Tasks of the Fourth International">Transitional Program</a> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_Defence_of_Marxism_(book)" title="In Defence of Marxism (book)">In Defence of Marxism</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thesis_of_Pulacayo" title="Thesis of Pulacayo">Thesis of Pulacayo</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Stalinist_Legacy" title="The Stalinist Legacy">The Stalinist Legacy</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dilemmas_of_Lenin" title="The Dilemmas of Lenin">The Dilemmas of Lenin</a> (2017)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin%27s_rise_to_power" title="Joseph Stalin's rise to power">Joseph Stalin's rise to power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Declaration_of_46" title="The Declaration of 46">The Declaration of 46</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_Opposition" title="Left Opposition">Left Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenin%27s_Testament" title="Lenin's Testament">Lenin's Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism_in_Vietnam" title="Trotskyism in Vietnam">Trotskyism in Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloc_of_Soviet_Oppositions" title="Bloc of Soviet Oppositions">Bloc of Soviet Oppositions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Turn" title="French Turn">French Turn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minneapolis_general_strike_of_1934" title="Minneapolis general strike of 1934">Minneapolis general strike of 1934</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_trials" title="Moscow trials">Moscow trials</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_Military_Policy" title="Proletarian Military Policy">Proletarian Military Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Intellectuals" title="New York Intellectuals">New York Intellectuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_68" title="May 68">May 68</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968%E2%80%931969_Japanese_university_protests" title="1968–1969 Japanese university protests">1968–1969 Japanese university protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970s_Hong_Kong_student_protests" title="1970s Hong Kong student protests">1970s Hong Kong student protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militant_in_Liverpool" title="Militant in Liverpool">Militant in Liverpool</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;">Current <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internationalist_Workers%27_Left_(Greece)" title="Internationalist Workers' Left (Greece)">Internationalist Workers' Left (Greece)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanka_Sama_Samaja_Party" title="Lanka Sama Samaja Party">Lanka Sama Samaja Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutte_Ouvri%C3%A8re" title="Lutte Ouvrière">Lutte Ouvrière</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organisation_of_Communist_Internationalists&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Organisation of Communist Internationalists (page does not exist)">Organisation of Communist Internationalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Before_Profit" title="People Before Profit">People Before Profit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Action_(Hong_Kong)" title="Socialist Action (Hong Kong)">Socialist Action (Hong Kong)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Alternative_(Australia)" title="Socialist Alternative (Australia)">Socialist Alternative (Australia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Alternative_(United_States)" title="Socialist Alternative (United States)">Socialist Alternative (U.S.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Equality_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Equality Party (United States)">Socialist Equality Party (U.S.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(England_and_Wales)" title="Socialist Party (England and Wales)">Socialist Party (England and Wales)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(UK)" title="Socialist Workers Party (UK)">Socialist Workers Party (UK)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Struggle_Pakistan" title="The Struggle Pakistan">The Struggle Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_Unionist_and_Socialist_Coalition" title="Trade Unionist and Socialist Coalition">Trade Unionist and Socialist Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Cause_Party" title="Workers' Cause Party">Workers' Cause Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Left_Front" title="Workers' Left Front">Workers' Left Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers_Revolutionary_Party_(UK)" title="Workers Revolutionary Party (UK)">Workers Revolutionary Party (UK)</a></li></ul> <hr /> Historical <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolshevik%E2%80%93Leninist_Party_of_India,_Ceylon_and_Burma" title="Bolshevik–Leninist Party of India, Ceylon and Burma">Bolshevik–Leninist Party of India, Ceylon and Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_League_of_America" title="Communist League of America">Communist League of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Marxist_Group" title="International Marxist Group">International Marxist Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Socialist_Organization" title="International Socialist Organization">International Socialist Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_for_Socialist_Action_(Canada)" title="League for Socialist Action (Canada)">League for Socialist Action (Canada)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militant_tendency" title="Militant tendency">Militant tendency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Communist_Party_(UK,_1944)" title="Revolutionary Communist Party (UK, 1944)">Revolutionary Communist Party (UK, 1944)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Appeal_(UK,_1992)" title="Socialist Appeal (UK, 1992)">Socialist Appeal (UK, 1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Workers Party (United States)">Socialist Workers Party (U.S.)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Young_Socialist_Alliance" title="Young Socialist Alliance">Young Socialist Alliance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers_Party_of_the_United_States" title="Workers Party of the United States">Workers Party of the United States</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Internationals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;">Current <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_a_Workers%27_International_(2019)" class="mw-redirect" title="Committee for a Workers' International (2019)">Committee for a Workers' International (refounded)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_International_(post-reunification)" title="Fourth International (post-reunification)">Fourth International (post-reunification)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Fourth_International" title="International Committee of the Fourth International">International Committee of the Fourth International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Communist_League_(Fourth_Internationalist)" title="International Communist League (Fourth Internationalist)">International Communist League</a></li> <li>International Revolutionary Left</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Socialist_Alternative" title="International Socialist Alternative">International Socialist Alternative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Socialist_Tendency" title="International Socialist Tendency">International Socialist Tendency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Workers_League_%E2%80%93_Fourth_International" title="International Workers League – Fourth International">International Workers' League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalist_Communist_Union" title="Internationalist Communist Union">Internationalist Communist Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_for_the_Fourth_International" title="League for the Fourth International">League for the Fourth International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Communist_International" title="Revolutionary Communist International">Revolutionary Communist International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotskyist_Fraction_%E2%80%93_Fourth_International" title="Trotskyist Fraction – Fourth International">Trotskyist Fraction – Fourth International</a></li></ul> <hr /> Historical <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_a_Workers%27_International_(1974)" class="mw-redirect" title="Committee for a Workers' International (1974)">Committee for a Workers' International</a> (1974–2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_International" title="Fourth International">Fourth International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_International_Posadist" title="Fourth International Posadist">Fourth International Posadist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Revolution_(group)" title="Permanent Revolution (group)">Permanent Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Workers_Ferment" title="Revolutionary Workers Ferment">Revolutionary Workers Ferment</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Betrayal_thesis" title="Betrayal thesis">Betrayal thesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campism" title="Campism">Campism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chavismo" title="Chavismo">Chavismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_Marxism" title="Democracy in Marxism">Democracy in Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_International" title="Fifth International">Fifth International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson%E2%80%93Forest_Tendency" title="Johnson–Forest Tendency">Johnson–Forest Tendency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky_bibliography" title="Leon Trotsky bibliography">Leon Trotsky bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Trotskyist_internationals" title="List of Trotskyist internationals">List of Trotskyist internationals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Trotskyist_organizations_by_country" title="List of Trotskyist organizations by country">List of Trotskyist organizations by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Marxism" title="Orthodox Marxism">Orthodox Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shachtmanism" title="Shachtmanism">Shachtmanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_economics" title="Socialist economics">Socialist economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Equality_Party_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Socialist Equality Party (disambiguation)">Socialist Equality Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Worker" title="Socialist Worker">Socialist Worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="font-weight:normal; border-top:1px solid #CC0000; border-bottom:none;"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/16px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/24px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/32px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Communism" title="Portal:Communism">Communism portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Red_flag_II.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/16px-Red_flag_II.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" 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portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Trotskyism" title="Template:Trotskyism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Trotskyism" title="Template talk:Trotskyism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Trotskyism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Trotskyism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fourth_International" title="Fourth International">Fourth International</a></div> For fear of splitting the communist movement, Trotsky initially opposed the idea of establishing parallel communist parties or a parallel international communist organization that would compete with the Third International. In mid-1933, after the <a href="/wiki/Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">Nazi</a> takeover in Germany and the Comintern's response to it, he changed his mind. He said:<a href="#cite_note-225">[215]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">An organization which was not roused by the thunder of fascism and which submits docilely to such outrageous acts of the bureaucracy demonstrates thereby that it is dead and that nothing can ever revive it... In all our subsequent work it is necessary to take as our point of departure the historical collapse of the official Communist International.<a href="#cite_note-226">[216]</a></blockquote> In 1938, Trotsky and his supporters founded the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_International" title="Fourth International">Fourth International</a>, which was intended to be a revolutionary and internationalist alternative to the Stalinist Comintern. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Dies_Committee">The Dies Committee</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_Trotsky&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: The Dies Committee">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leon_Trotsky_and_American_admirers._Mexico_-_NARA_-_283642.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Leon_Trotsky_and_American_admirers._Mexico_-_NARA_-_283642.jpg/220px-Leon_Trotsky_and_American_admirers._Mexico_-_NARA_-_283642.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Leon_Trotsky_and_American_admirers._Mexico_-_NARA_-_283642.jpg/330px-Leon_Trotsky_and_American_admirers._Mexico_-_NARA_-_283642.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Leon_Trotsky_and_American_admirers._Mexico_-_NARA_-_283642.jpg/440px-Leon_Trotsky_and_American_admirers._Mexico_-_NARA_-_283642.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1922" /></a><figcaption>Trotsky with American comrades, including <a href="/wiki/Harry_DeBoer" title="Harry DeBoer">Harry DeBoer</a> (left) in Mexico, shortly before his assassination, 1940</figcaption></figure> Towards the end of 1939, Trotsky agreed to go to the United States to appear as a witness before the Dies Committee of the House of Representatives, a forerunner of the <a href="/wiki/House_Committee_on_Un-American_Activities" class="mw-redirect" title="House Committee on Un-American Activities">House Committee on Un-American Activities</a>. Representative <a href="/wiki/Martin_Dies_Jr." title="Martin Dies Jr.">Martin Dies Jr.</a>, chairman of the committee, demanded the suppression of the American Communist Party. Trotsky intended to use the forum to expose the NKVD's activities against him and his followers. He made it clear that he also intended to argue against the suppression of the American Communist Party and to use the committee as a platform for a call to transform <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> into a world revolution. Many of his supporters argued against his appearance. When the committee learned the nature of the testimony Trotsky intended to present, it refused to hear him, and he was denied a visa to enter the United States. On hearing about it, the Communist Party of the Soviet Union immediately accused Trotsky of being in the pay of the oil magnates and the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2003c482-227">[217]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Final_months">Final months</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_Trotsky&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Final months">edit</a>]</div> After quarreling with Diego Rivera, Trotsky moved to his final residence on Avenida Viena in April 1939.<a href="#cite_note-228">[218]</a> On 27 February 1940, Trotsky wrote a document known as "Trotsky's Testament", in which he expressed his final thoughts and feelings for posterity. He was suffering from <a href="/wiki/High_blood_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="High blood pressure">high blood pressure</a>, and feared that he would suffer a <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_haemorrhage" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerebral haemorrhage">cerebral haemorrhage</a>. He would also reiterate his "unshaken faith in a <a href="/wiki/World_communism" title="World communism">communist future</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Testament-229">[219]</a> After forcefully denying Stalin's accusations that he had betrayed the working class, he thanked his friends and above all his wife, Natalia Sedova, for their loyal support:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">In addition to the happiness of being a fighter for the cause of socialism, fate gave me the happiness of being her husband. During the almost forty years of our life together she remained an inexhaustible source of love, magnanimity, and tenderness. She underwent great sufferings, especially in the last period of our lives. But I find some comfort in the fact that she also knew days of happiness. For forty-three years of my conscious life I have remained a revolutionist; for forty-two of them I have fought under the banner of Marxism. If I had to begin all over again I would of course try to avoid this or that mistake, but the main course of my life would remain unchanged. I shall die a proletarian revolutionist, a Marxist, a <a href="/wiki/Dialectical_materialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialectical materialist">dialectical materialist</a>, and, consequently, an irreconcilable <a href="/wiki/Atheist" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheist">atheist</a>. My faith in the communist future of mankind is not less ardent, indeed it is firmer today, than it was in the days of my youth. Natasha has just come up to the window from the courtyard and opened it wider so that the air may enter more freely into my room. I can see the bright green strip of grass beneath the wall, and the clear blue sky above the wall, and sunlight everywhere. Life is beautiful. Let the future generations cleanse it of all <a href="/wiki/Evil" title="Evil">evil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oppression" title="Oppression">oppression</a> and <a href="/wiki/Violence" title="Violence">violence</a>, and enjoy it to the full. L. Trotsky 27 February 1940 Coyoacán.<a href="#cite_note-Testament-229">[219]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Assassination">Assassination</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_Trotsky&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Assassination">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trotsky_last_office.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Trotsky_last_office.jpg/220px-Trotsky_last_office.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Trotsky_last_office.jpg/330px-Trotsky_last_office.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Trotsky_last_office.jpg/440px-Trotsky_last_office.jpg 2x" data-file-width="487" data-file-height="384" /></a><figcaption>The study where Leon Trotsky was assassinated with an ice axe on 20 August 1940</figcaption></figure> After a failed attempt to have Trotsky murdered in March 1939, Stalin assigned the overall organization of implementing the task to the NKVD officer <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Sudoplatov" title="Pavel Sudoplatov">Pavel Sudoplatov</a>, who, in turn, co-opted <a href="/wiki/Nahum_Eitingon" title="Nahum Eitingon">Nahum Eitingon</a>. According to Sudoplatov's <a href="/wiki/Special_Tasks" title="Special Tasks">Special Tasks</a>, the NKVD proceeded to set up three NKVD agent networks to carry out the murder; these three networks were designed to operate entirely autonomously from the NKVD's hitherto-established spy networks in the U.S. and Mexico.<a href="#cite_note-230">[220]</a> On 24 May 1940, Trotsky survived a raid on his villa by armed assassins led by the <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a> agent <a href="/wiki/Iosif_Grigulevich" title="Iosif Grigulevich">Iosif Grigulevich</a> and Mexican painter <a href="/wiki/David_Alfaro_Siqueiros" title="David Alfaro Siqueiros">David Alfaro Siqueiros</a>.<a href="#cite_note-231">[221]</a> Trotsky's 14-year-old grandson, Vsevolod Platonovich "Esteban" Volkov (7 March 1926 – 16 June 2023), was shot in the foot. A young assistant and bodyguard of Trotsky, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Sheldon_Harte" title="Robert Sheldon Harte">Robert Sheldon Harte</a>, disappeared with the attackers and was later found murdered; it is probable that he was an accomplice who granted them access to the villa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2010485-232">[222]</a> Trotsky's other guards fended off the attackers.<a href="#cite_note-233">[223]</a> Following the failed assassination attempt, Trotsky wrote an article titled "Stalin Seeks My Death" on 8 June 1940, in which he stated that another assassination attempt was certain.<a href="#cite_note-234">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-235">[225]</a> On 20 August 1940, Trotsky was attacked in his study by Spanish-born NKVD agent <a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Mercader" title="Ramón Mercader">Ramón Mercader</a>, who used an <a href="/wiki/Ice_axe" title="Ice axe">ice axe</a><a href="#cite_note-236">[226]</a> as a weapon.<a href="#cite_note-237">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-239">[k]</a> The operation was known within the NKVD as "Operation Utka" (Operation Duck). A mountaineering ice axe has a narrow end, called the pick, and a flat wide end called the <a href="/wiki/Adze" title="Adze">adze</a>. The adze of the axe wounded Trotsky, fracturing his <a href="/wiki/Parietal_bone" title="Parietal bone">parietal bone</a> and penetrating 7 cm (2.8 in) into his brain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoto-Pérez-de-Celis2010-240">[229]</a> The blow to his head was bungled and failed to kill Trotsky instantly. Witnesses stated that Trotsky spat on Mercader and began struggling fiercely with him, which resulted in Mercader's hand being broken. Hearing the commotion, Trotsky's bodyguards burst into the room and nearly beat Mercader to death, but Trotsky stopped them, laboriously stating that the assassin should be made to answer questions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1996466-241">[230]</a> Trotsky was then taken to a hospital and operated on, surviving for more than a day, yet ultimately dying at the age of 60 on 21 August 1940 from blood loss and shock.<a href="#cite_note-242">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoto-Pérez-de-Celis2010-240">[229]</a> Mercader later testified at his trial:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">I laid my raincoat on the table in such a way as to be able to remove the ice axe which was in the pocket. I decided not to miss the wonderful opportunity that presented itself. The moment Trotsky began reading the article, he gave me my chance; I took out the ice axe from the raincoat, gripped it in my hand and, with my eyes closed, dealt him a terrible blow on the head.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1996466-241">[230]</a></blockquote> According to James Cannon, the Trotskyist secretary of the American <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Workers Party (United States)">Socialist Workers Party</a>, Trotsky's last words were "I will not survive this attack. Stalin has finally accomplished the task he attempted unsuccessfully before."<a href="#cite_note-243">[232]</a> Mercader was tried and convicted of the murder and spent the next 20 years in a Mexican prison. Stalin wrote that the assassin of Trotsky was a dangerous Trotskyist. This is why Mercader had no awards initially, though his mother was presented with the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Lenin" title="Order of Lenin">Order of Lenin</a> for her own part of the operation. Ramón Mercader could not be either assassinated or freed from prison by the Soviets. When he was released from jail in 1960 and arrived in the USSR in 1961, <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Leonid Brezhnev</a> signed a sentence to award Mercader the Order of Lenin, the Gold Star, and the title of the <a href="/wiki/Hero_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Hero of the Soviet Union">Hero of the Soviet Union</a> "for the special deed". The <a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a> boss <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Shelepin" title="Alexander Shelepin">Alexander Shelepin</a> presented all these awards to Ramón Mercader in person.<a href="#cite_note-244">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-245">[234]</a> In the aftermath of Trotsky's assassination, an estimated 300,000 people had passed by his funeral casket in Mexico City over several days by 27 August 1940.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorth2010129-246">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-247">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-248">[237]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personality_and_characteristics">Personality and characteristics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_Trotsky&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Personality and characteristics">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Leon_Trotsky.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Portrait_of_Leon_Trotsky.jpg/150px-Portrait_of_Leon_Trotsky.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Portrait_of_Leon_Trotsky.jpg/225px-Portrait_of_Leon_Trotsky.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Portrait_of_Leon_Trotsky.jpg/300px-Portrait_of_Leon_Trotsky.jpg 2x" data-file-width="390" data-file-height="601" /></a><figcaption>Portrait as Commander of the Red Army, 1920</figcaption></figure> Trotsky was regarded as an outstanding orator,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService20091–10-249">[238]</a> preeminent theoretician,<a href="#cite_note-250">[239]</a> and organiser that, in the view of historian <a href="/wiki/Michael_Kort" title="Michael Kort">Michael Kort</a>, "forged and directed the Red Army".<a href="#cite_note-251">[240]</a> He served as one of the original <a href="/wiki/Politburo" title="Politburo">Politburo</a> members in Lenin's government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1996185-252">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-253">[242]</a> Biographer <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Deutscher" title="Isaac Deutscher">Isaac Deutscher</a> considered him to be the "prompter of [the] <a href="/wiki/Planned_economy" title="Planned economy">planned economy</a> and industrialization" during the early years of the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-254">[243]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/Laura_Engelstein" title="Laura Engelstein">Laura Engelstein</a> judged Trotsky to be personally fastidious, but possessing the qualities of vanity and volatility which were not shared with Lenin. Engelstein also described him as talented and dynamic, "but only a <a href="/wiki/Second_in_command" class="mw-redirect" title="Second in command">second in command</a>".<a href="#cite_note-255">[244]</a> Political theorist <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Mandel" title="Ernest Mandel">Ernest Mandel</a> summarised the dominant image of Trotsky as "self-confident",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMandel1995156-256">[245]</a> "unshakeable in the conviction of his historic mission",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMandel1995155–156-257">[246]</a> "strict with others and himself"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMandel1995165–166-258">[247]</a> and "indifferent to material privileges and to the small joys and sorrows of life".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMandel1995165–166-258">[247]</a> Mandel argued this image reflected "certain aspects of Trotsky's personality, strengths and weaknesses".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMandel1995165–166-258">[247]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/Simon_Sebag_Montefiore" title="Simon Sebag Montefiore">Simon Sebag Montefiore</a> described Trotsky as the "genius of the revolution"<a href="#cite_note-259">[248]</a> and biographer <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Volkogonov" title="Dmitri Volkogonov">Dmitri Volkogonov</a> characterised him as a "vivid, complex, multi-faceted personality in the gallery of world figures" who was remembered "with hatred and respect, anger and admiration" decades after his assassination in Mexico.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1996xxxi-260">[249]</a> Volkogonov also found Trotsky to be a constant "spectre" for Stalin, after his exile, and also wrote that he was "of a different calibre intellectually, with his grasp of organization and his talents as a speaker and writer". Volkogonov considered Trotsky "far superior" to figures such as <a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Molotov" title="Vyacheslav Molotov">Molotov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lazar_Kaganovich" title="Lazar Kaganovich">Kaganovich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khrushchev" class="mw-redirect" title="Khrushchev">Khrushchev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zhdanov" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhdanov">Zhdanov</a> and "also superior to Stalin and Stalin knew it".<a href="#cite_note-261">[250]</a> Biographer <a href="/wiki/Robert_Service_(historian)" title="Robert Service (historian)">Robert Service</a> commented that he was a "volatile and untrustworthy",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService20091–10-249">[238]</a> "arrogant individual"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService20091–10-249">[238]</a> that impressed supporters even during the periods of "personal adversity in the 1920s and 1930s"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService20091–10-249">[238]</a> but failed to "coax and encourage them to the full".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService20091–10-249">[238]</a> Service stated that Trotsky gave the "minimum time to the Jewish question" and believed that "he ceased to be a Jew in any important sense because Marxism had burned out the fortuitous residues of his origins".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2009200–201-262">[251]</a> Political scientist August Nimtz regarded Trotsky to have had better foresight than both Marxist and some non-Marxist intellectual observers with his work <a href="/wiki/The_Revolution_Betrayed" title="The Revolution Betrayed">The Revolution Betrayed: What Is the Soviet Union and Where Is It Going?</a> (1936). Trotsky argued that the Stalinist regime was an "ephemeral phenomenon" and Nimtz believed this had later been proven with the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Soviet collapse after 1989</a>.<a href="#cite_note-263">[252]</a> Other scholars have similarly described Trotsky as having a prescient judgement of events such as the <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_massacre" title="Shanghai massacre">Stalinist alliance with the Kuomintang</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2015a886–887-264">[253]</a> the rise of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Spanish_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="The Spanish Civil War">The Spanish Civil War</a> through his political writings and levels of military accuracy.<a href="#cite_note-265">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-266">[255]</a> Deutscher also referenced his "uncanny clear sightedness" in predicting the emergence of a single dictator who would "substitute himself" for the <a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Central Committee</a>, the party and the working class.<a href="#cite_note-267">[256]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trotsky_at_Copenhagen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Trotsky_at_Copenhagen.jpg/220px-Trotsky_at_Copenhagen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Trotsky_at_Copenhagen.jpg/330px-Trotsky_at_Copenhagen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Trotsky_at_Copenhagen.jpg/440px-Trotsky_at_Copenhagen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Trotsky delivering a speech at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Copenhagen" title="University of Copenhagen">University of Copenhagen</a> in 1932</figcaption></figure> Trotsky was a <a href="/wiki/Marxist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist">Marxist</a> <a href="/wiki/Intellectual" title="Intellectual">intellectual</a>.<a href="#cite_note-268">[257]</a><a href="#cite_note-269">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-270">[259]</a><a href="#cite_note-271">[260]</a> Russian historian Vladimir Buldakov considered Trotsky, in some respect, a "typical representative" of "Russia's radical <a href="/wiki/Intelligentsia" title="Intelligentsia">intelligentsia</a>" who had "elements of bourgeois origin".<a href="#cite_note-272">[261]</a> He had a diverse and profound range of interests which exceeded that of other Bolshevik theoreticians such as <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bukharin" title="Nikolai Bukharin">Nikolai Bukharin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMandel1995168–169-273">[262]</a> He also had a notable interest in <a href="/wiki/Literature_and_Revolution" title="Literature and Revolution">literature</a> and wrote on "everyday life and cultural progress as well as on the more customary Marxism of the day".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService20091–10-249">[238]</a> Trotsky and his second wife, <a href="/wiki/Natalia_Sedova" title="Natalia Sedova">Natalia Sedova</a> enjoyed Viennese galleries and made frequent visits to museums such as the <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tate_Gallery" class="mw-redirect" title="Tate Gallery">Tate Gallery</a> across Europe to view specific art collections.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2003a152-274">[263]</a> He also retained a personal interest in <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a> which stemmed from his youth when he considered studying mathematics and physics at the New Russian University in Odessa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2009327-275">[264]</a> His personal secretary and later a historian of mathematical logic, <a href="/wiki/Jean_van_Heijenoort" title="Jean van Heijenoort">Jean van Heijenoort</a>, considered him to be amicable, inquisitive and occasionally charming with new acquaintances during his final years in Mexico.<a href="#cite_note-276">[265]</a> Old Bolshevik <a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Lunacharsky" title="Anatoly Lunacharsky">Anatoly Lunacharsky</a> viewed Trotsky as the best prepared among the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">Social Democratic leaders</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution_of_1905" title="Russian Revolution of 1905">1905–1907 revolution</a> and stated that he "emerged from the revolution having acquired an enormous degree of popularity, whereas neither Lenin nor Martov had effectively gained any at all".<a href="#cite_note-277">[266]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leon_Trotsky_with_his_second_wife_in_1932.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Leon_Trotsky_with_his_second_wife_in_1932.jpg/220px-Leon_Trotsky_with_his_second_wife_in_1932.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Leon_Trotsky_with_his_second_wife_in_1932.jpg/330px-Leon_Trotsky_with_his_second_wife_in_1932.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Leon_Trotsky_with_his_second_wife_in_1932.jpg/440px-Leon_Trotsky_with_his_second_wife_in_1932.jpg 2x" data-file-width="603" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Trotsky with his second wife in 1932</figcaption></figure> His arch enemy, Stalin, even read and sometimes appreciated a great deal of his writings.<a href="#cite_note-278">[267]</a> According to Rubenstein, Stalin had even acknowledged that "after Lenin, Trotsky was the most popular figure in the country" at the end of the Civil War.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubenstein2011127-155">[149]</a> He also recognized the prominent role of Trotsky during the October revolution in the 1917 <a href="/wiki/Pravda" title="Pravda">Pravda</a> editorial. Stalin himself wrote: "All practical work in connection with the organization of the uprising was done under the immediate direction of Comrade Trotsky, the president of the Petrograd Soviet".<a href="#cite_note-279">[268]</a><a href="#cite_note-280">[269]</a><a href="#cite_note-281">[270]</a> Upon his exile in 1929, eighteen of his close relatives remained in the Soviet Union and all were subjected to repressive measures with seven of his family members including his son <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Sedov" title="Sergei Sedov">Sergei Sedov</a>, sister <a href="/wiki/Olga_Kameneva" title="Olga Kameneva">Olga Kameneva</a> and brother Aleksandr Bronstein having been shot.<a href="#cite_note-282">[271]</a> He spoke several European languages "with a markedly Russian accent"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2009200-283">[272]</a> and identified as a cosmopolitan and internationalist.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2009200–205-284">[273]</a> In the course of his life, Trotsky wrote about 30,000 documents, most of which are contained in various archives.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1996xxx-285">[274]</a> Deutscher stated that Trotsky wrote most of the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Soviet" title="Saint Petersburg Soviet">Soviet</a>'s manifestos and resolutions, edited its Izvestia newspaper and also composed the oath of loyalty for the Red Army.<a href="#cite_note-286">[275]</a> According to Mandel, Trotsky wrote the Zimmerwald Manifesto for the <a href="/wiki/Zimmerwald_Conference" title="Zimmerwald Conference">Zimmerwald Conference</a> because he was radically opposed to <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> and drafted the Appeal for the Convocation of the <a href="/wiki/1st_Congress_of_the_Comintern" title="1st Congress of the Comintern">First Comintern Congress</a> due to his active involvement with the <a href="/wiki/Third_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Third International">Third International</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMandel199522-287">[276]</a> He also served as a member of the <a href="/wiki/Executive_Committee_of_the_Communist_International" title="Executive Committee of the Communist International">Executive Committee of the Communist International</a> for the initial Congress sessions.<a href="#cite_note-288">[277]</a><a href="#cite_note-289">[278]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMandel199522-287">[276]</a> Aside from his interest in political activism, Trotsky also worked as a <a href="/wiki/Statistician" title="Statistician">statistician</a> and a journalist.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERenton20046-290">[279]</a> Trotsky stated that he worked for three newspapers and oversaw the "Russian Gazette" with <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Parvus" title="Alexander Parvus">Alexander Parvus</a>. He claimed that the circulation under his tenure had increased from 30,000 to 500,000.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService201094-291">[280]</a> However, historians Anthony Heywood and Jonathan Smele believe this was an exaggerated claim and cited circulation figures from the editors of Trotsky's collected works that the figures had in fact increased to 100,000 which they still regarded as impressive and comparatively ahead of Lenin's <a href="/wiki/Novaya_Zhizn" title="Novaya Zhizn">New Life</a> newspaper by 20,000.<a href="#cite_note-292">[281]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_stature_and_conflicts_with_Stalin">Political stature and conflicts with Stalin</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_Trotsky&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Political stature and conflicts with Stalin">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Anti-Stalinist_Left" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Stalinist Left">Anti-Stalinist Left</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Stalin_School_of_Falsification" title="The Stalin School of Falsification">The Stalin School of Falsification</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Stalin:_An_Appraisal_of_the_Man_and_His_Influence" title="Stalin: An Appraisal of the Man and His Influence">Stalin: An Appraisal of the Man and His Influence</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25em; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> Had Trotsky won the struggle to succeed Lenin, the character of the Soviet regime would almost certainly have been substantially different, particularly in <a href="/wiki/The_Permanent_Revolution_and_Results_and_Prospects" title="The Permanent Revolution and Results and Prospects">foreign policy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Literature_and_Revolution" title="Literature and Revolution">cultural policy</a>, and the extent of <a href="/wiki/Terrorism_and_Communism#Legacy" title="Terrorism and Communism"> teroristic repression</a>. Trotsky's failure, however, seems to have been almost inevitable, considering his own qualities and the conditions of authoritarian rule by the Communist Party organization. </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">—Historian Robert Vincent Daniels, 1993<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniels1993945–946-293">[282]</a></cite> </div> Historian <a href="/wiki/Robert_Vincent_Daniels" title="Robert Vincent Daniels">Robert Vincent Daniels</a> expressed the view that Trotsky was "undoubtedly the most brilliant <a href="/wiki/Intellect" title="Intellect">intellect</a> brought to prominence by the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a>, outdistancing Lenin and other theoreticians both in the range of his interests and in the imaginativeness of his perceptions". Yet, he emphasised his personal arrogance as an underlying weakness which antagonised other members of the communist movement. Daniels also argued that had Trotsky assumed the role of <a href="/wiki/Lenin%27s_Testament" title="Lenin's Testament">Lenin's successor</a> then he would have presided over an <a href="/wiki/Counterfactual_history" title="Counterfactual history">alternate</a> Soviet Union markedly distinct from Stalin's regime.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniels1993945–946-293">[282]</a><a href="#cite_note-294">[283]</a> Contrarily, Service asserted that the succession of Trotsky would have resulted in a similar <a href="/wiki/Totalitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Totalitarian">totalitarian</a> dictatorship akin to Stalin's rule and increased the likelihood of conflict across the European continent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService20103-295">[284]</a> Although, historian <a href="/wiki/Sheila_Fitzpatrick" title="Sheila Fitzpatrick">Sheila Fitzpatrick</a> found it implausible that Trotsky like Stalin would have launched an <a href="/wiki/Anti-cosmopolitan_campaign" title="Anti-cosmopolitan campaign">anti-semitic campaign</a> after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> or initiated the <a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purges</a>. Rather, she suggested Trotsky would presumably have provided good leadership during the Second World War but may have struggled to maintain party cohesion as seen during the succession struggle after 1924.<a href="#cite_note-296">[285]</a> Political theorist <a href="/wiki/David_North_(socialist)" title="David North (socialist)">David North</a> argued that Trotsky's military policies would have averted the dismantlement of Soviet defenses alongside the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II_casualties_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="World War II casualties of the Soviet Union">high levels of human casualties</a> associated with <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Operation Barbarossa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-297">[286]</a> Biographer Geoffrey Swain believed that the Soviet Union under the leadership of Trotsky would have been more <a href="/wiki/Technocratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Technocratic">technocratic</a> as he would have made far more use of "<a href="/wiki/Technicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Technicians">bourgeois experts</a>" the <a href="/wiki/Economic_planning" title="Economic planning">planning process</a> and inferred this from his conduct during the Civil War along with his writings in the early 1920s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwain2014a118-298">[287]</a> Other scholars have pointed to the fact that Trotsky opposed the policy of forced collectivisation under Stalin and favoured a <a href="/wiki/Volunteering" title="Volunteering">voluntary</a>, gradual approach towards <a href="/wiki/Collective_farming" title="Collective farming">agricultural production</a> as an area of differentiation.<a href="#cite_note-299">[288]</a><a href="#cite_note-300">[289]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SovietDelegatesAtBrestLitovsk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/SovietDelegatesAtBrestLitovsk.jpg/220px-SovietDelegatesAtBrestLitovsk.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/SovietDelegatesAtBrestLitovsk.jpg/330px-SovietDelegatesAtBrestLitovsk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/SovietDelegatesAtBrestLitovsk.jpg/440px-SovietDelegatesAtBrestLitovsk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2327" data-file-height="1481" /></a><figcaption>Trotsky as <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Russia)#Russian_SFSR_(1917–1991)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (Russia)">People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs</a> with the Soviet delegation at Brest-Litovsk, 1917</figcaption></figure> His enmity with Stalin developed during the Civil War with the latter's disregard of military specialists whom Trotsky considered indispensable for the success of the Red Army. In <a href="/wiki/Tsaritsyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsaritsyn">Tsaritsyn</a>, Stalin ordered the imprisonment of several specialists on a <a href="/wiki/Barge" title="Barge">barge</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Volga" title="Volga">Volga</a> river and oversaw the sinking of the floating prison in which the officers perished.<a href="#cite_note-301">[290]</a><a href="#cite_note-302">[291]</a> Another instance was when Stalin disobeyed Trotsky's order to march on Warsaw which contributed to the defeat of the Red Army at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Warsaw_(1920)" title="Battle of Warsaw (1920)">Battle of Warsaw</a> in 1920.<a href="#cite_note-303">[292]</a><a href="#cite_note-304">[293]</a> Bazhanov also claimed that Stalin's antagonism towards Trotsky stemmed from the fact that he was Jewish and that the former would refuse to obey military orders during the Russian Civil War.<a href="#cite_note-305">[294]</a> According to Rogovin, Trotsky received hundreds of letters reporting the use of <a href="/wiki/Anti-semitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-semitic">anti-semitic</a> methods during the inter-party struggle between Stalin and the United Opposition.<a href="#cite_note-306">[295]</a> Trotsky lacked the political acumen to succeed against Stalin's machinations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMccauley201459-307">[296]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hitler_and_Stalin_:_parallel_lives-152">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-308">[297]</a> Lenin had encouraged Trotsky, in his absence, to challenge Stalin at the <a href="/wiki/12th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="12th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">Twelfth Party Congress</a> over the Georgian Affair but the latter relented.<a href="#cite_note-309">[298]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/Peter_Kenez" title="Peter Kenez">Peter Kenez</a> believed that Trotsky could probably have removed Stalin with the use of Lenin's testament but he "stupidly" acquiesced to the collective decision not to publish the document.<a href="#cite_note-310">[299]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/Martin_McCauley_(historian)" title="Martin McCauley (historian)">Martin McCauley</a> commented that Trotsky "displayed a lamentable lack of political judgement" on multiple occasions such as declining Lenin's proposal to become <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union">deputy chairman</a> of Sovnarkom, failing to build a power base before forming a bloc with Lenin against the <a href="/wiki/Orgburo" title="Orgburo">Orgburo</a> and not immediately recognising that a <a href="/wiki/Triumvirate" title="Triumvirate">triumvirate</a> had been established to prevent his succession.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMccauley201459-307">[296]</a> Rubenstein differed in his interpretation and attributed Trotsky's decision to decline Lenin's proposal because he believed the position had "little authority of its own" and overlapped with other government and party officials.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubenstein2011127-155">[149]</a> Deutscher believed he had underestimated Stalin's cunning, ruthlessness, and tenacity on several occasions.<a href="#cite_note-311">[300]</a> Political scientist Richard B. Day argued that it was more probable that Trotsky's interest in building <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a> outweighed his desire for personal <a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">power</a>.<a href="#cite_note-312">[301]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25em; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> "With all the greater frankness can I state how, in my view, the Soviet government should act in case of a fascist upheaval in Germany. In their place, I would, at the very moment of receiving telegraphic news of this event, sign a mobilisation order calling up several age groups. In the face of a mortal enemy, when the logic of the situation points to inevitable war, it would be irresponsible and unpardonable to give that enemy time to establish himself, to consolidate his positions, to conclude alliances… and to work out the plan to attack.." </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">Trotsky describing the military measures he would have taken in place of Stalin to counter the rise of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> in 1932.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2015a1192–1193-313">[302]</a></cite> </div> Historian <a href="/wiki/Orlando_Figes" title="Orlando Figes">Orlando Figes</a> noted that Trotsky never held a party post and rarely attended party meetings despite serving as a member of the Politburo. Figes also described him as having "too many characteristics that made it extraordinarily hard to work collectively with him".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiges2017794-314">[303]</a> Biographer <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Rubenstein" title="Joshua Rubenstein">Joshua Rubenstein</a> regarded Trotsky's position among the Soviet elites as largely dependent on Lenin. Rubenstein also added that he had an image of an outsider within party circles as he had previously been an "outspoken critic of Lenin".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubenstein2011126-315">[304]</a> Conversely, Volkongov stated that Trotsky had the support of many party <a href="/wiki/Intellectual" title="Intellectual">intellectuals</a> but this was overshadowed by the huge apparatus which included the GPU and the party cadres who were at the disposal of Stalin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1996284-316">[305]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/Paul_Dukes_(historian)" title="Paul Dukes (historian)">Paul Dukes</a> considered it a debatable notion that his personal "sophistication" as a political figure led to "his defeat in the great struggle of 1923 and after". He also reached the view that Trotsky did not share Stalin's understanding of the party in which "fewer than 10 percent of its members were fully <a href="/wiki/Literate" class="mw-redirect" title="Literate">literate</a>" and this was in spite of the fact that Stalin "was a man of narrower outlook in virtually every respect".<a href="#cite_note-The_Trotsky_reappraisal-317">[306]</a> Trotsky himself ascribed his political defeat to external, objective conditions rather than the individual qualities of Stalin. He specifically argued that the failed series of international insurrections as seen in <a href="/wiki/September_Uprising" title="September Uprising">Bulgaria</a> in 1923 and <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_massacre" title="Shanghai massacre">China</a> in 1927 had diminished the prospect of <a href="/wiki/World_socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="World socialism">world socialism</a> and demoralised the Russian working class which in turn strengthened the growth of an internal, Soviet bureaucracy.<a href="#cite_note-318">[307]</a> Russian historian <a href="/wiki/Vadim_Rogovin" title="Vadim Rogovin">Vadim Rogovin</a> also remarked that Trotsky, in the 1930s, did not abandon hope for the spread of the revolution. Rogovin argued that Trotsky's prognosis of world events was plausible as a majority of European countries such as <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, and especially <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, "went through a period of revolutionary crisis".<a href="#cite_note-319">[308]</a> Although, Daniels contended that Trotsky would have in reality been no more prepared than other Bolshevik figures to risk <a href="/wiki/War" title="War">war</a> or the loss of <a href="/wiki/Trade" title="Trade">trade</a> opportunities despite his support for world revolution.<a href="#cite_note-Yale_University_Press-320">[309]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relations_with_Lenin">Relations with Lenin</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_Trotsky&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Relations with Lenin">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:19191107-lenin_second_anniversary_october_revolution_moscow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/19191107-lenin_second_anniversary_october_revolution_moscow.jpg/220px-19191107-lenin_second_anniversary_october_revolution_moscow.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/19191107-lenin_second_anniversary_october_revolution_moscow.jpg/330px-19191107-lenin_second_anniversary_october_revolution_moscow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/19191107-lenin_second_anniversary_october_revolution_moscow.jpg/440px-19191107-lenin_second_anniversary_october_revolution_moscow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2528" data-file-height="1820" /></a><figcaption>Celebration of the second anniversary of the October Revolution in Moscow, 1919. One of the photos of which the image of Trotsky was erased, along with those of <a href="/wiki/Lev_Kamenev" title="Lev Kamenev">Lev Kamenev</a> and <a href="/wiki/Artemic_Khalatov" title="Artemic Khalatov">Artemic Khalatov</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vladimir_Lenin_Speech_in_May_1920.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Vladimir_Lenin_Speech_in_May_1920.jpg/220px-Vladimir_Lenin_Speech_in_May_1920.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Vladimir_Lenin_Speech_in_May_1920.jpg/330px-Vladimir_Lenin_Speech_in_May_1920.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Vladimir_Lenin_Speech_in_May_1920.jpg/440px-Vladimir_Lenin_Speech_in_May_1920.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5275" data-file-height="3525" /></a><figcaption>Lenin delivering a speech to a crowd in Moscow Square, with Trotsky and <a href="/wiki/Kamenev" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamenev">Kamenev</a> in the background, 1 May 1920.</figcaption></figure> His relations with Lenin have been a source of intense historical debate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwain2014b1–10North201052–90-321">[310]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/Paul_Le_Blanc_(historian)" title="Paul Le Blanc (historian)">Paul Le Blanc</a> and philosopher <a href="/wiki/Michael_Lowy" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Lowy">Michael Lowy</a> described Lenin and Trotsky as the "widely leading figures in the Russia's Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 as well as in the final years of the rising world communist movement". They characterized Lenin and Trotsky as "fierce adversaries" during the early years of the Russian socialist movement but described the duo as having reached a convergence and a substantial agreement in 1917 before colluding their efforts to achieve the October Revolution. They also highlighted the mutual appreciation and respect between Lenin and Trotsky with the former seeking to work closely with Trotsky on the <a href="/wiki/Iskra" title="Iskra">Iskra</a> newspaper, prior to their polemical disagreements, and Lenin acknowledging that his theory on permanent revolution "happened to be right" after 1917.<a href="#cite_note-Palgrave_Handbook-322">[311]</a> However, Swain viewed the notion that Trotsky was Lenin's natural heir a myth and cited several scholars such as Erik Van Rees, James White and Richard B.Day who Swain claimed had challenged the traditional characterization of their relationship.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwain2014b1–10-323">[312]</a> North specifically rejected this position and argued Swain sought to discredit historical works appreciative of Trotsky. North continued to argue that Swain gave an insufficient consideration of the "complex historical, political, social and theoretical issues that arise in any serious study of the Lenin-Trotsky relationship". He also asserted that Swain had distorted and misrepresented the positions of the cited scholars.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorth201052–90-324">[313]</a> Le Blanc also disputed Swain's representation of Trotsky and referenced various historians which included <a href="/wiki/E.H._Carr" class="mw-redirect" title="E.H. Carr">E.H. Carr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Deutscher" title="Isaac Deutscher">Isaac Deutscher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moshe_Lewin" title="Moshe Lewin">Moshe Lewin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Suny" class="mw-redirect" title="Ronald Suny">Ronald Suny</a> and <a href="/wiki/W._Bruce_Lincoln" title="W. Bruce Lincoln">W. Bruce Lincoln</a> across different generations. According to Le Blanc, these historians on balance had tilted "toward the view that Lenin's desired "heir" was collective responsibility in which Trotsky placed an important role and within which Stalin would be dramatically demoted (if not removed)".<a href="#cite_note-325">[314]</a> Similarly, historian <a href="/wiki/Roy_Medvedev" title="Roy Medvedev">Roy Medvedev</a> noted the close association of Trotsky and Lenin in the Soviet republic throughout the period of 1921–24. Medvedev mentioned a number of public commendations such as "greetings in honour of comrades Lenin and Trotsky were announced at many <a href="/wiki/Political_demonstration" title="Political demonstration">rallies</a> and meetings, and <a href="/wiki/Portraits" class="mw-redirect" title="Portraits">portraits</a> of Lenin and Trotsky hung on the walls of many Soviet and party institutions".<a href="#cite_note-326">[315]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:342px;max-width:342px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:176px;max-width:176px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:231px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Lenin_in_1920_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Lenin_in_1920_%28cropped%29.jpg/174px-Lenin_in_1920_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="174" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Lenin_in_1920_%28cropped%29.jpg/261px-Lenin_in_1920_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Lenin_in_1920_%28cropped%29.jpg/348px-Lenin_in_1920_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1835" data-file-height="2447" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:231px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Trotsky_Profile.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Trotsky_Profile.jpg/160px-Trotsky_Profile.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Trotsky_Profile.jpg/240px-Trotsky_Profile.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Trotsky_Profile.jpg/320px-Trotsky_Profile.jpg 2x" data-file-width="487" data-file-height="706" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Lenin and Trotsky (both photographed in 1920) were viewed as the leading figures in the <a href="/wiki/Lenin%27s_first_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Lenin's first government">first Soviet government</a></div></div></div></div> Initially, Lenin turned down the leading position of <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Council_of_People%27s_Commissars" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars">Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars</a> when the Bolsheviks formed a new government, after the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a> in 1917, and suggested Trotsky for the position. However, Trotsky refused the position and other Bolsheviks insisted that Lenin assume principal responsibility which thereafter resulted in Lenin eventually accepting the role of chairman.<a href="#cite_note-327">[316]</a><a href="#cite_note-328">[317]</a><a href="#cite_note-329">[318]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2010191-330">[319]</a> On a separate occasion, Lenin expressed hostility to the early attempts by the triumvirate to remove Trotsky from the leadership. In a 1922 memo written to Kamenev, he chastised the efforts by the Central Committee to "throw Trotsky overboard" as the "height of stupidity. If you do not consider me already hopelessly foolish, how can you think of that ?".<a href="#cite_note-331">[320]</a><a href="#cite_note-332">[321]</a> In his last testament, Lenin urged the wider party circles to not use and hold Trotsky's <a href="/wiki/Mezhraiontsy" title="Mezhraiontsy">non-Bolshevik</a> past against him.<a href="#cite_note-333">[322]</a> Soviet writer <a href="/wiki/Maxim_Gorky" title="Maxim Gorky">Maxim Gorky</a> recollected Lenin in the first version of his sketch, V.I. Lenin, dismissing rumours of an alleged political difference between himself and Trotsky with the words: "There are many lies, and it seems, particularly many lies about me and Trotsky". Gorky also stated that Lenin made an approving assessment of Trotsky due to his military organisation of the army in a single year.<a href="#cite_note-334">[323]</a> In the view of Lenin's wife, <a href="/wiki/Nadezhda_Krupskaya" title="Nadezhda Krupskaya">Nadezhda Krupskaya</a>, Lenin was "pleased with the definite manner" of Trotsky's theoretical comprehension of diverging Russian revolutionary movements during their first meeting in 1902. She similarly expressed this view in a personal note after Lenin's death that her husband's attitude towards Trotsky had "not changed until his death" since their initial meeting in London.<a href="#cite_note-Palgrave_Handbook-322">[311]</a> In his final months, Lenin read several of Trotsky's works among a wider collection of books which interested him. Lenin read Problems of Everyday Life in the last month of his life and instructed Krupskaya to read him a passage from another of Trotsky's books that characterised Marxism and Leninism. Lenin also read Trotsky's pamphlet, <a href="/wiki/New_Course_(Trotsky_book)" title="New Course (Trotsky book)">The New Course</a>, on the day prior to his death.<a href="#cite_note-335">[324]</a> According to Stalin's secretary, <a href="/wiki/Boris_Bazhanov" title="Boris Bazhanov">Boris Bazhanov</a>, Lenin "in general leaned towards a <a href="/wiki/Collective_leadership_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collective leadership in the Soviet Union">collegial leadership</a>, with Trotsky in the first position".<a href="#cite_note-336">[325]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lenin's_succession">Lenin's succession</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_Trotsky&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Lenin's succession">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatleft" style="width:25em; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> Comrade Trotsky, on the other hand, as his struggle against the C.C. on the question of the People's Commissariat of Communications has already proved, is distinguished not only by outstanding ability. He is personally perhaps the most capable man in the present C.C., but he has displayed excessive self-assurance and shown excessive preoccupation with the purely administrative side of the work. </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">—Lenin's testament; 1923<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewin200580-337">[326]</a><a href="#cite_note-338">[327]</a><a href="#cite_note-339">[328]</a><a href="#cite_note-340">[329]</a> Most historians consider the document to be an accurate reflection of Lenin's views.<a href="#cite_note-341">[330]</a><a href="#cite_note-342">[331]</a></cite> </div> Trotsky was generally viewed as Lenin's choice as a successor in 1923.<a href="#cite_note-343">[332]</a><a href="#cite_note-344">[333]</a> He had been nominated to be Lenin's deputy in 1922 and 1923 as well as expected to assume responsibility over the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_National_Economy" title="Supreme Soviet of the National Economy">Council of National Economy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gosplan" title="Gosplan">Gosplan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-345">[334]</a> Lenin and Trotsky were also the only Soviet leaders elected honorary presidents of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_International" title="Communist International">Communist International</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2015a605-346">[335]</a> Prior to the introduction of the factional <a href="/wiki/Ban_on_factions_in_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Ban on factions in the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">ban in 1921</a>, due to intra-party controversies and the wider conflict of the Civil War, Trotsky had a considerable following among the party activists and members of the Central Committee against the narrow majority supporting Lenin. His supporters also controlled the newly established <a href="/wiki/Orgburo" title="Orgburo">Orgburo</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Secretariat of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Party Secretariat</a> before the appointment of Stalin as General Secretary.<a href="#cite_note-347">[336]</a><a href="#cite_note-348">[337]</a> According to Mccauley, Lenin had revealed that he planned to retire to the Central Committee and made an arrangement for Trotsky to speak on his behalf as his natural successor which in turn triggered the formation of the troika.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMccauley201452-349">[338]</a> Forges drew focus to the increasing alignment between Lenin and Trotsky in 1923. He cited Lenin's testament which was critical of Stalin and the bureaucracy along with their shared position on <a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Foreign trade of the Soviet Union">foreign trade</a>, party reform and the <a href="/wiki/Georgian_affair" title="Georgian affair">Georgian affair</a>.<a href="#cite_note-350">[339]</a> Rogovin interpreted Lenin's proposal to the Politburo that Trotsky be confirmed as the "<a href="/wiki/First_Deputy_Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="First Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union">First Deputy Chairman of the Council of the Sovnarkom</a>" as signifying that he was entrusted "with the highest government post" and he argued that this was also considerable given Lenin's illness at the time. Rogovin also referenced a previous proposal by Lenin in 1917 to appoint Trotsky with another senior position as <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Commissar_of_Internal_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Commissar of Internal Affairs">People's Commissar of Internal Affairs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-351">[340]</a> Yet, historian <a href="/wiki/Richard_Pipes" title="Richard Pipes">Richard Pipes</a> dismissed the view that Trotsky was Lenin's successor due to his proposed and joint appointment as <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union">deputy chairman</a> with Kamenev in 1922. Pipes attributed this overstated claim to Trotsky's supporters and explained that he had in fact been reprimanded by the party for "categorically refusing" the post.<a href="#cite_note-352">[341]</a> Conversely, Medvedev stated that Trotsky "undoubtedly would have been first among Lenin's deputies" given his <a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">authority</a> in 1922 and noted that Kamenev lacked any personal desire to become Chairman upon Lenin's death.<a href="#cite_note-353">[342]</a> <a href="/wiki/Slavic_studies" title="Slavic studies">Slavic studies</a> scholar Derek Watson presumed that Trotsky would have been the first vice-chairman of an additional <a href="/wiki/RSFSR" class="mw-redirect" title="RSFSR">RSFSR</a> body working alongside the other deputies.<a href="#cite_note-354">[343]</a> Deutscher argued that had Trotsky assumed the post of deputy, then it would have been difficult for <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Rykov" title="Alexei Rykov">Rykov</a> to have been promoted above him as chairman after Lenin's death in 1924.<a href="#cite_note-355">[344]</a> Polish historian <a href="/wiki/Marian_Kamil_Dziewanowski" title="Marian Kamil Dziewanowski">Marian Kamil Dziewanowski</a> also echoed these views and argued that had Trotsky accepted the post of vice-chairman then his prestige and power would have been strengthened as a counter-weight to Stalin's growing influence. Dziewanowski expressed the view that Trotsky as vice-chairman would have been a natural successor to Lenin as <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Council_of_People%27s_Commissars_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union">Chairman of the Soviet Union</a>. However, his rejection of the position enabled Stalin to place Rykov as Lenin's successor and serve as a key ally in the Politburo against Trotsky.<a href="#cite_note-356">[345]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lenin_and_Trotsky.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Lenin_and_Trotsky.jpg/290px-Lenin_and_Trotsky.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Lenin_and_Trotsky.jpg/435px-Lenin_and_Trotsky.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Lenin_and_Trotsky.jpg/580px-Lenin_and_Trotsky.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="439" /></a><figcaption>Russian <a href="/wiki/Peasants" class="mw-redirect" title="Peasants">peasants</a> holding <a href="/wiki/Banners" class="mw-redirect" title="Banners">banners</a> of Lenin (left), <a href="/wiki/Marx" class="mw-redirect" title="Marx">Marx</a> (centre) and Trotsky (right) in early <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Russia">Soviet Russia</a>.</figcaption></figure> Similarly, Soviet historian Victor Danilov believed that Lenin's proposed appointment of Trotsky as deputy "would have made him <a href="/wiki/Order_of_succession" title="Order of succession">in effect Lenin's successor</a>". Danilov also cited Politburo Secretary Bazhanov's notes of a concluding speech delivered by Trotsky in 1923 to the wider party membership. Trotsky explained his decision to decline the proposed position of Lenin's chief deputy due to concerns about his "Jewish origins" which could accentuate anti-semitic attitudes towards the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-357">[346]</a><a href="#cite_note-358">[347]</a> Mccauley stated that Trotsky would "almost certainly" have become the successor had Lenin succumbed to his first stroke in 1922.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMccauley201451-359">[348]</a> Deutscher noted that Zinoviev had been Lenin's closest discipline rather than Trotsky between 1907 and 1917. However, Zinoviev's opposition to the October revolution had strained his relations with Lenin.<a href="#cite_note-360">[349]</a> Opponents such as <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> even argued that "Lenin [had] indeed regarded Trotsky as his political heir" and sought to protect him before his passing in 1924.<a href="#cite_note-361">[350]</a> Zinoviev and Kamenev also viewed Trotsky as Lenin's most likely successor and sided with Stalin out of fear that Trotsky would remove them from the party leadership.<a href="#cite_note-362">[351]</a> However, his chief adversary Stalin, strongly denied claims that Trotsky was the succeeding chairman following Lenin's illness. He pointed out that Trotsky was expected to serve as one of several deputy chairmen under Lenin which included Kamenev, Rykov and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Tsiurupa" title="Alexander Tsiurupa">Tsiurupa</a>. Although, he did reference a written document signed by Lenin in 1922 which assigned Trotsky and Kamenev different areas of focus as deputy chairmen. Lenin's authorised document proposed Trotsky as deputy chairman of the Council of Commissars rather than Kamenev who was intended to serve only as a deputy chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Labor_and_Defense" title="Council of Labor and Defense">Labour Defence Council</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKosheleva1995b80–90-363">[352]</a> On Lenin's initiative, Stalin requested the Central Committee that Trotsky be appointed deputy chairman and <a href="/wiki/Gosplan" title="Gosplan">Chairman of Gosplan</a> in January 1923 but he refused the position.<a href="#cite_note-364">[353]</a><a href="#cite_note-365">[354]</a> In his autobiography, <a href="/wiki/My_Life_(Trotsky)" title="My Life (Trotsky)">My Life</a>, Trotsky maintained that Lenin had intended for him to be his successor as Chairman of the Soviet Union with his proposed appointment as deputy. He explained that this process would have begun after their alliance in 1923 with the formation of a <a href="/wiki/Central_Control_Commission_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Control Commission of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">commission</a> to mitigate the growth of the <a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">state bureaucracy</a> which in turn would have facilitated the conditions for his succession in the party.<a href="#cite_note-366">[355]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_Trotsky&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Red_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Red Army">Soviet Red Army</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petrograd_Soviet" title="Petrograd Soviet">Petrograd Soviet</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Fourth_International" class="mw-redirect" title="The Fourth International">The Fourth International</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky_bibliography" title="Leon Trotsky bibliography">Leon Trotsky bibliography</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trotsky_grave.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Trotsky_grave.jpg/170px-Trotsky_grave.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Trotsky_grave.jpg/255px-Trotsky_grave.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Trotsky_grave.jpg/340px-Trotsky_grave.jpg 2x" data-file-width="384" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>Leon Trotsky's grave in <a href="/wiki/Coyoac%C3%A1n" title="Coyoacán">Coyoacán</a>, where his ashes are buried</figcaption></figure> In 1923, the historic town of <a href="/wiki/Gatchina" title="Gatchina">Gatchina</a> in <a href="/wiki/Petrograd_Governorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrograd Governorate">Petrograd Governorate</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Leningrad_Oblast" title="Leningrad Oblast">Leningrad Oblast</a>) was renamed Trotsk (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Троцк) by the Soviet authorities after Lev Trotsky.<a href="#cite_note-GatchinskyUyezdHist-367">[356]</a> After Joseph Stalin became General Secretary of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Russian Communist Party (b)</a>, Trotsky was gradually exiled, and the town was renamed Krasnogvardeysk (Красногварде́йск, Red Guard City) in 1929. In 1944, to increase the morale of Russian troops, the town's historic name was restored.<a href="#cite_note-DistrictHist-368">[357]</a> Trotsky's house in Coyoacán has been preserved in much the same condition as it was on the day he was assassinated there, and is now the <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky_House_Museum" title="Leon Trotsky House Museum">Leon Trotsky House Museum</a> in Mexico City, run by a board which included his grandson Esteban Volkov (1926–2023).<a href="#cite_note-369">[358]</a> Trotsky's grave is located on its grounds. The foundation "International Friends of the Leon Trotsky Museum" has been organized to raise funds to improve the museum further. Shortly before his assassination, Trotsky agreed to sell the bulk of the papers he still had to <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>. After his assassination, his widow, Natalya Sedova collected his remaining papers and shipped them to Harvard, and in the years following, Harvard managed to collect additional papers that had been hidden from both Soviet and Nazi agents in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-370">[359]</a> These papers now occupy 65 feet (20 m) of shelf space in Harvard's <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Library" title="Houghton Library">Houghton Library</a>.<a href="#cite_note-371">[360]</a> Trotsky was never <a href="/wiki/Rehabilitation_(Soviet)" title="Rehabilitation (Soviet)">rehabilitated</a> during the rule of the Soviet government, despite the <a href="/wiki/De-Stalinization" title="De-Stalinization">de-Stalinization</a>-era rehabilitation of most other <a href="/wiki/Old_Bolshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Bolshevik">Old Bolsheviks</a> killed during the Great Purges. His son, Sergei Sedov, who died in 1937, was rehabilitated in 1988, as was Nikolai Bukharin. Beginning in 1989, Trotsky's books, forbidden until 1987, were published in the Soviet Union. Trotsky was rehabilitated on 16 June 2001 by the <a href="/wiki/Prosecutor_General_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Prosecutor General of Russia">General Prosecutor's Office</a> of the Russian Federation (Certificates of Rehabilitation No. 13/2182-90, No. 13-2200-99 in Archives Research Center "Memorial").<a href="#cite_note-372">[361]</a> Trinidadian historian <a href="/wiki/CLR_James" class="mw-redirect" title="CLR James">CLR James</a> wrote, in the aftermath of Trotsky's death, that he evoked strong feelings of enmity and fear from several political figures. According to James, this included <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> and <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> because "these men knew his stature, the power of what he stood for, and were never lulled by the smallness of his forces".<a href="#cite_note-373">[362]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/Harold_Shukman" title="Harold Shukman">Harold Shukman</a> assessed the conflicting perspectives on Trotsky's legacy in the Soviet Union and the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a>. He also commented on the lack of a balanced view. Specifically, he stated: <blockquote>Trotsky's legacy, unlike those of Stalin and Lenin, had long been submerged and obliterated as a topic of debate, and his place in Soviet history books had correspondingly diminished to one of no importance. For Western readers, however, Trotsky has always been one of the most enigmatic and powerful personalities of the Russian revolution, a Mephistophelian figure whose life ended in an appropriately dramatic way.<a href="#cite_note-374">[363]</a></blockquote> Political theorist David North attributed his diminished influence and historical role to the "virtually unlimited resources of the Soviet regime, and of <a href="/wiki/Marxism-Leninism" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxism-Leninism">Stalinist-run</a> parties throughout the world, [which] were devoted to blackguarding Trotsky as an anti-Soviet saboteur, terrorist and fascist agent. Within the Soviet Union, his political co-thinkers, past and present, were ruthlessly exterminated".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorth2010160–161-375">[364]</a> North was also critical of the biographical literature on Trotsky's legacy written by some historians such as <a href="/wiki/Ian_Thatcher" title="Ian Thatcher">Ian Thatcher</a>, Geoffrey Swain and Robert Service. He viewed these recent trends in historiography as "manifestations of the confluence of <a href="/wiki/Neo-Stalinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Stalinist">neo-Stalinist</a> falsification and traditional Anglo-American <a href="/wiki/Anti-Communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Communism">anti-Communism</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorth2010127-376">[365]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ludwig_Binder_Haus_der_Geschichte_Studentenrevolte_1968_2001_03_0275.4212_(17086177105).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Ludwig_Binder_Haus_der_Geschichte_Studentenrevolte_1968_2001_03_0275.4212_%2817086177105%29.jpg/220px-Ludwig_Binder_Haus_der_Geschichte_Studentenrevolte_1968_2001_03_0275.4212_%2817086177105%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Ludwig_Binder_Haus_der_Geschichte_Studentenrevolte_1968_2001_03_0275.4212_%2817086177105%29.jpg/330px-Ludwig_Binder_Haus_der_Geschichte_Studentenrevolte_1968_2001_03_0275.4212_%2817086177105%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Ludwig_Binder_Haus_der_Geschichte_Studentenrevolte_1968_2001_03_0275.4212_%2817086177105%29.jpg/440px-Ludwig_Binder_Haus_der_Geschichte_Studentenrevolte_1968_2001_03_0275.4212_%2817086177105%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="751" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/West_German_student_movement" title="West German student movement">West German students</a> holding a placard of Trotsky in 1968</figcaption></figure> In 2018, John Kelly wrote that "almost 80 years after Leon Trotsky founded the Fourth International, there are now Trotskyite organisations in 57 countries, including most of <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>". However, he also argued that no Trotskyite group had ever led a revolution or built an enduring mass political party.<a href="#cite_note-377">[366]</a> Robert Alexander made a similar observation in 1991 that Trotskyists had never assumed power in any nation but explained that the international movement did "not enjoy the support of a well-established regime, as did the heirs of Stalinism". Alexander also recognised that the "persistence of the movement in a <a href="/wiki/Trotskyism#Trotskyist_movements" title="Trotskyism">wide variety of countries</a>" and the instability of political events across most of the world means the "possibility that a Trotskyist party might come to power in the foreseeable future cannot be totally ruled out".<a href="#cite_note-378">[367]</a> On the other hand, British historian and socialist Christian Høgsbjerg believed that academic literature on Trotskyism had minimised its historical role in building wider social movements. Høgsbjerg stressed the key role of British Trotskyists in various movements such as the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_Solidarity_Campaign" title="Vietnam Solidarity Campaign">Vietnam Solidarity Campaign</a> (1966–71), the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Nazi_League" title="Anti-Nazi League">Anti-Nazi League</a> (1977–81), the <a href="/wiki/All_Britain_Anti-Poll_Tax_Federation" title="All Britain Anti-Poll Tax Federation">Anti Poll Tax Federation</a> (1989–91) and the <a href="/wiki/Stop_the_War_Coalition" title="Stop the War Coalition">Stop the War Coalition</a> (2001).<a href="#cite_note-379">[368]</a> Outside of the Fourth International, Trotsky has also been admired by a range of figures across intellectual, military, political and cultural fields including philosopher <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a>,<a href="#cite_note-380">[369]</a> military general <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Tukhachevsky" title="Mikhail Tukhachevsky">Mikhail Tukhachevsky</a>,<a href="#cite_note-381">[370]</a> Marxist theorist <a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Rosa Luxemburg</a>,<a href="#cite_note-382">[371]</a> economist <a href="/wiki/Paul_Sweezy" title="Paul Sweezy">Paul Sweezy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-383">[372]</a> philosopher <a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">John Dewey</a>,<a href="#cite_note-384">[373]</a> historian <a href="/wiki/A.J.P_Taylor" class="mw-redirect" title="A.J.P Taylor">A.J.P Taylor</a>,<a href="#cite_note-385">[374]</a> psychoanalyst <a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Erich Fromm</a>,<a href="#cite_note-386">[375]</a> philosopher <a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">Alasdair MacIntyre</a>,<a href="#cite_note-387">[376]</a> literary critic <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Wilson" title="Edmund Wilson">Edmund Wilson</a>,<a href="#cite_note-388">[377]</a> painter <a href="/wiki/Diego_Rivera" title="Diego Rivera">Diego Rivera</a>,<a href="#cite_note-389">[378]</a> political leader <a href="/wiki/Martin_Tranm%C3%A6l" title="Martin Tranmæl">Martin Tranmæl</a><a href="#cite_note-390">[379]</a> and literary writer <a href="/wiki/Lu_Xun" title="Lu Xun">Lu Xun</a>.<a href="#cite_note-391">[380]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_reputation">Historical reputation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_Trotsky&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Historical reputation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trotskyportrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Trotskyportrait.jpg/150px-Trotskyportrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Trotskyportrait.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="209" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Posthumous portrait</figcaption></figure> In modern historiography, Trotsky's legacy has evoked a range of conflicting and diverse views.<a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-392">[381]</a> Biographer Paul Le Blanc stated "for millions of people throughout the world, Trotsky was initially seen as a <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary" title="Revolutionary">revolutionary</a> <a href="/wiki/Emancipation" title="Emancipation">liberator</a>".<a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-392">[381]</a> He was viewed by contemporaries in the initial Soviet period and later historians as the <a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">hero</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">revolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1996272Rubenstein2011a96Thatcher2003100–105Carr19781–167Deutscher2015a310,_629Patenaude2010b2-393">[382]</a> Bolshevik figures such as <a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Lunacharsky" title="Anatoly Lunacharsky">Anatoly Lunacharsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moisei_Uritsky" title="Moisei Uritsky">Moisei Uritsky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Manuilsky" title="Dmitry Manuilsky">Dmitry Manuilsky</a> agreed that Lenin's influence on the Bolshevik party was decisive but the October insurrection was carried out according to Trotsky's, not to Lenin's, plan.<a href="#cite_note-394">[383]</a> Historian Betrand Patenaunde also noted his social appeal among the <a href="/wiki/Petrograd" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrograd">Petrograd</a> workers in which he drew "vast crowds of <a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">workers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soldiers" class="mw-redirect" title="Soldiers">soldiers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sailors" class="mw-redirect" title="Sailors">sailors</a> in Petrograd with his spellbinding <a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">oratory</a> in 1917".<a href="#cite_note-395">[384]</a> In the Soviet Union, his reputation gradually deteriorated over the course of the succession struggle as his views were presented as sectarian and <a href="/wiki/Anti-Leninist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Leninist">anti-Leninist</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Trotsky-396">[385]</a> Throughout the Stalin era, his name and image would be erased from history <a href="/wiki/Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Books">books</a>, <a href="/wiki/Museums" class="mw-redirect" title="Museums">museums</a> and <a href="/wiki/Films" class="mw-redirect" title="Films">films</a>. At the same time, Trotsky became a convenient bogeyman for Soviet affairs and was associated with ideological <a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">heresy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-397">[386]</a> The works of Trotsky also remained banned until the Gorbachev era.<a href="#cite_note-398">[387]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/De-Stalinization" title="De-Stalinization">de-Stalinization</a> period, later generations of Soviet and Russian historians would reevaluate his role in the history of the revolution with varying interpretations.<a href="#cite_note-Trotsky-396">[385]</a> Scholarly consensus holds Trotsky to have demonstrated remarkable leadership of the Red Army during the Civil War.<a href="#cite_note-399">[388]</a> He had been awarded the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Red_Banner" title="Order of the Red Banner">Order of the Red Banner</a> for his role in the Red Army such as <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Petrograd" title="Battle of Petrograd">organising the defence of Petrograd</a> when other members of the Bolshevik leadership were prepared to abandon the former capital.<a href="#cite_note-400">[389]</a> According to military scholar, <a href="/wiki/William_C._Martel" title="William C. Martel">William C. Martel</a>, scholars view Trotsky as "one of the outstanding figures in modern <a href="/wiki/Military_history" title="Military history">military history</a>" and a "directing <a href="/wiki/Genius" title="Genius">genius</a>".<a href="#cite_note-401">[390]</a> Swain asserted that the Bolsheviks would certainly have lost the Civil War within a single year without Trotsky as leader of the Red Army.<a href="#cite_note-402">[391]</a> A number of scholars and Western socialists have argued that Trotsky represented a more <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democratic</a> <a href="/wiki/Anti-Stalinist_Left" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Stalinist Left">alternative</a> to Stalin with particular emphasis drawn to his activities in the pre-Civil War period and as leader of the Left Opposition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniels2008b189–198Barnett2013b101Rogovin2021b1–15,_497Day1990159–188Deutscher2015a674–676,_1558-403">[392]</a> Prior to the October Revolution, Trotsky had been part of an old <a href="/wiki/Radical_democracy" title="Radical democracy">radical democracy</a> which included both Left Mensheviks and Left Bolsheviks.<a href="#cite_note-404">[393]</a> He had also proposed the election of a new Soviet <a href="/wiki/Presidium" title="Presidium">presidium</a> with other <a href="/wiki/Socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist">socialist</a> parties on the basis of <a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">proportional representation</a> in September 1917.<a href="#cite_note-405">[394]</a> Deutscher described Trotsky as the "<a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Soviet" title="Saint Petersburg Soviet">Soviet's moving spirit</a>" in 1905 and highlighted his representation of Bolsheviks, Mensheviks and the rest of the Soviets on major occasions.<a href="#cite_note-Verso_Books-406">[395]</a> Rogovin stated that the Left Opposition, led by Trotsky, was a political movement that "offered a real alternative to Stalinism, and that to crush this movement was the primary function of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Terror" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Terror">Stalinist terror</a>". He also attributed the eventual formation of a <a href="/wiki/One-party" class="mw-redirect" title="One-party">one-party</a> system to the <a href="/wiki/Russian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian civil war">conditions</a> which were "imposed on Bolshevism by hostile political forces".<a href="#cite_note-407">[396]</a> Conversely, other figures such as Volkogonov have strongly criticised his defence of the Red Terror and dictatorship of the proletariat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1996xxiii-408">[397]</a> Service argued that his "ideas and practices laid several foundation stones for the erection of the Stalinist political, economic, social and even cultural edifice".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService20093-409">[398]</a> Cherniaev considered Trotsky to be partly responsible for the establishment of a one-party, <a href="/wiki/Authoritarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Authoritarian">authoritarian</a> state and initiating several military practices such as summary executions which later became standard practice during the Stalinist era.<a href="#cite_note-auto2-143">[140]</a> Thatcher cited his defence of terror in his work, <a href="/wiki/Terrorism_and_Communism:_A_Reply_to_Karl_Kautsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrorism and Communism: A Reply to Karl Kautsky">Terrorism and Communism: A Reply to Karl Kautsky</a>, but also acknowledged that Trotsky was capable of <a href="/wiki/Pardon" title="Pardon">leniency</a> and had personally urged that White army deserters be treated with understanding.<a href="#cite_note-410">[399]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trotsky_Bust_(by_Duncan_Ferguson)_with_Photos_-_Leon_Trotsky_Museum_-_Coyoacan_-_Mexico_City_-_Mexico_(15517085251).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Trotsky_Bust_%28by_Duncan_Ferguson%29_with_Photos_-_Leon_Trotsky_Museum_-_Coyoacan_-_Mexico_City_-_Mexico_%2815517085251%29.jpg/220px-Trotsky_Bust_%28by_Duncan_Ferguson%29_with_Photos_-_Leon_Trotsky_Museum_-_Coyoacan_-_Mexico_City_-_Mexico_%2815517085251%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Trotsky_Bust_%28by_Duncan_Ferguson%29_with_Photos_-_Leon_Trotsky_Museum_-_Coyoacan_-_Mexico_City_-_Mexico_%2815517085251%29.jpg/330px-Trotsky_Bust_%28by_Duncan_Ferguson%29_with_Photos_-_Leon_Trotsky_Museum_-_Coyoacan_-_Mexico_City_-_Mexico_%2815517085251%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Trotsky_Bust_%28by_Duncan_Ferguson%29_with_Photos_-_Leon_Trotsky_Museum_-_Coyoacan_-_Mexico_City_-_Mexico_%2815517085251%29.jpg/440px-Trotsky_Bust_%28by_Duncan_Ferguson%29_with_Photos_-_Leon_Trotsky_Museum_-_Coyoacan_-_Mexico_City_-_Mexico_%2815517085251%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Bust of Trotsky at the <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky_House_Museum" title="Leon Trotsky House Museum">Leon Trotsky House Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>, Mexico</figcaption></figure> This view has been disputed by some writers such as French socialist historian <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Broue" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Broue">Pierre Broue</a> who criticised Western representations of Trotsky's role in the <a href="/wiki/Kronstadt_rebellion" title="Kronstadt rebellion">Kronstadt rebellion</a> which he argued had falsely presented Trotsky as the principal figure that led and was responsible for the repression. He also added that <a href="/wiki/Military_tribunals" class="mw-redirect" title="Military tribunals">military tribunals</a> and executions for desertions were a common feature of every war and not exclusive to the actions of the Red Army under Trotsky.<a href="#cite_note-411">[400]</a> Dukes believed Trotsky had been maligned and <a href="/wiki/Caricatured" class="mw-redirect" title="Caricatured">caricatured</a> as a historical figure which necessitated a historical reappraisal.<a href="#cite_note-The_Trotsky_reappraisal-317">[306]</a> Patenaude regarded Service's characterisation of Trotsky as a "mass murderer and a terrorist" to be reflective of a wider attempt to <a href="/wiki/Character_assassination" title="Character assassination">discredit</a> Trotsky as a historical figure and noted his work featured several inaccuracies and distortions of the historical record.<a href="#cite_note-412">[401]</a> Daniels argued that many of the distinctive features of Stalin's rule such as his campaigns against "<a href="/wiki/Technician" title="Technician">bourgeois experts</a>" as seen with "the <a href="/wiki/Shakhty_Trial" title="Shakhty Trial">Shakhty trials</a>, his contemptuous <a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectualism" title="Anti-intellectualism">anti-intellectualism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dogma" title="Dogma">dogmatization of Marxism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Purges_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Purges of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">the purges</a>—run totally counter to Trotsky's thought".<a href="#cite_note-413">[402]</a> Various historians have credited Trotsky and the Left Opposition with shifting the Soviet economic orientation from the <a href="/wiki/New_Economic_Policy" title="New Economic Policy">NEP</a> policy towards a <a href="/wiki/Planned_economy" title="Planned economy">planned economy</a> through their proposals for mass industrialization.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarrDavies1971199Phillips200023Fitzpatrick2008110PaynePhillips20131936McDermott200661Lee20058Deutscher2003b468-414">[403]</a> Trotsky had delivered a joint report to the April Plenum of the Central Committee in 1926 which proposed a program for national industrialization and the replacement of annual plans with <a href="/wiki/Five-year_plans_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Five-year plans of the Soviet Union">five-year plans</a>. His proposals were rejected by the Central Committee majority which was controlled by the troika and derided by Stalin at the time.<a href="#cite_note-415">[404]</a> The eventual adoption of the five year plans in 1928 would serve as the basis for Soviet <a href="/wiki/Economic_development" title="Economic development">modernization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-416">[405]</a> On the whole, historian Mark Sandle characterised his vision for socialist construction as "more <a href="/wiki/Industrialisation" title="Industrialisation">industrialist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">modernist</a>, centralising and technocratic" than the economic proposals presented by rival theoretician Bukharin.<a href="#cite_note-417">[406]</a> Several scholars have regarded his historical writings on the Soviet bureaucracy as having a considerable influence in shaping the receptive attitudes of later Marxists and many non-Marxists.<a href="#cite_note-418">[407]</a> Trotsky associated bureaucratism with authoritarianism, excessive <a href="/wiki/Centralism" class="mw-redirect" title="Centralism">centralism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">conservatism</a>. Political scientist Baruch Knei-Paz argued that Trotsky had done more than any other political figure to "show the historical and social roots of Stalinism" as a bureaucratic system.<a href="#cite_note-419">[408]</a> British <a href="/wiki/Cybernetician" class="mw-redirect" title="Cybernetician">cybernetician</a> <a href="/wiki/Stafford_Beer" title="Stafford Beer">Stafford Beer</a> who worked on a decentralized form of economic planning, <a href="/wiki/Project_Cybersyn" title="Project Cybersyn">Project Cybersyn</a> from 1970 to 1973, was reported to have read and been influenced by Trotsky's critique of the <a href="/wiki/Nomenklatura" title="Nomenklatura">Soviet bureaucracy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-420">[409]</a> Other historians have noted the literary value of his account of historical events and social analysis with works such as <a href="/wiki/1905_(book)" title="1905 (book)">1905</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_History_of_the_Russian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="The History of the Russian Revolution">The History of the Russian Revolution</a> for wider historiography.<a href="#cite_note-421">[410]</a><a href="#cite_note-422">[411]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_ideology_and_contributions_to_Marxism">Political ideology and contributions to Marxism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_Trotsky&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Political ideology and contributions to Marxism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socialist_democracy" title="Socialist democracy">Socialist democracy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Soviet_democracy" title="Soviet democracy">Soviet democracy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trotsky_reading_The_Militant,_circa_1936.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b0/Trotsky_reading_The_Militant%2C_circa_1936.jpg/220px-Trotsky_reading_The_Militant%2C_circa_1936.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b0/Trotsky_reading_The_Militant%2C_circa_1936.jpg/330px-Trotsky_reading_The_Militant%2C_circa_1936.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/b0/Trotsky_reading_The_Militant%2C_circa_1936.jpg 2x" data-file-width="331" data-file-height="299" /></a><figcaption>Trotsky reading <a href="/wiki/The_Militant" title="The Militant">The Militant</a>, a socialist newsweekly, circa 1936</figcaption></figure> Trotsky considered himself to be a "Bolshevik-Leninist",<a href="#cite_note-423">[412]</a> arguing for the establishment of a <a href="/wiki/Vanguard_party" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanguard party">vanguard party</a>. He viewed himself as an advocate of <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Marxism" title="Orthodox Marxism">orthodox Marxism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECox199284-424">[413]</a> Trotsky also adhered to <a href="/wiki/Scientific_socialism" title="Scientific socialism">scientific socialism</a> and viewed this as a conscious expression of historical processes.<a href="#cite_note-425">[414]</a> His politics differed in some aspects from those of Stalin or <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a>, most importantly in his rejection of the theory of "socialism in one country" and his declaring of the need for an international "permanent revolution". Numerous Fourth Internationalist groups around the world continue to describe themselves as Trotskyists and see themselves as standing in this tradition. However, they have different interpretations of the conclusions to be drawn from this. In the post-Leninist struggle, Trotsky and the Left-United Opposition had advocated for a programme of rapid <a href="/wiki/Industrialization" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrialization">industrialization</a>, voluntary collectivisation of agriculture, and the expansion of a <a href="/wiki/Soviet_democracy" title="Soviet democracy">worker's democracy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-426">[415]</a><a href="#cite_note-427">[416]</a> In 1936, Trotsky called for the restoration of the right of criticism in areas such as <a href="/wiki/Economic_policy" title="Economic policy">economic matters</a>, the revitalization of <a href="/wiki/Trade_unions" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade unions">trade unions</a> and free elections of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of political parties in the Soviet Union">Soviet parties</a>.<a href="#cite_note-428">[417]</a><a href="#cite_note-429">[418]</a> Supporters of the Fourth International echo Trotsky's opposition to Stalinist <a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">totalitarianism</a>, advocating political revolution and arguing that socialism cannot sustain itself without democracy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERee1998-430">[419]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_programme">Economic programme</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_Trotsky&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Economic programme">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Economic_planning" title="Economic planning">Economic planning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Planned_economy" title="Planned economy">Planned economy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Left_Opposition" title="Left Opposition">Left Opposition</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Transitional_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="The Transitional Program">The Transitional Program</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Graph_illustrating_the_Scissors_Crisis.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Graph_illustrating_the_Scissors_Crisis.png/290px-Graph_illustrating_the_Scissors_Crisis.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Graph_illustrating_the_Scissors_Crisis.png/435px-Graph_illustrating_the_Scissors_Crisis.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Graph_illustrating_the_Scissors_Crisis.png/580px-Graph_illustrating_the_Scissors_Crisis.png 2x" data-file-width="813" data-file-height="652" /></a><figcaption>The Scissor crisis: retail and wholesale prices of agricultural and industrial goods in the Soviet Union July 1922 to November 1923</figcaption></figure> Trotsky was an early proponent of economic planning since 1923 and favored an accelerated pace of industrialization.<a href="#cite_note-Twiss-431">[420]</a> In 1921, he had also been a prominent supporter of <a href="/wiki/Gosplan" title="Gosplan">Gosplan</a> as a newly established body and called for the strengthening of its formal responsibilities to support a balanced level of economic reconstruction after the Civil War.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2015a587-432">[421]</a> Trotsky also urged economic <a href="/wiki/Decentralisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Decentralisation">decentralisation</a> between the state, <a href="/wiki/Oblast" title="Oblast">oblast</a> regions and factories to counter structural inefficiency and the problem of bureaucracy.<a href="#cite_note-433">[422]</a> Originally, he had proposed the principles underlying the <a href="/wiki/New_Economic_Policy" title="New Economic Policy">N.E.P.</a> in 1920 to the <a href="/wiki/Politburo" title="Politburo">Politburo</a> to mitigate urgent economic matters arising from war communism. He would later reproach Lenin privately about the delayed government response in 1921-1922.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2015a507–508,_585-434">[423]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubenstein2011161-435">[424]</a> However, his position differed from the majority of Soviet leaders at the time who fully supported the <a href="/wiki/New_Economic_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="New Economic policy">New Economic policy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Twiss-431">[420]</a><a href="#cite_note-436">[425]</a> Comparatively, Trotsky believed that planning and N.E.P should develop within a mixed framework until the socialist sector gradually superseded the private industry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2015a646-437">[426]</a> He found allies among a circle of economic theorists and administrators which included <a href="/wiki/Yevgeni_Preobrazhensky" title="Yevgeni Preobrazhensky">Yevgeni Preobrazhensky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georgy_Pyatakov" title="Georgy Pyatakov">Georgy Pyatakov</a>, deputy chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_National_Economy" title="Supreme Soviet of the National Economy">Council of the National Economy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2015a592-438">[427]</a> More broadly, <a href="/wiki/Intellectuals" class="mw-redirect" title="Intellectuals">intellectuals</a> would constitute the core of the Left Opposition during the succession period.<a href="#cite_note-439">[428]</a> Trotsky had specified the need for the "overall guidance in planning i.e. the systematic co-ordination of the fundamental sectors of the state economy in the process of adapting to the present market" and urged for a national plan<a href="#cite_note-440">[429]</a> alongside currency stabilization.<a href="#cite_note-441">[430]</a> He also rejected the Stalinist conception of industrialisation which favoured <a href="/wiki/Heavy_industry" title="Heavy industry">heavy industry</a>. Rather, he proposed the use of <a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign trade">foreign trade</a> as an accelerator and to direct investments by means of a system of comparative <a href="/wiki/Coefficients" class="mw-redirect" title="Coefficients">coefficients</a>.<a href="#cite_note-442">[431]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9B._%D0%94._%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9,_%D0%9B._%D0%91._%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%B8_%D0%93._%D0%95._%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2._%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_1920-%D1%85_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/%D0%9B._%D0%94._%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%2C_%D0%9B._%D0%91._%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%B8_%D0%93._%D0%95._%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2._%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_1920-%D1%85_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg/220px-%D0%9B._%D0%94._%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%2C_%D0%9B._%D0%91._%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%B8_%D0%93._%D0%95._%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2._%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_1920-%D1%85_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/%D0%9B._%D0%94._%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%2C_%D0%9B._%D0%91._%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%B8_%D0%93._%D0%95._%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2._%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_1920-%D1%85_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg/330px-%D0%9B._%D0%94._%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%2C_%D0%9B._%D0%91._%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%B8_%D0%93._%D0%95._%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2._%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_1920-%D1%85_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/%D0%9B._%D0%94._%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%2C_%D0%9B._%D0%91._%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%B8_%D0%93._%D0%95._%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2._%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_1920-%D1%85_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg/440px-%D0%9B._%D0%94._%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%2C_%D0%9B._%D0%91._%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%B8_%D0%93._%D0%95._%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2._%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_1920-%D1%85_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="343" /></a><figcaption>Trotsky, <a href="/wiki/Kamenev" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamenev">Kamenev</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zinoviev" title="Zinoviev">Zinoviev</a> pictured in the mid-1920s as members of the United Opposition</figcaption></figure> Trotsky and the Left Opposition developed a number of economic proposals in response to the <a href="/wiki/Scissor_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Scissor crisis">scissor crisis</a> which had undermined relations between the workers and peasants in 1923–1924. This included a <a href="/wiki/Progressive_tax" title="Progressive tax">progressive tax</a> on the wealthier sections of populations such as the <a href="/wiki/Kulak" title="Kulak">kulaks</a> and <a href="/wiki/NEPmen" class="mw-redirect" title="NEPmen">NEPmen</a> alongside an equilibrium of the import-export balance to access accumulated reserves to purchase machinery from abroad to increase the pace of industrialization.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMandel199562-443">[432]</a><a href="#cite_note-444">[433]</a> The policy was later adopted by members of the United Opposition which also advocated a programme of rapid industrialization during the debates of 1924 and 1927. The United Opposition proposed a progressive tax on wealthier peasants, the encouragement of <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_cooperatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural cooperatives">agricultural cooperatives</a> and the formation of collective farms on a voluntary basis.<a href="#cite_note-445">[434]</a> Trotsky as president of the <a href="/wiki/Electrification" title="Electrification">electrification</a> commission along with members of the Opposition bloc had put forward an electrification plan which involved the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectric" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroelectric">hydroelectric</a> <a href="/wiki/Dnieper_Hydroelectric_Station" title="Dnieper Hydroelectric Station">Dnieprostroi dam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-446">[435]</a><a href="#cite_note-447">[436]</a> He had also warned against the danger of market spontaneity and called for a well-thought out strategy of <a href="/wiki/Commercial_balance" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial balance">commercial balance</a>. Overall, Trotsky was sharply critical of Bukharin and Stalin's views on the state of the Soviet economy. Russian historian, Vladimir Buldakov found that some historical research had supported the view that Trotsky advocated the most rational decisions for industrial development.<a href="#cite_note-448">[437]</a> In 1932–33, Trotsky maintained the need for mass participation in the operationalisation of the planned economy.<a href="#cite_note-449">[438]</a> He elaborated on the need of <a href="/wiki/Soviet_democracy" title="Soviet democracy">Soviet democracy</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Industrialization_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Industrialization in the Soviet Union">industrialization period</a> when questioned by the Dewey Commission in 1937: <blockquote>The successes are very important, and I affirmed it every time. They are due to the abolition of private property and to the possibilities inherent in <a href="/wiki/Planned_economy" title="Planned economy">planned economy</a>. But, they – I cannot say exactly – but I will say two or three times less than they could be under a regime of Soviet democracy<a href="#cite_note-450">[439]</a></blockquote> According to Fitzpatrick, the scholarly consensus was that Stalin appropriated the position of the Left Opposition on such matters as <a href="/wiki/Industrialisation" title="Industrialisation">industrialisation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Collectivisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Collectivisation">collectivisation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-451">[440]</a> Other scholars have argued that the economic programme of Trotsky differed from the forced <a href="/wiki/Collectivization_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collectivization in the Soviet Union">policy of collectivisation</a> implemented by Stalin after 1928 due to the levels of brutality associated with its enforcement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMandel199559-452">[441]</a><a href="#cite_note-Yale_University_Press-320">[309]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Permanent_Revolution">Permanent Revolution</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_Trotsky&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Permanent Revolution">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Permanent_revolution" title="Permanent revolution">Permanent revolution</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diego_rivera_Commies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Diego_rivera_Commies.jpg/220px-Diego_rivera_Commies.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Diego_rivera_Commies.jpg/330px-Diego_rivera_Commies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Diego_rivera_Commies.jpg/440px-Diego_rivera_Commies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Diego_Rivera" title="Diego Rivera">Diego Rivera</a> mural (<a href="/wiki/Man,_Controller_of_the_Universe" class="mw-redirect" title="Man, Controller of the Universe">Man, Controller of the Universe</a>) depicts Trotsky with <a href="/wiki/Marx" class="mw-redirect" title="Marx">Marx</a> and <a href="/wiki/Engels" class="mw-redirect" title="Engels">Engels</a> as a true champion of the workers' struggle</figcaption></figure> The Permanent Revolution concept is the theory that the <a href="/wiki/Bourgeois" class="mw-redirect" title="Bourgeois">bourgeois</a> democratic tasks in countries with delayed bourgeois democratic development can only be accomplished through the establishment of a workers' state, and that the creation of a workers' state would inevitably involve inroads against capitalist property. Thus, the accomplishment of bourgeois democratic tasks passes over into <a href="/wiki/Proletarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Proletarian">proletarian</a> tasks. Although most closely associated with Leon Trotsky, the call for a "Permanent Revolution" is first found in the writings of <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a> in March 1850, in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/1848_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="1848 Revolution">1848 Revolution</a>, in their <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1847/communist-league/1850-ad1.htm">Address</a> of the Central Committee to the <a href="/wiki/Communist_League" title="Communist League">Communist League</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">It is our interest and our task to make the revolution permanent until all the more or less propertied classes have been driven from their ruling positions, until the proletariat has conquered state power and until the association of the proletarians has progressed sufficiently far—not only in one country but in all the leading countries of the world—that competition between the proletarians of these countries ceases and at least the decisive forces of production are concentrated in the hands of the workers. ... Their battle-cry must be: The Permanent Revolution.</blockquote> Trotsky's conception of the Permanent Revolution is based on his understanding, drawing on the work of the founder of Russian Marxism <a href="/wiki/Georgy_Plekhanov" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgy Plekhanov">Georgy Plekhanov</a>, that in "backward" countries the tasks of the Bourgeois Democratic Revolution could not be achieved by the bourgeoisie itself. Trotsky first developed this conception in collaboration with Alexander Parvus in late 1904–1905. The relevant articles were later collected in Trotsky's books <a href="/wiki/1905_(book)" title="1905 (book)">1905</a> and in "Permanent Revolution", which also contains his essay "<a href="/wiki/Results_and_Prospects" class="mw-redirect" title="Results and Prospects">Results and Prospects</a>". Some Trotskyists have argued that the state of the <a href="/wiki/Third_World" title="Third World">Third World</a> shows that capitalism offers no way forward for underdeveloped countries, thus again proving the central tenet of the theory.<a href="#cite_note-453">[442]</a> According to his biographer, Isaac Deutscher, Trotsky explicitly supported revolution through <a href="/wiki/Proletarian_internationalism" title="Proletarian internationalism">proletarian internationalism</a> but was opposed to achieving this via <a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">military</a> <a href="/wiki/Conquest" title="Conquest">conquest</a> with documented references made to his personal opposition to the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Polish–Soviet War">war with Poland</a> in 1920, proposed armistice with the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Entente</a> and temperance with staging <a href="/wiki/British_foreign_policy_in_the_Middle_East" title="British foreign policy in the Middle East">anti-British revolts</a> in the Middle East.<a href="#cite_note-454">[443]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_front_and_theory_of_fascism">United front and theory of fascism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_Trotsky&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: United front and theory of fascism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/United_front" title="United front">United front</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Struggle_Against_Fascism_in_Germany" title="The Struggle Against Fascism in Germany">The Struggle Against Fascism in Germany</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fascism.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Fascism.png" decoding="async" width="183" height="275" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="183" data-file-height="275" /></a><figcaption>Leon Trotsky's original pamphlet "<a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a>: What it is and how to fight it" published posthumously which elaborated on the need of a united front for mass mobilisation.</figcaption></figure> Trotsky was a central figure in the Comintern during its first four congresses. During this time, he helped to generalize the strategy and tactics of the Bolsheviks to newly formed Communist parties across Europe and further afield. From 1921 onwards, the <a href="/wiki/United_front" title="United front">united front</a>, a method of uniting revolutionaries and reformists in the common struggle while winning some of the workers to revolution, was the central tactic put forward by the Comintern after the defeat of the German revolution. Trotsky was a strong critic of the shifting Comintern policy position under Stalin which directed German Communists to treat social democrats as "<a href="/wiki/Social_fascism" title="Social fascism">social fascists</a>". Historian Bertrand Patenaude believed that the Comintern policy following the "<a href="/wiki/Great_Break_(USSR)" title="Great Break (USSR)">Great Break</a>" facilitated the rise of Hitler's party.<a href="#cite_note-455">[444]</a> Marxist theorist and economist <a href="/wiki/Hillel_Ticktin" title="Hillel Ticktin">Hillel Ticktin</a> argued that Trotsky's political strategy and approach to fascism such as the emphasis on an organisational bloc between the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Germany" title="Communist Party of Germany">German Communist Party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social-Democratic party</a> during the interwar period would very likely have prevented Hitler <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_rise_to_power#Weimar_parties_fail_to_halt_Nazis" title="Adolf Hitler's rise to power">from ascending to political power</a>.<a href="#cite_note-456">[445]</a> Trotsky also formulated a theory of fascism based on a dialectical interpretation of events to analyze the manifestation of <a href="/wiki/Italian_fascism" title="Italian fascism">Italian fascism</a> and the early emergence of Nazi Germany from 1930 to 1933.<a href="#cite_note-457">[446]</a> After he was exiled and politically marginalized by Stalinism, Trotsky continued to argue for a united front against fascism in Germany and Spain. According to Joseph Choonara of the British <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(UK)" title="Socialist Workers Party (UK)">Socialist Workers Party</a> in <a href="/wiki/International_Socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="International Socialism">International Socialism</a>, his articles on the united front represent an essential part of his political legacy.<a href="#cite_note-458">[447]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uneven_and_combined_development">Uneven and combined development</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_Trotsky&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Uneven and combined development">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Uneven_and_combined_development" title="Uneven and combined development">Uneven and combined development</a></div> The concept of uneven and combined development derived from the political theories of Trotsky.<a href="#cite_note-459">[448]</a> This concept was developed in combination with the related theory of permanent revolution to explain the historical context of Russia. He would later elaborate on this theory to explain the specific laws of uneven development in 1930 and the conditions for a possible revolutionary scenario.<a href="#cite_note-460">[449]</a> According to biographer Ian Thatcher, this theory would be later generalised to "the entire history of mankind".<a href="#cite_note-461">[450]</a> Political scientists Emanuele Saccarelli and Latha Varadarajan valued his theory as a "signal contribution" to the discipline of <a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">international relations</a>. They argued his theory presented "a specific understanding of capitalist development as 'uneven', insofar as it systematically featured geographically divergent 'advanced' and 'backward' regions" across the <a href="/wiki/World_economy" title="World economy">world economy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-462">[451]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literary_criticism_and_socialist_culture">Literary criticism and socialist culture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_Trotsky&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Literary criticism and socialist culture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatleft" style="width:25em; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> Faith merely promises to move mountains; but <a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">technology</a>, which takes nothing 'on faith', is actually able to cut down mountains and move them. Up to now this was done for industrial purposes (mines) or for railways (tunnels); in the future this will be done on an immeasurably larger scale, according to a general industrial and <a href="/wiki/Artistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Artistic">artistic</a> plan. Man will occupy himself with re-registering mountains and rivers, and will earnestly and repeatedly make improvements in <a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">nature</a>. </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">—Trotsky, Literature and Revolution, 1924<a href="#cite_note-463">[452]</a></cite> </div> In <a href="/wiki/Literature_and_Revolution" title="Literature and Revolution">Literature and Revolution</a>, Trotsky examined aesthetic issues in relation to class and the Russian revolution. Soviet scholar Robert Bird considered his work as the "first systematic treatment of art by a Communist leader" and a catalyst for later, Marxist cultural and critical theories.<a href="#cite_note-464">[453]</a> Trotsky also defended intellectual autonomy in regards to literary movements as well scientific theories such as <a href="/wiki/Freud%27s_psychoanalytic_theories" title="Freud's psychoanalytic theories">Freudian psychoanalytic theory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Einstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Einstein">Einstein</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_relativity" title="Theory of relativity">theory of relativity</a> during the succession period. However, these theories were increasingly marginalised during the Stalin era.<a href="#cite_note-465">[454]</a> He would later co-author the 1938 <a href="/wiki/Manifesto_for_an_Independent_Revolutionary_Art" title="Manifesto for an Independent Revolutionary Art">Manifesto for an Independent Revolutionary Art</a> with the signed endorsement of <a href="/wiki/Andre_Breton" class="mw-redirect" title="Andre Breton">Andre Breton</a> and Rivera.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2015a1474-466">[455]</a> Trotsky's writings on literature such as his 1923 survey which advocated tolerance, limited censorship and respect for literary tradition had strong appeal to the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Intellectuals" title="New York Intellectuals">New York Intellectuals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-467">[456]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:342px;max-width:342px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:198px;max-width:198px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:195px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Trotsky_Annenkow_1922_cartoon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Trotsky_Annenkow_1922_cartoon.jpg/196px-Trotsky_Annenkow_1922_cartoon.jpg" decoding="async" width="196" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Trotsky_Annenkow_1922_cartoon.jpg/294px-Trotsky_Annenkow_1922_cartoon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Trotsky_Annenkow_1922_cartoon.jpg/392px-Trotsky_Annenkow_1922_cartoon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:140px;max-width:140px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:195px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Trotsky-Annenkov_1921_Red_Army.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Trotsky-Annenkov_1921_Red_Army.jpg/138px-Trotsky-Annenkov_1921_Red_Army.jpg" decoding="async" width="138" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Trotsky-Annenkov_1921_Red_Army.jpg/207px-Trotsky-Annenkov_1921_Red_Army.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Trotsky-Annenkov_1921_Red_Army.jpg/276px-Trotsky-Annenkov_1921_Red_Army.jpg 2x" data-file-width="325" data-file-height="461" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Cubist" class="mw-redirect" title="Cubist">Cubist</a>, stylized depictions of Trotsky which have been attributed to <a href="/wiki/Yury_Annenkov" title="Yury Annenkov">Yury Annenkov</a>, 1921</div></div></div></div> Trotsky presented a critique of contemporary literary movements such as <a href="/wiki/Futurism" title="Futurism">Futurism</a> and emphasised a need of cultural autonomy for the development of a socialist culture. According to literary critic <a href="/wiki/Terry_Eagleton" title="Terry Eagleton">Terry Eagleton</a>, Trotsky recognised "like Lenin on the need for a socialist culture to absorb the finest products of bourgeois art".<a href="#cite_note-468">[457]</a> Trotsky himself viewed the proletarian culture as "temporary and transitional" which would provide the foundations for a culture above classes. He also argued that the pre-conditions for artistic creativity were economic well-being and emancipation from material constraints.<a href="#cite_note-Oxford_Eng._:_Clarendon_Press-469">[458]</a> Political scientist Baruch Knei-Paz characterised <a href="/wiki/The_Social_and_Political_Thought_of_Leon_Trotsky" title="The Social and Political Thought of Leon Trotsky">his view</a> on the role of the party as transmitters of culture to the masses and raising the standards of education, as well as entry into the cultural sphere, but that the process of artistic creation in terms of language and presentation should be the domain of the practitioner. Knei-Paz also noted key distinctions between Trotsky's approach on cultural matters and <a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism#Stalin_era" title="Socialist realism">Stalin's policy in the 1930s</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Oxford_Eng._:_Clarendon_Press-469">[458]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_Trotsky&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: In popular culture">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>The comedic film, <a href="/wiki/The_Trotsky" title="The Trotsky">The Trotsky</a>, centers on a protagonist named Leon Bronstein, played by <a href="/wiki/Jay_Baruchel" title="Jay Baruchel">Jay Baruchel</a>, who believes himself to be the reincarnation of Leon Trotsky.<a href="#cite_note-470">[459]</a></li> <li>The characters of <a href="/wiki/Snowball_(Animal_Farm)" title="Snowball (Animal Farm)">Snowball</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Goldstein" title="Emmanuel Goldstein">Emmanuel Goldstein</a> in <a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a>'s novels, <a href="/wiki/Animal_Farm" title="Animal Farm">Animal Farm</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nineteen_Eighty-Four" title="Nineteen Eighty-Four">Nineteen Eighty-Four</a> respectively, are based on Trotsky.<a href="#cite_note-471">[460]</a><a href="#cite_note-472">[461]</a></li> <li>Trotsky's final days and death was dramatized in the 1972 film <a href="/wiki/The_Assassination_of_Trotsky" title="The Assassination of Trotsky">The Assassination of Trotsky</a>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Losey" title="Joseph Losey">Joseph Losey</a> and starring <a href="/wiki/Richard_Burton" title="Richard Burton">Richard Burton</a> as Trotsky.<a href="#cite_note-473">[462]</a><a href="#cite_note-474">[463]</a></li> <li>The 8-episode biographical drama <a href="/wiki/Trotsky_(TV_series)" title="Trotsky (TV series)">Trotsky</a> debuted on the Russian <a href="/wiki/Channel_One_Russia" title="Channel One Russia">Channel One</a> in 2017, <a href="/wiki/Netflix" title="Netflix">Netflix</a> purchased the distribution rights to the series in 2018 and made it available on its platform.<a href="#cite_note-475">[464]</a></li> <li>The 1980s UK band <a href="/wiki/The_Redskins" title="The Redskins">The Redskins</a>'s debut single was entitled "Lev Bronstein", released on the CNT <a href="/wiki/Record_label" title="Record label">record label</a> in 1982.<a href="#cite_note-socialistworker1-476">[465]</a></li> <li>Satirist and playwright <a href="/wiki/David_Ives" title="David Ives">David Ives</a> wrote a short play titled <a href="/wiki/Variations_on_the_Death_of_Trotsky" title="Variations on the Death of Trotsky">Variations on the Death of Trotsky</a>, which was published in his 1994 collection <a href="/wiki/All_in_the_Timing" title="All in the Timing">All in the Timing</a>.</li> <li>Punk band <a href="/wiki/The_Stranglers" title="The Stranglers">The Stranglers</a> refer to Trotsky in their single "<a href="/wiki/No_More_Heroes_(The_Stranglers_song)" title="No More Heroes (The Stranglers song)">No More Heroes</a>" with the lyric "Whatever happened to Leon Trotsky? He got an ice pick That made his ears burn".</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_Trotsky&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Stalinist_left" title="Anti-Stalinist left">Anti-Stalinist left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entryism" title="Entryism">Entryism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_International" title="Fourth International">Fourth International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Foreign relations of the Soviet Union">Foreign relations of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Turn" title="French Turn">French Turn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_Democratic_Centralism" title="Group of Democratic Centralism">Group of Democratic Centralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_army" title="Labor army">Labor army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_Opposition" title="Left Opposition">Left Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenin%27s_Testament" title="Lenin's Testament">Lenin's Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky_bibliography" title="Leon Trotsky bibliography">Leon Trotsky bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Trotskyist_internationals" title="List of Trotskyist internationals">List of Trotskyist internationals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Trotskyist_organizations_by_country" title="List of Trotskyist organizations by country">List of Trotskyist organizations by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrograd_Soviet" title="Petrograd Soviet">Petrograd Soviet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predictions_of_the_collapse_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Predictions of the collapse of the Soviet Union">Predictions of the collapse of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_socialist_accumulation" title="Primitive socialist accumulation">Primitive socialist accumulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution_of_1905" title="Russian Revolution of 1905">Russian Revolution of 1905</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scissors_Crisis" title="Scissors Crisis">Scissors Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_democracy" title="Socialist democracy">Socialist democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotsky%27s_train" title="Trotsky's train">Trotsky's train</a>, armoured train carriage which was used for logistical travel and oration speeches.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uneven_and_combined_development" title="Uneven and combined development">Uneven and combined development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="World socialism">World socialism</a></li></ul> </div> <dl><dt>In popular culture</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Assassination_of_Trotsky" title="The Assassination of Trotsky">The Assassination of Trotsky</a>, 1972 film</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reds_(film)" title="Reds (film)">Reds</a>, 1981 film about the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variations_on_the_Death_of_Trotsky" title="Variations on the Death of Trotsky">Variations on the Death of Trotsky</a>, 1991 play</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frida_(2002_film)" title="Frida (2002 film)">Frida</a>, 2002 film</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Chosen_(2016_film)" title="The Chosen (2016 film)">The Chosen</a>, 2016 film</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotsky_(TV_series)" title="Trotsky (TV series)">Trotsky</a>, 2017 TV series</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_Trotsky&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Trotsky was People's Commissar for Military Affairs from 14 March 1918 and People's Commissar for Naval Affairs from April 1918 before the offices were merged on 12 November 1923. </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Russian: Лев "Лейба" Давидович Бронштейн, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>: Lev "Leyba" Davidovich Bronshteyn, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>IPA: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[lʲef – lʲɪjbə – dɐˈvʲidəvʲɪtɕ brɐnʂˈtʲejn]</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈtrɒtski/</a>;<a href="#cite_note-4">[2]</a> Russian: Лев Давидович Троцкий, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>: Lev Davidovich Trotskiy, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">IPA: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[ˈlʲef ˈtrotskʲɪj]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/a\/a2\/Ru-Leon_Trotsky.ogg\/Ru-Leon_Trotsky.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-Leon Trotsky.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a2/Ru-Leon_Trotsky.ogg/Ru-Leon_Trotsky.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-Leon_Trotsky.ogg" title="File:Ru-Leon Trotsky.ogg">ⓘ</a>; Ukrainian: Лев Давидович Троцький; also transliterated Lyev, Trotski, Trockij and Trotzky. </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> Yakov Sverdlov was the Central Committee's senior secretary responsible for personnel affairs from 1917 and until his death in March 1919. He was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Elena_Stasova" title="Elena Stasova">Elena Stasova</a>, and in November 1919 by Nikolai Krestinsky. After Krestinsky's ouster in March 1921, Vyacheslav Molotov became the senior secretary, but he lacked Krestinsky's authority, since he was not a full Politburo member. Stalin took over the position as senior secretary, which was formalized at the XIth Party Congress in April 1922, with Molotov becoming second secretary. </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> It is not clear why Kamenev, a mild-mannered man with few leadership ambitions and who was the brother-in-law of Trotsky, sided with Zinoviev and Stalin against Trotsky in 1922. Trotsky later speculated that it may have been due to Kamenev's love of comfort, which Trotsky found "repelled me." He expressed <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1939/xx/kremlin.htm">his feelings to Kamenev</a> in late 1920 or early 1921:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Our relations with Kamenev, which were very good in the first period after the insurrection, began to become more distant from that day.</blockquote> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> The Central Committee's Secretariat became increasingly important during the Civil War and especially in its aftermath, as the Party switched from elected officials to appointed ones. The change was prompted by the need to allocate manpower quickly during the Civil War as well as by the transformation of the party from a small group of revolutionaries into the country's ruling party, with a corresponding increase in membership. New members included career seekers and former members of banned socialist parties, who were viewed with apprehension by Old Bolsheviks. To prevent a possible degeneration of the party, various membership requirements were instituted for party officials, and the ultimate power of appointment of local officials was reserved for the Secretariat of the Central Committee. This put enormous power in the general secretary's hands. </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> Lenin's <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1922/dec/15.htm">letter</a> to Stalin dictated on 15 December 1922: "I am sure Trotsky will uphold my views as well as I." Faced with a united opposition by Lenin and Trotsky, the Central Committee reversed its previous decision and adopted the Lenin-Trotsky proposal. </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> Trotsky explained in Chapter 12 of his unfinished book <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://maximumred.blogspot.com/2005_08_01_maximumred_archive.html">Stalin</a> that he refused to deliver the report because "it seemed to me equivalent to announcing my candidacy for the role of Lenin's successor at a time when Lenin was fighting a grave illness. </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> Radek wrote:<a href="#cite_note-161">[153]</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The need of the hour was for a man who would incarnate the call to struggle, a man who, subordinating himself completely to the requirements of the struggle, would become the ringing summons to arms, the will which exacts from all unconditional submission to a great, sacrificial necessity. Only a man with Trotsky's capacity for work, only a man so unsparing of himself as Trotsky, only a man who knew how to speak to the soldiers as Trotsky did—only such a man could have become the standard bearer of the armed toilers. He was all things rolled into one.</blockquote> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> The term "Trotskyism" was first coined by the Russian liberal politician Pavel Milyukov, the first foreign minister in the Provisional Government who, in April 1917, was forced to demand that the British government release Trotsky. </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> The murder weapon was an ice axe (and not an <a href="/wiki/Ice_pick" title="Ice pick">ice pick</a>—an awl-like bartender's tool); this misnomer has been explained as being occasioned by the assassin's use of the French-language term picolet—meaning the winter-mountaineering tool which resembles the <a href="/wiki/Pickaxe" title="Pickaxe">pickaxes</a> used in mining and other excavations, and by the multiple languages spoken by those involved in reporting the details; many history and reference books have confused the two tools.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConquest1992418-238">[228]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_Trotsky&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCliff2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tony_Cliff" title="Tony Cliff">Cliff, Tony</a> (2004) [1976]. "Lenin Rearms the Party". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f1OAgkcFbYAC">All Power to the Soviets: Lenin 1914–1917</a>. Vol. 2. Chicago: Haymarket Books. p. 139. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781931859103" title="Special:BookSources/9781931859103"><bdi>9781931859103</bdi></a>. Retrieved 17 December 2021. <q>Trotsky was a leader of a small group, the Mezhraionts, consisting of almost four thousand members.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lenin+Rearms+the+Party&rft.btitle=All+Power+to+the+Soviets%3A+Lenin+1914%E2%80%931917&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=139&rft.pub=Haymarket+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781931859103&rft.aulast=Cliff&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df1OAgkcFbYAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Trotsky">"Trotsky"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a>. Merriam-Webster.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Trotsky&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2FTrotsky&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> "A prolific writer and a spellbinding orator, he was a central figure in the Russian Revolution of 1905 and the October Revolution of 1917, the organizer and leader of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> in the Russian Civil War, the heir apparent to Soviet leader Vladimir Lenin, and the arch enemy and then vanquished foe of Joseph Stalin in the succession struggle after Lenin's death".<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatenaude2017" class="citation book cs1">Patenaude, Betrand (21 September 2017). "Trotsky and Trotskyism" in The Cambridge History of Communism: Volume 1, World Revolution and Socialism in One Country 1917–1941. Cambridge University Press. p. 189. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-21041-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-21041-6"><bdi>978-1-108-21041-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Trotsky+and+Trotskyism%22+in+The+Cambridge+History+of+Communism%3A+Volume+1%2C+World+Revolution+and+Socialism+in+One+Country+1917%E2%80%931941&rft.pages=189&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017-09-21&rft.isbn=978-1-108-21041-6&rft.aulast=Patenaude&rft.aufirst=Betrand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMedvedev1989" class="citation book cs1">Medvedev, Roj Aleksandrovič (1989). Let history judge: the origins and consequences of Stalinism (Rev. and expanded ed.). Columbia Univ. Press. pp. 109–112, 143. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-06351-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-06351-7"><bdi>978-0-231-06351-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Let+history+judge%3A+the+origins+and+consequences+of+Stalinism&rft.pages=109-112%2C+143&rft.edition=Rev.+and+expanded&rft.pub=Columbia+Univ.+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-231-06351-7&rft.aulast=Medvedev&rft.aufirst=Roj+Aleksandrovi%C4%8D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> "Stalin was a relatively unimportant and little known figure at the time [October Revolution]. Lenin's best known disciples in 1917- men like Trotsky, Zinoviev, Kamenev, Bukharin and Radek".<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBailey1955" class="citation journal cs1">Bailey, Sydney D. (1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/126074">"Stalin's Falsification of History: The Case of the Brest-Litovsk Treaty"</a>. The Russian Review. 14 (1): 24–35. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F126074">10.2307/126074</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-0341">0036-0341</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/126074">126074</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Russian+Review&rft.atitle=Stalin%27s+Falsification+of+History%3A+The+Case+of+the+Brest-Litovsk+Treaty&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=24-35&rft.date=1955&rft.issn=0036-0341&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F126074%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F126074&rft.aulast=Bailey&rft.aufirst=Sydney+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F126074&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> "It would be wrong to imagine, however, that the second great leader of the Russian revolution is inferior to his colleague in everything: there are, for instance, aspects in which Trotsky incontestably surpasses him – he is more brilliant, he is clearer, he is more active." <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/lunachar/works/silhouet/trotsky.htm">"Anatoly Lunacharsky: Revolutionary Silhouettes (Trotsky)"</a>. www.marxists.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.marxists.org&rft.atitle=Anatoly+Lunacharsky%3A+Revolutionary+Silhouettes+%28Trotsky%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Flunachar%2Fworks%2Fsilhouet%2Ftrotsky.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeutscher2015" class="citation book cs1">Deutscher, Isaac (5 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YGznDwAAQBAJ&q=isaac+deutscher+trotsky+the+prophet">The Prophet: The Life of Leon Trotsky</a>. Verso Books. p. 605. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78168-721-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78168-721-5"><bdi>978-1-78168-721-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prophet%3A+The+Life+of+Leon+Trotsky&rft.pages=605&rft.pub=Verso+Books&rft.date=2015-01-05&rft.isbn=978-1-78168-721-5&rft.aulast=Deutscher&rft.aufirst=Isaac&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYGznDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Disaac%2Bdeutscher%2Btrotsky%2Bthe%2Bprophet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMccauley201459Deutscher2003b63Kort2015166Service2010301–20Pipes1993469Volkogonov1996242Lewin200567Tucker1973336Figes2017796,_797D'Agostino201167-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMccauley201459Deutscher2003b63Kort2015166Service2010301–20Pipes1993469Volkogonov1996242Lewin200567Tucker1973336Figes2017796,_797D'Agostino201167_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMccauley2014">Mccauley 2014</a>, p. 59; <a href="#CITEREFDeutscher2003b">Deutscher 2003b</a>, p. 63; <a href="#CITEREFKort2015">Kort 2015</a>, p. 166; <a href="#CITEREFService2010">Service 2010</a>, p. 301–20; <a href="#CITEREFPipes1993">Pipes 1993</a>, p. 469; <a href="#CITEREFVolkogonov1996">Volkogonov 1996</a>, p. 242; <a href="#CITEREFLewin2005">Lewin 2005</a>, p. 67; <a href="#CITEREFTucker1973">Tucker 1973</a>, p. 336; <a href="#CITEREFFiges2017">Figes 2017</a>, pp. 796, 797; <a href="#CITEREFD'Agostino2011">D'Agostino 2011</a>, p. 67. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGetty2013b53Douds2019b165-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGetty2013b53Douds2019b165_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGetty2013b">Getty 2013b</a>, p. 53; <a href="#CITEREFDouds2019b">Douds 2019b</a>, p. 165. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBullock1991b163ReesRosa1992b129Kosheleva1995b80–81-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBullock1991b163ReesRosa1992b129Kosheleva1995b80–81_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBullock1991b">Bullock 1991b</a>, p. 163; <a href="#CITEREFReesRosa1992b">Rees & Rosa 1992b</a>, p. 129; <a href="#CITEREFKosheleva1995b">Kosheleva 1995b</a>, pp. 80–81. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnett2013" class="citation book cs1">Barnett, Vincent (7 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s71uK9sB27AC&dq=Trotsky+alternative+historians&pg=PA101">A History of Russian Economic Thought</a>. Routledge. p. 101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-26191-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-26191-8"><bdi>978-1-134-26191-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Russian+Economic+Thought&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-03-07&rft.isbn=978-1-134-26191-8&rft.aulast=Barnett&rft.aufirst=Vincent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds71uK9sB27AC%26dq%3DTrotsky%2Balternative%2Bhistorians%26pg%3DPA101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2015a1053-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2015a1053_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeutscher2015a">Deutscher 2015a</a>, pp. 1053. </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1920/terrcomm/ch04.htm">"Leon Trotsky: Terrorism and Communism (Chapter 4)"</a>. www.marxists.org. Retrieved 16 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.marxists.org&rft.atitle=Leon+Trotsky%3A+Terrorism+and+Communism+%28Chapter+4%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Ftrotsky%2F1920%2Fterrcomm%2Fch04.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnei-Paz1979296KivelsonNeuberger2008149-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnei-Paz1979296KivelsonNeuberger2008149_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKnei-Paz1979">Knei-Paz 1979</a>, p. 296; <a href="#CITEREFKivelsonNeuberger2008">Kivelson & Neuberger 2008</a>, p. 149. </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_18-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.revolucia.ru/otrozkom.htm">"Библиотека газеты "Революция". Клушин В.И. Малоизвестное о Троцком"</a>. www.revolucia.ru. Retrieved 17 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.revolucia.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B+%22%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%22.+%D0%9A%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD+%D0%92.%D0%98.+%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%BE+%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.revolucia.ru%2Fotrozkom.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://focus.ua/news/9045/">"Наш Троцкий – ФОКУС"</a>. ФОКУС (in Ukrainian). 14 September 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170817203621/https://focus.ua/news/9045/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 August 2017. Retrieved 26 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%A4%D0%9E%D0%9A%D0%A3%D0%A1&rft.atitle=%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%88+%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%E2%80%93+%D0%A4%D0%9E%D0%9A%D0%A3%D0%A1&rft.date=2007-09-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffocus.ua%2Fnews%2F9045%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2003a6–7-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2003a6–7_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2003a6–7_20-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2003a6–7_20-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeutscher2003a">Deutscher 2003a</a>, pp. 6–7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParrish199669-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParrish199669_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParrish199669_21-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFParrish1996">Parrish 1996</a>, p. 69. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEService201011-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService201011_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFService2010">Service 2010</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorth2010144–146-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorth2010144–146_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorth2010144–146_23-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFNorth2010">North 2010</a>, pp. 144–146. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaqueur199059–60-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaqueur199059–60_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaqueur199059–60_24-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLaqueur1990">Laqueur 1990</a>, pp. 59–60. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFТроцкий1930" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Троцкий, Лев (1930). Моя жизнь (in Russian). Berlin. pp. 22, 109.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%8F+%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8C&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=22%2C+109&rft.date=1930&rft.aulast=%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9&rft.aufirst=%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorth2010145-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorth2010145_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNorth2010">North 2010</a>, p. 145. </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrotsky" class="citation web cs1">Trotsky, Leon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1930/mylife/ch08.htm">"My Life – Chapter VIII, My First Prisons"</a>. Marxists Internet Archive. Retrieved 20 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=My+Life+%E2%80%93+Chapter+VIII%2C+My+First+Prisons&rft.pub=Marxists+Internet+Archive&rft.aulast=Trotsky&rft.aufirst=Leon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Ftrotsky%2F1930%2Fmylife%2Fch08.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMolinier" class="citation web cs1">Molinier, Raymond. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070604005522/http://.revolutionary-history.co.uk/supplem/bronstein.htm">"On Meeting with Trotsky"</a>. Translated by Crawford, Ted. Archived from the original on 4 June 2007. Retrieved 29 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=On+Meeting+with+Trotsky&rft.aulast=Molinier&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.revolutionary-history.co.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Leon-Trotsky">"Leon Trotsky – Biography, Books, Assassination, & Facts"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170915061510/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Leon-Trotsky">Archived</a> from the original on 15 September 2017. Retrieved 24 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Leon+Trotsky+%E2%80%93+Biography%2C+Books%2C+Assassination%2C+%26+Facts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FLeon-Trotsky&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Mein Leben. Ein Essay über Trockijs Autobiographie und den jungen Trockij (1879–1904), Wolfgang und Petra Libitz, 2022, p. 48. </li> <li id="cite_note-Lindemann2000-31"><a href="#cite_ref-Lindemann2000_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbert_S._Lindemann2000" class="citation book cs1">Albert S. Lindemann (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NagdhSUgB9oC&pg=PA446">Esau's Tears: Modern Anti-Semitism and the Rise of the Jews</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 446. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-79538-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-79538-8"><bdi>978-0-521-79538-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 26 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Esau%27s+Tears%3A+Modern+Anti-Semitism+and+the+Rise+of+the+Jews&rft.pages=446&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-521-79538-8&rft.au=Albert+S.+Lindemann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNagdhSUgB9oC%26pg%3DPA446&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrotsky" class="citation web cs1">Trotsky, Leon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1930/mylife/ch17.htm">"My Life – Chapter XVII, Preparing for a New Revolution"</a>. Marxists Internet Archive. Retrieved 7 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=My+Life+%E2%80%93+Chapter+XVII%2C+Preparing+for+a+New+Revolution&rft.pub=Marxists+Internet+Archive&rft.aulast=Trotsky&rft.aufirst=Leon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Ftrotsky%2F1930%2Fmylife%2Fch17.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2003aChapter_1-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2003aChapter_1_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2003aChapter_1_33-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeutscher2003a">Deutscher 2003a</a>, Chapter 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2003a36-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2003a36_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeutscher2003a">Deutscher 2003a</a>, p. 36. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2003a39-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2003a39_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2003a39_35-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeutscher2003a">Deutscher 2003a</a>, p. 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrotherstoneDukes1992" class="citation book cs1">Brotherstone, Terence; Dukes, Paul, eds. (1992). The Trotsky reappraisal. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-0317-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-0317-6"><bdi>978-0-7486-0317-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Trotsky+reappraisal&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-0317-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERenton200419-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERenton200419_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRenton2004">Renton 2004</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEastman1970" class="citation book cs1">Eastman, Max (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=koErAQAAMAAJ&q=Leon+Trotsky:+The+Portrait+of+a+Youth">Leon Trotsky: the Portrait of a Youth</a>. AMS Press. p. 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-404-02235-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-404-02235-8"><bdi>978-0-404-02235-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leon+Trotsky%3A+the+Portrait+of+a+Youth&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=AMS+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-404-02235-8&rft.aulast=Eastman&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkoErAQAAMAAJ%26q%3DLeon%2BTrotsky%3A%2BThe%2BPortrait%2Bof%2Ba%2BYouth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_39-1">b</a> chapter XVII of his autobiography, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/works/1930-lif/ch07.htm">My Life</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051119141154/http://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/works/1930-lif/ch07.htm">Archived</a> 19 November 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Marxist Internet Archive </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERenton200422–24-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERenton200422–24_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRenton2004">Renton 2004</a>, pp. 22–24. </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Commission of Inquiry into the Charges Made Against Leon Trotsky in the Moscow Trials, The Case of Leon Trotsky (1937, reprinted 1968). </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2003a40-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2003a40_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeutscher2003a">Deutscher 2003a</a>, p. 40. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchapiro1970645-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchapiro1970645_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchapiro1970">Schapiro 1970</a>, p. 645. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2003a42-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2003a42_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeutscher2003a">Deutscher 2003a</a>, p. 42. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarth197822-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarth197822_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarth197822_45-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWarth1978">Warth 1978</a>, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchapiro197031–32-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchapiro197031–32_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchapiro1970">Schapiro 1970</a>, pp. 31–32. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2003a67-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2003a67_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeutscher2003a">Deutscher 2003a</a>, p. 67. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2003a55-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2003a55_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeutscher2003a">Deutscher 2003a</a>, p. 55. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2003a7-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2003a7_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeutscher2003a">Deutscher 2003a</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> cf, for instance, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bartleby.com/65/tr/Trotsky.html">"Leon Trotsky"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090314102048/http://www.bartleby.com/65/tr/Trotsky.html">Archived</a> 14 March 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Columbia Encyclopedia </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Quoted in chapter XII of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/works/1930-lif/ch12.htm">'My Life'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051121230553/http://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/works/1930-lif/ch12.htm">Archived</a> 21 November 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Marxist Internet Archive </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> Trotsky's <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.themilitant.com/2003/6735/673549.html">'Thermidor and anti-Semitism' (1937)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051129055537/http://www.themilitant.com/2003/6735/673549.html">Archived</a> 29 November 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_53-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_53-2">c</a> Trotsky, Leon. My life: an attempt at an autobiography. Courier Corporation, 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCavendish2003" class="citation journal cs1">Cavendish, Richard (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historytoday.com/richard-cavendish/bolshevik-menshevik-split">"The Bolshevik–Menshevik Split"</a>. History Today. 53 (11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141022175007/http://www.historytoday.com/richard-cavendish/bolshevik-menshevik-split">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2014. Retrieved 22 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Today&rft.atitle=The+Bolshevik%E2%80%93Menshevik+Split&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=11&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Cavendish&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historytoday.com%2Frichard-cavendish%2Fbolshevik-menshevik-split&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeber1975" class="citation journal cs1">Weber, Nicholas (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8497.1975.tb01151.x">"Parvus, Luxemburg and Kautsky on the 1905 Russian Revolution: The Relationship with Trotsky"</a>. Australian Journal of Politics and History. 21 (3): 39–53. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-8497.1975.tb01151.x">10.1111/j.1467-8497.1975.tb01151.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-9522">0004-9522</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian+Journal+of+Politics+and+History&rft.atitle=Parvus%2C+Luxemburg+and+Kautsky+on+the+1905+Russian+Revolution%3A+The+Relationship+with+Trotsky&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=39-53&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-8497.1975.tb01151.x&rft.issn=0004-9522&rft.aulast=Weber&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-8497.1975.tb01151.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1911/jan/02.htm">Lenin: "Judas Trotsky's Blush of Shame"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130703011452/http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1911/jan/02.htm">Archived</a> 3 July 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Marxists Internet Archive; retrieved 26 July 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Goryachkina, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://feb-web.ru/feb/irl/il0/il9/il9-159-.htm?cmd=2">М.S. М.Е.Saltykov-Shchedrin</a>. The Selected Works. Critical and biographical essay. Khudozhestvennaya Literatura Publishers. Moscow. 1954. Pp. 5–24. </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/history/international/comintern/sections/britain/periodicals/communist_review/1950/01/x01.htm">CPGB: Stalin: "Slander and Truth"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130625022442/http://www.marxists.org/history/international/comintern/sections/britain/periodicals/communist_review/1950/01/x01.htm">Archived</a> 25 June 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Marxists Internet Archive; retrieved 26 July 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1917/feb/17ak.htm">Lenin: 123. To Alexandra Kollontai</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130110225222/http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1917/feb/17ak.htm">Archived</a> 10 January 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Marxists Internet Archive, (9 June 2006); retrieved 26 July 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrotsky197173-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrotsky197173_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTrotsky1971">Trotsky 1971</a>, p. 73. </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Gapon, Georgy. The Story of My Life. Chapman & Hall; 1st THUS edition (1 January 1905) </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> Smith, Edward Ellis. The Okhrana; The Russian Department of Police; A Bibliography. Hoover Institution, Stanford University, 1967. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2003a117-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2003a117_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeutscher2003a">Deutscher 2003a</a>, p. 117. </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeon_Trotsky1969" class="citation book cs1">Leon Trotsky (1969) [1929]. "Results and Prospects". Permanent Revolution. New York: Pathfinder Press. pp. 27, 122.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Results+and+Prospects&rft.btitle=Permanent+Revolution&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=27%2C+122&rft.pub=Pathfinder+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.au=Leon+Trotsky&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrotsky197185–88-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrotsky197185–88_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTrotsky1971">Trotsky 1971</a>, pp. 85–88. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2003a126-66"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2003a126_66-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeutscher2003a">Deutscher 2003a</a>, p. 126. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2003a138–139-67"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2003a138–139_67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeutscher2003a">Deutscher 2003a</a>, pp. 138–139. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2003a131-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2003a131_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2003a131_68-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeutscher2003a">Deutscher 2003a</a>, p. 131. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrotsky1971218-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrotsky1971218_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTrotsky1971">Trotsky 1971</a>, p. 218. </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> Quoted in Chapter XIV of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/works/1930-lif/ch14.htm">My Life</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060414150502/http://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/works/1930-lif/ch14.htm">Archived</a> 14 April 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrotsky1971231–233-71"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrotsky1971231–233_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTrotsky1971">Trotsky 1971</a>, pp. 231–233. </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> Chapter XXIII of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/works/1930-lif/ch17.htm">1905</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060305033203/http://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/works/1930-lif/ch17.htm">Archived</a> 5 March 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> Chapter XVII of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/works/1930-lif/ch17.htm">My Life</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060305033203/http://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/works/1930-lif/ch17.htm">Archived</a> 5 March 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Marxist Internet Archive; retrieved 31 January 2018. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2003a191-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2003a191_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2003a191_74-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeutscher2003a">Deutscher 2003a</a>, p. 191. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2003a192-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2003a192_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2003a192_75-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeutscher2003a">Deutscher 2003a</a>, p. 192. </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFV._I._Lenin1974" class="citation web cs1">V. I. Lenin (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1910/feb/13.htm">"Towards Unity"</a>. Internet Marxists Archive. pp. 147–155.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Internet+Marxists+Archive&rft.atitle=Towards+Unity&rft.pages=147-155&rft.date=1974&rft.au=V.+I.+Lenin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Flenin%2Fworks%2F1910%2Ffeb%2F13.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> Chapter XVI of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/works/1930-lif/ch16.htm">My Life</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060420211850/http://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/works/1930-lif/ch16.htm">Archived</a> 20 April 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEService201062-78"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService201062_78-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFService2010">Service 2010</a>, p. 62. </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFL._Trotsky" class="citation web cs1">L. 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Cambridge University Press. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-11624-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-11624-4"><bdi>978-0-521-11624-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 1 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Road+to+Independence+for+Kosovo%3A+A+Chronicle+of+the+Ahtisaari+Plan&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-521-11624-4&rft.aulast=Perritt&rft.aufirst=Henry+H.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df2nOTuF_KC0C%26q%3DLeon%2BTrotsky%2BKosovo%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/works/1914-war/index.htm">"Marxists.org, The War and the International"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051120092354/http://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/works/1914-war/index.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 20 November 2005. 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UK: Weidenfeld & Nicolson History. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84212-230-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84212-230-3"><bdi>978-1-84212-230-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Lenin&rft.place=UK&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson+History&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-84212-230-3&rft.aulast=Fischer&rft.aufirst=Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> Gus Fagan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/rakovsky/biog/biog2.htm">Christian Rakovsky biography</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060619133845/http://www.marxists.org/archive/rakovsky/biog/biog2.htm">Archived</a> 19 June 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, marxists.org; accessed 31 January 2018. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubenstein201175-84"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubenstein201175_84-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRubenstein2011">Rubenstein 2011</a>, p. 75. </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_85-1">b</a> Chapter 22 of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/works/1930-lif/ch42.htm">My Life</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060420212234/http://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/works/1930-lif/ch42.htm">Archived</a> 20 April 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-ns1758.ca-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ns1758.ca_86-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ns1758.ca_86-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ns1758.ca_86-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ns1758.ca_86-3">d</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ns1758.ca/quote/trotsky1917.html">Leon Trotsky: My Life – In a Concentration Camp</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150508001344/http://ns1758.ca/quote/trotsky1917.html">Archived</a> 8 May 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, ns1758.ca; accessed 31 January 2018. </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Leon-Trotsky">"Leon Trotsky | Biography, Books, Assassination, & Facts"</a>. 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Retrieved 26 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Leon+Trotsky+%7C+Biography%2C+Books%2C+Assassination%2C+%26+Facts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FLeon-Trotsky&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wade_p._xxi-88"><a href="#cite_ref-Wade_p._xxi_88-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWade2004">Wade 2004</a>, p. xxi </li> <li id="cite_note-NI26-89">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NI26_89-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NI26_89-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/history/etol/newspape/ni/vol02/no06/quote.htm">In One And The Same Issue</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180715133106/https://www.marxists.org/history/etol/newspape/ni/vol02/no06/quote.htm">Archived</a> 15 July 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> New International, Vol. 2 No. 6, October 1935, p. 208. </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._V._Stalin" class="citation web cs1">J. V. Stalin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1918/11/19.htm">"The October Revolution and the National Question"</a>. Internet Marxists Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Internet+Marxists+Archive&rft.atitle=The+October+Revolution+and+the+National+Question&rft.au=J.+V.+Stalin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Freference%2Farchive%2Fstalin%2Fworks%2F1918%2F11%2F19.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeutscher1954" class="citation book cs1">Deutscher, Isaac (1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.507702/page/335/mode/1up?view=theater">The Prophet Armed Trotsky 1879-1921 (1954)</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 330–336.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prophet+Armed+Trotsky+1879-1921+%281954%29&rft.pages=330-336&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press.&rft.date=1954&rft.aulast=Deutscher&rft.aufirst=Isaac&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdli.ernet.507702%2Fpage%2F335%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbramovitch1985" class="citation book cs1">Abramovitch, Raphael R. (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L_q1WAmv7XkC&q=Steinberg+became+the+People%27s+Commissar+of+Justice,+Proshyan+became+the+People%27s+Commissar+for+Posts+and+Telegraphs">The Soviet Revolution, 1917-1939</a>. International Universities Press. p. 130.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Soviet+Revolution%2C+1917-1939&rft.pages=130&rft.pub=International+Universities+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Abramovitch&rft.aufirst=Raphael+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL_q1WAmv7XkC%26q%3DSteinberg%2Bbecame%2Bthe%2BPeople%2527s%2BCommissar%2Bof%2BJustice%2C%2BProshyan%2Bbecame%2Bthe%2BPeople%2527s%2BCommissar%2Bfor%2BPosts%2Band%2BTelegraphs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeutscher1954" class="citation book cs1">Deutscher, Isaac (1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.507702/page/330/mode/1up?view=theater">The Prophet Armed Trotsky 1879-1921 (1954)</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 331.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prophet+Armed+Trotsky+1879-1921+%281954%29&rft.pages=331&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press.&rft.date=1954&rft.aulast=Deutscher&rft.aufirst=Isaac&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdli.ernet.507702%2Fpage%2F330%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrotsky1930" class="citation web cs1">Trotsky, Leon (1930). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1930/mylife/1930-lif.pdf">"My Life"</a> (PDF). Marxists. Charles Schribner's Sons. p. 286.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Marxists&rft.atitle=My+Life&rft.pages=286&rft.date=1930&rft.aulast=Trotsky&rft.aufirst=Leon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Ftrotsky%2F1930%2Fmylife%2F1930-lif.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/treaties-of-Brest-Litovsk">"Treaties of Brest-Litovsk"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopaedia Britannica">Encyclopaedia Britannica</a>. 2 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Treaties+of+Brest-Litovsk&rft.date=2024-02-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fevent%2Ftreaties-of-Brest-Litovsk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leon_Trotsky-96">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Leon_Trotsky_96-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leon_Trotsky_96-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/leon-trotsky">"Leon Trotsky"</a>. Jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved 26 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jewishvirtuallibrary.org&rft.atitle=Leon+Trotsky&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fleon-trotsky&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFService2005" class="citation book cs1">Service, Robert (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/historyofmodernr00robe">A history of modern Russia from Nicholas II to Vladimir Putin</a>. Internet Archive. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. pp. 75–80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01801-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01801-3"><bdi>978-0-674-01801-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+modern+Russia+from+Nicholas+II+to+Vladimir+Putin&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pages=75-80&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-674-01801-3&rft.aulast=Service&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofmodernr00robe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lsrm-98">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lsrm_98-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lsrm_98-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/glossary/orgs/l/e.htm#left-srs">Left Socialist-Revolutionaries (Left SRs)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180716012705/https://www.marxists.org/glossary/orgs/l/e.htm#left-srs#left-srs">Archived</a> 16 July 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; Glossary of organizations on <a href="/wiki/Marxists.org" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxists.org">Marxists.org</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> The "Brest-Litovsk" chapter in Trotsky's 1925 book <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/works/1925/lenin/04.htm">Lenin</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051125145958/http://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/works/1925/lenin/04.htm">Archived</a> 25 November 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, marxists.org; Retrieved 1 June 2018. </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/works/1925/lenin/04.htm">Lenin</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051125145958/http://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/works/1925/lenin/04.htm">Archived</a> 25 November 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, marxists.org; Retrieved 31 January 2018. </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/currenthistoryfo08newyuoft/page/113/">"Letters From Trotzky and From Kerensky's War Minister"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Current_History" title="Current History">Current History</a>. VIII (Second part): 113. 1918. Retrieved 10 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+History&rft.atitle=Letters+From+Trotzky+and+From+Kerensky%27s+War+Minister&rft.volume=VIII&rft.issue=Second+part&rft.pages=113&rft.date=1918&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcurrenthistoryfo08newyuoft%2Fpage%2F113%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagnes1919" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Judah_Leon_Magnes" title="Judah Leon Magnes">Magnes, Judah Leon</a> (1919). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/russiagermanyatb00magnrich/page/122/">Russia and Germany at Brest-Litovsk: A Documentary History of the Peace Negotiations</a> (1st ed.). <a href="/wiki/Rand_School_of_Social_Science" title="Rand School of Social Science">Rand School of Social Science</a>. pp. 122–123. Retrieved 10 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia+and+Germany+at+Brest-Litovsk%3A+A+Documentary+History+of+the+Peace+Negotiations&rft.pages=122-123&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Rand+School+of+Social+Science&rft.date=1919&rft.aulast=Magnes&rft.aufirst=Judah+Leon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frussiagermanyatb00magnrich%2Fpage%2F122%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> For a time it was speculated that this letter was in fact not an authentic one. However, Trotsky's himself verified its authenticity to Wheeler-Bennett. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWheeler-Bennett1938" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Wheeler-Bennett" title="John Wheeler-Bennett">Wheeler-Bennett, John W.</a> (1938). Brest-Litovsk: the Forgotten Peace, March 1918 (1st ed.). London: <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan and Co., Limited</a>. pp. 185–186. <q>The authenticity of this letter, which has been in doubt for twenty years, was personally confirmed to the writer by Leon Trotsky in conversation in Mexico City, in September 1937.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brest-Litovsk%3A+the+Forgotten+Peace%2C+March+1918&rft.place=London&rft.pages=185-186&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Macmillan+and+Co.%2C+Limited&rft.date=1938&rft.aulast=Wheeler-Bennett&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988">; the letter was auctioned in 1990. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPyle1990" class="citation news cs1">Pyle, Richard (23 March 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/346eacc1c0640c0659dc0d8edfb866e1">"Revolutionary's Letter to Lenin Auctioned"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. Retrieved 10 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Associated+Press&rft.atitle=Revolutionary%27s+Letter+to+Lenin+Auctioned&rft.date=1990-03-23&rft.aulast=Pyle&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2F346eacc1c0640c0659dc0d8edfb866e1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeijer1964" class="citation book cs1">Meijer, Jan M., ed. (1964). The Trotsky Papers, 1917–1922. The Hague: Mouton & Co. pp. 6–7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Trotsky+Papers%2C+1917%E2%80%931922&rft.place=The+Hague&rft.pages=6-7&rft.pub=Mouton+%26+Co.&rft.date=1964&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrotzky1925" class="citation book cs1">Trotzky, Leon (1925). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lenin00trot/">Lenin</a>. New York: Blue Ribbon Books Inc. p. 107. Retrieved 10 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lenin&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=Blue+Ribbon+Books+Inc.&rft.date=1925&rft.aulast=Trotzky&rft.aufirst=Leon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flenin00trot%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrotzky1925" class="citation book cs1">Trotzky, Leon (1925). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lenin00trot/">Lenin</a>. New York: Blue Ribbon Books Inc. p. 110. Retrieved 10 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lenin&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=110&rft.pub=Blue+Ribbon+Books+Inc.&rft.date=1925&rft.aulast=Trotzky&rft.aufirst=Leon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flenin00trot%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrotsky" class="citation web cs1">Trotsky, L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/history/ussr/government/foreign-relations/1917-1918/1918/February/10a.htm">"Statement By Trotsky At The Brest-Litovsk Peace Conference On Russia's Withdrawal From The War"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Marxists_Internet_Archive" title="Marxists Internet Archive">Marxists Internet Archive</a>. Retrieved 10 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Marxists+Internet+Archive&rft.atitle=Statement+By+Trotsky+At+The+Brest-Litovsk+Peace+Conference+On+Russia%27s+Withdrawal+From+The+War&rft.aulast=Trotsky&rft.aufirst=L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Fhistory%2Fussr%2Fgovernment%2Fforeign-relations%2F1917-1918%2F1918%2FFebruary%2F10a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2015a389-108"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2015a389_108-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeutscher2015a">Deutscher 2015a</a>, pp. 389. </li> <li id="cite_note-Felshtinsky-109"><a href="#cite_ref-Felshtinsky_109-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFelshtinsky2010" class="citation book cs1">Felshtinsky, Yuri (26 October 2010). Lenin and His Comrades: The Bolsheviks Take Over Russia 1917–1924. New York: Enigma Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-929631-95-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-929631-95-7"><bdi>978-1-929631-95-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lenin+and+His+Comrades%3A+The+Bolsheviks+Take+Over+Russia+1917%E2%80%931924&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Enigma+Books&rft.date=2010-10-26&rft.isbn=978-1-929631-95-7&rft.aulast=Felshtinsky&rft.aufirst=Yuri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Life_XXXVI-110">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Life_XXXVI_110-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Life_XXXVI_110-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrotsky1930" class="citation book cs1">Trotsky, Leon (1930). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1930/mylife/ch36.htm">"XXXVI"</a>. <a href="/wiki/My_Life_(Leon_Trotsky_autobiography)" class="mw-redirect" title="My Life (Leon Trotsky autobiography)">My Life</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=XXXVI&rft.btitle=My+Life&rft.date=1930&rft.aulast=Trotsky&rft.aufirst=Leon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Ftrotsky%2F1930%2Fmylife%2Fch36.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanebrink2018" class="citation book cs1">Hanebrink, Paul (2018). A Specter Haunting Europe: The Myth of Judeo-Bolshevism. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-04768-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-04768-6"><bdi>978-0-674-04768-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Specter+Haunting+Europe%3A+The+Myth+of+Judeo-Bolshevism&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-674-04768-6&rft.aulast=Hanebrink&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradley1963" class="citation journal cs1">Bradley, J.F.L (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/149174">"The Czechoslovak Revolt against the Bolsheviks"</a>. Soviet Studies. 15 (2): 124–151. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09668136308410353">10.1080/09668136308410353</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/149174">149174</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Soviet+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Czechoslovak+Revolt+against+the+Bolsheviks&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=124-151&rft.date=1963&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09668136308410353&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F149174%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Bradley&rft.aufirst=J.F.L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F149174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> Chapter XXXIV of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/works/1930-lif/ch34.htm">My Life</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060420212103/http://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/works/1930-lif/ch34.htm">Archived</a> 20 April 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, marxists.org; accessed 31 January 2018. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKort2015130-114"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKort2015130_114-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKort2015">Kort 2015</a>, p. 130. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2010263-115"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2010263_115-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFService2010">Service 2010</a>, p. 263. </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogovin2009" class="citation book cs1">Rogovin, Vadim Zakharovich (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dDiFNXLNPDEC&dq=trotsky+hostage+taking&pg=PA376">Stalin's Terror of 1937-1938: Political Genocide in the USSR</a>. Mehring Books. p. 376. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-893638-04-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-893638-04-4"><bdi>978-1-893638-04-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalin%27s+Terror+of+1937-1938%3A+Political+Genocide+in+the+USSR&rft.pages=376&rft.pub=Mehring+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-893638-04-4&rft.aulast=Rogovin&rft.aufirst=Vadim+Zakharovich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdDiFNXLNPDEC%26dq%3Dtrotsky%2Bhostage%2Btaking%26pg%3DPA376&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeutscher2015" class="citation book cs1">Deutscher, Isaac (5 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YGznDwAAQBAJ&q=isaac+deutscher+trotsky">The Prophet: The Life of Leon Trotsky</a>. Verso Books. pp. 339–340. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78168-721-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78168-721-5"><bdi>978-1-78168-721-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prophet%3A+The+Life+of+Leon+Trotsky&rft.pages=339-340&rft.pub=Verso+Books&rft.date=2015-01-05&rft.isbn=978-1-78168-721-5&rft.aulast=Deutscher&rft.aufirst=Isaac&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYGznDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Disaac%2Bdeutscher%2Btrotsky&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leninism_under_Lenin-118">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Leninism_under_Lenin_118-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leninism_under_Lenin_118-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiebman1975" class="citation book cs1">Liebman, Marcel (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/leninismunderlen0000lieb_f2h6/page/313/mode/1up">Leninism under Lenin</a>. London: J. Cape. pp. 313–314. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-224-01072-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-224-01072-6"><bdi>978-0-224-01072-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leninism+under+Lenin&rft.place=London&rft.pages=313-314&rft.pub=J.+Cape&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-224-01072-6&rft.aulast=Liebman&rft.aufirst=Marcel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fleninismunderlen0000lieb_f2h6%2Fpage%2F313%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-119">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_119-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_119-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_119-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_119-3">d</a> Wilde, Robert. 2019 February 20. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/the-red-terror-1221808">The Red Terror</a>." ThoughtCo. Retrieved 24 March 2021. </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKline1992" class="citation book cs1">Kline, George L (1992). In Defence of Terrorism in The Trotsky reappraisal. Brotherstone, Terence; Dukes, Paul,(eds). Edinburgh University Press. p. 158. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-0317-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-0317-6"><bdi>978-0-7486-0317-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Defence+of+Terrorism+in+The+Trotsky+reappraisal.+Brotherstone%2C+Terence%3B+Dukes%2C+Paul%2C%28eds%29&rft.pages=158&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-0317-6&rft.aulast=Kline&rft.aufirst=George+L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-121">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_121-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_121-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_121-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_121-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBird2018" class="citation magazine cs1">Bird, Danny (5 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/5386789/red-terror-soviet-history/">"How the 'Red Terror' Exposed the True Turmoil of Soviet Russia 100 Years Ago"</a>. Time. Retrieved 24 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=How+the+%27Red+Terror%27+Exposed+the+True+Turmoil+of+Soviet+Russia+100+Years+Ago&rft.date=2018-09-05&rft.aulast=Bird&rft.aufirst=Danny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F5386789%2Fred-terror-soviet-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berkman-122"><a href="#cite_ref-Berkman_122-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerkmanGoldman1922" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Berkman" title="Alexander Berkman">Berkman, Alexander</a>; <a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Goldman, Emma</a> (January 1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/emma-goldman-alexander-berkman-bolsheviks-shooting-anarchists">"Bolsheviks Shooting Anarchists"</a>. Freedom. 36 (391): 4. Retrieved 9 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Freedom&rft.atitle=Bolsheviks+Shooting+Anarchists&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=391&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1922-01&rft.aulast=Berkman&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft.au=Goldman%2C+Emma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheanarchistlibrary.org%2Flibrary%2Femma-goldman-alexander-berkman-bolsheviks-shooting-anarchists&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-litvinalkbterror-123"><a href="#cite_ref-litvinalkbterror_123-0">^</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alter_Litvin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alter Litvin (page does not exist)">Alter Litvin</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Литвин, Алтер Львович">ru</a>] «Красный и Белый террор в России в 1917—1922 годах» <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-87849-164-8" title="Special:BookSources/5-87849-164-8">5-87849-164-8</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKotkin2014" class="citation book cs1">Kotkin, Stephen (23 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sFx7AwAAQBAJ&dq=rykov+lenin+funeral+italy&pg=PT402">Stalin, Vol. I: Paradoxes of Power, 1878–1928</a>. Penguin Books Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7181-9298-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7181-9298-3"><bdi>978-0-7181-9298-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalin%2C+Vol.+I%3A+Paradoxes+of+Power%2C+1878%E2%80%931928&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+Limited&rft.date=2014-10-23&rft.isbn=978-0-7181-9298-3&rft.aulast=Kotkin&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsFx7AwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Drykov%2Blenin%2Bfuneral%2Bitaly%26pg%3DPT402&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeon_Trotsky1975" class="citation book cs1">Leon Trotsky (1975) [1920]. Terrorism and Communism: A Reply to Karl Kautsky. p. 83.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Terrorism+and+Communism%3A+A+Reply+to+Karl+Kautsky&rft.pages=83&rft.date=1975&rft.au=Leon+Trotsky&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1996180-126">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1996180_126-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1996180_126-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFVolkogonov1996">Volkogonov 1996</a>, p. 180. </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> Lih, Lars T., Bread and Authority in Russia, 1914–1921, University of California Press (1990), p. 131. </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLenin1919" class="citation web cs1">Lenin, Vladimir Ilych (1919). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1919/mar/x01.htm">"Achievements and Difficulties of the Soviet Government"</a>. marxists.org. Progress Publishers. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304090910/https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1919/mar/x01.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 6 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=marxists.org&rft.atitle=Achievements+and+Difficulties+of+the+Soviet+Government&rft.date=1919&rft.aulast=Lenin&rft.aufirst=Vladimir+Ilych&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Flenin%2Fworks%2F1919%2Fmar%2Fx01.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReese2023" class="citation book cs1">Reese, Roger R. (3 October 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hWS2EAAAQBAJ&dq=trotsky+desertion+612&pg=PA109">Russia's Army: A History from the Napoleonic Wars to the War in Ukraine</a>. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-9356-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-9356-4"><bdi>978-0-8061-9356-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia%27s+Army%3A+A+History+from+the+Napoleonic+Wars+to+the+War+in+Ukraine&rft.pages=109&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=2023-10-03&rft.isbn=978-0-8061-9356-4&rft.aulast=Reese&rft.aufirst=Roger+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhWS2EAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dtrotsky%2Bdesertion%2B612%26pg%3DPA109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFiges1990" class="citation journal cs1">Figes, Orlando (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/650938">"The Red Army and Mass Mobilization during the Russian Civil War 1918-1920"</a>. Past & Present (129): 168–211. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fpast%2F129.1.168">10.1093/past/129.1.168</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-2746">0031-2746</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/650938">650938</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Past+%26+Present&rft.atitle=The+Red+Army+and+Mass+Mobilization+during+the+Russian+Civil+War+1918-1920&rft.issue=129&rft.pages=168-211&rft.date=1990&rft.issn=0031-2746&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F650938%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fpast%2F129.1.168&rft.aulast=Figes&rft.aufirst=Orlando&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F650938&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newstatesman.com/international-politics/2010/03/trotsky-stalin-russian-lenin">"Lost leaders: Leon Trotsky"</a>. The New Statesman. UK. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100423073037/http://www.newstatesman.com/international-politics/2010/03/trotsky-stalin-russian-lenin">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2010. Retrieved 22 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+Statesman&rft.atitle=Lost+leaders%3A+Leon+Trotsky&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newstatesman.com%2Finternational-politics%2F2010%2F03%2Ftrotsky-stalin-russian-lenin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-My_Life-132">^ <a href="#cite_ref-My_Life_132-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-My_Life_132-1">b</a> Chapter XXXVII of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/works/1930-lif/ch37.htm">My Life</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060420212156/http://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/works/1930-lif/ch37.htm">Archived</a> 20 April 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> Isai Abramovich's <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lib.ru/MEMUARY/ABRAMOWICH/abramowich1.txt">memoirs</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060226084149/http://lib.ru/MEMUARY/ABRAMOWICH/abramowich1.txt">Archived</a> 26 February 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> re: the Smilga episode. Abramovich (1900–1985), a friend of Smilga's, was one of the few Trotskyists who survived the Great Purges and returned from Stalin's camps in the late 1950s. </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/works/1930-lif/ch35.htm">My Life (Chapter XXXV)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060420212115/http://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/works/1930-lif/ch35.htm">Archived</a> 20 April 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, marxists.org; accessed 31 January 2018. </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=LAH19200101.2.179&e=--2019---2019--en--20-LAH-1--txt-txIN-Assassinate+Trotzky-------1">"Assassinate Trotzky, Report; Ex-Leader Of Russia Soviet Slayer's Victim, Berlin Officials Hear"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Herald" title="Los Angeles Herald">Los Angeles Herald</a>. 1 January 1920. p. 1. Retrieved 24 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Herald&rft.atitle=Assassinate+Trotzky%2C+Report%3B+Ex-Leader+Of+Russia+Soviet+Slayer%27s+Victim%2C+Berlin+Officials+Hear&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1920-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcdnc.ucr.edu%2F%3Fa%3Dd%26d%3DLAH19200101.2.179%26e%3D--2019---2019--en--20-LAH-1--txt-txIN-Assassinate%2BTrotzky-------1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/works/1930-lif/ch38.htm">My Life (Chapter XXXVIII)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051210202136/http://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/works/1930-lif/ch38.htm">Archived</a> 10 December 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, marxists.org; accessed 31 January 2018. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1996Political_Report_of_the_Central_Committee_of_the_RKP(b)_to_the_Ninth_All-Russian_Conference_of_the_Communist_Party_delivered_by_Lenin_on_20_September_1920,_Document_59-137"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1996Political_Report_of_the_Central_Committee_of_the_RKP(b)_to_the_Ninth_All-Russian_Conference_of_the_Communist_Party_delivered_by_Lenin_on_20_September_1920,_Document_59_137-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPipes1996">Pipes 1996</a>, Political Report of the Central Committee of the RKP(b) to the Ninth All-Russian Conference of the Communist Party delivered by Lenin on 20 September 1920, Document 59. </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Tony_Cliff" title="Tony Cliff">Tony Cliff</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/cliff/works/1990/trotsky2/11-warcomm.html">Trotsky: The Sword of the Revolution 1917–1923</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180715195155/https://www.marxists.org/archive/cliff/works/1990/trotsky2/11-warcomm.html">Archived</a> 15 July 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; Chapter 11: War Communism at an impasse; paragraph "The militarisation of all labour"; Bookmarks, London 1990. </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> Kronstadt Rebellion, Kronstädter Aufstand In: Dictionary of Marxism, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.inkrit.de/e_inkritpedia/e_maincode/doku.php?id=k:kronstaedter_aufstand">http://www.inkrit.de/e_inkritpedia/e_maincode/doku.php?id=k:kronstaedter_aufstand</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1938/07/kronstadt2.htm">"More on the Suppression of Kronstadt"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071121073115/http://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1938/07/kronstadt2.htm">Archived</a> 21 November 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by Leon Trotsky </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldman1939" class="citation book cs1">Goldman, Emma (1939). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Trotsky_Protests_Too_Much">Trotsky Protests Too Much</a>. The Anarchist Communist Federation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trotsky+Protests+Too+Much&rft.pub=The+Anarchist+Communist+Federation&rft.date=1939&rft.aulast=Goldman&rft.aufirst=Emma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FTrotsky_Protests_Too_Much&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldman1938" class="citation web cs1">Goldman, Emma (1938). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/goldman/pdfs/PublishedEssaysandPamphlets_TROTSKYPROTESTSTOOMUCH.pdf">"Trotsky Protests too Much"</a> (PDF). Glasgow: The Anarchist Communist Federation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180118090914/http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/goldman/pdfs/PublishedEssaysandPamphlets_TROTSKYPROTESTSTOOMUCH.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 18 January 2018. Retrieved 14 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Trotsky+Protests+too+Much&rft.place=Glasgow&rft.pub=The+Anarchist+Communist+Federation&rft.date=1938&rft.aulast=Goldman&rft.aufirst=Emma&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lib.berkeley.edu%2Fgoldman%2Fpdfs%2FPublishedEssaysandPamphlets_TROTSKYPROTESTSTOOMUCH.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto2-143">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_143-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_143-1">b</a> V. I͡U. Cherni͡aev, "Trotsky" in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFActonCherni͡aevRosenberg1997" class="citation book cs1">Acton, Edward; Cherni͡aev, Vladimir I͡u.; Rosenberg, William G., eds. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NAZm2EdxKqkC&pg=PA191">Critical Companion to the Russian Revolution, 1914–1921</a>. Indiana University Press. p. 191. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-33333-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-33333-9"><bdi>978-0-253-33333-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Critical+Companion+to+the+Russian+Revolution%2C+1914%E2%80%931921&rft.pages=191&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-253-33333-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNAZm2EdxKqkC%26pg%3DPA191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwain2014a210-144"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwain2014a210_144-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSwain2014a">Swain 2014a</a>, p. 210. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwain2014a211-145"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwain2014a211_145-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSwain2014a">Swain 2014a</a>, p. 211. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1996Document_103_(22_May_1922)-149"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1996Document_103_(22_May_1922)_149-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPipes1996">Pipes 1996</a>, Document 103 (22 May 1922). </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1996Document_106-150"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1996Document_106_150-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPipes1996">Pipes 1996</a>, Document 106. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1996Document_109-151"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1996Document_109_151-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPipes1996">Pipes 1996</a>, Document 109. </li> <li id="cite_note-Hitler_and_Stalin_:_parallel_lives-152">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hitler_and_Stalin_:_parallel_lives_152-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hitler_and_Stalin_:_parallel_lives_152-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBullock1991" class="citation book cs1">Bullock, Alan (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hitlerstalinpara0000bull/page/132/mode/2up">Hitler and Stalin: parallel lives</a>. London: HarperCollins. p. 163. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-215494-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-215494-9"><bdi>978-0-00-215494-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler+and+Stalin%3A+parallel+lives&rft.place=London&rft.pages=163&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-00-215494-9&rft.aulast=Bullock&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhitlerstalinpara0000bull%2Fpage%2F132%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMandel1995149-153"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMandel1995149_153-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMandel1995">Mandel 1995</a>, p. 149. </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCeplair2020" class="citation book cs1">Ceplair, Larry (21 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pc3cDwAAQBAJ">Revolutionary Pairs: Marx and Engels, Lenin and Trotsky, Gandhi and Nehru, Mao and Zhou, Castro and Guevara</a>. University Press of Kentucky. p. 93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-7945-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-7945-2"><bdi>978-0-8131-7945-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolutionary+Pairs%3A+Marx+and+Engels%2C+Lenin+and+Trotsky%2C+Gandhi+and+Nehru%2C+Mao+and+Zhou%2C+Castro+and+Guevara&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2020-07-21&rft.isbn=978-0-8131-7945-2&rft.aulast=Ceplair&rft.aufirst=Larry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dpc3cDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubenstein2011127-155">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubenstein2011127_155-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubenstein2011127_155-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubenstein2011127_155-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFRubenstein2011">Rubenstein 2011</a>, p. 127. </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> Chapter XXXIX of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/works/1930-lif/ch39.htm">My Life</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060420212213/http://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/works/1930-lif/ch39.htm">Archived</a> 20 April 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Marxist Internet Archive </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> Chapter 11 of Trotsky's unfinished book, entitled <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://maximumred.blogspot.com/2005/08/trotskys-stalin-chap-11-from-obscurity.html">Stalin</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070629051005/http://maximumred.blogspot.com/2005/08/trotskys-stalin-chap-11-from-obscurity.html">Archived</a> 29 June 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> Chapter 12 of Trotsky's unfinished book, entitled <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://maximumred.blogspot.com/2005_08_01_maximumred_archive.html">Stalin</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070712104730/http://maximumred.blogspot.com/2005_08_01_maximumred_archive.html">Archived</a> 12 July 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051122201847/http://marxists.org/archive/trotsky/works/1937/dewey/session13_c.htm">"Archived copy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/works/1937/dewey/session13_c.htm">the original</a> on 22 November 2005. Retrieved 24 October 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Ftrotsky%2Fworks%2F1937%2Fdewey%2Fsession13_c.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogovin2021" class="citation book cs1">Rogovin, Vadim Zakharovich (2021). Was There an Alternative? Trotskyism: a Look Back Through the Years. Mehring Books. p. 272. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-893638-97-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-893638-97-6"><bdi>978-1-893638-97-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Was+There+an+Alternative%3F+Trotskyism%3A+a+Look+Back+Through+the+Years&rft.pages=272&rft.pub=Mehring+Books&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-893638-97-6&rft.aulast=Rogovin&rft.aufirst=Vadim+Zakharovich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> Leon Trotsky, "The First Letter to the Central Committee" contained in the Challenge of the Left Opposition: 1923–1925 (Pathfinder Press: New York, 1975) pp. 55–56.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> Quoted in Max Shachtman. The Struggle for the New Course, New York, New International Publishing Co., 1943. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/shachtma/1943/fnc/nc04.htm">The Campaign Against "Trotskyism"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060209032511/http://www.marxists.org/archive/shachtma/1943/fnc/nc04.htm">Archived</a> 9 February 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> Leon Trotsky, "The New Course" contained in The Challenge of the Left Opposition: 1923–1925, pp. 63–144. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-lom-167"><a href="#cite_ref-lom_167-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/glossary/orgs/l/e.htm#left-opposition">Left Opposition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180716012705/https://www.marxists.org/glossary/orgs/l/e.htm#left-opposition#left-opposition">Archived</a> 16 July 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; Glossary of organizations on <a href="/wiki/Marxists.org" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxists.org">Marxists.org</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeutscher2015" class="citation book cs1">Deutscher, Isaac (5 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YGznDwAAQBAJ&q=isaac+deutscher+trotsky">The Prophet: The Life of Leon Trotsky</a>. Verso Books. p. 735. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78168-721-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78168-721-5"><bdi>978-1-78168-721-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prophet%3A+The+Life+of+Leon+Trotsky&rft.pages=735&rft.pub=Verso+Books&rft.date=2015-01-05&rft.isbn=978-1-78168-721-5&rft.aulast=Deutscher&rft.aufirst=Isaac&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYGznDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Disaac%2Bdeutscher%2Btrotsky&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogovin2021" class="citation book cs1">Rogovin, Vadim Zakharovich (2021). Was There an Alternative? Trotskyism: a Look Back Through the Years. Mehring Books. pp. 139, 249, 268–269. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-893638-97-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-893638-97-6"><bdi>978-1-893638-97-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Was+There+an+Alternative%3F+Trotskyism%3A+a+Look+Back+Through+the+Years&rft.pages=139%2C+249%2C+268-269&rft.pub=Mehring+Books&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-893638-97-6&rft.aulast=Rogovin&rft.aufirst=Vadim+Zakharovich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> Chapter VIII of Boris Souvarine's <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/history/etol/writers/souvar/works/stalin/ch08.htm">Stalin: A Critical Survey of Bolshevism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060430065533/http://www.marxists.org/history/etol/writers/souvar/works/stalin/ch08.htm">Archived</a> 30 April 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> Leon Trotsky, "Speech to the Thirteenth Party Congress on May 26, 1924" contained in The Challenge of the Left Opposition: 1923–1925, pp. 161–62. </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> Preobrazhensky, Yevgeni. The New Economics. Oxford University Press, 1965. </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> Leon Trotsky "Lessons of October" contained in Challenge of the Left Opposition: 1923–1925, pp. 199–258. </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> Leon Trotsky, My Life (Pathfinder Press: New York, 1970) p. 520. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrotsky" class="citation web cs1">Trotsky, Leon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1925/lenin/index.htm">"Lenin (1925)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lenin+%281925%29&rft.aulast=Trotsky&rft.aufirst=Leon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Ftrotsky%2F1925%2Flenin%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrotsky1959" class="citation book cs1">Trotsky, Leon (1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OyAfAAAAMAAJ&q=Lenin+is+no+more%2C+but+Leninism+endures.+The+immortal+in+Lenin%2C+his+doctrine%2C+his+work%2C+his+method%2C+his+example%2C+lives+in+us%2C+lives+in+the+party+that+he+founded%2C+lives+in+the+first+workmen%E2%80%99s+State+whose+head+he+was+and+which+he+guided.">Lenin</a>. Garden City Books. p. 215.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lenin&rft.pages=215&rft.pub=Garden+City+Books&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Trotsky&rft.aufirst=Leon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOyAfAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DLenin%2Bis%2Bno%2Bmore%252C%2Bbut%2BLeninism%2Bendures.%2BThe%2Bimmortal%2Bin%2BLenin%252C%2Bhis%2Bdoctrine%252C%2Bhis%2Bwork%252C%2Bhis%2Bmethod%252C%2Bhis%2Bexample%252C%2Blives%2Bin%2Bus%252C%2Blives%2Bin%2Bthe%2Bparty%2Bthat%2Bhe%2Bfounded%252C%2Blives%2Bin%2Bthe%2Bfirst%2Bworkmen%25E2%2580%2599s%2BState%2Bwhose%2Bhead%2Bhe%2Bwas%2Band%2Bwhich%2Bhe%2Bguided.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> Nikolai Valentinov-Volsky's account of his work with Trotsky in 1925 in Novaia Ekonomicheskaia Politika i Krizis Partii Posle Smerti Lenina: Gody Raboty v VSNKh vo Vremia NEP, Moscow, Sovremennik, 1991. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181122231754/https://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1930/mylife/ch42.htm">"Leon Trotsky: My Life (42. The Last Period of Struggle Within the Party)"</a>. 22 November 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1930/mylife/ch42.htm">the original</a> on 22 November 2018. Retrieved 21 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Leon+Trotsky%3A+My+Life+%2842.+The+Last+Period+of+Struggle+Within+the+Party%29&rft.date=2018-11-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Ftrotsky%2F1930%2Fmylife%2Fch42.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1925/07/lenin.htm">"Leon Trotsky: Letter on Eastman's Book"</a>. 22 November 2018. Retrieved 21 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Leon+Trotsky%3A+Letter+on+Eastman%27s+Book&rft.date=2018-11-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Ftrotsky%2F1925%2F07%2Flenin.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> Sterling Seagrave, Dragon Lady (Alfred A. Knopf Inc.: New York, 1992) p. 454. </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> Compilation Group for the "History of Modern China" Series, The Revolution of 1911 (Foreign Languages Press: Peking, 1976) p. 153. </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> Joseph Stalin, "The Prospects of Revolution in China" a speech to the Chinese Commission of the Executive Committee of the Communist International on 30 November 1926" contained in J. Stalin on Chinese Revolution (Suren Dutt Publishers: Calcutta, India, 1970), pp. 5–21. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Gue_Zarrow2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Peter Gue Zarrow (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OCI3gnzsYc0C&q=trotsky+squeezed+lemon+chiang&pg=PA233">China in war and revolution, 1895–1949</a>. Vol. 1 of Asia's transformations (illustrated ed.). Psychology Press. p. 233. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-36447-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-36447-8"><bdi>978-0-415-36447-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 1 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+in+war+and+revolution%2C+1895%E2%80%931949&rft.pages=233&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-415-36447-8&rft.au=Peter+Gue+Zarrow&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOCI3gnzsYc0C%26q%3Dtrotsky%2Bsqueezed%2Blemon%2Bchiang%26pg%3DPA233&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Carver_North1963" class="citation book cs1">Robert Carver North (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wjCsAAAAIAAJ&q=trotsky+squeezed+lemon+chiang&pg=PA96">Moscow and Chinese Communists</a> (2 ed.). Stanford University Press. p. 96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-0453-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-0453-3"><bdi>978-0-8047-0453-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 1 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Moscow+and+Chinese+Communists&rft.pages=96&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1963&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-0453-3&rft.au=Robert+Carver+North&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwjCsAAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dtrotsky%2Bsqueezed%2Blemon%2Bchiang%26pg%3DPA96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalter_Moss2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Walter Moss (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yMwdWFtgV0QC&q=trotsky+squeezed+lemon+chiang&pg=PA282">A history of Russia: Since 1855</a>. Vol. 2 of A History of Russia (2, illustrated ed.). Anthem Press. p. 282. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84331-034-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84331-034-1"><bdi>978-1-84331-034-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 1 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+Russia%3A+Since+1855&rft.pages=282&rft.edition=2%2C+illustrated&rft.pub=Anthem+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-84331-034-1&rft.au=Walter+Moss&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyMwdWFtgV0QC%26q%3Dtrotsky%2Bsqueezed%2Blemon%2Bchiang%26pg%3DPA282&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> J. Arch Getty, Oleg V. Naumov. Road to Terror. pp. 26-27 </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240110131422/https://topos.memo.ru/en/node/135">"Anti-Stalinist Demonstration on November 7, 1927"</a>. Topography of Terror, Moscow. 2 December 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://topos.memo.ru/en/node/135">the original</a> on 10 January 2024. Retrieved 10 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Topography+of+Terror%2C+Moscow&rft.atitle=Anti-Stalinist+Demonstration+on+November+7%2C+1927&rft.date=2015-12-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftopos.memo.ru%2Fen%2Fnode%2F135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubenstein2013155,_202-189"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubenstein2013155,_202_189-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRubenstein2013">Rubenstein 2013</a>, pp. 155, 202. </li> <li id="cite_note-yedlin-190">^ <a href="#cite_ref-yedlin_190-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-yedlin_190-1">b</a> Tova Yedlin, Maxim Gorky: A Political Biography, Praeger/Greenwood, <a href="/wiki/Westport,_Connecticut" title="Westport, Connecticut">Westport</a>, 1992, pp. 201–02. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0275966058" title="Special:BookSources/978-0275966058">978-0275966058</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedvedev1976169-191"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMedvedev1976169_191-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMedvedev1976">Medvedev 1976</a>, p. 169. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeofanovBarry199522-192"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeofanovBarry199522_192-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFeofanovBarry1995">Feofanov & Barry 1995</a>, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-faganoppexile-193"><a href="#cite_ref-faganoppexile_193-0">^</a> Fagan, Gus; Biographical Introduction to Christian Rakovsky; chapter <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/rakovsky/biog/biog5.htm">Opposition and Exile</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180715212757/https://www.marxists.org/archive/rakovsky/biog/biog5.htm">Archived</a> 15 July 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOxley2004" class="citation web cs1">Oxley, Greg (1 February 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxist.com/esteban-volkov-return-to-prinkipo.htm">"Esteban Volkov: Return to Prinkipo"</a>. Marxist.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170110160934/https://www.marxist.com/esteban-volkov-return-to-prinkipo.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2017. 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Marxists.org. 10 June 1935. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161123230116/https://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1935/06/french.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 23 November 2016. Retrieved 8 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Marxists.org&rft.atitle=Leon+Trotsky%3A+An+Open+Letter+to+the+French+Workers&rft.date=1935-06-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Ftrotsky%2F1935%2F06%2Ffrench.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/D7728106">Application by Leon Trotsky for permission to reside in England</a>. UK National Archives. 24 June 1929.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Application+by+Leon+Trotsky+for+permission+to+reside+in+England.&rft.pub=UK+National+Archives&rft.date=1929-06-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdiscovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Fdetails%2Fr%2FD7728106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLubitzLubitz2004" class="citation web cs1">Lubitz, Petra; Lubitz, Wolfgang (August 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trotskyana.net/Leon_Trotsky/Biulleten__Oppozitsii/biulleten__oppozitsii.html">"Biulleten' oppozitsii"</a>. trotskyana.net. Retrieved 29 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=trotskyana.net&rft.atitle=Biulleten%27+oppozitsii&rft.date=2004-08&rft.aulast=Lubitz&rft.aufirst=Petra&rft.au=Lubitz%2C+Wolfgang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.trotskyana.net%2FLeon_Trotsky%2FBiulleten__Oppozitsii%2Fbiulleten__oppozitsii.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKassow1977" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Kassow" title="Samuel Kassow">Kassow, Samuel</a> (Summer 1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/45367174">"Trotsky and the Bulletin of the Opposition"</a>. Studies in Comparative Communism. 10 (1 / 2): 184–197. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0039-3592%2877%2980006-9">10.1016/S0039-3592(77)80006-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0039-3592">0039-3592</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/45367174">45367174</a>. Retrieved 29 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+Comparative+Communism&rft.atitle=Trotsky+and+the+Bulletin+of+the+Opposition&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1+%2F+2&rft.pages=184-197&rft.date=1977&rft.issn=0039-3592&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F45367174%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0039-3592%2877%2980006-9&rft.aulast=Kassow&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F45367174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFL._Trotsky1931" class="citation web cs1">L. Trotsky (15 November 1931). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1931/11/fascism.htm">"What is Fascism"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+Fascism&rft.date=1931-11-15&rft.au=L.+Trotsky&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Ftrotsky%2F1931%2F11%2Ffascism.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwain2006191-200"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwain2006191_200-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSwain2006">Swain 2006</a>, p. 191. </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1932/03/cec1.htm">"Open Letter to the C.E.C. of the U.S.S.R."</a> 1 March 1932.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Open+Letter+to+the+C.E.C.+of+the+U.S.S.R.&rft.date=1932-03-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Ftrotsky%2F1932%2F03%2Fcec1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stanforddailyarchive.com/cgi-bin/stanford?a=d&d=stanford19321205-01.2.20">"The Stanford Daily, Volume 82, Issue 44, 5 December 1932"</a>. Stanforddailyarchive.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stanforddailyarchive.com&rft.atitle=The+Stanford+Daily%2C+Volume+82%2C+Issue+44%2C+5+December+1932&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstanforddailyarchive.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Fstanford%3Fa%3Dd%26d%3Dstanford19321205-01.2.20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.criticalpast.com/video/65675056639_Soviet-Leader-Leon-Trotsky_Trotsky-with-dignitaries_Roman-civilization_Trotsky-in-exile">"Former Soviet leader Leon Trotsky, in exile visits ruins of ancient Roman sites with other dignitaries in Naples, Italy"</a>. Criticalpast.com. 1932.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Criticalpast.com&rft.atitle=Former+Soviet+leader+Leon+Trotsky%2C+in+exile+visits+ruins+of+ancient+Roman+sites+with+other+dignitaries+in+Naples%2C+Italy.&rft.date=1932&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.criticalpast.com%2Fvideo%2F65675056639_Soviet-Leader-Leon-Trotsky_Trotsky-with-dignitaries_Roman-civilization_Trotsky-in-exile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1932/11/radio.htm">"The Stalinists and Trotsky's Radio Speech to America"</a>. 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Yale University Press. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-06401-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-06401-8"><bdi>978-0-300-06401-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt32bw0h">j.ctt32bw0h</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+and+Terror+in+Stalin%27s+Russia%2C+1934%E2%80%931941&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt32bw0h%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-0-300-06401-8&rft.aulast=Thurston&rft.aufirst=Robert+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/broue/1980/01/bloc.html">"Pierre Broué: The "Bloc" of the Oppositions against Stalin (January 1980)"</a>. 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Retrieved 4 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Marxists.org&rft.atitle=Pierre+Brou%C3%A9%3A+The+%22Bloc%22+of+the+Oppositions+against+Stalin+%28January+1980%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Fbroue%2F1980%2F01%2Fbloc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Swain-207"><a href="#cite_ref-Swain_207-0">^</a> Geoffrey Swain, Trotsky (Taylor & Francis, 2014) p.199-202 </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> Oddvar Høidal, Trotsky in Norway: Exile, 1935–1937 </li> <li id="cite_note-author-209">^ <a href="#cite_ref-author_209-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-author_209-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-author_209-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-author_209-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-author_209-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-author_209-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-author_209-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-author_209-7">h</a> Oddvar Høidal's Trotsky in Norway: Exile, 1935–1937. </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-210">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_210-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_210-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1936/12/nor.htm">"Leon Trotsky in Norway (1936)"</a>. Marxists.org. January 1937. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161123230427/https://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1936/12/nor.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 23 November 2016. Retrieved 8 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Marxists.org&rft.atitle=Leon+Trotsky+in+Norway+%281936%29&rft.date=1937-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Ftrotsky%2F1936%2F12%2Fnor.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1936/12/nor.htm">"Leon Trotsky in Norway"</a>. Marxists.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180715072452/https://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1936/12/nor.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 15 July 2018. Retrieved 8 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Marxists.org&rft.atitle=Leon+Trotsky+in+Norway&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Ftrotsky%2F1936%2F12%2Fnor.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hurum-212"><a href="#cite_ref-Hurum_212-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130929072142/http://www.dagsavisen.no/fremtiden/en-sensasjonell-rettssak/">"En sensasjonell rettssak"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dagsavisen.no/fremtiden/en-sensasjonell-rettssak/">the original</a> on 29 September 2013. Retrieved 31 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=En+sensasjonell+rettssak&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dagsavisen.no%2Ffremtiden%2Fen-sensasjonell-rettssak%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1936/03/confession.htm">"The Moscow "Confessions""</a>. Marxists.org. 18 December 1936. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161123230450/https://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1936/03/confession.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 23 November 2016. Retrieved 6 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Marxists.org&rft.atitle=The+Moscow+%22Confessions%22&rft.date=1936-12-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Ftrotsky%2F1936%2F03%2Fconfession.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoods2003" class="citation web cs1">Woods, Alan (30 June 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxist.com/house-in-coyacan-reflections-trotsky.htm">"The House in Coyoacán – Reflection on Trotsky's last years"</a>. Marxist.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170110162137/https://www.marxist.com/house-in-coyacan-reflections-trotsky.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2017. Retrieved 10 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Marxist.com&rft.atitle=The+House+in+Coyoac%C3%A1n+%E2%80%93+Reflection+on+Trotsky%27s+last+years&rft.date=2003-06-30&rft.aulast=Woods&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxist.com%2Fhouse-in-coyacan-reflections-trotsky.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> Herrera, Hayden (1983). A Biography of Frida Kahlo. New York: HarperCollins. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0060085896" title="Special:BookSources/978-0060085896">978-0060085896</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Patenaude,_Bertrand-216">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Patenaude,_Bertrand_216-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Patenaude,_Bertrand_216-1">b</a> Patenaude, Bertrand M. (2009) Trotsky: Downfall of a Revolutionary New York: HarperCollins. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0060820688" title="Special:BookSources/978-0060820688">978-0060820688</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-kettenmann-217"><a href="#cite_ref-kettenmann_217-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKettenmann,_Andrea2003" class="citation book cs1">Kettenmann, Andrea (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s_ZdPsktyjEC&dq=%22Self-Portrait+Dedicated+to+Leon+Trotsky%22&pg=PA41">Frida Kahlo, 1907-1954: Pain and Passion</a>. Taschen. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783822859834" title="Special:BookSources/9783822859834"><bdi>9783822859834</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frida+Kahlo%2C+1907-1954%3A+Pain+and+Passion&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Taschen&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9783822859834&rft.au=Kettenmann%2C+Andrea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds_ZdPsktyjEC%26dq%3D%2522Self-Portrait%2BDedicated%2Bto%2BLeon%2BTrotsky%2522%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> Daniel Gaido, "Marxist Analyses of Stalinism", Science & Society 75/1 (Jan. 2011): 99–107. www.jstor.org/stable/25769086. </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spartacus-educational.com/USAcannonJ.htm">"James P. Cannon"</a>. Spartacus Educational. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181106053432/https://spartacus-educational.com/USAcannonJ.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 6 November 2018. Retrieved 6 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Spartacus+Educational&rft.atitle=James+P.+Cannon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspartacus-educational.com%2FUSAcannonJ.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> Chen, Duxiu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxistsfr.org/archive/chen-duxiu/1931/05/chinlo.htm">"The Unification of the Chinese Opposition"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171211053628/https://www.marxistsfr.org/archive/chen-duxiu/1931/05/chinlo.htm">Archived</a> 11 December 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Militant, 15 June 1931. </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> André Breton and Leon Trotsky, Manifesto for an Independent Revolutionary Art, 1938, in Free Rein, University of Nebraska Press, 1995. </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> Not Guilty; Report of the Commission of Inquiry into the Charges Made Against Leon Trotsky in the Moscow Trials, John Dewey, chairman, New York, London, Harper & brothers, 1938, xv, 422 pp. 2nd edition New York, Monad Press, distributed by Pathfinder Press 1973, c. 1972 xxiii. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorth2010viii-223"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorth2010viii_223-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNorth2010">North 2010</a>, p. viii. </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> Full text of ~ <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1937/09/life.htm">"I Stake My Life!"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101114233838/http://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1937/09/life.htm">Archived</a> 14 November 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – Leon Trotsky's telephone address to the N.Y. Hippodrome Meeting for the opening event of the <a href="/wiki/Dewey_Commission" title="Dewey Commission">Dewey Commission</a> on the Moscow Trial, delivered on 9 February 1937. </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/works/1930-ger/330715.htm">"Marxists.org"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051121162621/http://marxists.org/archive/trotsky/works/1930-ger/330715.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 21 November 2005. Retrieved 26 October 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Marxists.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Ftrotsky%2Fworks%2F1930-ger%2F330715.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> Leon Trotsky. To Build Communist Parties and an International Anew, 15 July 1933. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2003c482-227"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2003c482_227-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeutscher2003c">Deutscher 2003c</a>, p. 482. </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> Patenaude, Bertrand M. (2009) Trotsky: Downfall of a Revolutionary New York: HarperCollins; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0060820688" title="Special:BookSources/978-0060820688">978-0060820688</a>, pp. 171–73. </li> <li id="cite_note-Testament-229">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Testament_229-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Testament_229-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newyouth.com/content/view/169/68/">"Trotsky's Testament"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110724015711/http://www.newyouth.com/content/view/169/68/">Archived</a> 24 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (27 February 1940) Retrieved 12 June 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPavel_SudoplatovAnatoli_SudoplatovJerrold_L._SchecterLeona_P._Schecter1994" class="citation book cs1">Pavel Sudoplatov; Anatoli Sudoplatov; Jerrold L. Schecter; Leona P. Schecter (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/specialtasksmemo00sudo">Special Tasks: The Memoirs of an Unwanted Witness – A Soviet Spymaster</a>. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-316-77352-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-316-77352-2"><bdi>978-0-316-77352-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Special+Tasks%3A+The+Memoirs+of+an+Unwanted+Witness+%E2%80%93+A+Soviet+Spymaster&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+and+Company&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-316-77352-2&rft.au=Pavel+Sudoplatov&rft.au=Anatoli+Sudoplatov&rft.au=Jerrold+L.+Schecter&rft.au=Leona+P.+Schecter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fspecialtasksmemo00sudo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1940/05/25/archives/trotsky-injured-in-attack-on-home-leon-trotsky-and-home-in-mexico.html">"Trotsky Injured in Attack on Home; Leon Trotsky and Home in Mexico Where He Was Attacked"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. 25 May 1940. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180723214548/https://www.nytimes.com/1940/05/25/archives/trotsky-injured-in-attack-on-home-leon-trotsky-and-home-in-mexico.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 July 2018. Retrieved 23 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Trotsky+Injured+in+Attack+on+Home%3B+Leon+Trotsky+and+Home+in+Mexico+Where+He+Was+Attacked&rft.date=1940-05-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1940%2F05%2F25%2Farchives%2Ftrotsky-injured-in-attack-on-home-leon-trotsky-and-home-in-mexico.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2010485-232"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2010485_232-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFService2010">Service 2010</a>, p. 485. </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-19356256">Trotsky's grandson recalls ice pick killing</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180811142439/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-19356256">Archived</a> 11 August 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, BBC News, Mike Lanchin, 28 August 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1940/05/stalin.htm">"Leon Trotsky: Stalin Seeks My Death"</a>. Marxists.org. 8 June 1940. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161123231842/https://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1940/05/stalin.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 23 November 2016. Retrieved 4 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Marxists.org&rft.atitle=Leon+Trotsky%3A+Stalin+Seeks+My+Death&rft.date=1940-06-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Ftrotsky%2F1940%2F05%2Fstalin.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> Christopher Weaver, "The Assassination of Trotsky" History Today (Oct 1971), pp. 697–707 online. </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorgerTuckman2017" class="citation news cs1">Borger, Julian; Tuckman, Jo (13 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/sep/13/trotsky-ice-axe-murder-mexico-city">"Bloodstained ice axe used to kill Trotsky emerges after decades in the shadows"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. London. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. Retrieved 25 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Bloodstained+ice+axe+used+to+kill+Trotsky+emerges+after+decades+in+the+shadows&rft.date=2017-09-13&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Borger&rft.aufirst=Julian&rft.au=Tuckman%2C+Jo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2017%2Fsep%2F13%2Ftrotsky-ice-axe-murder-mexico-city&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsaac_Don_Levine1960" class="citation book cs1">Isaac Don Levine (1960). The Mind of an Assassin. New York: New American Library. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-20972-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-20972-3"><bdi>0-313-20972-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mind+of+an+Assassin&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=New+American+Library&rft.date=1960&rft.isbn=0-313-20972-3&rft.au=Isaac+Don+Levine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEConquest1992418-238"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConquest1992418_238-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFConquest1992">Conquest 1992</a>, p. 418. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESoto-Pérez-de-Celis2010-240">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoto-Pérez-de-Celis2010_240-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoto-Pérez-de-Celis2010_240-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSoto-Pérez-de-Celis2010">Soto-Pérez-de-Celis 2010</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1996466-241">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1996466_241-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1996466_241-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFVolkogonov1996">Volkogonov 1996</a>, p. 466. </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> Walsh, Lynn, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marxist.net/trotsky/life/life.htm">The Assassination of Trotsky</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040622084335/http://www.marxist.net/trotsky/life/life.htm">Archived</a> 22 June 2004 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Militant International Review, Summer 1980; retrieved 29 July 2007. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> Australian Associated Press, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://150.theage.com.au/view_bestofarticle.asp?straction=update&inttype=1&intid=1188">Death of Leon Trotsky</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070902183410/http://150.theage.com.au/view_bestofarticle.asp?straction=update&inttype=1&intid=1188">Archived</a> 2 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Age" title="The Age">The Age</a> 150th Anniversary edition reprint, 23 August 1940; retrieved 22 March 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oncubanews.com/en/world/ramon-mercader-mission-of-silence/">"Ramón Mercader, mission of silence"</a>. Oncubanews.com. 27 May 2019. Retrieved 29 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oncubanews.com&rft.atitle=Ram%C3%B3n+Mercader%2C+mission+of+silence&rft.date=2019-05-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foncubanews.com%2Fen%2Fworld%2Framon-mercader-mission-of-silence%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> Don Levine, Isaac (1960), The Mind of an Assassin, D1854 Signet Book, pp. 109–10, 173. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorth2010129-246"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorth2010129_246-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNorth2010">North 2010</a>, p. 129. </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahoney1998" class="citation book cs1">Mahoney, Harry Thayer (1998). The saga of Leon Trotsky: his clandestine operations and his assassination. San Francisco: Austin & Winfield. p. 452. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1572921242" title="Special:BookSources/1572921242"><bdi>1572921242</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+saga+of+Leon+Trotsky%3A+his+clandestine+operations+and+his+assassination&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pages=452&rft.pub=Austin+%26+Winfield&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=1572921242&rft.aulast=Mahoney&rft.aufirst=Harry+Thayer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarza1986" class="citation book cs1">Garza, Hedda (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Sk0jAQAAIAAJ&q=leon+trotsky+300+000+people+funeral">Leon Trotsky</a>. Chelsea House. p. 106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87754-444-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87754-444-9"><bdi>978-0-87754-444-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leon+Trotsky&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=Chelsea+House&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-87754-444-9&rft.aulast=Garza&rft.aufirst=Hedda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSk0jAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dleon%2Btrotsky%2B300%2B000%2Bpeople%2Bfuneral&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEService20091–10-249">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService20091–10_249-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService20091–10_249-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService20091–10_249-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService20091–10_249-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService20091–10_249-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService20091–10_249-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFService2009">Service 2009</a>, pp. 1–10. </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTraugott2010" class="citation book cs1">Traugott, Mark (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yRXPdH7IZjEC&dq=trotsky+preeminent+theoretician&pg=PT299">The Insurgent Barricade</a>. University of California Press. p. Chapter 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-26632-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-26632-2"><bdi>978-0-520-26632-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Insurgent+Barricade&rft.pages=Chapter+7&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-520-26632-2&rft.aulast=Traugott&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyRXPdH7IZjEC%26dq%3Dtrotsky%2Bpreeminent%2Btheoretician%26pg%3DPT299&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKort2010" class="citation book cs1">Kort, Michael (2010). The Soviet colossus: history and aftermath (7th ed.). Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe. p. 176. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0765623867" title="Special:BookSources/978-0765623867"><bdi>978-0765623867</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Soviet+colossus%3A+history+and+aftermath&rft.place=Armonk%2C+N.Y.&rft.pages=176&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=M.+E.+Sharpe&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0765623867&rft.aulast=Kort&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1996185-252"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1996185_252-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVolkogonov1996">Volkogonov 1996</a>, p. 185. </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoughFainsod1979" class="citation book cs1">Hough, Jerry F.; Fainsod, Merle (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=38gMzMRXCpQC&pg=PA125">How the Soviet Union is Governed</a>. Harvard University Press. p. 125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-41030-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-41030-5"><bdi>978-0-674-41030-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+the+Soviet+Union+is+Governed&rft.pages=125&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-674-41030-5&rft.aulast=Hough&rft.aufirst=Jerry+F.&rft.au=Fainsod%2C+Merle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D38gMzMRXCpQC%26pg%3DPA125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeutscher1965" class="citation book cs1">Deutscher, Isaac (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/prophetunarmed00isaa/page/468/mode/2up">The prophet unarmed: Trotsky, 1921–1929</a>. New York, Vintage Books. p. 468. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-70747-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-70747-1"><bdi>978-0-394-70747-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+prophet+unarmed%3A+Trotsky%2C+1921%E2%80%931929&rft.pages=468&rft.pub=New+York%2C+Vintage+Books&rft.date=1965&rft.isbn=978-0-394-70747-1&rft.aulast=Deutscher&rft.aufirst=Isaac&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprophetunarmed00isaa%2Fpage%2F468%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEngelstein2018" class="citation book cs1">Engelstein, Laura (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zlsvDwAAQBAJ&dq=trotsky+second+in+command+lenin&pg=PA388">Russia in Flames: War, Revolution, Civil War, 1914–1921</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 388. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-979421-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-979421-8"><bdi>978-0-19-979421-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia+in+Flames%3A+War%2C+Revolution%2C+Civil+War%2C+1914%E2%80%931921&rft.pages=388&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-19-979421-8&rft.aulast=Engelstein&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzlsvDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dtrotsky%2Bsecond%2Bin%2Bcommand%2Blenin%26pg%3DPA388&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMandel1995156-256"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMandel1995156_256-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMandel1995">Mandel 1995</a>, p. 156. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMandel1995155–156-257"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMandel1995155–156_257-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMandel1995">Mandel 1995</a>, pp. 155–156. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMandel1995165–166-258">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMandel1995165–166_258-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMandel1995165–166_258-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMandel1995165–166_258-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMandel1995">Mandel 1995</a>, pp. 165–166. </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontefiore2010" class="citation book cs1">Montefiore, Simon Sebag (3 June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7kZNnKlKNp4C">Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar</a>. Orion. p. Introduction (List of Characters). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-86385-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-297-86385-4"><bdi>978-0-297-86385-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalin%3A+The+Court+of+the+Red+Tsar&rft.pages=Introduction+%28List+of+Characters%29&rft.pub=Orion&rft.date=2010-06-03&rft.isbn=978-0-297-86385-4&rft.aulast=Montefiore&rft.aufirst=Simon+Sebag&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7kZNnKlKNp4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1996xxxi-260"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1996xxxi_260-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVolkogonov1996">Volkogonov 1996</a>, p. xxxi. </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVolkogonov2000" class="citation book cs1">Volkogonov, Dmitri (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7CQ3QAAACAAJ">Stalin: Triumph and Tragedy</a>. Phoenix. p. 228. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84212-026-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84212-026-2"><bdi>978-1-84212-026-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalin%3A+Triumph+and+Tragedy&rft.pages=228&rft.pub=Phoenix&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-84212-026-2&rft.aulast=Volkogonov&rft.aufirst=Dmitri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7CQ3QAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2009200–201-262"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2009200–201_262-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFService2009">Service 2009</a>, pp. 200–201. </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAugust_Nimtz._Krieger,_Joel_(ed).2013" class="citation book cs1">August Nimtz. Krieger, Joel (ed). (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r-dMAgAAQBAJ&dq=trotsky+foresight+soviet+collapse&pg=RA1-PA74">The Oxford Companion to Comparative Politics</a>. OUP USA. p. 74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973859-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973859-5"><bdi>978-0-19-973859-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Comparative+Politics&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=OUP+USA&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-973859-5&rft.au=August+Nimtz.+Krieger%2C+Joel+%28ed%29.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr-dMAgAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dtrotsky%2Bforesight%2Bsoviet%2Bcollapse%26pg%3DRA1-PA74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2015a886–887-264"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2015a886–887_264-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeutscher2015a">Deutscher 2015a</a>, pp. 886–887. </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> "Trotsky...maintained during the period of Hitler's rise to power so persistent and, for the most part, so prescient a commentary on the course of events in Germany as to deserve record".<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarr1986" class="citation book cs1">Carr, Edward Hallett (1986). The twilight of Comintern 1930–1935. Macmillan. p. 433. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-40455-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-40455-3"><bdi>978-0-333-40455-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+twilight+of+Comintern+1930%E2%80%931935&rft.pages=433&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-333-40455-3&rft.aulast=Carr&rft.aufirst=Edward+Hallett&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2002" class="citation book cs1">Martin, James (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1RWFNQ4E_ekC&dq=Trotsky+Spanish+civil+war+tactics&pg=PT10">Antonio Gramsci: Marxism, philosophy and politics</a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 398. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-21749-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-21749-1"><bdi>978-0-415-21749-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antonio+Gramsci%3A+Marxism%2C+philosophy+and+politics&rft.pages=398&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-415-21749-1&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1RWFNQ4E_ekC%26dq%3DTrotsky%2BSpanish%2Bcivil%2Bwar%2Btactics%26pg%3DPT10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeutscher1954" class="citation book cs1">Deutscher, Isaac (1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/prophetarmedtrot01deut/page/522/mode/2up?q=uncanny+clear+sightedness">The prophet armed: Trotsky, 1879–1921</a>. New York, Oxford University Press. p. 522.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+prophet+armed%3A+Trotsky%2C+1879%E2%80%931921&rft.pages=522&rft.pub=New+York%2C+Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1954&rft.aulast=Deutscher&rft.aufirst=Isaac&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprophetarmedtrot01deut%2Fpage%2F522%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fq%3Duncanny%2Bclear%2Bsightedness&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTraverso2021" class="citation book cs1">Traverso, Enzo (19 October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=de1DEAAAQBAJ">Revolution: An Intellectual History</a>. Verso Books. p. 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-83976-333-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-83976-333-5"><bdi>978-1-83976-333-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolution%3A+An+Intellectual+History&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=Verso+Books&rft.date=2021-10-19&rft.isbn=978-1-83976-333-5&rft.aulast=Traverso&rft.aufirst=Enzo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dde1DEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRees1998" class="citation journal cs1">Rees, John (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.4324/9780203983171-12/trotsky-dialectic-history-john-rees">"Trotsky and the Dialectic of History"</a>. The Algebra of Revolution. Routledge: 263–290. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780203983171-12">10.4324/9780203983171-12</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780203983171" title="Special:BookSources/9780203983171"><bdi>9780203983171</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Algebra+of+Revolution&rft.atitle=Trotsky+and+the+Dialectic+of+History&rft.pages=263-290&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780203983171-12&rft.isbn=9780203983171&rft.aulast=Rees&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taylorfrancis.com%2Fchapters%2Fmono%2F10.4324%2F9780203983171-12%2Ftrotsky-dialectic-history-john-rees&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackledge2006" class="citation journal cs1">Blackledge, Paul (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20099925">"Leon Trotsky's Contribution to the Marxist Theory of History"</a>. Studies in East European Thought. 58 (1): 1–31. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11212-005-3677-z">10.1007/s11212-005-3677-z</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20099925">20099925</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85504744">85504744</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+East+European+Thought&rft.atitle=Leon+Trotsky%27s+Contribution+to+the+Marxist+Theory+of+History&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-31&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A85504744%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20099925%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11212-005-3677-z&rft.aulast=Blackledge&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20099925&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFiges1997" class="citation book cs1">Figes, Orlando (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/peoplestragedyhi00fige/page/794/mode/2up">A people's tragedy: a history of the Russian Revolution</a>. New York, NY: Viking. p. 795. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-85916-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-85916-0"><bdi>978-0-670-85916-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+people%27s+tragedy%3A+a+history+of+the+Russian+Revolution&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=795&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-670-85916-0&rft.aulast=Figes&rft.aufirst=Orlando&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpeoplestragedyhi00fige%2Fpage%2F794%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuldakov1992" class="citation book cs1">Buldakov, Vladimir (1992). Trotsky: October and its perspective in the Trotsky reappraisal. Brotherstone, Terence; Dukes, Paul,(eds). Edinburgh University Press. p. 102. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-0317-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-0317-6"><bdi>978-0-7486-0317-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trotsky%3A+October+and+its+perspective+in+the+Trotsky+reappraisal.+Brotherstone%2C+Terence%3B+Dukes%2C+Paul%2C%28eds%29&rft.pages=102&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-0317-6&rft.aulast=Buldakov&rft.aufirst=Vladimir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMandel1995168–169-273"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMandel1995168–169_273-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMandel1995">Mandel 1995</a>, pp. 168–169. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2003a152-274"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2003a152_274-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeutscher2003a">Deutscher 2003a</a>, p. 152. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2009327-275"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2009327_275-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFService2009">Service 2009</a>, p. 327. </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeijenoort1978" class="citation book cs1">Heijenoort, Jean Van (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U81oAAAAMAAJ&q=With+Trotsky+in+Exile:+From+Prinkipo+to+Coyoac%C3%A1n">With Trotsky in Exile: From Prinkipo to Coyoacán</a>. Harvard University Press. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-80255-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-80255-1"><bdi>978-0-674-80255-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=With+Trotsky+in+Exile%3A+From+Prinkipo+to+Coyoac%C3%A1n&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-674-80255-1&rft.aulast=Heijenoort&rft.aufirst=Jean+Van&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU81oAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DWith%2BTrotsky%2Bin%2BExile%3A%2BFrom%2BPrinkipo%2Bto%2BCoyoac%25C3%25A1n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-277"><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLunacharsky1968" class="citation book cs1">Lunacharsky, Anatoly Vasilievich (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ptRoAAAAMAAJ">Revolutionary Silhouettes</a>. Hill and Wang. p. 61.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolutionary+Silhouettes&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=Hill+and+Wang&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Lunacharsky&rft.aufirst=Anatoly+Vasilievich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DptRoAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2022" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, Geoffrey (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A96MzgEACAAJ">Stalin's Library: A Dictator and His Books</a>. Yale University Press. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-17904-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-17904-0"><bdi>978-0-300-17904-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalin%27s+Library%3A+A+Dictator+and+His+Books&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0-300-17904-0&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA96MzgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-279"><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlack1970" class="citation book cs1">Black, Robert (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ofAEAQAAIAAJ&q=stalin+All+practical+work+in+connection+with+the+organization+of+the+uprising+was+done+under+the+immediate+direction+of+Comrade+Trotsky+,+the+President+of+the+Petrograd+Soviet+.+It+can+be+stated+with+certainty+that+the+Party+is+indebted">Stalinism in Britain</a>. New Park Publications. p. 422. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-902030-02-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-902030-02-2"><bdi>978-0-902030-02-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalinism+in+Britain&rft.pages=422&rft.pub=New+Park+Publications&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-902030-02-2&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DofAEAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dstalin%2BAll%2Bpractical%2Bwork%2Bin%2Bconnection%2Bwith%2Bthe%2Borganization%2Bof%2Bthe%2Buprising%2Bwas%2Bdone%2Bunder%2Bthe%2Bimmediate%2Bdirection%2Bof%2BComrade%2BTrotsky%2B%2C%2Bthe%2BPresident%2Bof%2Bthe%2BPetrograd%2BSoviet%2B.%2BIt%2Bcan%2Bbe%2Bstated%2Bwith%2Bcertainty%2Bthat%2Bthe%2BParty%2Bis%2Bindebted&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-280"><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarriott2011" class="citation book cs1">Marriott, Emma (30 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UivdAgAAQBAJ&dq=%22All+practical+work+in+connection+with+the+organization+of+the+uprising+was+done+under+the+immediate+direction+of+Comrade+Trotsky,+the+president+of+the+Petrograd+Soviet.+It+can+be+stated+with+certainty+that+the+Party+is+indebted+primarily+and+principally+to+Comrade+Trotsky+for+the+rapid+going+over+of+the+garrison+to+the+side+of+the+Soviet+and+the+efficient+manner+in+which+the+work+of+the+Military-Revolutionary+Committee+was+organized.+The+principal+assistants+of+Comrade+Trotsky+were+Comrades+Antonov+and+Podvoisky.%22&pg=PT32">Bad History: How We Got the Past Wrong</a>. Michael O'Mara Books. pp. 50–100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84317-777-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84317-777-7"><bdi>978-1-84317-777-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bad+History%3A+How+We+Got+the+Past+Wrong&rft.pages=50-100&rft.pub=Michael+O%27Mara+Books&rft.date=2011-09-30&rft.isbn=978-1-84317-777-7&rft.aulast=Marriott&rft.aufirst=Emma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUivdAgAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522All%2Bpractical%2Bwork%2Bin%2Bconnection%2Bwith%2Bthe%2Borganization%2Bof%2Bthe%2Buprising%2Bwas%2Bdone%2Bunder%2Bthe%2Bimmediate%2Bdirection%2Bof%2BComrade%2BTrotsky%2C%2Bthe%2Bpresident%2Bof%2Bthe%2BPetrograd%2BSoviet.%2BIt%2Bcan%2Bbe%2Bstated%2Bwith%2Bcertainty%2Bthat%2Bthe%2BParty%2Bis%2Bindebted%2Bprimarily%2Band%2Bprincipally%2Bto%2BComrade%2BTrotsky%2Bfor%2Bthe%2Brapid%2Bgoing%2Bover%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bgarrison%2Bto%2Bthe%2Bside%2Bof%2Bthe%2BSoviet%2Band%2Bthe%2Befficient%2Bmanner%2Bin%2Bwhich%2Bthe%2Bwork%2Bof%2Bthe%2BMilitary-Revolutionary%2BCommittee%2Bwas%2Borganized.%2BThe%2Bprincipal%2Bassistants%2Bof%2BComrade%2BTrotsky%2Bwere%2BComrades%2BAntonov%2Band%2BPodvoisky.%2522%26pg%3DPT32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStalin" class="citation web cs1">Stalin, Joseph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1918/11/06.htm">"Telegram to V. I. Lenin (1917)"</a>. www.marxists.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.marxists.org&rft.atitle=Telegram+to+V.+I.+Lenin+%281917%29&rft.aulast=Stalin&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Freference%2Farchive%2Fstalin%2Fworks%2F1918%2F11%2F06.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-282"><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrotherstoneDukes1992" class="citation book cs1">Brotherstone, Terence; Dukes, Paul, eds. (1992). The Trotsky reappraisal. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-0317-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-0317-6"><bdi>978-0-7486-0317-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Trotsky+reappraisal&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-0317-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2009200-283"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2009200_283-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFService2009">Service 2009</a>, p. 200. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2009200–205-284"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2009200–205_284-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFService2009">Service 2009</a>, pp. 200–205. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1996xxx-285"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1996xxx_285-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVolkogonov1996">Volkogonov 1996</a>, p. xxx. </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeutscher2003" class="citation book cs1">Deutscher, Isaac (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v_1G3ddOoYsC&dq=Politically,+Trotsky,+as+the+records+and+memoirs+of+participants+testify,+was+the+Soviet%27s+moving+spirit.+On+major+occasions+he+spoke+for+both+...+He+wrote+most+of+the+Soviet%27s+manifestoes+and+resolutions,+and+edited+its+Izvestya.&pg=PA109">The Prophet Armed: Trotsky, 1879–1921</a>. Verso. pp. 109, 472. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85984-441-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85984-441-0"><bdi>978-1-85984-441-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prophet+Armed%3A+Trotsky%2C+1879%E2%80%931921&rft.pages=109%2C+472&rft.pub=Verso&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-85984-441-0&rft.aulast=Deutscher&rft.aufirst=Isaac&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv_1G3ddOoYsC%26dq%3DPolitically%2C%2BTrotsky%2C%2Bas%2Bthe%2Brecords%2Band%2Bmemoirs%2Bof%2Bparticipants%2Btestify%2C%2Bwas%2Bthe%2BSoviet%2527s%2Bmoving%2Bspirit.%2BOn%2Bmajor%2Boccasions%2Bhe%2Bspoke%2Bfor%2Bboth%2B...%2BHe%2Bwrote%2Bmost%2Bof%2Bthe%2BSoviet%2527s%2Bmanifestoes%2Band%2Bresolutions%2C%2Band%2Bedited%2Bits%2BIzvestya.%26pg%3DPA109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMandel199522-287">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMandel199522_287-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMandel199522_287-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMandel1995">Mandel 1995</a>, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternationale2011" class="citation book cs1">Internationale, Communistische (14 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7DyMvRDP6jQC&q=Zinoviev+Trotsky+communist+international">Toward the United Front: Proceedings of the Fourth Congress of the Communist International, 1922</a>. BRILL. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-20778-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-20778-3"><bdi>978-90-04-20778-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Toward+the+United+Front%3A+Proceedings+of+the+Fourth+Congress+of+the+Communist+International%2C+1922&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2011-10-14&rft.isbn=978-90-04-20778-3&rft.aulast=Internationale&rft.aufirst=Communistische&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7DyMvRDP6jQC%26q%3DZinoviev%2BTrotsky%2Bcommunist%2Binternational&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-289"><a href="#cite_ref-289">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerson2013" class="citation book cs1">Gerson, Lennard (1 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pHUzDwAAQBAJ&dq=trotsky+comintern+executive+committee&pg=PT248">Lenin and the Twentieth Century: A Bertram D. Wolfe Retrospective</a>. Hoover Press. pp. 50–216. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8179-7933-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8179-7933-1"><bdi>978-0-8179-7933-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lenin+and+the+Twentieth+Century%3A+A+Bertram+D.+Wolfe+Retrospective&rft.pages=50-216&rft.pub=Hoover+Press&rft.date=2013-09-01&rft.isbn=978-0-8179-7933-1&rft.aulast=Gerson&rft.aufirst=Lennard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpHUzDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dtrotsky%2Bcomintern%2Bexecutive%2Bcommittee%26pg%3DPT248&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERenton20046-290"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERenton20046_290-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRenton2004">Renton 2004</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEService201094-291"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService201094_291-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFService2010">Service 2010</a>, p. 94. </li> <li id="cite_note-292"><a href="#cite_ref-292">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeywoodSmele2013" class="citation book cs1">Heywood, Anthony J.; Smele, Jonathan D. (3 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M9QqBgAAQBAJ&dq=trotsky+journalism+circulation&pg=PA245">The Russian Revolution of 1905: Centenary Perspectives</a>. Routledge. p. 245. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-25330-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-25330-2"><bdi>978-1-134-25330-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Russian+Revolution+of+1905%3A+Centenary+Perspectives&rft.pages=245&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-04-03&rft.isbn=978-1-134-25330-2&rft.aulast=Heywood&rft.aufirst=Anthony+J.&rft.au=Smele%2C+Jonathan+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM9QqBgAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dtrotsky%2Bjournalism%2Bcirculation%26pg%3DPA245&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniels1993945–946-293">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaniels1993945–946_293-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaniels1993945–946_293-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDaniels1993">Daniels 1993</a>, pp. 945–946. </li> <li id="cite_note-294"><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrenton2015" class="citation book cs1">Trenton, Russell (15 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uS82CgAAQBAJ&dq=Had+Trotsky+won+the+struggle+to+succeed+Lenin,+the+character+of+the+Soviet+regime+would+almost+certainly+have+been+substantially+different,+particularly+in+foreign+policy,+cultural+policy,+and+the+extent+of+terroristic+repression.+Trotsky%E2%80%99s+failure,+however,+seems+to+have+been+almost+inevitable,+considering+his+own+qualities+and+the+conditions+of+authoritarian+rule+by+the+Communist+Party+organization.&pg=PA93">The Russian Revolution: The Fall of the Tsars and the Rise of Communism</a>. Encyclopaedia Britannica. pp. 92–93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-68048-034-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-68048-034-4"><bdi>978-1-68048-034-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Russian+Revolution%3A+The+Fall+of+the+Tsars+and+the+Rise+of+Communism&rft.pages=92-93&rft.pub=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft.date=2015-07-15&rft.isbn=978-1-68048-034-4&rft.aulast=Trenton&rft.aufirst=Russell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuS82CgAAQBAJ%26dq%3DHad%2BTrotsky%2Bwon%2Bthe%2Bstruggle%2Bto%2Bsucceed%2BLenin%2C%2Bthe%2Bcharacter%2Bof%2Bthe%2BSoviet%2Bregime%2Bwould%2Balmost%2Bcertainly%2Bhave%2Bbeen%2Bsubstantially%2Bdifferent%2C%2Bparticularly%2Bin%2Bforeign%2Bpolicy%2C%2Bcultural%2Bpolicy%2C%2Band%2Bthe%2Bextent%2Bof%2Bterroristic%2Brepression.%2BTrotsky%25E2%2580%2599s%2Bfailure%2C%2Bhowever%2C%2Bseems%2Bto%2Bhave%2Bbeen%2Balmost%2Binevitable%2C%2Bconsidering%2Bhis%2Bown%2Bqualities%2Band%2Bthe%2Bconditions%2Bof%2Bauthoritarian%2Brule%2Bby%2Bthe%2BCommunist%2BParty%2Borganization.%26pg%3DPA93&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEService20103-295"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService20103_295-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFService2010">Service 2010</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-296"><a href="#cite_ref-296">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitzpatrick2010" class="citation journal cs1">Fitzpatrick, Sheila (22 April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v32/n08/sheila-fitzpatrick/the-old-man">"The Old Man"</a>. London Review of Books. 32 (8).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=London+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=The+Old+Man&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=8&rft.date=2010-04-22&rft.aulast=Fitzpatrick&rft.aufirst=Sheila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lrb.co.uk%2Fthe-paper%2Fv32%2Fn08%2Fsheila-fitzpatrick%2Fthe-old-man&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-297"><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorth1998" class="citation book cs1">North, David (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w9MjEMTw_oUC&dq=trotsky+hitler+invasion&pg=PA45">Leon Trotsky and the Fate of Socialism in the 20th Century: A Reply to Professor Eric Hobsbawm</a>. Mehring Books. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-875639-22-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-875639-22-9"><bdi>978-1-875639-22-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leon+Trotsky+and+the+Fate+of+Socialism+in+the+20th+Century%3A+A+Reply+to+Professor+Eric+Hobsbawm&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Mehring+Books&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-875639-22-9&rft.aulast=North&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw9MjEMTw_oUC%26dq%3Dtrotsky%2Bhitler%2Binvasion%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwain2014a118-298"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwain2014a118_298-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSwain2014a">Swain 2014a</a>, p. 118. </li> <li id="cite_note-299"><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeilharz2019" class="citation book cs1">Beilharz, Peter (19 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Lfe-DwAAQBAJ&dq=trotsky+widely+acknowledged+collectivisation&pg=PT196">Trotsky, Trotskyism and the Transition to Socialism</a>. Routledge. pp. 1–206. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-70651-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-70651-2"><bdi>978-1-000-70651-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trotsky%2C+Trotskyism+and+the+Transition+to+Socialism&rft.pages=1-206&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019-11-19&rft.isbn=978-1-000-70651-2&rft.aulast=Beilharz&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLfe-DwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dtrotsky%2Bwidely%2Backnowledged%2Bcollectivisation%26pg%3DPT196&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-300"><a href="#cite_ref-300">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubenstein2011" class="citation book cs1">Rubenstein, Joshua (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/leontrotskyrevol0000rube/page/160/mode/2up?q=forced+collectivization">Leon Trotsky : a revolutionary's life</a>. New Haven : Yale University Press. p. 161. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-13724-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-13724-8"><bdi>978-0-300-13724-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leon+Trotsky+%3A+a+revolutionary%27s+life&rft.pages=161&rft.pub=New+Haven+%3A+Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-300-13724-8&rft.aulast=Rubenstein&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fleontrotskyrevol0000rube%2Fpage%2F160%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fq%3Dforced%2Bcollectivization&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-301"><a href="#cite_ref-301">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrackman2004" class="citation book cs1">Brackman, Roman (23 November 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PY2RAgAAQBAJ&dq=stalin+trotsky+military+specialist&pg=PA129">The Secret File of Joseph Stalin: A Hidden Life</a>. Routledge. p. 129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-75840-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-75840-0"><bdi>978-1-135-75840-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Secret+File+of+Joseph+Stalin%3A+A+Hidden+Life&rft.pages=129&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004-11-23&rft.isbn=978-1-135-75840-0&rft.aulast=Brackman&rft.aufirst=Roman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPY2RAgAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dstalin%2Btrotsky%2Bmilitary%2Bspecialist%26pg%3DPA129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-302"><a href="#cite_ref-302">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeutscher1959" class="citation book cs1">Deutscher, Isaac (1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/prophetunarmedtr0000unse/page/76/mode/1up?q=Tsaritsyn+battles+">The prophet unarmed: Trotsky, 1921–1929</a>. London; New York: Oxford University Press. p. 76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-501094-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-501094-7"><bdi>978-0-19-501094-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+prophet+unarmed%3A+Trotsky%2C+1921%E2%80%931929&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1959&rft.isbn=978-0-19-501094-7&rft.aulast=Deutscher&rft.aufirst=Isaac&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprophetunarmedtr0000unse%2Fpage%2F76%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fq%3DTsaritsyn%2Bbattles%2B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-303"><a href="#cite_ref-303">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDziewanowski2003" class="citation book cs1">Dziewanowski, M. K. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/russiaintwentiet0000dzie/page/157/mode/1up?view=theater&q=befell+">Russia in the twentieth century</a>. Upper Saddle River, N.J. : Prentice Hall. p. 157. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-097852-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-097852-3"><bdi>978-0-13-097852-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia+in+the+twentieth+century&rft.pages=157&rft.pub=Upper+Saddle+River%2C+N.J.+%3A+Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-13-097852-3&rft.aulast=Dziewanowski&rft.aufirst=M.+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frussiaintwentiet0000dzie%2Fpage%2F157%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fview%3Dtheater%26q%3Dbefell%2B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-304"><a href="#cite_ref-304">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrackman2004" class="citation book cs1">Brackman, Roman (23 November 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PY2RAgAAQBAJ&dq=trotsky+stalin+battle+of+warsaw&pg=PA135">The Secret File of Joseph Stalin: A Hidden Life</a>. Routledge. p. 135. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-75840-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-75840-0"><bdi>978-1-135-75840-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Secret+File+of+Joseph+Stalin%3A+A+Hidden+Life&rft.pages=135&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004-11-23&rft.isbn=978-1-135-75840-0&rft.aulast=Brackman&rft.aufirst=Roman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPY2RAgAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dtrotsky%2Bstalin%2Bbattle%2Bof%2Bwarsaw%26pg%3DPA135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-305"><a href="#cite_ref-305">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBazhanovDoyle1990" class="citation book cs1">Bazhanov, Boris; Doyle, David W. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0_ANAQAAMAAJ">Bazhanov and the Damnation of Stalin</a>. Ohio University Press. p. 59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8214-0948-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8214-0948-0"><bdi>978-0-8214-0948-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bazhanov+and+the+Damnation+of+Stalin&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=Ohio+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-8214-0948-0&rft.aulast=Bazhanov&rft.aufirst=Boris&rft.au=Doyle%2C+David+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0_ANAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-306"><a href="#cite_ref-306">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogovin2021" class="citation book cs1">Rogovin, Vadim Zakharovich (2021). Was There an Alternative? Trotskyism: a Look Back Through the Years. Mehring Books. pp. 440–441. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-893638-97-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-893638-97-6"><bdi>978-1-893638-97-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Was+There+an+Alternative%3F+Trotskyism%3A+a+Look+Back+Through+the+Years&rft.pages=440-441&rft.pub=Mehring+Books&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-893638-97-6&rft.aulast=Rogovin&rft.aufirst=Vadim+Zakharovich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMccauley201459-307">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMccauley201459_307-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMccauley201459_307-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMccauley2014">Mccauley 2014</a>, p. 59. </li> <li id="cite_note-308"><a href="#cite_ref-308">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagill2013" class="citation book cs1">Magill, Frank N. (13 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xqvpudh8dasC&dq=trotsky+lacked+political&pg=PA3728">The 20th Century O–Z: Dictionary of World Biography</a>. Routledge. p. 3728. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-59369-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-59369-7"><bdi>978-1-136-59369-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+20th+Century+O%E2%80%93Z%3A+Dictionary+of+World+Biography&rft.pages=3728&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-05-13&rft.isbn=978-1-136-59369-7&rft.aulast=Magill&rft.aufirst=Frank+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dxqvpudh8dasC%26dq%3Dtrotsky%2Blacked%2Bpolitical%26pg%3DPA3728&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-309"><a href="#cite_ref-309">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatenaude2017" class="citation book cs1">Patenaude, Betrand (21 September 2017). "Trotsky and Trotskyism" in The Cambridge History of Communism: Volume 1, World Revolution and Socialism in One Country 1917–1941. Cambridge University Press. p. 199. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-21041-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-21041-6"><bdi>978-1-108-21041-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Trotsky+and+Trotskyism%22+in+The+Cambridge+History+of+Communism%3A+Volume+1%2C+World+Revolution+and+Socialism+in+One+Country+1917%E2%80%931941&rft.pages=199&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017-09-21&rft.isbn=978-1-108-21041-6&rft.aulast=Patenaude&rft.aufirst=Betrand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-310"><a href="#cite_ref-310">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenez1999" class="citation book cs1">Kenez, Peter (13 March 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aIY9qb6iIEcC&dq=lenin+testament+collective+leadership+trotsky&pg=PA77">A History of the Soviet Union from the Beginning to the End</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-31198-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-31198-4"><bdi>978-0-521-31198-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Soviet+Union+from+the+Beginning+to+the+End&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999-03-13&rft.isbn=978-0-521-31198-4&rft.aulast=Kenez&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaIY9qb6iIEcC%26dq%3Dlenin%2Btestament%2Bcollective%2Bleadership%2Btrotsky%26pg%3DPA77&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-311"><a href="#cite_ref-311">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeutscher2003" class="citation book cs1">Deutscher, Isaac (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6JfWUSEacRgC&dq=he+underrated+once+again+Stalin%27s+cunning%2C+tenacity&pg=PA249">The Prophet Outcast: Trotsky 1929–1940</a>. Verso. p. 249. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85984-451-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85984-451-9"><bdi>978-1-85984-451-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prophet+Outcast%3A+Trotsky+1929%E2%80%931940&rft.pages=249&rft.pub=Verso&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-85984-451-9&rft.aulast=Deutscher&rft.aufirst=Isaac&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6JfWUSEacRgC%26dq%3Dhe%2Bunderrated%2Bonce%2Bagain%2BStalin%2527s%2Bcunning%252C%2Btenacity%26pg%3DPA249&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-312"><a href="#cite_ref-312">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDay1973" class="citation book cs1">Day, Richard B. (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cGx-pzsksksC&dq=trotsky+succession+votes&pg=PA77">Leon Trotsky and the Politics of Economic Isolation</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52436-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52436-0"><bdi>978-0-521-52436-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leon+Trotsky+and+the+Politics+of+Economic+Isolation&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-521-52436-0&rft.aulast=Day&rft.aufirst=Richard+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcGx-pzsksksC%26dq%3Dtrotsky%2Bsuccession%2Bvotes%26pg%3DPA77&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2015a1192–1193-313"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2015a1192–1193_313-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeutscher2015a">Deutscher 2015a</a>, pp. 1192–1193. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiges2017794-314"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFiges2017794_314-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFiges2017">Figes 2017</a>, p. 794. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubenstein2011126-315"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubenstein2011126_315-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRubenstein2011">Rubenstein 2011</a>, p. 126. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1996284-316"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1996284_316-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVolkogonov1996">Volkogonov 1996</a>, p. 284. </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Trotsky_reappraisal-317">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Trotsky_reappraisal_317-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Trotsky_reappraisal_317-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrotherstoneDukes1992" class="citation book cs1">Brotherstone, Terence; Dukes, Paul, eds. (1992). The Trotsky reappraisal. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-0317-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-0317-6"><bdi>978-0-7486-0317-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Trotsky+reappraisal&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-0317-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-318"><a href="#cite_ref-318">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrotsky1991" class="citation book cs1">Trotsky, Leon (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hiCYS9Z3lDoC&q=trotsky+defeat+bureaucracy">The Revolution Betrayed: What is the Soviet Union and where is it Going?</a>. Mehring Books. pp. 85–98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-929087-48-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-929087-48-1"><bdi>978-0-929087-48-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Revolution+Betrayed%3A+What+is+the+Soviet+Union+and+where+is+it+Going%3F&rft.pages=85-98&rft.pub=Mehring+Books&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-929087-48-1&rft.aulast=Trotsky&rft.aufirst=Leon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhiCYS9Z3lDoC%26q%3Dtrotsky%2Bdefeat%2Bbureaucracy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-319"><a href="#cite_ref-319">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogovin2021" class="citation book cs1">Rogovin, Vadim Zakharovich (2021). Was There an Alternative? Trotskyism: a Look Back Through the Years. Mehring Books. p. 381. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-893638-97-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-893638-97-6"><bdi>978-1-893638-97-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Was+There+an+Alternative%3F+Trotskyism%3A+a+Look+Back+Through+the+Years&rft.pages=381&rft.pub=Mehring+Books&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-893638-97-6&rft.aulast=Rogovin&rft.aufirst=Vadim+Zakharovich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yale_University_Press-320">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yale_University_Press_320-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yale_University_Press_320-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniels2008" class="citation book cs1">Daniels, Robert V. (1 October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=27JGzAoMLjoC">The Rise and Fall of Communism in Russia</a>. Yale University Press. p. 195. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-13493-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-13493-3"><bdi>978-0-300-13493-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+Communism+in+Russia&rft.pages=195&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2008-10-01&rft.isbn=978-0-300-13493-3&rft.aulast=Daniels&rft.aufirst=Robert+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D27JGzAoMLjoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwain2014b1–10North201052–90-321"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwain2014b1–10North201052–90_321-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSwain2014b">Swain 2014b</a>, pp. 1–10; <a href="#CITEREFNorth2010">North 2010</a>, pp. 52–90. </li> <li id="cite_note-Palgrave_Handbook-322">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Palgrave_Handbook_322-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Palgrave_Handbook_322-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRockmoreLevine2018" class="citation book cs1">Rockmore, Tom; Levine, Norman (19 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0nWADwAAQBAJ">The Palgrave Handbook of Leninist Political Philosophy</a>. Springer. pp. 231–255. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-51650-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-51650-3"><bdi>978-1-137-51650-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Palgrave+Handbook+of+Leninist+Political+Philosophy&rft.pages=231-255&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2018-12-19&rft.isbn=978-1-137-51650-3&rft.aulast=Rockmore&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft.au=Levine%2C+Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0nWADwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwain2014b1–10-323"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwain2014b1–10_323-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSwain2014b">Swain 2014b</a>, pp. 1–10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorth201052–90-324"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorth201052–90_324-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNorth2010">North 2010</a>, pp. 52–90. </li> <li id="cite_note-325"><a href="#cite_ref-325">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlanc2015" class="citation book cs1">Blanc, Paul Le (15 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VMCkCQAAQBAJ&dq=Paul+le+blanc+swain+heir&pg=PT14">Leon Trotsky</a>. Reaktion Books. pp. 1–30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78023-471-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78023-471-7"><bdi>978-1-78023-471-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leon+Trotsky&rft.pages=1-30&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2015-04-15&rft.isbn=978-1-78023-471-7&rft.aulast=Blanc&rft.aufirst=Paul+Le&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVMCkCQAAQBAJ%26dq%3DPaul%2Ble%2Bblanc%2Bswain%2Bheir%26pg%3DPT14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-326"><a href="#cite_ref-326">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMedvedev1989" class="citation book cs1">Medvedev, Roj Aleksandrovič (1989). Let history judge: the origins and consequences of Stalinism (Rev. and expanded ed.). Columbia Univ. Press. p. 109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-06351-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-06351-7"><bdi>978-0-231-06351-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Let+history+judge%3A+the+origins+and+consequences+of+Stalinism&rft.pages=109&rft.edition=Rev.+and+expanded&rft.pub=Columbia+Univ.+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-231-06351-7&rft.aulast=Medvedev&rft.aufirst=Roj+Aleksandrovi%C4%8D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-327"><a href="#cite_ref-327">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPipes1990" class="citation book cs1">Pipes, Richard (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/russianrevolutio00pipe/page/498/mode/2up?view=theater">The Russian Revolution</a>. New York: Knopf. p. 499. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-50241-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-50241-0"><bdi>978-0-394-50241-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Russian+Revolution&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=499&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-394-50241-0&rft.aulast=Pipes&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frussianrevolutio00pipe%2Fpage%2F498%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-328"><a href="#cite_ref-328">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeutscher1954" class="citation book cs1">Deutscher, Isaac (1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/prophetarmedtrot01deut/page/324/mode/2up">The prophet armed: Trotsky, 1879-1921</a>. New York, Oxford University Press. p. 325.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+prophet+armed%3A+Trotsky%2C+1879-1921&rft.pages=325&rft.pub=New+York%2C+Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1954&rft.aulast=Deutscher&rft.aufirst=Isaac&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprophetarmedtrot01deut%2Fpage%2F324%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-329"><a href="#cite_ref-329">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSukhanov2014" class="citation book cs1">Sukhanov, Nikolai Nikolaevich (14 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6-D_AwAAQBAJ">The Russian Revolution 1917: A Personal Record by N.N. Sukhanov</a>. Princeton University Press. p. 266. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-5710-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-5710-4"><bdi>978-1-4008-5710-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Russian+Revolution+1917%3A+A+Personal+Record+by+N.N.+Sukhanov&rft.pages=266&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2014-07-14&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-5710-4&rft.aulast=Sukhanov&rft.aufirst=Nikolai+Nikolaevich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6-D_AwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2010191-330"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2010191_330-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFService2010">Service 2010</a>, p. 191. </li> <li id="cite_note-331"><a href="#cite_ref-331">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwain2014" class="citation book cs1">Swain, Geoffrey (24 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_a3pAgAAQBAJ&dq=to+throw+trotsky+overboard+lenin&pg=PA89">Trotsky and the Russian Revolution</a>. Routledge. p. 89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-81278-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-81278-4"><bdi>978-1-317-81278-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trotsky+and+the+Russian+Revolution&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014-02-24&rft.isbn=978-1-317-81278-4&rft.aulast=Swain&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_a3pAgAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dto%2Bthrow%2Btrotsky%2Boverboard%2Blenin%26pg%3DPA89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-332"><a href="#cite_ref-332">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogovin2021" class="citation book cs1">Rogovin, Vadim Zakharovich (2021). Was There an Alternative? Trotskyism: a Look Back Through the Years. Mehring Books. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-893638-97-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-893638-97-6"><bdi>978-1-893638-97-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Was+There+an+Alternative%3F+Trotskyism%3A+a+Look+Back+Through+the+Years&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Mehring+Books&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-893638-97-6&rft.aulast=Rogovin&rft.aufirst=Vadim+Zakharovich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-333"><a href="#cite_ref-333">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWasserstein2009" class="citation book cs1">Wasserstein, Bernard (12 February 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XicFgasYzWQC&dq=his+non-Bolshevik+past+should+not+be+held+against+him&pg=PA137">Barbarism and Civilization: A History of Europe in our Time</a>. OUP Oxford. p. 137. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-162251-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-162251-9"><bdi>978-0-19-162251-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Barbarism+and+Civilization%3A+A+History+of+Europe+in+our+Time&rft.pages=137&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2009-02-12&rft.isbn=978-0-19-162251-9&rft.aulast=Wasserstein&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXicFgasYzWQC%26dq%3Dhis%2Bnon-Bolshevik%2Bpast%2Bshould%2Bnot%2Bbe%2Bheld%2Bagainst%2Bhim%26pg%3DPA137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-334"><a href="#cite_ref-334">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogovin2021" class="citation book cs1">Rogovin, Vadim Zakharovich (2021). Was There an Alternative? Trotskyism: a Look Back Through the Years. Mehring Books. p. 49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-893638-97-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-893638-97-6"><bdi>978-1-893638-97-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Was+There+an+Alternative%3F+Trotskyism%3A+a+Look+Back+Through+the+Years&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Mehring+Books&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-893638-97-6&rft.aulast=Rogovin&rft.aufirst=Vadim+Zakharovich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-335"><a href="#cite_ref-335">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogovin2021" class="citation book cs1">Rogovin, Vadim Zakharovich (2021). Was There an Alternative? Trotskyism: a Look Back Through the Years. Mehring Books. p. 225. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-893638-97-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-893638-97-6"><bdi>978-1-893638-97-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Was+There+an+Alternative%3F+Trotskyism%3A+a+Look+Back+Through+the+Years&rft.pages=225&rft.pub=Mehring+Books&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-893638-97-6&rft.aulast=Rogovin&rft.aufirst=Vadim+Zakharovich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-336"><a href="#cite_ref-336">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBazhanovDoyle1990" class="citation book cs1">Bazhanov, Boris; Doyle, David W. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0_ANAQAAMAAJ">Bazhanov and the Damnation of Stalin</a>. Ohio University Press. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8214-0948-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8214-0948-0"><bdi>978-0-8214-0948-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bazhanov+and+the+Damnation+of+Stalin&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Ohio+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-8214-0948-0&rft.aulast=Bazhanov&rft.aufirst=Boris&rft.au=Doyle%2C+David+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0_ANAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewin200580-337"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewin200580_337-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLewin2005">Lewin 2005</a>, p. 80. </li> <li id="cite_note-338"><a href="#cite_ref-338">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuromiya2013" class="citation book cs1">Kuromiya, Hiroaki (16 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BRV4AAAAQBAJ&dq=Comrade+Trotsky,+on+the+other+hand,+as+his+struggle+against+the+C.C.+on+the+question+of+the+People%27s+Commissariat+of+Communications+has+already+proved,+is+distinguished+not+only+by+outstanding+ability.+He+is+personally+perhaps+the+most+capable+man+in+the+present+C.C.,+but+he+has+displayed+excessive+self-assurance+and+shown+excessive+preoccupation+with+the+purely+administrative+side+of+the+work.&pg=PA60">Stalin</a>. Routledge. p. 60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-86780-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-86780-7"><bdi>978-1-317-86780-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalin&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-08-16&rft.isbn=978-1-317-86780-7&rft.aulast=Kuromiya&rft.aufirst=Hiroaki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBRV4AAAAQBAJ%26dq%3DComrade%2BTrotsky%2C%2Bon%2Bthe%2Bother%2Bhand%2C%2Bas%2Bhis%2Bstruggle%2Bagainst%2Bthe%2BC.C.%2Bon%2Bthe%2Bquestion%2Bof%2Bthe%2BPeople%2527s%2BCommissariat%2Bof%2BCommunications%2Bhas%2Balready%2Bproved%2C%2Bis%2Bdistinguished%2Bnot%2Bonly%2Bby%2Boutstanding%2Bability.%2BHe%2Bis%2Bpersonally%2Bperhaps%2Bthe%2Bmost%2Bcapable%2Bman%2Bin%2Bthe%2Bpresent%2BC.C.%2C%2Bbut%2Bhe%2Bhas%2Bdisplayed%2Bexcessive%2Bself-assurance%2Band%2Bshown%2Bexcessive%2Bpreoccupation%2Bwith%2Bthe%2Bpurely%2Badministrative%2Bside%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bwork.%26pg%3DPA60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-339"><a href="#cite_ref-339">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLenin1970" class="citation book cs1">Lenin, Vladimir Ilʹich (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Gh4KAQAAIAAJ&q=Comrade+Trotsky,+on+the+other+hand,+as+his+struggle+against+the+C.C.+on+the+question+of+the+People%27s+Commissariat+of+Communications+has+already+proved,+is+distinguished+not+only+by+outstanding+ability.+He+is+personally+perhaps+the+most+capable+man+in+the+present+C.C.,+but+he+has+displayed+excessive+self-assurance+and+shown+excessive+preoccupation+with+the+purely+administrative+side+of+the+work.">Selected Works in Three Volumes</a>. Progress Publishers. p. 682. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7178-0300-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7178-0300-2"><bdi>978-0-7178-0300-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selected+Works+in+Three+Volumes&rft.pages=682&rft.pub=Progress+Publishers&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-7178-0300-2&rft.aulast=Lenin&rft.aufirst=Vladimir+Il%CA%B9ich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGh4KAQAAIAAJ%26q%3DComrade%2BTrotsky%2C%2Bon%2Bthe%2Bother%2Bhand%2C%2Bas%2Bhis%2Bstruggle%2Bagainst%2Bthe%2BC.C.%2Bon%2Bthe%2Bquestion%2Bof%2Bthe%2BPeople%2527s%2BCommissariat%2Bof%2BCommunications%2Bhas%2Balready%2Bproved%2C%2Bis%2Bdistinguished%2Bnot%2Bonly%2Bby%2Boutstanding%2Bability.%2BHe%2Bis%2Bpersonally%2Bperhaps%2Bthe%2Bmost%2Bcapable%2Bman%2Bin%2Bthe%2Bpresent%2BC.C.%2C%2Bbut%2Bhe%2Bhas%2Bdisplayed%2Bexcessive%2Bself-assurance%2Band%2Bshown%2Bexcessive%2Bpreoccupation%2Bwith%2Bthe%2Bpurely%2Badministrative%2Bside%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bwork.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-340"><a href="#cite_ref-340">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoss2004" class="citation book cs1">Moss, Walter G. (1 October 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yMwdWFtgV0QC&dq=Comrade+Trotsky,+on+the+other+hand,+as+his+struggle+against+the+C.C.+on+the+question+of+the+People%27s+Commissariat+of+Communications+has+already+proved,+is+distinguished+not+only+by+outstanding+ability.+He+is+personally+perhaps+the+most+capable+man+in+the+present+C.C.,+but+he+has+displayed+excessive+self-assurance+and+shown+excessive+preoccupation+with+the+purely+administrative+side+of+the+work.&pg=PA238">A History Of Russia Volume 2: Since 1855</a>. Anthem Press. pp. 237–238. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85728-739-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85728-739-7"><bdi>978-0-85728-739-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+Of+Russia+Volume+2%3A+Since+1855&rft.pages=237-238&rft.pub=Anthem+Press&rft.date=2004-10-01&rft.isbn=978-0-85728-739-7&rft.aulast=Moss&rft.aufirst=Walter+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyMwdWFtgV0QC%26dq%3DComrade%2BTrotsky%2C%2Bon%2Bthe%2Bother%2Bhand%2C%2Bas%2Bhis%2Bstruggle%2Bagainst%2Bthe%2BC.C.%2Bon%2Bthe%2Bquestion%2Bof%2Bthe%2BPeople%2527s%2BCommissariat%2Bof%2BCommunications%2Bhas%2Balready%2Bproved%2C%2Bis%2Bdistinguished%2Bnot%2Bonly%2Bby%2Boutstanding%2Bability.%2BHe%2Bis%2Bpersonally%2Bperhaps%2Bthe%2Bmost%2Bcapable%2Bman%2Bin%2Bthe%2Bpresent%2BC.C.%2C%2Bbut%2Bhe%2Bhas%2Bdisplayed%2Bexcessive%2Bself-assurance%2Band%2Bshown%2Bexcessive%2Bpreoccupation%2Bwith%2Bthe%2Bpurely%2Badministrative%2Bside%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bwork.%26pg%3DPA238&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-341"><a href="#cite_ref-341">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuny2020" class="citation book cs1">Suny, Ronald (25 August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I4XzDwAAQBAJ&dq=Few+other+scholars+doubt+the+authorship+of+the+document,+which+accurately+reflected+Lenin%E2%80%99s+views,+nor+was+it+questioned+at+the+time+it+was+written+and+debated+in+high+party+circles.+Kotkin%E2%80%99s+interpretation,+fascinating+as+it+is,+relies+on+conjecture+rather+than+evidence&pg=PA59">Red Flag Wounded</a>. Verso Books. p. 59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78873-074-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78873-074-7"><bdi>978-1-78873-074-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Red+Flag+Wounded&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=Verso+Books&rft.date=2020-08-25&rft.isbn=978-1-78873-074-7&rft.aulast=Suny&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI4XzDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DFew%2Bother%2Bscholars%2Bdoubt%2Bthe%2Bauthorship%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bdocument%2C%2Bwhich%2Baccurately%2Breflected%2BLenin%25E2%2580%2599s%2Bviews%2C%2Bnor%2Bwas%2Bit%2Bquestioned%2Bat%2Bthe%2Btime%2Bit%2Bwas%2Bwritten%2Band%2Bdebated%2Bin%2Bhigh%2Bparty%2Bcircles.%2BKotkin%25E2%2580%2599s%2Binterpretation%2C%2Bfascinating%2Bas%2Bit%2Bis%2C%2Brelies%2Bon%2Bconjecture%2Brather%2Bthan%2Bevidence%26pg%3DPA59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-342"><a href="#cite_ref-342">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdele2020" class="citation book cs1">Edele, Mark (11 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1-rqDwAAQBAJ&dq=lenin+testament+forgery&pg=PT126">Debates on Stalinism</a>. Manchester University Press. pp. 137–239. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5261-4895-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5261-4895-7"><bdi>978-1-5261-4895-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Debates+on+Stalinism&rft.pages=137-239&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2020-06-11&rft.isbn=978-1-5261-4895-7&rft.aulast=Edele&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1-rqDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dlenin%2Btestament%2Bforgery%26pg%3DPT126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-343"><a href="#cite_ref-343">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeutscher2003" class="citation book cs1">Deutscher, Isaac (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mgubj5z1XUcC&dq=lenin+choice+successor+trotsky&pg=PA78">The Prophet Unarmed: Trotsky 1921-1929</a>. Verso. pp. 77–78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85984-446-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85984-446-5"><bdi>978-1-85984-446-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prophet+Unarmed%3A+Trotsky+1921-1929&rft.pages=77-78&rft.pub=Verso&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-85984-446-5&rft.aulast=Deutscher&rft.aufirst=Isaac&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dmgubj5z1XUcC%26dq%3Dlenin%2Bchoice%2Bsuccessor%2Btrotsky%26pg%3DPA78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-344"><a href="#cite_ref-344">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchapiro1967" class="citation book cs1">Schapiro, Leonard (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kHwKAAAAMAAJ">The Government and Politics of the Soviet Union</a>. Hutchinson. p. 48.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Government+and+Politics+of+the+Soviet+Union&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Hutchinson&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Schapiro&rft.aufirst=Leonard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkHwKAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-345"><a href="#cite_ref-345">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGetty2013" class="citation book cs1">Getty, J. Arch (27 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RaYzAAAAQBAJ&dq=Lenin+Trotsky+chairman+gosplan+1923&pg=PA53">Practicing Stalinism: Bolsheviks, Boyars, and the Persistence of Tradition</a>. Yale University Press. p. 53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-16929-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-16929-4"><bdi>978-0-300-16929-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Practicing+Stalinism%3A+Bolsheviks%2C+Boyars%2C+and+the+Persistence+of+Tradition&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2013-08-27&rft.isbn=978-0-300-16929-4&rft.aulast=Getty&rft.aufirst=J.+Arch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRaYzAAAAQBAJ%26dq%3DLenin%2BTrotsky%2Bchairman%2Bgosplan%2B1923%26pg%3DPA53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2015a605-346"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2015a605_346-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeutscher2015a">Deutscher 2015a</a>, pp. 605. </li> <li id="cite_note-347"><a href="#cite_ref-347">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniels2008" class="citation book cs1">Daniels, Robert V. (1 October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=27JGzAoMLjoC">The Rise and Fall of Communism in Russia</a>. Yale University Press. p. 162. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-13493-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-13493-3"><bdi>978-0-300-13493-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+Communism+in+Russia&rft.pages=162&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2008-10-01&rft.isbn=978-0-300-13493-3&rft.aulast=Daniels&rft.aufirst=Robert+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D27JGzAoMLjoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-348"><a href="#cite_ref-348">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReiman1992" class="citation book cs1">Reiman, Michal (1992). Trotsky and the struggle for "Lenin's heritage". Brotherstone, Terence; Dukes, Paul,(eds). Edinburgh University Press. pp. 42–52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-0317-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-0317-6"><bdi>978-0-7486-0317-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trotsky+and+the+struggle+for+%22Lenin%27s+heritage%22.+Brotherstone%2C+Terence%3B+Dukes%2C+Paul%2C%28eds%29&rft.pages=42-52&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-0317-6&rft.aulast=Reiman&rft.aufirst=Michal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMccauley201452-349"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMccauley201452_349-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMccauley2014">Mccauley 2014</a>, p. 52. </li> <li id="cite_note-350"><a href="#cite_ref-350">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFiges1997" class="citation book cs1">Figes, Orlando (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/peoplestragedyhi00fige/page/796/mode/2up">A people's tragedy: a history of the Russian Revolution</a>. New York, NY: Viking. pp. 796–801. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-85916-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-85916-0"><bdi>978-0-670-85916-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+people%27s+tragedy%3A+a+history+of+the+Russian+Revolution&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=796-801&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-670-85916-0&rft.aulast=Figes&rft.aufirst=Orlando&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpeoplestragedyhi00fige%2Fpage%2F796%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-351"><a href="#cite_ref-351">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogovin2021" class="citation book cs1">Rogovin, Vadim Zakharovich (2021). Was There an Alternative? Trotskyism: a Look Back Through the Years. Mehring Books. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-893638-97-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-893638-97-6"><bdi>978-1-893638-97-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Was+There+an+Alternative%3F+Trotskyism%3A+a+Look+Back+Through+the+Years&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Mehring+Books&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-893638-97-6&rft.aulast=Rogovin&rft.aufirst=Vadim+Zakharovich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-352"><a href="#cite_ref-352">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPipes1995" class="citation book cs1">Pipes, Richard (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof00pipe/page/373/mode/1up?q=Throw+Trotsky+overboard">A concise history of the Russian Revolution</a>. New York: Knopf. p. 373. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-42277-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-42277-8"><bdi>978-0-679-42277-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+concise+history+of+the+Russian+Revolution&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=373&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-679-42277-8&rft.aulast=Pipes&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconcisehistoryof00pipe%2Fpage%2F373%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fq%3DThrow%2BTrotsky%2Boverboard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-353"><a href="#cite_ref-353">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMedvedev1989" class="citation book cs1">Medvedev, Roj Aleksandrovič (1989). Let history judge: the origins and consequences of Stalinism (Rev. and expanded ed.). Columbia Univ. Press. pp. 112, 143. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-06351-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-06351-7"><bdi>978-0-231-06351-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Let+history+judge%3A+the+origins+and+consequences+of+Stalinism&rft.pages=112%2C+143&rft.edition=Rev.+and+expanded&rft.pub=Columbia+Univ.+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-231-06351-7&rft.aulast=Medvedev&rft.aufirst=Roj+Aleksandrovi%C4%8D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-354"><a href="#cite_ref-354">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson2016" class="citation book cs1">Watson, Derek (27 July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xhm_DAAAQBAJ&dq=Trotsky+chairman+rykov&pg=PA25">Molotov and Soviet Government: Sovnarkom, 1930-41</a>. Springer. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-24848-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-24848-3"><bdi>978-1-349-24848-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Molotov+and+Soviet+Government%3A+Sovnarkom%2C+1930-41&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016-07-27&rft.isbn=978-1-349-24848-3&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Derek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dxhm_DAAAQBAJ%26dq%3DTrotsky%2Bchairman%2Brykov%26pg%3DPA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-355"><a href="#cite_ref-355">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeutscher1965" class="citation book cs1">Deutscher, Isaac (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/prophetunarmed00isaa/page/134/mode/2up?q=promote+rykov+">The prophet unarmed: Trotsky, 1921-1929</a>. New York, Vintage Books. p. 135. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-70747-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-70747-1"><bdi>978-0-394-70747-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+prophet+unarmed%3A+Trotsky%2C+1921-1929&rft.pages=135&rft.pub=New+York%2C+Vintage+Books&rft.date=1965&rft.isbn=978-0-394-70747-1&rft.aulast=Deutscher&rft.aufirst=Isaac&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprophetunarmed00isaa%2Fpage%2F134%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fq%3Dpromote%2Brykov%2B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-356"><a href="#cite_ref-356">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDziewanowski2003" class="citation book cs1">Dziewanowski, M. K. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/russiaintwentiet0000dzie/page/162/mode/1up?view=theater">Russia in the twentieth century</a>. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall. p. 162. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-097852-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-097852-3"><bdi>978-0-13-097852-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia+in+the+twentieth+century&rft.place=Upper+Saddle+River%2C+N.J.&rft.pages=162&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-13-097852-3&rft.aulast=Dziewanowski&rft.aufirst=M.+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frussiaintwentiet0000dzie%2Fpage%2F162%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-357"><a href="#cite_ref-357">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDanilovPorter1990" class="citation journal cs1">Danilov, Victor; Porter, Cathy (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4288968">"We Are Starting to Learn about Trotsky"</a>. History Workshop (29): 136–146. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0309-2984">0309-2984</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4288968">4288968</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Workshop&rft.atitle=We+Are+Starting+to+Learn+about+Trotsky&rft.issue=29&rft.pages=136-146&rft.date=1990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4288968%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0309-2984&rft.aulast=Danilov&rft.aufirst=Victor&rft.au=Porter%2C+Cathy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4288968&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-358"><a href="#cite_ref-358">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniels2008" class="citation book cs1">Daniels, Robert V. (1 October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=27JGzAoMLjoC&dq=Victor+Danilov+Trotsky&pg=PA438">The Rise and Fall of Communism in Russia</a>. Yale University Press. p. 438. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-13493-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-13493-3"><bdi>978-0-300-13493-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+Communism+in+Russia&rft.pages=438&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2008-10-01&rft.isbn=978-0-300-13493-3&rft.aulast=Daniels&rft.aufirst=Robert+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D27JGzAoMLjoC%26dq%3DVictor%2BDanilov%2BTrotsky%26pg%3DPA438&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMccauley201451-359"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMccauley201451_359-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMccauley2014">Mccauley 2014</a>, p. 51. </li> <li id="cite_note-360"><a href="#cite_ref-360">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeutscher1959" class="citation book cs1">Deutscher, Isaac (1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/prophetunarmedtr0000unse/page/76/mode/1up?q=Tsaritsyn+battles+">The prophet unarmed: Trotsky, 1921–1929</a>. London; New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 78–79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-501094-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-501094-7"><bdi>978-0-19-501094-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+prophet+unarmed%3A+Trotsky%2C+1921%E2%80%931929&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.pages=78-79&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1959&rft.isbn=978-0-19-501094-7&rft.aulast=Deutscher&rft.aufirst=Isaac&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprophetunarmedtr0000unse%2Fpage%2F76%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fq%3DTsaritsyn%2Bbattles%2B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-361"><a href="#cite_ref-361">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChurchill2016" class="citation book cs1">Churchill, Winston S. (5 July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xWhsDwAAQBAJ&dq=Lenin+indeed+regarded+Trotsky+as+his+political+heir&pg=PT214">Great Contemporaries</a>. Rosetta Books. p. 127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7953-4967-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7953-4967-6"><bdi>978-0-7953-4967-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Contemporaries&rft.pages=127&rft.pub=Rosetta+Books&rft.date=2016-07-05&rft.isbn=978-0-7953-4967-6&rft.aulast=Churchill&rft.aufirst=Winston+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxWhsDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DLenin%2Bindeed%2Bregarded%2BTrotsky%2Bas%2Bhis%2Bpolitical%2Bheir%26pg%3DPT214&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-362"><a href="#cite_ref-362">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrackman2001" class="citation book cs1">Brackman, Roman (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zQL8POkFGIQC&dq=Trotsky+state+planning+deputy&pg=PA168">The Secret File of Joseph Stalin: A Hidden Life</a>. Psychology Press. p. 168. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5050-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5050-0"><bdi>978-0-7146-5050-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Secret+File+of+Joseph+Stalin%3A+A+Hidden+Life&rft.pages=168&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-5050-0&rft.aulast=Brackman&rft.aufirst=Roman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzQL8POkFGIQC%26dq%3DTrotsky%2Bstate%2Bplanning%2Bdeputy%26pg%3DPA168&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKosheleva1995b80–90-363"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKosheleva1995b80–90_363-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKosheleva1995b">Kosheleva 1995b</a>, pp. 80–90. </li> <li id="cite_note-364"><a href="#cite_ref-364">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouds2019" class="citation book cs1">Douds, Lara (22 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Yf5aEAAAQBAJ&dq=on+lenin%27s+initiative+trotsky+deputy&pg=PA165">Inside Lenin's Government: Ideology, Power and Practice in the Early Soviet State</a>. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 165. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-350-12649-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-350-12649-7"><bdi>978-1-350-12649-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+Lenin%27s+Government%3A+Ideology%2C+Power+and+Practice+in+the+Early+Soviet+State&rft.pages=165&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2019-08-22&rft.isbn=978-1-350-12649-7&rft.aulast=Douds&rft.aufirst=Lara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYf5aEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Don%2Blenin%2527s%2Binitiative%2Btrotsky%2Bdeputy%26pg%3DPA165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-365"><a href="#cite_ref-365">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKotkin2014" class="citation book cs1">Kotkin, Stephen (23 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sFx7AwAAQBAJ&dq=trotsky+chairman+supreme+economy&pg=PT366">Stalin, Vol. I: Paradoxes of Power, 1878-1928</a>. Penguin Books Limited. pp. 1–976. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7181-9298-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7181-9298-3"><bdi>978-0-7181-9298-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalin%2C+Vol.+I%3A+Paradoxes+of+Power%2C+1878-1928&rft.pages=1-976&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+Limited&rft.date=2014-10-23&rft.isbn=978-0-7181-9298-3&rft.aulast=Kotkin&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsFx7AwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dtrotsky%2Bchairman%2Bsupreme%2Beconomy%26pg%3DPT366&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-366"><a href="#cite_ref-366">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrotsky2012" class="citation book cs1">Trotsky, Leon (5 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F4fqc7eZbjUC&dq=as+would+allow+me+to+become+lenin%27s+deputy+and+as+he+intended+his+successor+to+the+post+of+chairman+of+the+soviet+of+people%27s+commissaries&pg=PA479">My Life: An Attempt at an Autobiography</a>. Courier Corporation. p. 479. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-12340-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-12340-0"><bdi>978-0-486-12340-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Life%3A+An+Attempt+at+an+Autobiography&rft.pages=479&rft.pub=Courier+Corporation&rft.date=2012-04-05&rft.isbn=978-0-486-12340-0&rft.aulast=Trotsky&rft.aufirst=Leon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF4fqc7eZbjUC%26dq%3Das%2Bwould%2Ballow%2Bme%2Bto%2Bbecome%2Blenin%2527s%2Bdeputy%2Band%2Bas%2Bhe%2Bintended%2Bhis%2Bsuccessor%2Bto%2Bthe%2Bpost%2Bof%2Bchairman%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bsoviet%2Bof%2Bpeople%2527s%2Bcommissaries%26pg%3DPA479&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GatchinskyUyezdHist-367"><a href="#cite_ref-GatchinskyUyezdHist_367-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304094855/http://classif.spb.ru/sprav/np_lo/4_Gatch_uezd.htm"><bdi lang="ru">Гатчинский уезд (февраль 1923 г. – август 1927 г.)</bdi></a> (in Russian). Система классификаторов исполнительных органов государственной власти Санкт-Петербурга. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classif.spb.ru/sprav/np_lo/4_Gatch_uezd.htm">the original</a> on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 27 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D1%83%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4+%28%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C+1923+%D0%B3.+%E2%80%93+%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82+1927+%D0%B3.%29&rft.pub=%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0+%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclassif.spb.ru%2Fsprav%2Fnp_lo%2F4_Gatch_uezd.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DistrictHist-368"><a href="#cite_ref-DistrictHist_368-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203001008/http://classif.spb.ru/sprav/np_lo/43_Trotsky_Krasnofvardeysky_Gatchinsky_rayon.htm"><bdi lang="ru">Троцкий район (август 1927 г. – август 1929 г.), Красногвардейский район (август 1929 г. – январь 1944 г.), Гатчинский район (январь 1944 г.)</bdi></a> (in Russian). Система классификаторов исполнительных органов государственной власти Санкт-Петербурга. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classif.spb.ru/sprav/np_lo/43_Trotsky_Krasnofvardeysky_Gatchinsky_rayon.htm">the original</a> on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 27 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD+%28%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82+1927+%D0%B3.+%E2%80%93+%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82+1929+%D0%B3.%29%2C+%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD+%28%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82+1929+%D0%B3.+%E2%80%93+%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C+1944+%D0%B3.%29%2C+%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD+%28%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C+1944+%D0%B3.%29&rft.pub=%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0+%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclassif.spb.ru%2Fsprav%2Fnp_lo%2F43_Trotsky_Krasnofvardeysky_Gatchinsky_rayon.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-369"><a href="#cite_ref-369">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPérez2023" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pérez, David Marcial (17 June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elpais.com/mexico/2023-06-17/muere-a-los-97-anos-esteban-volkov-nieto-y-guardian-de-la-memoria-de-leon-trotsky.html">"Muere a los 97 años Esteban Volkov, nieto y guardián de la memoria de León Trotsky"</a> [Esteban Volkov, grandson and guardian of Leon Trotsky's memory, dies at 97]. El País México (in Mexican Spanish). Retrieved 18 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Pa%C3%ADs+M%C3%A9xico&rft.atitle=Muere+a+los+97+a%C3%B1os+Esteban+Volkov%2C+nieto+y+guardi%C3%A1n+de+la+memoria+de+Le%C3%B3n+Trotsky&rft.date=2023-06-17&rft.aulast=P%C3%A9rez&rft.aufirst=David+Marcial&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felpais.com%2Fmexico%2F2023-06-17%2Fmuere-a-los-97-anos-esteban-volkov-nieto-y-guardian-de-la-memoria-de-leon-trotsky.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-370"><a href="#cite_ref-370">^</a> Gerald M. Rosberg, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecrimson.com/article/1967/7/3/leon-trotskys-personal-papers-pbibn-the/">"Leon Trotsky's Personal Papers"</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Harvard_Crimson" title="The Harvard Crimson">The Harvard Crimson</a>, 3 July 1967. </li> <li id="cite_note-371"><a href="#cite_ref-371">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hollisarchives.lib.harvard.edu/repositories/24/resources/6706">Leon Trotsky exile papers</a>, MS Russ 13.1 in the Houghton Library. </li> <li id="cite_note-372"><a href="#cite_ref-372">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memorial-nic.org/iofe/3.html">В. В. Иофе. Осмысление Гулага.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110821184248/http://memorial-nic.org/iofe/3.html">Archived</a> 21 August 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> НИЦ «Мемориал» </li> <li id="cite_note-373"><a href="#cite_ref-373">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlanc2015" class="citation book cs1">Blanc, Paul Le (15 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VMCkCQAAQBAJ&dq=winston+churchill+trotsky+clr+james&pg=PT123">Leon Trotsky</a>. Reaktion Books. pp. 1–100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78023-471-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78023-471-7"><bdi>978-1-78023-471-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leon+Trotsky&rft.pages=1-100&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2015-04-15&rft.isbn=978-1-78023-471-7&rft.aulast=Blanc&rft.aufirst=Paul+Le&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVMCkCQAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dwinston%2Bchurchill%2Btrotsky%2Bclr%2Bjames%26pg%3DPT123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-374"><a href="#cite_ref-374">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVolkogonov2008" class="citation book cs1">Volkogonov, Dmitri (18 June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/trotskyeternalre0000volk/page/n27/mode/2up">Trotsky: Eternal Revolutionary</a>. Harold Shukman (ed. and trans.). Simon and Schuster. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/trotskyeternalre0000volk/page/n27/mode/2up">xxi</a> (Preface). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4391-0573-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4391-0573-3"><bdi>978-1-4391-0573-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trotsky%3A+Eternal+Revolutionary&rft.pages=xxi+%28Preface%29&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2008-06-18&rft.isbn=978-1-4391-0573-3&rft.aulast=Volkogonov&rft.aufirst=Dmitri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftrotskyeternalre0000volk%2Fpage%2Fn27%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorth2010160–161-375"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorth2010160–161_375-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNorth2010">North 2010</a>, pp. 160–161. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorth2010127-376"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorth2010127_376-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNorth2010">North 2010</a>, pp. 127. </li> <li id="cite_note-377"><a href="#cite_ref-377">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly2018" class="citation book cs1">Kelly, John (14 March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0mJRDwAAQBAJ&q=john+kelly+57+countries">Contemporary Trotskyism: Parties, Sects and Social Movements in Britain</a>. Routledge. p. iii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-36894-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-36894-6"><bdi>978-1-317-36894-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Trotskyism%3A+Parties%2C+Sects+and+Social+Movements+in+Britain&rft.pages=iii&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018-03-14&rft.isbn=978-1-317-36894-6&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0mJRDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Djohn%2Bkelly%2B57%2Bcountries&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-378"><a href="#cite_ref-378">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander1991" class="citation book cs1">Alexander, Robert Jackson (1991). International Trotskyism: 1929–1985: A Documented Analysis of the Movement. Durham, NC: Duke Univ. Press. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-0975-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-0975-8"><bdi>978-0-8223-0975-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Trotskyism%3A+1929%E2%80%931985%3A+A+Documented+Analysis+of+the+Movement&rft.place=Durham%2C+NC&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Duke+Univ.+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-0975-8&rft.aulast=Alexander&rft.aufirst=Robert+Jackson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-379"><a href="#cite_ref-379">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHøgsbjerg2018" class="citation journal cs1">Høgsbjerg, Christian (18 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isj.org.uk/trotskyology/">"Trotskyology: A review of John Kelly, Contemporary Trotskyism: Parties, Sects and Social Movements in Britain"</a>. International Socialism (160).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Socialism&rft.atitle=Trotskyology%3A+A+review+of+John+Kelly%2C+Contemporary+Trotskyism%3A+Parties%2C+Sects+and+Social+Movements+in+Britain&rft.issue=160&rft.date=2018-10-18&rft.aulast=H%C3%B8gsbjerg&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fisj.org.uk%2Ftrotskyology%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-380"><a href="#cite_ref-380">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirchall2004" class="citation book cs1">Birchall, Ian H. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p0FE2XWvFRcC">Sartre Against Stalinism</a>. Berghahn Books. p. 86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57181-621-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57181-621-4"><bdi>978-1-57181-621-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sartre+Against+Stalinism&rft.pages=86&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-57181-621-4&rft.aulast=Birchall&rft.aufirst=Ian+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp0FE2XWvFRcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-381"><a href="#cite_ref-381">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMedvedev1979" class="citation book cs1">Medvedev, Roy Aleksandrovich (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=82JpAAAAMAAJ&q=Tukhachevsky%20admired%20Trotsky">On Stalin and Stalinism</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-215842-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-215842-0"><bdi>978-0-19-215842-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+Stalin+and+Stalinism&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-19-215842-0&rft.aulast=Medvedev&rft.aufirst=Roy+Aleksandrovich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D82JpAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DTukhachevsky%2520admired%2520Trotsky&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-382"><a href="#cite_ref-382">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuxemburg2022" class="citation book cs1">Luxemburg, Rosa (15 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YSIhEAAAQBAJ&dq=she+admired+trotskyist&pg=PR28">The Complete Works of Rosa Luxemburg Volume IV: Political Writings 2, On Revolution (1906-1909)</a>. Verso Books. p. xviii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78873-810-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78873-810-1"><bdi>978-1-78873-810-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Works+of+Rosa+Luxemburg+Volume+IV%3A+Political+Writings+2%2C+On+Revolution+%281906-1909%29&rft.pages=xviii&rft.pub=Verso+Books&rft.date=2022-03-15&rft.isbn=978-1-78873-810-1&rft.aulast=Luxemburg&rft.aufirst=Rosa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYSIhEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dshe%2Badmired%2Btrotskyist%26pg%3DPR28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-383"><a href="#cite_ref-383">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaccarelli2008" class="citation book cs1">Saccarelli, Emanuele (28 February 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q8GSAgAAQBAJ&dq=paul+sweezy+trotsky&pg=PA242">Gramsci and Trotsky in the Shadow of Stalinism: The Political Theory and Practice of Opposition</a>. Routledge. p. 242. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-89980-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-89980-6"><bdi>978-1-135-89980-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gramsci+and+Trotsky+in+the+Shadow+of+Stalinism%3A+The+Political+Theory+and+Practice+of+Opposition&rft.pages=242&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008-02-28&rft.isbn=978-1-135-89980-6&rft.aulast=Saccarelli&rft.aufirst=Emanuele&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq8GSAgAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dpaul%2Bsweezy%2Btrotsky%26pg%3DPA242&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-384"><a href="#cite_ref-384">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregson2018" class="citation book cs1">Gregson, John (11 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=04J-DwAAQBAJ&dq=Admirer+of+Trotsky&pg=PA186">Marxism, Ethics and Politics: The Work of Alasdair MacIntyre</a>. Springer. p. 186. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-03371-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-03371-2"><bdi>978-3-030-03371-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marxism%2C+Ethics+and+Politics%3A+The+Work+of+Alasdair+MacIntyre&rft.pages=186&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2018-12-11&rft.isbn=978-3-030-03371-2&rft.aulast=Gregson&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D04J-DwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DAdmirer%2Bof%2BTrotsky%26pg%3DPA186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-385"><a href="#cite_ref-385">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoy2024" class="citation book cs1">Roy, James Charles (31 May 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vizaEAAAQBAJ&dq=Admirer+of+Trotsky&pg=PT760">All the World at War: People and Places, 1914–1918</a>. Pen and Sword Military. pp. 1–672. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-3990-6034-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-3990-6034-9"><bdi>978-1-3990-6034-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=All+the+World+at+War%3A+People+and+Places%2C+1914%E2%80%931918&rft.pages=1-672&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword+Military&rft.date=2024-05-31&rft.isbn=978-1-3990-6034-9&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=James+Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvizaEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3DAdmirer%2Bof%2BTrotsky%26pg%3DPT760&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-386"><a href="#cite_ref-386">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilde2016" class="citation book cs1">Wilde, Lawrence (30 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OWoYDAAAQBAJ&dq=admiration+of+trotsky&pg=PA121">Erich Fromm and the Quest for Solidarity</a>. Springer. p. 121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-07511-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-07511-6"><bdi>978-1-137-07511-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Erich+Fromm+and+the+Quest+for+Solidarity&rft.pages=121&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016-04-30&rft.isbn=978-1-137-07511-6&rft.aulast=Wilde&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOWoYDAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dadmiration%2Bof%2Btrotsky%26pg%3DPA121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-387"><a href="#cite_ref-387">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaccarelli2008" class="citation book cs1">Saccarelli, Emanuele (28 February 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q8GSAgAAQBAJ&dq=philosopher+admire+trotsky&pg=PA114">Gramsci and Trotsky in the Shadow of Stalinism: The Political Theory and Practice of Opposition</a>. Routledge. p. 114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-89980-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-89980-6"><bdi>978-1-135-89980-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gramsci+and+Trotsky+in+the+Shadow+of+Stalinism%3A+The+Political+Theory+and+Practice+of+Opposition&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008-02-28&rft.isbn=978-1-135-89980-6&rft.aulast=Saccarelli&rft.aufirst=Emanuele&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq8GSAgAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dphilosopher%2Badmire%2Btrotsky%26pg%3DPA114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-388"><a href="#cite_ref-388">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWald2017" class="citation book cs1">Wald, Alan M. (10 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bDM5DwAAQBAJ">The New York Intellectuals, Thirtieth Anniversary Edition: The Rise and Decline of the Anti-Stalinist Left from the 1930s to the 1980s</a>. UNC Press Books. p. 157. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4696-3595-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4696-3595-8"><bdi>978-1-4696-3595-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+York+Intellectuals%2C+Thirtieth+Anniversary+Edition%3A+The+Rise+and+Decline+of+the+Anti-Stalinist+Left+from+the+1930s+to+the+1980s&rft.pages=157&rft.pub=UNC+Press+Books&rft.date=2017-10-10&rft.isbn=978-1-4696-3595-8&rft.aulast=Wald&rft.aufirst=Alan+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbDM5DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-389"><a href="#cite_ref-389">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeferman2022" class="citation book cs1">Feferman, Anita Burdman (28 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yu1bEAAAQBAJ">From Trotsky to Gödel: The Life of Jean van Heijenoort</a>. CRC Press. p. 123. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-11079-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-11079-1"><bdi>978-1-000-11079-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Trotsky+to+G%C3%B6del%3A+The+Life+of+Jean+van+Heijenoort&rft.pages=123&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2022-01-28&rft.isbn=978-1-000-11079-1&rft.aulast=Feferman&rft.aufirst=Anita+Burdman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dyu1bEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-390"><a href="#cite_ref-390">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoidal2013" class="citation book cs1">Hoidal, Oddvar (1 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8f_-DwAAQBAJ&dq=admired+trotsky&pg=PA298">Trotsky in Norway: Exile, 1935–1937</a>. Cornell University Press. p. 298. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5017-5806-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5017-5806-5"><bdi>978-1-5017-5806-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trotsky+in+Norway%3A+Exile%2C+1935%E2%80%931937&rft.pages=298&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2013-10-01&rft.isbn=978-1-5017-5806-5&rft.aulast=Hoidal&rft.aufirst=Oddvar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8f_-DwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dadmired%2Btrotsky%26pg%3DPA298&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-391"><a href="#cite_ref-391">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenton2020" class="citation journal cs1">Benton, Gregor (24 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historicalmaterialism.org/book-review/lu-xun-and-leon-trotsky">"Lu Xun and Leon Trotsky"</a>. www.historicalmaterialism.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.historicalmaterialism.org&rft.atitle=Lu+Xun+and+Leon+Trotsky&rft.date=2020-01-24&rft.aulast=Benton&rft.aufirst=Gregor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historicalmaterialism.org%2Fbook-review%2Flu-xun-and-leon-trotsky&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.com-392">^ <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_392-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_392-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlanc2015" class="citation book cs1">Blanc, Paul Le (15 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VMCkCQAAQBAJ&q=paul+le+blanc+trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a>. Reaktion Books. pp. 1–30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78023-471-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78023-471-7"><bdi>978-1-78023-471-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leon+Trotsky&rft.pages=1-30&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2015-04-15&rft.isbn=978-1-78023-471-7&rft.aulast=Blanc&rft.aufirst=Paul+Le&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVMCkCQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dpaul%2Ble%2Bblanc%2Btrotsky&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1996272Rubenstein2011a96Thatcher2003100–105Carr19781–167Deutscher2015a310,_629Patenaude2010b2-393"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVolkogonov1996272Rubenstein2011a96Thatcher2003100–105Carr19781–167Deutscher2015a310,_629Patenaude2010b2_393-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVolkogonov1996">Volkogonov 1996</a>, p. 272; <a href="#CITEREFRubenstein2011a">Rubenstein 2011a</a>, p. 96; <a href="#CITEREFThatcher2003">Thatcher 2003</a>, pp. 100–105; <a href="#CITEREFCarr1978">Carr 1978</a>, pp. 1–167; <a href="#CITEREFDeutscher2015a">Deutscher 2015a</a>, pp. 310, 629; <a href="#CITEREFPatenaude2010b">Patenaude 2010b</a>, pp. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-394"><a href="#cite_ref-394">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeutscher2015" class="citation book cs1">Deutscher, Isaac (5 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YGznDwAAQBAJ&q=isaac+deutscher+trotsky+the+prophet">The Prophet: The Life of Leon Trotsky</a>. Verso Books. p. 1283. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78168-721-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78168-721-5"><bdi>978-1-78168-721-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prophet%3A+The+Life+of+Leon+Trotsky&rft.pages=1283&rft.pub=Verso+Books&rft.date=2015-01-05&rft.isbn=978-1-78168-721-5&rft.aulast=Deutscher&rft.aufirst=Isaac&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYGznDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Disaac%2Bdeutscher%2Btrotsky%2Bthe%2Bprophet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-395"><a href="#cite_ref-395">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatenaude2010" class="citation book cs1">Patenaude, Bertrand (6 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=81Se6bj7D0YC&dq=vast+crowds+of+workers,+soldiers+and+sailors+in+Petrograd+with+his+spellbinding+oratory+in+1917&pg=PA10">Stalin's Nemesis: The Exile and Murder of Leon Trotsky</a>. Faber & Faber. p. 110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-25834-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-571-25834-5"><bdi>978-0-571-25834-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalin%27s+Nemesis%3A+The+Exile+and+Murder+of+Leon+Trotsky&rft.pages=110&rft.pub=Faber+%26+Faber&rft.date=2010-05-06&rft.isbn=978-0-571-25834-5&rft.aulast=Patenaude&rft.aufirst=Bertrand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D81Se6bj7D0YC%26dq%3Dvast%2Bcrowds%2Bof%2Bworkers%2C%2Bsoldiers%2Band%2Bsailors%2Bin%2BPetrograd%2Bwith%2Bhis%2Bspellbinding%2Boratory%2Bin%2B1917%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trotsky-396">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Trotsky_396-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trotsky_396-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThatcher2005" class="citation book cs1">Thatcher, Ian D. (27 June 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cU3yFMLm1voC&q=thatcher+trotsky">Trotsky</a>. Routledge. pp. 1–30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-57214-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-57214-4"><bdi>978-1-134-57214-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trotsky&rft.pages=1-30&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005-06-27&rft.isbn=978-1-134-57214-4&rft.aulast=Thatcher&rft.aufirst=Ian+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcU3yFMLm1voC%26q%3Dthatcher%2Btrotsky&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-397"><a href="#cite_ref-397">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatenaude2017" class="citation book cs1">Patenaude, Betrand (21 September 2017). "Trotsky and Trotskyism" in The Cambridge History of Communism: Volume 1, World Revolution and Socialism in One Country 1917–1941. Cambridge University Press. p. 208. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-21041-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-21041-6"><bdi>978-1-108-21041-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Trotsky+and+Trotskyism%22+in+The+Cambridge+History+of+Communism%3A+Volume+1%2C+World+Revolution+and+Socialism+in+One+Country+1917%E2%80%931941&rft.pages=208&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017-09-21&rft.isbn=978-1-108-21041-6&rft.aulast=Patenaude&rft.aufirst=Betrand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-398"><a href="#cite_ref-398">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarples2014" class="citation book cs1">Marples, David R. 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Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-429-97459-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-429-97459-5"><bdi>978-0-429-97459-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Latin+American+Revolutions&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018-02-07&rft.isbn=978-0-429-97459-5&rft.aulast=Selbin&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAvZKDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DThe%2Bscholarly%2Bconsensus%2Bon%2BTrotsky%2527s%2Bhandling%2Bof%2Bthe%2BRed%2BArmy%2Bfrom%2B1918%2Bto%2B1920%2Bis%2Bsummed%2Bup%2Bin%2BRosenberg%2Band%2BYoung%2527s%2Bdescription%2Bof%2Bhis%2B%2522remarkable%2Bleadership%2522%253A%2BRosenberg%2Band%2BYoung%252C%2BTransforming%2BRussia%2Band%2BChina%252C%2Bp.%2B63.%26pg%3DPT290&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-400"><a href="#cite_ref-400">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatenaude2017" class="citation book cs1">Patenaude, Betrand (21 September 2017). 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Cambridge University Press. p. 197. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-21041-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-21041-6"><bdi>978-1-108-21041-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Trotsky+and+Trotskyism%22+in+The+Cambridge+History+of+Communism%3A+Volume+1%2C+World+Revolution+and+Socialism+in+One+Country+1917%E2%80%931941&rft.pages=197&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017-09-21&rft.isbn=978-1-108-21041-6&rft.aulast=Patenaude&rft.aufirst=Betrand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-401"><a href="#cite_ref-401">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartel2015" class="citation book cs1">Martel, William C. 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Cambridge University Press. p. 133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-08206-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-08206-9"><bdi>978-1-107-08206-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grand+Strategy+in+Theory+and+Practice%3A+The+Need+for+an+Effective+American+Foreign+Policy&rft.pages=133&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015-01-12&rft.isbn=978-1-107-08206-9&rft.aulast=Martel&rft.aufirst=William+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5ZvWBQAAQBAJ%26dq%3DTrotsky%2Bmilitary%2Btheories%26pg%3DPA133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-402"><a href="#cite_ref-402">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwain2014" class="citation book cs1">Swain, Geoffrey (22 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P-ahAwAAQBAJ&dq=trotsky+less+terrorised+society&pg=PA3">Trotsky</a>. Routledge. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-86876-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-86876-7"><bdi>978-1-317-86876-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trotsky&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014-05-22&rft.isbn=978-1-317-86876-7&rft.aulast=Swain&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP-ahAwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dtrotsky%2Bless%2Bterrorised%2Bsociety%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniels2008b189–198Barnett2013b101Rogovin2021b1–15,_497Day1990159–188Deutscher2015a674–676,_1558-403"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaniels2008b189–198Barnett2013b101Rogovin2021b1–15,_497Day1990159–188Deutscher2015a674–676,_1558_403-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDaniels2008b">Daniels 2008b</a>, pp. 189–198; <a href="#CITEREFBarnett2013b">Barnett 2013b</a>, p. 101; <a href="#CITEREFRogovin2021b">Rogovin 2021b</a>, pp. 1–15, 497; <a href="#CITEREFDay1990">Day 1990</a>, pp. 159–188; <a href="#CITEREFDeutscher2015a">Deutscher 2015a</a>, pp. 674–676, 1558. </li> <li id="cite_note-404"><a href="#cite_ref-404">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniels2008" class="citation book cs1">Daniels, Robert V. 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Yale University Press. p. 181. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-13493-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-13493-3"><bdi>978-0-300-13493-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+Communism+in+Russia&rft.pages=181&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2008-10-01&rft.isbn=978-0-300-13493-3&rft.aulast=Daniels&rft.aufirst=Robert+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D27JGzAoMLjoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-405"><a href="#cite_ref-405">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeutscher2015" class="citation book cs1">Deutscher, Isaac (5 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YGznDwAAQBAJ&q=isaac+deutscher+trotsky+the+prophet">The Prophet: The Life of Leon Trotsky</a>. Verso Books. p. 293. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78168-721-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78168-721-5"><bdi>978-1-78168-721-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prophet%3A+The+Life+of+Leon+Trotsky&rft.pages=293&rft.pub=Verso+Books&rft.date=2015-01-05&rft.isbn=978-1-78168-721-5&rft.aulast=Deutscher&rft.aufirst=Isaac&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYGznDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Disaac%2Bdeutscher%2Btrotsky%2Bthe%2Bprophet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Verso_Books-406"><a href="#cite_ref-Verso_Books_406-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeutscher2015" class="citation book cs1">Deutscher, Isaac (6 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yN-QEAAAQBAJ">The Prophet: The Life of Leon Trotsky</a>. Verso Books. pp. 141, 674–676. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78168-560-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78168-560-0"><bdi>978-1-78168-560-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prophet%3A+The+Life+of+Leon+Trotsky&rft.pages=141%2C+674-676&rft.pub=Verso+Books&rft.date=2015-01-06&rft.isbn=978-1-78168-560-0&rft.aulast=Deutscher&rft.aufirst=Isaac&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyN-QEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-407"><a href="#cite_ref-407">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogovin2021" class="citation book cs1">Rogovin, Vadim Zakharovich (2021). Was There an Alternative? Trotskyism: a Look Back Through the Years. 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The American Historical Review. 116 (3): 900–902. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2Fahr.116.3.900">10.1086/ahr.116.3.900</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-8762">0002-8762</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23308381">23308381</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Review+of+Trotsky%3A+A+Biography%3B+In+Defense+of+Leon+Trotsky&rft.volume=116&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=900-902&rft.date=2011&rft.issn=0002-8762&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23308381%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2Fahr.116.3.900&rft.aulast=Patenaude&rft.aufirst=Bertrand+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23308381&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-413"><a href="#cite_ref-413">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniels2008" class="citation book cs1">Daniels, Robert V. 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Yale University Press. p. 189. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-13493-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-13493-3"><bdi>978-0-300-13493-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+Communism+in+Russia&rft.pages=189&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2008-10-01&rft.isbn=978-0-300-13493-3&rft.aulast=Daniels&rft.aufirst=Robert+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D27JGzAoMLjoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarrDavies1971199Phillips200023Fitzpatrick2008110PaynePhillips20131936McDermott200661Lee20058Deutscher2003b468-414"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarrDavies1971199Phillips200023Fitzpatrick2008110PaynePhillips20131936McDermott200661Lee20058Deutscher2003b468_414-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarrDavies1971">Carr & Davies 1971</a>, p. 199; <a href="#CITEREFPhillips2000">Phillips 2000</a>, p. 23; <a href="#CITEREFFitzpatrick2008">Fitzpatrick 2008</a>, p. 110; <a href="#CITEREFPaynePhillips2013">Payne & Phillips 2013</a>, p. 1936; <a href="#CITEREFMcDermott2006">McDermott 2006</a>, p. 61; <a href="#CITEREFLee2005">Lee 2005</a>, p. 8; <a href="#CITEREFDeutscher2003b">Deutscher 2003b</a>, p. 468. </li> <li id="cite_note-415"><a href="#cite_ref-415">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogovin2021" class="citation book cs1">Rogovin, Vadim Zakharovich (2021). Was There an Alternative? Trotskyism: a Look Back Through the Years. Mehring Books. p. 358. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-893638-97-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-893638-97-6"><bdi>978-1-893638-97-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Was+There+an+Alternative%3F+Trotskyism%3A+a+Look+Back+Through+the+Years&rft.pages=358&rft.pub=Mehring+Books&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-893638-97-6&rft.aulast=Rogovin&rft.aufirst=Vadim+Zakharovich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-416"><a href="#cite_ref-416">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEngerman2004" class="citation book cs1">Engerman, David C. (15 January 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A7zFEAAAQBAJ&dq=trotsky+1928+five+year+plan+soviet+modernization&pg=PA153">Modernization from the Other Shore: American Intellectuals and the Romance of Russian Development</a>. Harvard University Press. p. 153. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-27241-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-27241-5"><bdi>978-0-674-27241-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modernization+from+the+Other+Shore%3A+American+Intellectuals+and+the+Romance+of+Russian+Development&rft.pages=153&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2004-01-15&rft.isbn=978-0-674-27241-5&rft.aulast=Engerman&rft.aufirst=David+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA7zFEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dtrotsky%2B1928%2Bfive%2Byear%2Bplan%2Bsoviet%2Bmodernization%26pg%3DPA153&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-417"><a href="#cite_ref-417">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandle2003" class="citation book cs1">Sandle, Mark (16 September 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UO2OAgAAQBAJ&dq=trotsky+modernist+industrialist+technocratic&pg=PT253">A Short History Of Soviet Socialism</a>. Routledge. pp. 151–171. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-36639-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-36639-1"><bdi>978-1-135-36639-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+Of+Soviet+Socialism&rft.pages=151-171&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003-09-16&rft.isbn=978-1-135-36639-1&rft.aulast=Sandle&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUO2OAgAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dtrotsky%2Bmodernist%2Bindustrialist%2Btechnocratic%26pg%3DPT253&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-418"><a href="#cite_ref-418">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTwiss2014" class="citation book cs1">Twiss, Thomas M. (8 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3o2fAwAAQBAJ&q=trotsky+and+the+problem+of+soviet+bureaucracy">Trotsky and the Problem of Soviet Bureaucracy</a>. BRILL. pp. 1–15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-26953-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-26953-8"><bdi>978-90-04-26953-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trotsky+and+the+Problem+of+Soviet+Bureaucracy&rft.pages=1-15&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2014-05-08&rft.isbn=978-90-04-26953-8&rft.aulast=Twiss&rft.aufirst=Thomas+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3o2fAwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dtrotsky%2Band%2Bthe%2Bproblem%2Bof%2Bsoviet%2Bbureaucracy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-419"><a href="#cite_ref-419">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTwiss2014" class="citation book cs1">Twiss, Thomas M. (8 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3o2fAwAAQBAJ&q=trotsky+and+the+problem+of+soviet+bureaucracy">Trotsky and the Problem of Soviet Bureaucracy</a>. BRILL. pp. 1–15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-26953-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-26953-8"><bdi>978-90-04-26953-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trotsky+and+the+Problem+of+Soviet+Bureaucracy&rft.pages=1-15&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2014-05-08&rft.isbn=978-90-04-26953-8&rft.aulast=Twiss&rft.aufirst=Thomas+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3o2fAwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dtrotsky%2Band%2Bthe%2Bproblem%2Bof%2Bsoviet%2Bbureaucracy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-420"><a href="#cite_ref-420">^</a> "Beer also read Trotsky and found inspiration in Trotsky's critique of the Soviet bureaucracy".<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMedina2014" class="citation book cs1">Medina, Eden (10 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VBC3AgAAQBAJ&dq=Stafford+beer+Trotsky&pg=PA292">Cybernetic Revolutionaries: Technology and Politics in Allende's Chile</a>. MIT Press. p. 292. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-52596-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-52596-1"><bdi>978-0-262-52596-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cybernetic+Revolutionaries%3A+Technology+and+Politics+in+Allende%27s+Chile&rft.pages=292&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2014-01-10&rft.isbn=978-0-262-52596-1&rft.aulast=Medina&rft.aufirst=Eden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVBC3AgAAQBAJ%26dq%3DStafford%2Bbeer%2BTrotsky%26pg%3DPA292&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-421"><a href="#cite_ref-421">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfe1961" class="citation journal cs1">Wolfe, Bertram D. (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3000510">"Leon Trotsky as Historian"</a>. Slavic Review. 20 (3): 495–502. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3000510">10.2307/3000510</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3000510">3000510</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slavic+Review&rft.atitle=Leon+Trotsky+as+Historian&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=495-502&rft.date=1961&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3000510&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3000510%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Wolfe&rft.aufirst=Bertram+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3000510&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-422"><a href="#cite_ref-422">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2021" class="citation journal cs1">White, James D. (3 July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09546545.2021.1983938">"Leon Trotsky and Soviet Historiography of the Russian Revolution (1918–1931)"</a>. Revolutionary Russia. 34 (2): 276–295. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09546545.2021.1983938">10.1080/09546545.2021.1983938</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revolutionary+Russia&rft.atitle=Leon+Trotsky+and+Soviet+Historiography+of+the+Russian+Revolution+%281918%E2%80%931931%29&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=276-295&rft.date=2021-07-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09546545.2021.1983938&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=James+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F09546545.2021.1983938&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-423"><a href="#cite_ref-423">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeon_Trotsky1933" class="citation web cs1">Leon Trotsky (July 1933). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/germany/1933/330715.htm">"To Build Communist Parties and an International Anew"</a>. Marxists Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Marxists+Internet+Archive&rft.atitle=To+Build+Communist+Parties+and+an+International+Anew&rft.date=1933-07&rft.au=Leon+Trotsky&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Ftrotsky%2Fgermany%2F1933%2F330715.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECox199284-424"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECox199284_424-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCox1992">Cox 1992</a>, p. 84. </li> <li id="cite_note-425"><a href="#cite_ref-425">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrotsky2019" class="citation book cs1">Trotsky, Leon (25 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r52JwwEACAAJ">In Defence of Marxism</a>. Wellred Publications. p. 138. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-913026-03-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-913026-03-5"><bdi>978-1-913026-03-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Defence+of+Marxism&rft.pages=138&rft.pub=Wellred+Publications&rft.date=2019-03-25&rft.isbn=978-1-913026-03-5&rft.aulast=Trotsky&rft.aufirst=Leon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr52JwwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-426"><a href="#cite_ref-426">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMandel2020" class="citation book cs1">Mandel, Ernest (5 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xVmcEAAAQBAJ&dq=trotsky+as+alternative+mandel&pg=PT80">Trotsky as Alternative</a>. Verso Books. pp. 32–66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78960-701-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78960-701-7"><bdi>978-1-78960-701-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trotsky+as+Alternative&rft.pages=32-66&rft.pub=Verso+Books&rft.date=2020-05-05&rft.isbn=978-1-78960-701-7&rft.aulast=Mandel&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxVmcEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dtrotsky%2Bas%2Balternative%2Bmandel%26pg%3DPT80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-427"><a href="#cite_ref-427">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1927/opposition/index.htm">"Leon Trotsky: Platform of the Joint Opposition (1927)"</a>. www.marxists.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.marxists.org&rft.atitle=Leon+Trotsky%3A+Platform+of+the+Joint+Opposition+%281927%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Ftrotsky%2F1927%2Fopposition%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-428"><a href="#cite_ref-428">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeutscher2015" class="citation book cs1">Deutscher, Isaac (5 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YGznDwAAQBAJ&q=isaac+deutscher+trotsky+the+prophet">The Prophet: The Life of Leon Trotsky</a>. Verso Books. p. 1348. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78168-721-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78168-721-5"><bdi>978-1-78168-721-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prophet%3A+The+Life+of+Leon+Trotsky&rft.pages=1348&rft.pub=Verso+Books&rft.date=2015-01-05&rft.isbn=978-1-78168-721-5&rft.aulast=Deutscher&rft.aufirst=Isaac&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYGznDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Disaac%2Bdeutscher%2Btrotsky%2Bthe%2Bprophet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-429"><a href="#cite_ref-429">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrotsky1991" class="citation book cs1">Trotsky, Leon (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hiCYS9Z3lDoC">The Revolution Betrayed: What is the Soviet Union and where is it Going?</a>. Mehring Books. p. 218. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-929087-48-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-929087-48-1"><bdi>978-0-929087-48-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Revolution+Betrayed%3A+What+is+the+Soviet+Union+and+where+is+it+Going%3F&rft.pages=218&rft.pub=Mehring+Books&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-929087-48-1&rft.aulast=Trotsky&rft.aufirst=Leon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhiCYS9Z3lDoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERee1998-430"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERee1998_430-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRee1998">Ree 1998</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Twiss-431">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Twiss_431-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Twiss_431-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTwiss2014" class="citation book cs1">Twiss, Thomas M. (8 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3o2fAwAAQBAJ&dq=Trotsky+economic+planning+1923&pg=PA135">Trotsky and the Problem of Soviet Bureaucracy</a>. BRILL. pp. 88–113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-26953-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-26953-8"><bdi>978-90-04-26953-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trotsky+and+the+Problem+of+Soviet+Bureaucracy&rft.pages=88-113&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2014-05-08&rft.isbn=978-90-04-26953-8&rft.aulast=Twiss&rft.aufirst=Thomas+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3o2fAwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DTrotsky%2Beconomic%2Bplanning%2B1923%26pg%3DPA135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2015a587-432"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2015a587_432-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeutscher2015a">Deutscher 2015a</a>, pp. 587. </li> <li id="cite_note-433"><a href="#cite_ref-433">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTwiss2014" class="citation book cs1">Twiss, Thomas M. 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BRILL. pp. 105–106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-26953-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-26953-8"><bdi>978-90-04-26953-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trotsky+and+the+Problem+of+Soviet+Bureaucracy&rft.pages=105-106&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2014-05-08&rft.isbn=978-90-04-26953-8&rft.aulast=Twiss&rft.aufirst=Thomas+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3o2fAwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dtrotsky%2Bdecentralized%2Bplanning%26pg%3DPA106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2015a507–508,_585-434"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2015a507–508,_585_434-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeutscher2015a">Deutscher 2015a</a>, pp. 507–508, 585. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubenstein2011161-435"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubenstein2011161_435-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRubenstein2011">Rubenstein 2011</a>, p. 161. </li> <li id="cite_note-436"><a href="#cite_ref-436">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDay1973" class="citation book cs1">Day, Richard B. (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cGx-pzsksksC&dq=Trotsky+economic+planning+1923&pg=PA109">Leon Trotsky and the Politics of Economic Isolation</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52436-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52436-0"><bdi>978-0-521-52436-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leon+Trotsky+and+the+Politics+of+Economic+Isolation&rft.pages=109&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-521-52436-0&rft.aulast=Day&rft.aufirst=Richard+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcGx-pzsksksC%26dq%3DTrotsky%2Beconomic%2Bplanning%2B1923%26pg%3DPA109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2015a646-437"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2015a646_437-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeutscher2015a">Deutscher 2015a</a>, pp. 646. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2015a592-438"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2015a592_438-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeutscher2015a">Deutscher 2015a</a>, pp. 592. </li> <li id="cite_note-439"><a href="#cite_ref-439">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniels2008" class="citation book cs1">Daniels, Robert V. 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Yale University Press. p. 189. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-13493-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-13493-3"><bdi>978-0-300-13493-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+Communism+in+Russia&rft.pages=189&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2008-10-01&rft.isbn=978-0-300-13493-3&rft.aulast=Daniels&rft.aufirst=Robert+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D27JGzAoMLjoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-440"><a href="#cite_ref-440">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wdc.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/russian/id/8044/">"Trotsky: The Single Economic Plan"</a>. wdc.contentdm.oclc.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wdc.contentdm.oclc.org&rft.atitle=Trotsky%3A+The+Single+Economic+Plan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwdc.contentdm.oclc.org%2Fdigital%2Fcollection%2Frussian%2Fid%2F8044%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-441"><a href="#cite_ref-441">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNove2012" class="citation book cs1">Nove, Alec (12 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NWn4BbCEH6gC&dq=Trotsky+economic+planning+1923&pg=PA89">Socialism, Economics and Development (Routledge Revivals)</a>. Routledge. pp. 89–90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-58266-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-58266-0"><bdi>978-1-136-58266-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Socialism%2C+Economics+and+Development+%28Routledge+Revivals%29&rft.pages=89-90&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012-11-12&rft.isbn=978-1-136-58266-0&rft.aulast=Nove&rft.aufirst=Alec&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNWn4BbCEH6gC%26dq%3DTrotsky%2Beconomic%2Bplanning%2B1923%26pg%3DPA89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-442"><a href="#cite_ref-442">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGueullette1992" class="citation book cs1">Gueullette, Agota (1992). Trotsky and foreign economic relations. Brotherstone, Terence; Dukes, Paul,(eds). Edinburgh University Press. p. 212. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-0317-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-0317-6"><bdi>978-0-7486-0317-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trotsky+and+foreign+economic+relations.+Brotherstone%2C+Terence%3B+Dukes%2C+Paul%2C%28eds%29&rft.pages=212&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-0317-6&rft.aulast=Gueullette&rft.aufirst=Agota&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMandel199562-443"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMandel199562_443-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMandel1995">Mandel 1995</a>, p. 62. </li> <li id="cite_note-444"><a href="#cite_ref-444">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/history/etol/document/ilo/1923-lo/index.htm">"Documents of the 1923 opposition"</a>. www.marxists.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.marxists.org&rft.atitle=Documents+of+the+1923+opposition&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Fhistory%2Fetol%2Fdocument%2Filo%2F1923-lo%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-445"><a href="#cite_ref-445">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKemp2014" class="citation book cs1">Kemp, Tom (14 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rjWtAgAAQBAJ&dq=trotsky+progressive+tax+left+opposition&pg=PT67">Industrialisation in the Non-Western World</a>. Routledge. pp. 1–150. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-90133-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-90133-4"><bdi>978-1-317-90133-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Industrialisation+in+the+Non-Western+World&rft.pages=1-150&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014-01-14&rft.isbn=978-1-317-90133-4&rft.aulast=Kemp&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrjWtAgAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dtrotsky%2Bprogressive%2Btax%2Bleft%2Bopposition%26pg%3DPT67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-446"><a href="#cite_ref-446">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarr1970" class="citation book cs1">Carr, Edward Hallett (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WbobAAAAIAAJ&q=Trotsky+electrification">A History of Soviet Russia</a>. Baltimore, Md. : Penguin Books. p. 180.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Soviet+Russia&rft.pages=180&rft.pub=Baltimore%2C+Md.+%3A+Penguin+Books&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Carr&rft.aufirst=Edward+Hallett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWbobAAAAIAAJ%26q%3DTrotsky%2Belectrification&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-447"><a href="#cite_ref-447">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrotsky2023" class="citation book cs1">Trotsky, Leon (2 March 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MioAEAAAQBAJ&dq=trotsky+electrification+offering+the+peasant+a+gramophone+instead+of+a+cow&pg=PT58">My Life</a>. Wellred Books. pp. 1–50.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Life&rft.pages=1-50&rft.pub=Wellred+Books&rft.date=2023-03-02&rft.aulast=Trotsky&rft.aufirst=Leon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMioAEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dtrotsky%2Belectrification%2Boffering%2Bthe%2Bpeasant%2Ba%2Bgramophone%2Binstead%2Bof%2Ba%2Bcow%26pg%3DPT58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-448"><a href="#cite_ref-448">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuldakov1992" class="citation book cs1">Buldakov, Vladimir (1992). Trotsky: October and its perspective in The Trotsky reappraisal. Brotherstone, Terence; Dukes, Paul,(eds). Edinburgh University Press. p. 112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-0317-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-0317-6"><bdi>978-0-7486-0317-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trotsky%3A+October+and+its+perspective+in+The+Trotsky+reappraisal.+Brotherstone%2C+Terence%3B+Dukes%2C+Paul%2C%28eds%29&rft.pages=112&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-0317-6&rft.aulast=Buldakov&rft.aufirst=Vladimir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-449"><a href="#cite_ref-449">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrotsky1972" class="citation book cs1">Trotsky, Leon (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WUo8AAAAIAAJ&q=even%20if%20the%20Politburo%20consisted%20of%20seven%20universal%20geniuses,%20of%20seven%20Marxes,%20or%20seven%20Lenins,%20it%20will%20still%20be%20unable,%20all%20on%20its%20own,%20with%20all%20its%20creative%20imagination,%20to%20assert%20command%20over%20the%20economy%20of%20170%20million%20people">Writings of Leon Trotsky. [Edited by George Breitman and Evelyn Reed: 1932-33</a>. Merit Publishers. p. 96.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Writings+of+Leon+Trotsky.+%5BEdited+by+George+Breitman+and+Evelyn+Reed%3A+1932-33&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=Merit+Publishers&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Trotsky&rft.aufirst=Leon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWUo8AAAAIAAJ%26q%3Deven%2520if%2520the%2520Politburo%2520consisted%2520of%2520seven%2520universal%2520geniuses%2C%2520of%2520seven%2520Marxes%2C%2520or%2520seven%2520Lenins%2C%2520it%2520will%2520still%2520be%2520unable%2C%2520all%2520on%2520its%2520own%2C%2520with%2520all%2520its%2520creative%2520imagination%2C%2520to%2520assert%2520command%2520over%2520the%2520economy%2520of%2520170%2520million%2520people&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-450"><a href="#cite_ref-450">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodsGrant1976" class="citation book cs1">Woods, Alan; Grant, Ted (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O6zRDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT174">Lenin and Trotsky: What They Really Stood For</a>. Wellred Books. pp. 50–151.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lenin+and+Trotsky%3A+What+They+Really+Stood+For&rft.pages=50-151&rft.pub=Wellred+Books&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Woods&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft.au=Grant%2C+Ted&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO6zRDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-451"><a href="#cite_ref-451">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitzpatrick2010" class="citation journal cs1">Fitzpatrick, Sheila (22 April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v32/n08/sheila-fitzpatrick/the-old-man">"The Old Man"</a>. London Review of Books. 32 (8). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0260-9592">0260-9592</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=London+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=The+Old+Man&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=8&rft.date=2010-04-22&rft.issn=0260-9592&rft.aulast=Fitzpatrick&rft.aufirst=Sheila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lrb.co.uk%2Fthe-paper%2Fv32%2Fn08%2Fsheila-fitzpatrick%2Fthe-old-man&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMandel199559-452"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMandel199559_452-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMandel1995">Mandel 1995</a>, p. 59. </li> <li id="cite_note-453"><a href="#cite_ref-453">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2011/01/pers-j17.html">"The mass uprising in Tunisia and the perspective of permanent revolution"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Socialist_Web_Site" title="World Socialist Web Site">World Socialist Web Site</a>. International Committee of the Fourth International. 17 January 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130529173202/http://wsws.org/en/articles/2011/01/pers-j17.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2013. Retrieved 3 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Socialist+Web+Site&rft.atitle=The+mass+uprising+in+Tunisia+and+the+perspective+of+permanent+revolution&rft.date=2011-01-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsws.org%2Fen%2Farticles%2F2011%2F01%2Fpers-j17.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-454"><a href="#cite_ref-454">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeutscher2015" class="citation book cs1">Deutscher, Isaac (5 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YGznDwAAQBAJ&q=isaac+deutscher+trotsky">The Prophet: The Life of Leon Trotsky</a>. Verso Books. pp. 472–473. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78168-721-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78168-721-5"><bdi>978-1-78168-721-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prophet%3A+The+Life+of+Leon+Trotsky&rft.pages=472-473&rft.pub=Verso+Books&rft.date=2015-01-05&rft.isbn=978-1-78168-721-5&rft.aulast=Deutscher&rft.aufirst=Isaac&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYGznDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Disaac%2Bdeutscher%2Btrotsky&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-455"><a href="#cite_ref-455">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatenaude2017" class="citation book cs1">Patenaude, Betrand (21 September 2017). "Trotsky and Trotskyism" in The Cambridge History of Communism: Volume 1, World Revolution and Socialism in One Country 1917–1941. Cambridge University Press. p. 203. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-21041-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-21041-6"><bdi>978-1-108-21041-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Trotsky+and+Trotskyism%22+in+The+Cambridge+History+of+Communism%3A+Volume+1%2C+World+Revolution+and+Socialism+in+One+Country+1917%E2%80%931941&rft.pages=203&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017-09-21&rft.isbn=978-1-108-21041-6&rft.aulast=Patenaude&rft.aufirst=Betrand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-456"><a href="#cite_ref-456">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTicktin1992" class="citation book cs1">Ticktin, Hillel (1992). Trotsky's political economy of capitalism. Brotherstone, Terence; Dukes, Paul,(eds). Edinburgh University Press. p. 227. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-0317-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-0317-6"><bdi>978-0-7486-0317-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trotsky%27s+political+economy+of+capitalism.+Brotherstone%2C+Terence%3B+Dukes%2C+Paul%2C%28eds%29&rft.pages=227&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-0317-6&rft.aulast=Ticktin&rft.aufirst=Hillel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-457"><a href="#cite_ref-457">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWistrich1976" class="citation journal cs1">Wistrich, Robert S. (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/260195">"Leon Trotsky's Theory of Fascism"</a>. Journal of Contemporary History. 11 (4): 157–184. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002200947601100409">10.1177/002200947601100409</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-0094">0022-0094</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/260195">260195</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:140420352">140420352</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+History&rft.atitle=Leon+Trotsky%27s+Theory+of+Fascism&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=157-184&rft.date=1976&rft.issn=0022-0094&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A140420352%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F260195%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F002200947601100409&rft.aulast=Wistrich&rft.aufirst=Robert+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F260195&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-458"><a href="#cite_ref-458">^</a> Joseph Choonara, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isj.org.uk/index.php4?id=397&issue=117">"The United Front"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080107230355/http://www.isj.org.uk/index.php4?id=397&issue=117">Archived</a> 7 January 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="International Socialism">International Socialism</a>, 117. </li> <li id="cite_note-459"><a href="#cite_ref-459">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeckVaradarajan2017" class="citation journal cs1">Peck, Jamie; Varadarajan, Latha (6 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781118786352.wbieg0721">"Uneven Regional Development"</a>. International Encyclopedia of Geography: People, the Earth, Environment and Technology. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd: 1–13. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781118786352.wbieg0721">10.1002/9781118786352.wbieg0721</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780470659632" title="Special:BookSources/9780470659632"><bdi>9780470659632</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Encyclopedia+of+Geography%3A+People%2C+the+Earth%2C+Environment+and+Technology&rft.atitle=Uneven+Regional+Development&rft.pages=1-13&rft.date=2017-03-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781118786352.wbieg0721&rft.isbn=9780470659632&rft.aulast=Peck&rft.aufirst=Jamie&rft.au=Varadarajan%2C+Latha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1002%2F9781118786352.wbieg0721&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-460"><a href="#cite_ref-460">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tMqiDwAAQBAJ&q=Trotsky+uneven+and+combined+development">Cultures of Uneven and Combined Development: From International Relations to World Literature</a>. BRILL. 8 July 2019. pp. 1–20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-38473-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-38473-6"><bdi>978-90-04-38473-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultures+of+Uneven+and+Combined+Development%3A+From+International+Relations+to+World+Literature&rft.pages=1-20&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2019-07-08&rft.isbn=978-90-04-38473-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtMqiDwAAQBAJ%26q%3DTrotsky%2Buneven%2Band%2Bcombined%2Bdevelopment&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-461"><a href="#cite_ref-461">^</a> "Talk of uneven development becomes dominant in Trotskii's writings from 1927 onwards. From this date, whenever the law is mentioned, the claim consistently made for it is that 'the entire history of mankind is governed by the law of uneven development'." – <a href="/wiki/Ian_D._Thatcher" class="mw-redirect" title="Ian D. Thatcher">Ian D. Thatcher</a>, "Uneven and combined development", Revolutionary Russia, Vol. 4 No. 2, 1991, p. 237. </li> <li id="cite_note-462"><a href="#cite_ref-462">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaccarelliVaradarajan2023" class="citation journal cs1">Saccarelli, Emanuele; Varadarajan, Latha (7 June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bristoluniversitypressdigital.com/gsc/configurable/content/journals$002fgscj$002faop$002farticle-10.1332-CBXB8720$002farticle-10.1332-CBXB8720.xml">"Leon Trotsky and the political conundrum of international relations"</a>. Global Social Challenges Journal. -1 (aop): 105–126. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1332%2FCBXB8720">10.1332/CBXB8720</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Global+Social+Challenges+Journal&rft.atitle=Leon+Trotsky+and+the+political+conundrum+of+international+relations&rft.volume=-1&rft.issue=aop&rft.pages=105-126&rft.date=2023-06-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1332%2FCBXB8720&rft.aulast=Saccarelli&rft.aufirst=Emanuele&rft.au=Varadarajan%2C+Latha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbristoluniversitypressdigital.com%2Fgsc%2Fconfigurable%2Fcontent%2Fjournals%24002fgscj%24002faop%24002farticle-10.1332-CBXB8720%24002farticle-10.1332-CBXB8720.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-463"><a href="#cite_ref-463">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrotsky2005" class="citation book cs1">Trotsky, Leon (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MG-981usVQEC&dq=man+will+occupy+himself+with+re+registering+mountains+and+rivers+and+will+earnestly+and+repeatedly+make+improvements+in+nature&pg=PA204">Literature and Revolution</a>. Haymarket Books. p. 204. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-931859-16-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-931859-16-5"><bdi>978-1-931859-16-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Literature+and+Revolution&rft.pages=204&rft.pub=Haymarket+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-931859-16-5&rft.aulast=Trotsky&rft.aufirst=Leon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMG-981usVQEC%26dq%3Dman%2Bwill%2Boccupy%2Bhimself%2Bwith%2Bre%2Bregistering%2Bmountains%2Band%2Brivers%2Band%2Bwill%2Bearnestly%2Band%2Brepeatedly%2Bmake%2Bimprovements%2Bin%2Bnature%26pg%3DPA204&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-464"><a href="#cite_ref-464">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBird2018" class="citation journal cs1">Bird, Robert (1 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11212-018-9304-6">"Culture as permanent revolution: Lev Trotsky's Literature and Revolution"</a>. Studies in East European Thought. 70 (2): 181–193. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11212-018-9304-6">10.1007/s11212-018-9304-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1573-0948">1573-0948</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:207809829">207809829</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+East+European+Thought&rft.atitle=Culture+as+permanent+revolution%3A+Lev+Trotsky%27s+Literature+and+Revolution&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=181-193&rft.date=2018-09-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A207809829%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1573-0948&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11212-018-9304-6&rft.aulast=Bird&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2Fs11212-018-9304-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-465"><a href="#cite_ref-465">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeutscher2015" class="citation book cs1">Deutscher, Isaac (5 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YGznDwAAQBAJ&q=isaac+deutscher+trotsky+the+prophet">The Prophet: The Life of Leon Trotsky</a>. Verso Books. pp. 729–730. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78168-721-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78168-721-5"><bdi>978-1-78168-721-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prophet%3A+The+Life+of+Leon+Trotsky&rft.pages=729-730&rft.pub=Verso+Books&rft.date=2015-01-05&rft.isbn=978-1-78168-721-5&rft.aulast=Deutscher&rft.aufirst=Isaac&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYGznDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Disaac%2Bdeutscher%2Btrotsky%2Bthe%2Bprophet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2015a1474-466"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2015a1474_466-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeutscher2015a">Deutscher 2015a</a>, pp. 1474. </li> <li id="cite_note-467"><a href="#cite_ref-467">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatenaude2017" class="citation book cs1">Patenaude, Betrand (21 September 2017). "Trotsky and Trotskyism" in The Cambridge History of Communism: Volume 1, World Revolution and Socialism in One Country 1917–1941R. Cambridge University Press. p. 204. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-21041-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-21041-6"><bdi>978-1-108-21041-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Trotsky+and+Trotskyism%22+in+The+Cambridge+History+of+Communism%3A+Volume+1%2C+World+Revolution+and+Socialism+in+One+Country+1917%E2%80%931941R&rft.pages=204&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017-09-21&rft.isbn=978-1-108-21041-6&rft.aulast=Patenaude&rft.aufirst=Betrand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-468"><a href="#cite_ref-468">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEagleton2013" class="citation book cs1">Eagleton, Terry (7 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h7k8t09BbIQC&q=trotsky+literature+and+revolution+socialist+realism">Marxism and Literary Criticism</a>. Routledge. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-94783-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-94783-6"><bdi>978-1-134-94783-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marxism+and+Literary+Criticism&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-03-07&rft.isbn=978-1-134-94783-6&rft.aulast=Eagleton&rft.aufirst=Terry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh7k8t09BbIQC%26q%3Dtrotsky%2Bliterature%2Band%2Brevolution%2Bsocialist%2Brealism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oxford_Eng._:_Clarendon_Press-469">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_Eng._:_Clarendon_Press_469-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_Eng._:_Clarendon_Press_469-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnei-Paz1978" class="citation book cs1">Knei-Paz, Baruch (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/socialpoliticalt0000knei/page/300/mode/2up?q=proletarian+culture">The social and political thought of Leon Trotsky</a>. Oxford [Eng.]: Clarendon Press. pp. 289–301. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-827233-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-827233-5"><bdi>978-0-19-827233-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+social+and+political+thought+of+Leon+Trotsky&rft.place=Oxford+%5BEng.%5D&rft.pages=289-301&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-19-827233-5&rft.aulast=Knei-Paz&rft.aufirst=Baruch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsocialpoliticalt0000knei%2Fpage%2F300%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fq%3Dproletarian%2Bculture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-470"><a href="#cite_ref-470">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tiff.net/events/the-trotsky">"The Trotsky"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Toronto_International_Film_Festival" title="Toronto International Film Festival">Toronto International Film Festival</a>. Retrieved 30 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Trotsky&rft.pub=Toronto+International+Film+Festival&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftiff.net%2Fevents%2Fthe-trotsky&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-471"><a href="#cite_ref-471">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorney2015" class="citation book cs1">Corney, Frederick (24 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3pADCwAAQBAJ&dq=Trotsky+snowball+Goldstein&pg=PA82">Trotsky's Challenge: The 'Literary Discussion' of 1924 and the Fight for the Bolshevik Revolution</a>. BRILL. p. 82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-30666-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-30666-0"><bdi>978-90-04-30666-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trotsky%27s+Challenge%3A+The+%27Literary+Discussion%27+of+1924+and+the+Fight+for+the+Bolshevik+Revolution&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2015-11-24&rft.isbn=978-90-04-30666-0&rft.aulast=Corney&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3pADCwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DTrotsky%2Bsnowball%2BGoldstein%26pg%3DPA82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-472"><a href="#cite_ref-472">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaffer2008" class="citation book cs1">Shaffer, Brian W. (15 April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1BAc_RuD34MC&dq=Trotsky+snowball+Goldstein&pg=PA247">A Companion to the British and Irish Novel, 1945 – 2000</a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 247. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-5616-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-5616-5"><bdi>978-1-4051-5616-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+the+British+and+Irish+Novel%2C+1945+%E2%80%93+2000&rft.pages=247&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2008-04-15&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-5616-5&rft.aulast=Shaffer&rft.aufirst=Brian+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1BAc_RuD34MC%26dq%3DTrotsky%2Bsnowball%2BGoldstein%26pg%3DPA247&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-473"><a href="#cite_ref-473">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGardner2019" class="citation book cs1">Gardner, Colin (11 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cXICEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA265">Joseph Losey</a>. Manchester University Press. p. 265. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5261-4156-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5261-4156-9"><bdi>978-1-5261-4156-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Joseph+Losey&rft.pages=265&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2019-01-11&rft.isbn=978-1-5261-4156-9&rft.aulast=Gardner&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcXICEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA265&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-474"><a href="#cite_ref-474">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlanagan2019" class="citation book cs1">Flanagan, Kevin M. (25 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aDy5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA51">War Representation in British Cinema and Television: From Suez to Thatcher, and Beyond</a>. Springer Nature. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-30203-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-30203-0"><bdi>978-3-030-30203-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+Representation+in+British+Cinema+and+Television%3A+From+Suez+to+Thatcher%2C+and+Beyond&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2019-10-25&rft.isbn=978-3-030-30203-0&rft.aulast=Flanagan&rft.aufirst=Kevin+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaDy5DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-475"><a href="#cite_ref-475">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tass.com/society/1036412">"Trotsky coming soon to Netflix: Russian revolutionary series to go on online streaming"</a>. TASS. Retrieved 29 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TASS&rft.atitle=Trotsky+coming+soon+to+Netflix%3A+Russian+revolutionary+series+to+go+on+online+streaming&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftass.com%2Fsociety%2F1036412&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-socialistworker1-476"><a href="#cite_ref-socialistworker1_476-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://socialistworker.org/2010/05/27/struggling-for-soul-cialism">"Struggling for soul-cialism"</a>. SocialistWorker.org. 27 May 2010. Retrieved 1 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SocialistWorker.org&rft.atitle=Struggling+for+soul-cialism&rft.date=2010-05-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsocialistworker.org%2F2010%2F05%2F27%2Fstruggling-for-soul-cialism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_by_Trotsky">Works by Trotsky</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_Trotsky&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Works by Trotsky">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrotsky1971" class="citation book cs1">Trotsky, Leon (1971). 1905. New York: Vintage Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0394471778" title="Special:BookSources/978-0394471778"><bdi>978-0394471778</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1905&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0394471778&rft.aulast=Trotsky&rft.aufirst=Leon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_Trotsky&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_Russian_Revolution_and_Civil_War" title="Bibliography of the Russian Revolution and Civil War">Bibliography of the Russian Revolution and Civil War</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAckerman2017" class="citation book cs1">Ackerman, Kenneth D. (2017). Trotsky in New York, 1917: A Radical on the Eve of Revolution. Counterpoint. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-64009-003-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-64009-003-3"><bdi>978-1-64009-003-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trotsky+in+New+York%2C+1917%3A+A+Radical+on+the+Eve+of+Revolution&rft.pub=Counterpoint&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-64009-003-3&rft.aulast=Ackerman&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvrich1970" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Avrich" title="Paul Avrich">Avrich, Paul</a> (1970). <a href="/wiki/Kronstadt,_1921" title="Kronstadt, 1921">Kronstadt, 1921</a>. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-08721-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-08721-0"><bdi>0-691-08721-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/67322">67322</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kronstadt%2C+1921&rft.place=Princeton%2C+N.J.&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F67322&rft.isbn=0-691-08721-0&rft.aulast=Avrich&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnett2013b" class="citation book cs1">Barnett, Vincent (2013b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s71uK9sB27AC&dq=Trotsky+alternative+historians&pg=PA101">A History of Russian Economic Thought</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-26191-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-26191-8"><bdi>978-1-134-26191-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Russian+Economic+Thought&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-134-26191-8&rft.aulast=Barnett&rft.aufirst=Vincent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds71uK9sB27AC%26dq%3DTrotsky%2Balternative%2Bhistorians%26pg%3DPA101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeilharz1987" class="citation book cs1">Beilharz, Peter (1987). Trotsky, Trotskyism and the Transition to Socialism. Barnes & Noble. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-389-20698-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-389-20698-9"><bdi>978-0-389-20698-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trotsky%2C+Trotskyism+and+the+Transition+to+Socialism&rft.pub=Barnes+%26+Noble&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-389-20698-9&rft.aulast=Beilharz&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackledge2006" class="citation journal cs1">Blackledge, Paul (2006). "Leon Trotsky's Contribution to the Marxist Theory of History". Studies in East European Thought. 58 (1): 1–31. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11212-005-3677-z">10.1007/s11212-005-3677-z</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85504744">85504744</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+East+European+Thought&rft.atitle=Leon+Trotsky%27s+Contribution+to+the+Marxist+Theory+of+History&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-31&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11212-005-3677-z&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A85504744%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Blackledge&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBullock1991b" class="citation book cs1">Bullock, Alan (1991b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hitlerstalinpara0000bull/page/132/mode/2up">Hitler and Stalin: parallel lives</a>. London: HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-215494-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-215494-9"><bdi>978-0-00-215494-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler+and+Stalin%3A+parallel+lives&rft.place=London&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-00-215494-9&rft.aulast=Bullock&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhitlerstalinpara0000bull%2Fpage%2F132%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarrDavies1971" class="citation book cs1">Carr, Edward Hallett; Davies, Robert William (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8dEmAQAAMAAJ&q=Trotsky+five+year+plan+stole">Foundations of a Planned Economy, 1926–1929</a>. Macmillan. p. 199.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foundations+of+a+Planned+Economy%2C+1926%E2%80%931929&rft.pages=199&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Carr&rft.aufirst=Edward+Hallett&rft.au=Davies%2C+Robert+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8dEmAQAAMAAJ%26q%3DTrotsky%2Bfive%2Byear%2Bplan%2Bstole&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarr1978" class="citation book cs1">Carr, Edward Hallett (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jeIbzwEACAAJ">Socialism in One Country: 1924-1926. Vol. 1</a>. Macmillan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-24216-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-24216-2"><bdi>978-0-333-24216-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Socialism+in+One+Country%3A+1924-1926.+Vol.+1&rft.pub=Macmillan+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-333-24216-2&rft.aulast=Carr&rft.aufirst=Edward+Hallett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjeIbzwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCliff1989" class="citation book cs1">Cliff, Tony (1989). Trotsky: Towards October 1879–1917. London: Bookmarks.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trotsky%3A+Towards+October+1879%E2%80%931917&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Bookmarks&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Cliff&rft.aufirst=Tony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCliff1990" class="citation book cs1">Cliff, Tony (1990). Trotsky: The Sword of the Revolution 1917–1923. London: Bookmarks.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trotsky%3A+The+Sword+of+the+Revolution+1917%E2%80%931923&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Bookmarks&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Cliff&rft.aufirst=Tony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCliff1991" class="citation book cs1">Cliff, Tony (1991). Trotsky: Fighting the rising Stalinist bureaucracy 1923–1927. London: Bookmarks.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trotsky%3A+Fighting+the+rising+Stalinist+bureaucracy+1923%E2%80%931927&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Bookmarks&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Cliff&rft.aufirst=Tony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCliff1993" class="citation book cs1">Cliff, Tony (1993). Trotsky: The darker the night the brighter the star 1927–1940. London: Bookmarks.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trotsky%3A+The+darker+the+night+the+brighter+the+star+1927%E2%80%931940&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Bookmarks&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Cliff&rft.aufirst=Tony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConquest1992" class="citation book cs1">Conquest, Robert (1992). The Great Terror: A Reassessment. Oxford University Pgress. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-507132-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-507132-8"><bdi>0-19-507132-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Terror%3A+A+Reassessment&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Pgress&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-19-507132-8&rft.aulast=Conquest&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCox1992" class="citation journal cs1">Cox, Michael (1992). "Trotsky and His Interpreters; or, Will the Real Leon Trotsky Please Stand up?". Russian Review. 51 (1): 84–102. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F131248">10.2307/131248</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/131248">131248</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Russian+Review&rft.atitle=Trotsky+and+His+Interpreters%3B+or%2C+Will+the+Real+Leon+Trotsky+Please+Stand+up%3F&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=84-102&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F131248&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F131248%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Cox&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD'Agostino2011" class="citation book cs1">D'Agostino, Anthony (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uD1-0Gxw0NMC&dq=trotsky+lenin+bloc+1922+d%27agostino&pg=PA67">The Russian Revolution, 1917-1945</a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-38622-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-38622-0"><bdi>978-0-313-38622-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Russian+Revolution%2C+1917-1945&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-313-38622-0&rft.aulast=D%27Agostino&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuD1-0Gxw0NMC%26dq%3Dtrotsky%2Blenin%2Bbloc%2B1922%2Bd%2527agostino%26pg%3DPA67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniels1993" class="citation book cs1">Daniels, Robert (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eUQuAAAAMAAJ&q=%E2%80%9CHad%20Trotsky%20won%20the%20struggle%20to%20succeed%20Lenin,%20the%20character%20of%20the%20Soviet%20regime%20would%20almost%20certainly%20have%20been%20substantially%20different,%20particularly%20in%20foreign%20policy,%20cultural%20policy,%20and%20the%20extent%20of%20terroristic%20repression.%20Trotsky%E2%80%99s%20failure,%20however,%20seems%20to%20have%20been%20almost%20inevitable,%20considering%20his%20own%20qualities%20and%20the%20conditions%20of%20authoritarian%20rule%20by%20the%20Communist%20Party%20organization">The New Encyclopædia Britannica: Micropædia</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. p. 946. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85229-571-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85229-571-7"><bdi>978-0-85229-571-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%3A+Microp%C3%A6dia&rft.pages=946&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-85229-571-7&rft.aulast=Daniels&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeUQuAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%25E2%2580%259CHad%2520Trotsky%2520won%2520the%2520struggle%2520to%2520succeed%2520Lenin%2C%2520the%2520character%2520of%2520the%2520Soviet%2520regime%2520would%2520almost%2520certainly%2520have%2520been%2520substantially%2520different%2C%2520particularly%2520in%2520foreign%2520policy%2C%2520cultural%2520policy%2C%2520and%2520the%2520extent%2520of%2520terroristic%2520repression.%2520Trotsky%25E2%2580%2599s%2520failure%2C%2520however%2C%2520seems%2520to%2520have%2520been%2520almost%2520inevitable%2C%2520considering%2520his%2520own%2520qualities%2520and%2520the%2520conditions%2520of%2520authoritarian%2520rule%2520by%2520the%2520Communist%2520Party%2520organization&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniels2008b" class="citation book cs1">Daniels, Robert V. (2008b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=27JGzAoMLjoC">The Rise and Fall of Communism in Russia</a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-13493-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-13493-3"><bdi>978-0-300-13493-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+Communism+in+Russia&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-300-13493-3&rft.aulast=Daniels&rft.aufirst=Robert+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D27JGzAoMLjoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniels1991" class="citation book cs1">Daniels, Robert V (1991). Trotsky, Stalin & Socialism. Westview Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8133-1223-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8133-1223-X"><bdi>0-8133-1223-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trotsky%2C+Stalin+%26+Socialism&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-8133-1223-X&rft.aulast=Daniels&rft.aufirst=Robert+V&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDay1990" class="citation journal cs1">Day, Richard B. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20100543">"The Blackmail of the Single Alternative: Bukharin, Trotsky and Perestrojka"</a>. Studies in Soviet Thought. 40 (1/3): 159–188. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00818977">10.1007/BF00818977</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0039-3797">0039-3797</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20100543">20100543</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+Soviet+Thought&rft.atitle=The+Blackmail+of+the+Single+Alternative%3A+Bukharin%2C+Trotsky+and+Perestrojka&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=1%2F3&rft.pages=159-188&rft.date=1990&rft.issn=0039-3797&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20100543%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00818977&rft.aulast=Day&rft.aufirst=Richard+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20100543&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeutscher2003a" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Deutscher" title="Isaac Deutscher">Deutscher, Isaac</a> (2003a) [1954]. Trotsky: The Prophet Armed. Verso Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85984-441-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85984-441-0"><bdi>978-1-85984-441-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trotsky%3A+The+Prophet+Armed&rft.pub=Verso+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-85984-441-0&rft.aulast=Deutscher&rft.aufirst=Isaac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeutscher2003b" class="citation book cs1">Deutscher, Isaac (2003b) [1959]. Trotsky: The Prophet Unarmed. Verso Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85984-446-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85984-446-5"><bdi>978-1-85984-446-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trotsky%3A+The+Prophet+Unarmed&rft.pub=Verso+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-85984-446-5&rft.aulast=Deutscher&rft.aufirst=Isaac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeutscher2003c" class="citation book cs1">Deutscher, Isaac (2003c) [1963]. Trotsky: The Prophet Outcast. Verso Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85984-451-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85984-451-9"><bdi>978-1-85984-451-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trotsky%3A+The+Prophet+Outcast&rft.pub=Verso+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-85984-451-9&rft.aulast=Deutscher&rft.aufirst=Isaac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeutscher2015a" class="citation book cs1">Deutscher, Isaac (2015a). The Prophet: The Life of Leon Trotsky. Verso Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78168-560-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78168-560-0"><bdi>978-1-78168-560-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prophet%3A+The+Life+of+Leon+Trotsky&rft.pub=Verso+Books&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-78168-560-0&rft.aulast=Deutscher&rft.aufirst=Isaac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeutscher1966" class="citation book cs1">Deutscher, Isaac (1966). Ironies of History: Essays on contemporary communism. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0000CN8J6">B0000CN8J6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ironies+of+History%3A+Essays+on+contemporary+communism&rft.date=1966&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB0000CN8J6%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Deutscher&rft.aufirst=Isaac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouds2019b" class="citation book cs1">Douds, Lara (2019b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Yf5aEAAAQBAJ&dq=on+lenin%27s+initiative+trotsky+deputy&pg=PA165">Inside Lenin's Government: Ideology, Power and Practice in the Early Soviet State</a>. Bloomsbury Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-350-12649-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-350-12649-7"><bdi>978-1-350-12649-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+Lenin%27s+Government%3A+Ideology%2C+Power+and+Practice+in+the+Early+Soviet+State&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-350-12649-7&rft.aulast=Douds&rft.aufirst=Lara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYf5aEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Don%2Blenin%2527s%2Binitiative%2Btrotsky%2Bdeputy%26pg%3DPA165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunnRadice2006" class="citation book cs1">Dunn, Bill; Radice, Hugo (2006). Permanent Revolution – Results and Prospects 100 Years On. London: Pluto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-2522-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-2522-4"><bdi>978-0-7453-2522-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Permanent+Revolution+%E2%80%93+Results+and+Prospects+100+Years+On&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Pluto+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7453-2522-4&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft.au=Radice%2C+Hugo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeofanovBarry1995" class="citation report cs1">Feofanov, Yuri; Barry, Donald (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucis.pitt.edu/nceeer/1995-808-02-9-Feofanov.pdf">Arbitrary Justice: Courts and Politics in Post-Stalin Russia</a> (PDF) (Report). Washington, D. C.: National Council for Soviet and East European Research and <a href="/wiki/Lehigh_University" title="Lehigh University">Lehigh University</a>. Retrieved 19 July 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Arbitrary+Justice%3A+Courts+and+Politics+in+Post-Stalin+Russia&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.+C.&rft.pub=National+Council+for+Soviet+and+East+European+Research+and+Lehigh+University&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Feofanov&rft.aufirst=Yuri&rft.au=Barry%2C+Donald&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucis.pitt.edu%2Fnceeer%2F1995-808-02-9-Feofanov.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFiges2017" class="citation book cs1">Figes, Orlando (26 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d7i-DQAAQBAJ">A People's Tragedy: The Russian Revolution – centenary edition with new introduction</a>. Random House. pp. 796–797. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4481-1264-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4481-1264-7"><bdi>978-1-4481-1264-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+People%27s+Tragedy%3A+The+Russian+Revolution+%E2%80%93+centenary+edition+with+new+introduction&rft.pages=796-797&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2017-01-26&rft.isbn=978-1-4481-1264-7&rft.aulast=Figes&rft.aufirst=Orlando&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd7i-DQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitzpatrick2008" class="citation book cs1">Fitzpatrick, Sheila (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v0-1p3thZyMC">The Russian Revolution</a>. Oxford University Press US. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-923767-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-923767-8"><bdi>978-0-19-923767-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Russian+Revolution&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+US&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-923767-8&rft.aulast=Fitzpatrick&rft.aufirst=Sheila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv0-1p3thZyMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGetty2013b" class="citation book cs1">Getty, J. Arch (2013b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RaYzAAAAQBAJ&dq=Lenin+Trotsky+chairman+gosplan+1923&pg=PA53">Practicing Stalinism: Bolsheviks, Boyars, and the Persistence of Tradition</a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-16929-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-16929-4"><bdi>978-0-300-16929-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Practicing+Stalinism%3A+Bolsheviks%2C+Boyars%2C+and+the+Persistence+of+Tradition&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-300-16929-4&rft.aulast=Getty&rft.aufirst=J.+Arch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRaYzAAAAQBAJ%26dq%3DLenin%2BTrotsky%2Bchairman%2Bgosplan%2B1923%26pg%3DPA53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbert2003" class="citation book cs1">Gilbert, Helen (2003). Leon Trotsky: His Life and Ideas. Red Letter Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-932323-17-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-932323-17-0"><bdi>0-932323-17-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leon+Trotsky%3A+His+Life+and+Ideas&rft.pub=Red+Letter+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-932323-17-0&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=Helen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHallas1979" class="citation book cs1">Hallas, Duncan (1979). Trotsky's Marxism. London: Pluto Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trotsky%27s+Marxism&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Pluto+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Hallas&rft.aufirst=Duncan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansen1969" class="citation book cs1">Hansen, Joseph (1969). Leon Trotsky: the Man and His Work. Reminiscences and Appraisals. New York: Merit Publishers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leon+Trotsky%3A+the+Man+and+His+Work.+Reminiscences+and+Appraisals&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Merit+Publishers&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Hansen&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeijenoort2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jean_van_Heijenoort" title="Jean van Heijenoort">Heijenoort, Jean van</a> (2013). With Trotsky in Exile: From Prinkipo to Coyoacan. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-43668-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-43668-8"><bdi>978-0-674-43668-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=With+Trotsky+in+Exile%3A+From+Prinkipo+to+Coyoacan&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-674-43668-8&rft.aulast=Heijenoort&rft.aufirst=Jean+van&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowe1964" class="citation book cs1">Howe, Irving (1964). The Basic Writings of Trotsky. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0018ES7TI">B0018ES7TI</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Basic+Writings+of+Trotsky&rft.date=1964&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB0018ES7TI%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Howe&rft.aufirst=Irving&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKosheleva1995b" class="citation book cs1">Kosheleva, L (1995b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B4WLvA5-9hQC&dq=To+the+Secretary+of+the+Central+Committee,+Com.+Stalin.+Since+Com.+Rykov+was+given+a+vacation+before+the+return+of+Tsiurupa+(he+is+expected+to+arrive+on+20+September),+and+the+doctors+are+promising+me+(of+course,+only+in+the+event+that+nothing+bad+happens)+a+return+to+work+(at+first+very+limited)+by+I+October,+I+think+that+it+is+impossible+to+burden+Com.+Tsiurupa+with+all+the+ongoing+work,+and+I+propose+appointing+two+more+deputies+(deputy+to+the+chairman+of+the+Council+of+Commissars+and+deputy+to+the+chairman+of+the+Labor+Defense+Council),+that+is,+Comrades+Trotsky+and+Kamenev.+Distribute+the+work+between+them+with+my+clearance+and,+of+course,+with+the+Politburo+as+the+highest+authority.+%22+11th+September+1922.+V.+Ulianov+(Lenin).%22++++Com.+Trotsky+must+be+aware+that+there+were+no+other+offers+then+or+now+from+Com.+Lenin+regarding+his+appointment+to+the+leadership+of+the+Council+of+Commissars+or+the+Labor+Defense+Council.+Com.+Trotsky+thus+turned+down,+not+the+post+of+chairman+of+the+Council+of+Commissars+or+the+Labor+Defense+Council,+but+the+post+of+one+of+the+four+deputies+of+the+chairman.+Com.+Trotsky+must+be+aware+that+the+Politburo+voted+on+Lenin%27s+proposal+as+follows:+those+in+favor+of+Lenin%27s+proposal+were+Stalin,+Rykov,+Kalinin;+those+who+abstained+were+Tomskii,+Kamenev;+and+Com.+Trotsky+%22categorically+refused%22;+(Zinoviev+was+absent).+Com.+Trotsky+must+be+aware+that+the+Politburo+passed+the+following+resolution+on+this+matter:+%22The+Central+Commit-tee+Politburo+with+regret+notes+the+categorical+refusal+of+Com.+Trotsky+and+proposes+to+Com.+Kamenev+that+he+assume+the+fulfillment+of+the+duties+of+deputy+until+the+return+of+Com.+Tsiurupa&pg=PA80">Stalin's Letters to Molotov: 1925–1936</a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-06211-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-06211-3"><bdi>978-0-300-06211-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalin%27s+Letters+to+Molotov%3A+1925%E2%80%931936&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-300-06211-3&rft.aulast=Kosheleva&rft.aufirst=L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB4WLvA5-9hQC%26dq%3DTo%2Bthe%2BSecretary%2Bof%2Bthe%2BCentral%2BCommittee%2C%2BCom.%2BStalin.%2BSince%2BCom.%2BRykov%2Bwas%2Bgiven%2Ba%2Bvacation%2Bbefore%2Bthe%2Breturn%2Bof%2BTsiurupa%2B%28he%2Bis%2Bexpected%2Bto%2Barrive%2Bon%2B20%2BSeptember%29%2C%2Band%2Bthe%2Bdoctors%2Bare%2Bpromising%2Bme%2B%28of%2Bcourse%2C%2Bonly%2Bin%2Bthe%2Bevent%2Bthat%2Bnothing%2Bbad%2Bhappens%29%2Ba%2Breturn%2Bto%2Bwork%2B%28at%2Bfirst%2Bvery%2Blimited%29%2Bby%2BI%2BOctober%2C%2BI%2Bthink%2Bthat%2Bit%2Bis%2Bimpossible%2Bto%2Bburden%2BCom.%2BTsiurupa%2Bwith%2Ball%2Bthe%2Bongoing%2Bwork%2C%2Band%2BI%2Bpropose%2Bappointing%2Btwo%2Bmore%2Bdeputies%2B%28deputy%2Bto%2Bthe%2Bchairman%2Bof%2Bthe%2BCouncil%2Bof%2BCommissars%2Band%2Bdeputy%2Bto%2Bthe%2Bchairman%2Bof%2Bthe%2BLabor%2BDefense%2BCouncil%29%2C%2Bthat%2Bis%2C%2BComrades%2BTrotsky%2Band%2BKamenev.%2BDistribute%2Bthe%2Bwork%2Bbetween%2Bthem%2Bwith%2Bmy%2Bclearance%2Band%2C%2Bof%2Bcourse%2C%2Bwith%2Bthe%2BPolitburo%2Bas%2Bthe%2Bhighest%2Bauthority.%2B%2522%2B11th%2BSeptember%2B1922.%2BV.%2BUlianov%2B%28Lenin%29.%2522%2B%2B%2B%2BCom.%2BTrotsky%2Bmust%2Bbe%2Baware%2Bthat%2Bthere%2Bwere%2Bno%2Bother%2Boffers%2Bthen%2Bor%2Bnow%2Bfrom%2BCom.%2BLenin%2Bregarding%2Bhis%2Bappointment%2Bto%2Bthe%2Bleadership%2Bof%2Bthe%2BCouncil%2Bof%2BCommissars%2Bor%2Bthe%2BLabor%2BDefense%2BCouncil.%2BCom.%2BTrotsky%2Bthus%2Bturned%2Bdown%2C%2Bnot%2Bthe%2Bpost%2Bof%2Bchairman%2Bof%2Bthe%2BCouncil%2Bof%2BCommissars%2Bor%2Bthe%2BLabor%2BDefense%2BCouncil%2C%2Bbut%2Bthe%2Bpost%2Bof%2Bone%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bfour%2Bdeputies%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bchairman.%2BCom.%2BTrotsky%2Bmust%2Bbe%2Baware%2Bthat%2Bthe%2BPolitburo%2Bvoted%2Bon%2BLenin%2527s%2Bproposal%2Bas%2Bfollows%3A%2Bthose%2Bin%2Bfavor%2Bof%2BLenin%2527s%2Bproposal%2Bwere%2BStalin%2C%2BRykov%2C%2BKalinin%3B%2Bthose%2Bwho%2Babstained%2Bwere%2BTomskii%2C%2BKamenev%3B%2Band%2BCom.%2BTrotsky%2B%2522categorically%2Brefused%2522%3B%2B%28Zinoviev%2Bwas%2Babsent%29.%2BCom.%2BTrotsky%2Bmust%2Bbe%2Baware%2Bthat%2Bthe%2BPolitburo%2Bpassed%2Bthe%2Bfollowing%2Bresolution%2Bon%2Bthis%2Bmatter%3A%2B%2522The%2BCentral%2BCommit-tee%2BPolitburo%2Bwith%2Bregret%2Bnotes%2Bthe%2Bcategorical%2Brefusal%2Bof%2BCom.%2BTrotsky%2Band%2Bproposes%2Bto%2BCom.%2BKamenev%2Bthat%2Bhe%2Bassume%2Bthe%2Bfulfillment%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bduties%2Bof%2Bdeputy%2Buntil%2Bthe%2Breturn%2Bof%2BCom.%2BTsiurupa%26pg%3DPA80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKivelsonNeuberger2008" class="citation book cs1">Kivelson, Valerie Ann; Neuberger, Joan (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IKYl576odbgC&dq=trotsky+everyday+life&pg=PA149">Picturing Russia: Explorations in Visual Culture</a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11961-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11961-9"><bdi>978-0-300-11961-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Picturing+Russia%3A+Explorations+in+Visual+Culture&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-300-11961-9&rft.aulast=Kivelson&rft.aufirst=Valerie+Ann&rft.au=Neuberger%2C+Joan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIKYl576odbgC%26dq%3Dtrotsky%2Beveryday%2Blife%26pg%3DPA149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnei-Paz1979" class="citation book cs1">Knei-Paz, Baruch (1979). The Social and Political Thought of Leon Trotsky. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-827234-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-827234-2"><bdi>978-0-19-827234-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Social+and+Political+Thought+of+Leon+Trotsky&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-19-827234-2&rft.aulast=Knei-Paz&rft.aufirst=Baruch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatenaude2010b" class="citation book cs1">Patenaude, Bertrand (2010b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=81Se6bj7D0YC">Stalin's Nemesis: The Exile and Murder of Leon Trotsky</a>. Faber & Faber. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-25834-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-571-25834-5"><bdi>978-0-571-25834-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalin%27s+Nemesis%3A+The+Exile+and+Murder+of+Leon+Trotsky&rft.pub=Faber+%26+Faber&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-571-25834-5&rft.aulast=Patenaude&rft.aufirst=Bertrand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D81Se6bj7D0YC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKort2015" class="citation book cs1">Kort, Michael G. (18 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BHaWGEZA5zMC">The Soviet Colossus: History and Aftermath</a>. M.E. Sharpe. p. 166. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-2845-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-2845-9"><bdi>978-0-7656-2845-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Soviet+Colossus%3A+History+and+Aftermath&rft.pages=166&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=2015-05-18&rft.isbn=978-0-7656-2845-9&rft.aulast=Kort&rft.aufirst=Michael+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBHaWGEZA5zMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaqueur1990" class="citation book cs1">Laqueur, Walter (1990). Stalin: The Glasnost Revelations. Scribner's. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-19203-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-19203-1"><bdi>978-0-684-19203-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalin%3A+The+Glasnost+Revelations&rft.pub=Scribner%27s&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-684-19203-1&rft.aulast=Laqueur&rft.aufirst=Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLe_Blanc2015" class="citation book cs1">Le Blanc, Paul (2015). Leon Trotsky. London: Reaktion Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78023-430-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78023-430-4"><bdi>978-1-78023-430-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leon+Trotsky&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-78023-430-4&rft.aulast=Le+Blanc&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2005" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Stephen J. (20 June 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cmKFAgAAQBAJ&dq=Trotsky+five+year+plan+stole&pg=PA8">Stalin and the Soviet Union</a>. Routledge. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-66574-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-66574-7"><bdi>978-1-134-66574-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalin+and+the+Soviet+Union&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005-06-20&rft.isbn=978-1-134-66574-7&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Stephen+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcmKFAgAAQBAJ%26dq%3DTrotsky%2Bfive%2Byear%2Bplan%2Bstole%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevine1960" class="citation book cs1">Levine, Isaac Don (1960). The Mind of an Assassin. New York: <a href="/wiki/New_American_Library" title="New American Library">New American Library</a>/Signet Book.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mind+of+an+Assassin&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=New+American+Library%2FSignet+Book&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Levine&rft.aufirst=Isaac+Don&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewin2005" class="citation book cs1">Lewin, Moshe (4 May 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iheBbViwVksC&q=moshe+lewin+lenin%27s+last+struggle+trotsky+bloc">Lenin's Last Struggle</a>. University of Michigan Press. p. 67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-03052-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-03052-1"><bdi>978-0-472-03052-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lenin%27s+Last+Struggle&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2005-05-04&rft.isbn=978-0-472-03052-1&rft.aulast=Lewin&rft.aufirst=Moshe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiheBbViwVksC%26q%3Dmoshe%2Blewin%2Blenin%2527s%2Blast%2Bstruggle%2Btrotsky%2Bbloc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMandel1980" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mandel, Ernest (1980). La pensée politique de Leon Trotsky (in French). La Découverte. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2707139788" title="Special:BookSources/978-2707139788"><bdi>978-2707139788</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+pens%C3%A9e+politique+de+Leon+Trotsky&rft.pub=La+D%C3%A9couverte&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-2707139788&rft.aulast=Mandel&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMandel1995" class="citation book cs1">Mandel, Ernest (1995). Trotsky as alternative. London: Verso. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1859840856" title="Special:BookSources/978-1859840856"><bdi>978-1859840856</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trotsky+as+alternative&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Verso&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1859840856&rft.aulast=Mandel&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMccauley2014" class="citation book cs1">Mccauley, Martin (4 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PEHKAgAAQBAJ&q=martin+mccauley+soviet+union">The Soviet Union 1917-1991</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-90178-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-90178-5"><bdi>978-1-317-90178-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Soviet+Union+1917-1991&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014-02-04&rft.isbn=978-1-317-90178-5&rft.aulast=Mccauley&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPEHKAgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dmartin%2Bmccauley%2Bsoviet%2Bunion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDermott2006" class="citation book cs1">McDermott, Kevin (23 January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zpJKEAAAQBAJ&dq=trotsky+stalin+steal+industrialisation&pg=PA61">Stalin: Revolutionary in an Era of War</a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-20478-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-20478-2"><bdi>978-0-230-20478-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalin%3A+Revolutionary+in+an+Era+of+War&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2006-01-23&rft.isbn=978-0-230-20478-2&rft.aulast=McDermott&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzpJKEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dtrotsky%2Bstalin%2Bsteal%2Bindustrialisation%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNeal2015" class="citation journal cs1">McNeal, Robert H. (2015). "Trotsky's Interpretation of Stalin". Canadian Slavonic Papers. 5: 87–97. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00085006.1961.11417867">10.1080/00085006.1961.11417867</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Slavonic+Papers&rft.atitle=Trotsky%27s+Interpretation+of+Stalin&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=87-97&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00085006.1961.11417867&rft.aulast=McNeal&rft.aufirst=Robert+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMedvedev1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roy_Medvedev" title="Roy Medvedev">Medvedev, Roy</a> (1976). Let History Judge. <a href="/wiki/Nottingham" title="Nottingham">Nottingham</a>: Spokesman Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85124-150-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85124-150-0"><bdi>978-0-85124-150-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Let+History+Judge&rft.place=Nottingham&rft.pub=Spokesman+Books&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-85124-150-0&rft.aulast=Medvedev&rft.aufirst=Roy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMolyneux1981" class="citation book cs1">Molyneux, John (1981). Leon Trotsky's Theory of Revolution. Brighton: Harvester Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-47994-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-47994-7"><bdi>978-0-312-47994-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leon+Trotsky%27s+Theory+of+Revolution&rft.place=Brighton&rft.pub=Harvester+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-312-47994-7&rft.aulast=Molyneux&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorth2010" class="citation book cs1">North, David (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mVqvouA22IkC&q=david+north+in+defence+of+trotsky">In Defense of Leon Trotsky</a>. Mehring Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-893638-05-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-893638-05-1"><bdi>978-1-893638-05-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Defense+of+Leon+Trotsky&rft.pub=Mehring+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-893638-05-1&rft.aulast=North&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmVqvouA22IkC%26q%3Ddavid%2Bnorth%2Bin%2Bdefence%2Bof%2Btrotsky&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParrish1996" class="citation book cs1">Parrish, Michael (1996). The Lesser Terror: Soviet State Security, 1939–53. Praeger. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-95113-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-95113-9"><bdi>978-0-275-95113-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lesser+Terror%3A+Soviet+State+Security%2C+1939%E2%80%9353&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-275-95113-9&rft.aulast=Parrish&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatenaude2010" class="citation book cs1">Patenaude, Bertrand M. (2010). Trotsky: Downfall of a Revolutionary. New York: Harper Perennial. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-082069-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-082069-5"><bdi>978-0-06-082069-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trotsky%3A+Downfall+of+a+Revolutionary&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+Perennial&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-06-082069-5&rft.aulast=Patenaude&rft.aufirst=Bertrand+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaynePhillips2013" class="citation book cs1">Payne, Anthony; Phillips, Nicola (23 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IMLjKIAlpb8C&dq=stalin+steal+trotsky+five+year+plan&pg=PA1936">Development</a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 1936. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-5735-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-5735-6"><bdi>978-0-7456-5735-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Development&rft.pages=1936&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2013-04-23&rft.isbn=978-0-7456-5735-6&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft.au=Phillips%2C+Nicola&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIMLjKIAlpb8C%26dq%3Dstalin%2Bsteal%2Btrotsky%2Bfive%2Byear%2Bplan%26pg%3DPA1936&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips2000" class="citation book cs1">Phillips, Steve (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OjCF88H-yS4C&dq=Trotsky+five+year+plan+stole&pg=PA23">Stalinist Russia</a>. Heinemann. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-435-32720-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-435-32720-0"><bdi>978-0-435-32720-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalinist+Russia&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Heinemann&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-435-32720-0&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOjCF88H-yS4C%26dq%3DTrotsky%2Bfive%2Byear%2Bplan%2Bstole%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrouè1988" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Brouè, Pierre (1988). Fayard (ed.). Trotsky (in French). 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Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-06919-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-06919-7"><bdi>0-300-06919-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Unknown+Lenin&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-300-06919-7&rft.aulast=Pipes&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPipes1993" class="citation book cs1">Pipes, Richard (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hr5oAAAAMAAJ&q=richard+pipes+trotsky+lenin+bloc">Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime</a>. A.A. Knopf. p. 469. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-50242-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-50242-7"><bdi>978-0-394-50242-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia+Under+the+Bolshevik+Regime&rft.pages=469&rft.pub=A.A.+Knopf&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-394-50242-7&rft.aulast=Pipes&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dhr5oAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Drichard%2Bpipes%2Btrotsky%2Blenin%2Bbloc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRee1998" class="citation journal cs1">Ree, Erik Van (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pure.uva.nl/ws/files/3355782/34907_1998_Socialism_in_One_Country_met_offprint_pagina.pdf">"Socialism in One Country: A Reassessment"</a> (PDF). 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Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-38920-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-38920-5"><bdi>978-0-230-38920-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Soviet+Communist+Party+in+Disarray%3A+The+XXVIII+Congress+of+the+Communist+Party+of+the+Soviet+Union&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-230-38920-5&rft.aulast=Rees&rft.aufirst=E.&rft.au=Rosa%2C+Cristina+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D05h9DAAAQBAJ%26dq%3DBazhanov%2Bdeputy%2Bchairman%2Btrotsky%26pg%3DPA129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRenton2004" class="citation book cs1">Renton, David (2004). Trotsky. 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Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-86875-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-86875-0"><bdi>978-1-317-86875-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trotsky&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014-05-22&rft.isbn=978-1-317-86875-0&rft.aulast=Swain&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIm2hAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThatcher2003" class="citation book cs1">Thatcher, Ian D. (2003). Trotsky. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-23251-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-23251-1"><bdi>0-415-23251-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trotsky&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-415-23251-1&rft.aulast=Thatcher&rft.aufirst=Ian+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker1973" class="citation book cs1">Tucker, Robert C. (Robert Charles) (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stalinasrevoluti0000unse/page/336/mode/2up?q=bloc">Stalin as revolutionary, 1879-1929: a study in history and personality</a>. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. p. 336. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-05487-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-05487-3"><bdi>978-0-393-05487-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalin+as+revolutionary%2C+1879-1929%3A+a+study+in+history+and+personality&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=336&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Company%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-393-05487-3&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Robert+C.+%28Robert+Charles%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstalinasrevoluti0000unse%2Fpage%2F336%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fq%3Dbloc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVolkogonov1996" class="citation book cs1">Volkogonov, Dmitri (1996). Trotsky, the Eternal Revolutionary. HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-729166-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-729166-3"><bdi>978-0-00-729166-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trotsky%2C+the+Eternal+Revolutionary&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-00-729166-3&rft.aulast=Volkogonov&rft.aufirst=Dmitri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarth1978" class="citation book cs1">Warth, Robert D. (1978). Leon Trotsky. Twayne Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8057-7720-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8057-7720-8"><bdi>978-0-8057-7720-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leon+Trotsky&rft.pub=Twayne+Publishers&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-8057-7720-8&rft.aulast=Warth&rft.aufirst=Robert+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWade2004" class="citation book cs1">Wade, Rex A. (2004). Revolutionary Russia: New Approaches. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Psychology Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-30748-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-30748-2"><bdi>978-0-415-30748-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolutionary+Russia%3A+New+Approaches&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-415-30748-2&rft.aulast=Wade&rft.aufirst=Rex+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWieczynski1976" class="citation book cs1">Wieczynski, Joseph L. (1976). The Modern Encyclopedia of Russian and Soviet History. Vol. 39. Academic International Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Modern+Encyclopedia+of+Russian+and+Soviet+History&rft.pub=Academic+International+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Wieczynski&rft.aufirst=Joseph+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWistrich1982" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Wistrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Wistrich">Wistrich, Robert S.</a> (1982). Trotsky: Fate of a Revolutionary. New York: Stein & Day. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8128-2774-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8128-2774-0"><bdi>0-8128-2774-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trotsky%3A+Fate+of+a+Revolutionary&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Stein+%26+Day&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-8128-2774-0&rft.aulast=Wistrich&rft.aufirst=Robert+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfe2001" class="citation book cs1">Wolfe, Bertram D (2001). Three Who Made a Revolution: A Biographical History of Lenin, Trotsky, and Stalin. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8154-1177-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8154-1177-2"><bdi>978-0-8154-1177-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Three+Who+Made+a+Revolution%3A+A+Biographical+History+of+Lenin%2C+Trotsky%2C+and+Stalin&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8154-1177-2&rft.aulast=Wolfe&rft.aufirst=Bertram+D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Trotsky" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_Trotsky&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Leon Trotsky at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" class="extiw" title="c:Лев Троцкий">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" class="extiw" title="q:Leon Trotsky">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Leon_Trotsky" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Leon Trotsky">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33391" class="extiw" title="d:Q33391">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the 1922 <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> article "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1922_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Trotsky,_Lev" class="extiw" title="s:1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Trotsky, Lev">Trotsky, Lev</a>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fKI9oi1YJNM">Trotsky speaks about the Moscow Trials</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.havanatimes.org/?p=6621">Trotsky in Havana</a> by Dimitri Prieto from Havana Times</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foia.fbi.gov/foiaindex/trotsky.htm">FBI records relating to Trotsky's murder</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libcom.org/library/contradiction-trotsky-claude-lefort">The Contradiction of Trotsky</a> by <a href="/wiki/Claude_Lefort" title="Claude Lefort">Claude Lefort</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cuzXR-5w4Qk">Uncommon Knowledge</a>. Interview with <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hitchens" title="Christopher Hitchens">Christopher Hitchens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Service_(historian)" title="Robert Service (historian)">Robert Service</a> about Leon Trotsky</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/017601">Newspaper clippings about Leon Trotsky</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oldmagazinearticles.com/article-summary/leon_trotsky_october_revolution-1917#.Xs_u8GhKizk">"How We Made the October Revolution"</a> by Leon Trotsky. The New York Times, 1919.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works">Works</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_Trotsky&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Works">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://marxists.org/archive/trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Marxists_Internet_Archive" title="Marxists Internet Archive">Marxists Internet Archive</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/2030">Works by Leon Trotsky</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fadedpage.com/csearch.php?author=Trotsky%2C%20Leon">Works by Leon Trotsky</a> at <a href="/wiki/Distributed_Proofreaders_Canada" title="Distributed Proofreaders Canada">Faded Page</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Trotsky%2C%20Leon%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Leon%20Trotsky%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Trotsky%2C%20Leon%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Leon%20Trotsky%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Trotsky%2C%20L%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Leon%20Trotsky%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Trotsky%2C%20Leon%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Leon%20Trotsky%22%29%20OR%20%28%221879-1940%22%20AND%20Trotsky%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Leon Trotsky</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/4200">Works by Leon Trotsky</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Tereshchenko" title="Mikhail Tereshchenko">Mikhail Tereshchenko</a> (Minister of Foreign Affairs)</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Minister_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Minister of Russia">People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs</a> 1917–1918 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Chicherin" title="Georgy Chicherin">Georgy Chicherin</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Podvoisky" title="Nikolai Podvoisky">Nikolai Podvoisky</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Defence_of_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Defence of Soviet Union">People's Commissar for Army and Navy Affairs</a> 1918–1925 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Frunze" title="Mikhail Frunze">Mikhail Frunze</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFF179;">Awards and achievements </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_on_the_cover_of_Time_Magazine:_1920s" class="mw-redirect" title="List of people on the cover of Time Magazine: 1920s">Cover of Time Magazine</a> 18 May 1925 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Edison" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas A. Edison">Thomas A. Edison</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Newton_D._Baker" title="Newton D. Baker">Newton D. Baker</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_on_the_cover_of_Time_Magazine:_1920s" class="mw-redirect" title="List of people on the cover of Time Magazine: 1920s">Cover of Time Magazine</a> 21 November 1927 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Orren_Lowden" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Orren Lowden">Frank Orren Lowden</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_S._Knudsen" title="William S. Knudsen">William S. Knudsen</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_on_the_cover_of_Time_Magazine:_1930s" class="mw-redirect" title="List of people on the cover of Time Magazine: 1930s">Cover of Time Magazine</a> 25 January 1937 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Thomas E. Dewey</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Leon_Trotsky" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Leon_Trotsky" title="Template:Leon Trotsky"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Leon_Trotsky" title="Template talk:Leon Trotsky"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Leon_Trotsky" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Leon Trotsky"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Leon_Trotsky" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Leon Trotsky</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky_bibliography" title="Leon Trotsky bibliography">Leon Trotsky bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Political_Tasks" title="Our Political Tasks">Our Political Tasks</a> (1904)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Revolution_(Trotsky_book)" title="Our Revolution (Trotsky book)">Our Revolution</a> (1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1905_(book)" title="1905 (book)">1905</a> (1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Permanent_Revolution_and_Results_and_Prospects" title="The Permanent Revolution and Results and Prospects">The Permanent Revolution and Results and Prospects</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_and_Communism" title="Terrorism and Communism">Terrorism and Communism</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotsky%27s_Military_Writings" title="Trotsky's Military Writings">Trotsky's Military Writings</a> (1923-1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_and_Revolution" title="Literature and Revolution">Literature and Revolution</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Course_(Trotsky_book)" title="New Course (Trotsky book)">New Course</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lessons_of_October" title="Lessons of October">Lessons of October</a> (1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Towards_Socialism_or_Capitalism%3F" title="Towards Socialism or Capitalism?">Towards Socialism or Capitalism?</a> (1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky_on_China" title="Leon Trotsky on China">Leon Trotsky on China</a> (1925-1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/My_Life_(Trotsky_autobiography)" class="mw-redirect" title="My Life (Trotsky autobiography)">My Life</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Permanent_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="The Permanent Revolution">The Permanent Revolution</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Russian_Revolution" title="History of the Russian Revolution">History of the Russian Revolution</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Revolution_Betrayed" title="The Revolution Betrayed">The Revolution Betrayed</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Stalin_School_of_Falsification" title="The Stalin School of Falsification">The Stalin School of Falsification</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Their_Morals_and_Ours:_The_class_foundations_of_moral_practice" title="Their Morals and Ours: The class foundations of moral practice">Their Morals and Ours: The class foundations of moral practice</a> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Death_Agony_of_Capitalism_and_the_Tasks_of_the_Fourth_International" title="The Death Agony of Capitalism and the Tasks of the Fourth International">The Transitional Program</a> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalin:_An_Appraisal_of_the_Man_and_His_Influence" title="Stalin: An Appraisal of the Man and His Influence">Stalin: An Appraisal of the Man and His Influence</a> (1938–1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Writings_of_Leon_Trotsky" title="Writings of Leon Trotsky">Writings of Leon Trotsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Spanish_Revolution,_1931-1939_(Trotsky_book)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Spanish Revolution, 1931-1939 (Trotsky book)">The Spanish Revolution, 1931-1939</a> (1931-1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Struggle_Against_Fascism_in_Germany" title="The Struggle Against Fascism in Germany">The Struggle Against Fascism in Germany</a> (1931-1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_Defence_of_Marxism_(book)" title="In Defence of Marxism (book)">In Defence of Marxism (book)</a> (1942)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_exile_of_Trotsky" title="First exile of Trotsky">First exile of Trotsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotsky%27s_train" title="Trotsky's train">Trotsky's train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenin%27s_Testament" title="Lenin's Testament">Lenin's Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Committee_for_the_Defense_of_Leon_Trotsky" title="American Committee for the Defense of Leon Trotsky">American Committee for the Defense of Leon Trotsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frida_Kahlo_Museum" title="Frida Kahlo Museum">The Blue House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-Portrait_Dedicated_to_Leon_Trotsky" title="Self-Portrait Dedicated to Leon Trotsky">Self-Portrait Dedicated to Leon Trotsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky_House_Museum" title="Leon Trotsky House Museum">Leon Trotsky House Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Trotskyist_internationals" title="List of Trotskyist internationals">List of Trotskyist internationals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_revolution" title="Permanent revolution">Permanent revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Mercader" title="Ramón Mercader">Ramón Mercader</a> (assassin)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Kamenev" title="Lev Kamenev">Lev Kamenev</a> (brother-in-law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olga_Kameneva" title="Olga Kameneva">Olga Kameneva</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Sedov" title="Lev Sedov">Lev Sedov</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Sedov" title="Sergei Sedov">Sergei Sedov</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalia_Sedova" title="Natalia Sedova">Natalia Sedova</a> (second wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandra_Sokolovskaya" title="Aleksandra Sokolovskaya">Aleksandra Sokolovskaya</a> (first wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinaida_Volkova" title="Zinaida Volkova">Zinaida Volkova</a> (daughter)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_related_to_Leon_Trotsky" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_related_to_Leon_Trotsky" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles related to Leon Trotsky</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Russian_Revolution_and_Civil_War" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Russian_Revolution" title="Template:Russian Revolution"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Russian_Revolution" title="Template talk:Russian Revolution"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Russian_Revolution" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Russian Revolution"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Russian_Revolution_and_Civil_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Civil War</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Revolution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_Days" title="July Days">July Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kornilov_affair" title="Kornilov affair">Kornilov affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerensky%E2%80%93Krasnov_uprising" title="Kerensky–Krasnov uprising">Kerensky–Krasnov uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junker_mutiny" title="Junker mutiny">Junker mutiny</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civil War</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_War_of_Independence" title="Ukrainian War of Independence">Ukrainian War of Independence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Ukrainian–Soviet War">Ukrainian–Soviet War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiev_Bolshevik_Uprising" title="Kiev Bolshevik Uprising">Kiev Bolshevik Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Ukrainian_War" title="Polish–Ukrainian War">Polish–Ukrainian War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Civil_War" title="Finnish Civil War">Finnish Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Socialist_Workers%27_Republic" title="Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic">Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimosodat" title="Heimosodat">Heimosodat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish–Soviet War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_War_of_Independence" title="Estonian War of Independence">Estonian War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_War_of_Independence" title="Latvian War of Independence">Latvian War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Wars_of_Independence" title="Lithuanian Wars of Independence">Lithuanian Wars of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Georgia" title="Red Army invasion of Georgia">Red Army invasion of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian%E2%80%93Azerbaijani_war_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)">Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_SR_uprising" title="Left SR uprising">Left SR uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambov_Rebellion" title="Tambov Rebellion">Tambov Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Opposition" title="Workers' Opposition">Workers' Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kronstadt_rebellion" title="Kronstadt rebellion">Kronstadt rebellion</a></li> <li>Interventions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War">Allied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Powers_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Central Powers intervention in the Russian Civil War">Central Powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_intervention" title="Siberian intervention">Siberian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Committee_of_the_State_Duma" title="Provisional Committee of the State Duma">Provisional Committee of the State Duma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Provisional_Government" title="Russian Provisional Government">Russian Provisional Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_movement" title="White movement">White movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-independence_movements_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Pro-independence movements in the Russian Civil War">Pro-independence movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrograd_Soviet" title="Petrograd Soviet">Petrograd Soviet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_People%27s_Commissars_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Council of People's Commissars of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Council of the People's Commissars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Revolutionary_Committee" title="Military Revolutionary Committee">Military Revolutionary Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Constituent_Assembly" title="Russian Constituent Assembly">Russian Constituent Assembly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1917_Russian_Constituent_Assembly_election" title="1917 Russian Constituent Assembly election">elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Guards" title="Black Guards">Black Guards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Insurgent_Army_of_Ukraine" title="Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine">Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_armies" title="Green armies">Green armies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Guards_(Russia)" title="Red Guards (Russia)">Red Guards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_forces_in_battle_with_the_counterrevolution_in_the_South_of_Russia" title="Group of forces in battle with the counterrevolution in the South of Russia">Group of forces in battle with the counterrevolution in the South of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Council_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Council of Ukraine">Tsentralna Rada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="Ukrainian People's Republic">Ukrainian People's Republic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_parties_of_Russia_in_1917" title="Political parties of Russia in 1917">Parties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Democratic_Party" title="Constitutional Democratic Party">Kadets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabat" title="Nabat">Nabat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">Russian Social Democratic Labour Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mensheviks" title="Mensheviks">Mensheviks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Revolutionary_Party" title="Socialist Revolutionary Party">Socialist Revolutionary Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left_Socialist-Revolutionaries" title="Left Socialist-Revolutionaries">Left SRs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_October_17" title="Union of October 17">Union of October 17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Jewish_Labour_Bund" title="General Jewish Labour Bund">General Jewish Labour Bund</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Monarchists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas II of Russia">Nicholas II of Russia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Provisional_Government" title="Russian Provisional Government">Provisional Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Lvov" title="Georgy Lvov">Georgy Lvov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Milyukov" title="Pavel Milyukov">Pavel Milyukov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Guchkov" title="Alexander Guchkov">Alexander Guchkov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_movement" title="White movement">White movement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Wrangel" title="Pyotr Wrangel">Pyotr Wrangel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kolchak" title="Alexander Kolchak">Alexander Kolchak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Denikin" title="Anton Denikin">Anton Denikin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Krasnov" title="Pyotr Krasnov">Pyotr Krasnov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Yudenich" title="Nikolai Yudenich">Nikolai Yudenich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavr_Kornilov" title="Lavr Kornilov">Lavr Kornilov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Kamenev" title="Lev Kamenev">Lev Kamenev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigory_Zinoviev" title="Grigory Zinoviev">Grigory Zinoviev</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Leon Trotsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Frunze" title="Mikhail Frunze">Mikhail Frunze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semyon_Budyonny" title="Semyon Budyonny">Semyon Budyonny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Sverdlov" title="Yakov Sverdlov">Yakov Sverdlov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bukharin" title="Nikolai Bukharin">Nikolai Bukharin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Dzerzhinsky" title="Felix Dzerzhinsky">Felix Dzerzhinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Rykov" title="Alexei Rykov">Alexei Rykov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Revolutionary_Party" title="Socialist Revolutionary Party">Right SRs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Chernov" title="Viktor Chernov">Viktor Chernov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kerensky" title="Alexander Kerensky">Alexander Kerensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Savinkov" title="Boris Savinkov">Boris Savinkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Sokoloff" title="Boris Sokoloff">Boris Sokoloff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Left_Socialist-Revolutionaries" title="Left Socialist-Revolutionaries">Left SRs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Blumkin" title="Yakov Blumkin">Yakov Blumkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Kamkov" title="Boris Kamkov">Boris Kamkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Natanson" title="Mark Natanson">Mark Natanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Spiridonova" title="Maria Spiridonova">Maria Spiridonova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Antonov_(politician)" title="Alexander Antonov (politician)">Alexander Antonov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Russia" title="Anarchism in Russia">Anarchists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno">Nestor Makhno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Nikiforova" title="Maria Nikiforova">Maria Nikiforova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepan_Petrichenko" title="Stepan Petrichenko">Stepan Petrichenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Chernyi" title="Lev Chernyi">Lev Chernyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semen_Karetnyk" title="Semen Karetnyk">Semen Karetnyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fedir_Shchus" title="Fedir Shchus">Fedir Shchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Bilash" title="Viktor Bilash">Viktor Bilash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanya_Baron" title="Fanya Baron">Fanya Baron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Peter Kropotkin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1917%E2%80%931923" title="Revolutions of 1917–1923">Revolutions of 1917–1923</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">German Revolution of 1918–1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Bavarian Soviet Republic">Bavarian Soviet Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Hungarian Soviet Republic">Hungarian Soviet Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian%E2%80%93Romanian_War" title="Hungarian–Romanian War">Hungarian–Romanian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Councils_in_Poland" title="Workers' Councils in Poland">Workers' Councils in Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Ukrainian_War" title="Polish–Ukrainian War">Polish–Ukrainian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish–Soviet War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Soviet_Republic" title="Slovak Soviet Republic">Slovak Soviet Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian-Soviet_conflict" title="Belarusian-Soviet conflict">Belarusian-Soviet conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ministers_of_Defence_of_the_Soviet_Union" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Soviet_Defence_Ministers" title="Template:Soviet Defence Ministers"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Soviet_Defence_Ministers" title="Template talk:Soviet Defence Ministers"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Soviet_Defence_Ministers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Soviet Defence Ministers"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ministers_of_Defence_of_the_Soviet_Union" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Defence_(Soviet_Union)" title="Minister of Defence (Soviet Union)">Ministers of Defence</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Commissariat_for_Military_and_Naval_Affairs" title="People's Commissariat for Military and Naval Affairs">People's Commissars for Military and Naval Affairs</a> (1917–1934)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_People%27s_Commissars_on_War_and_Navy_Affairs_(Soviet_Russia)" title="Council of People's Commissars on War and Navy Affairs (Soviet Russia)">Council</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Podvoisky" title="Nikolai Podvoisky">Nikolai Podvoisky</a> (1917–18)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Leon Trotsky</a> (1918–25)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Frunze" title="Mikhail Frunze">Mikhail Frunze</a> (1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kliment_Voroshilov" title="Kliment Voroshilov">Kliment Voroshilov</a> (1925–34)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/USSR%2C_Flag_commander_1964_minister.svg/100px-USSR%2C_Flag_commander_1964_minister.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/USSR%2C_Flag_commander_1964_minister.svg/150px-USSR%2C_Flag_commander_1964_minister.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/USSR%2C_Flag_commander_1964_minister.svg/200px-USSR%2C_Flag_commander_1964_minister.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Commissariat_of_Defense_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="People's Commissariat of Defense of the Soviet Union">People's Commissars for Defence</a> (1934–1946)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kliment_Voroshilov" title="Kliment Voroshilov">Kliment Voroshilov</a> (1934–40)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semyon_Timoshenko" title="Semyon Timoshenko">Semyon Timoshenko</a> (1940–41)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> (1941–46)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%84%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0" class="extiw" title="ru:Народный комиссариат Военно-морского флота СССР">People's Commissars for the Navy</a> (1937–1946)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Smirnov" title="Pyotr Smirnov">Pyotr Smirnov</a> (1937–38)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Frinovsky" title="Mikhail Frinovsky">Mikhail Frinovsky</a> (1938–39)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Kuznetsov_(admiral)" title="Nikolai Kuznetsov (admiral)">Nikolai Kuznetsov</a> (1939–46)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">People's Commissar for the Armed Forces (1946)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Ministers of the Armed Forces (1946–1950)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> (1946–47)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bulganin" title="Nikolai Bulganin">Nikolai Bulganin</a> (1947–49)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Vasilevsky" title="Aleksandr Vasilevsky">Aleksandr Vasilevsky</a> (1949–50)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Minister of War (1950–1953)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Vasilevsky" title="Aleksandr Vasilevsky">Aleksandr Vasilevsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Ministers of the Navy (1950–1953)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Yumashev" title="Ivan Yumashev">Ivan Yumashev</a> (1950–51)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Kuznetsov_(admiral)" title="Nikolai Kuznetsov (admiral)">Nikolai Kuznetsov</a> (1951–53)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defense_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Defense (Soviet Union)">Ministers of Defence</a> (1953–1992)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bulganin" title="Nikolai Bulganin">Nikolai Bulganin</a> (1953–55)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Zhukov" title="Georgy Zhukov">Georgy Zhukov</a> (1955–57)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodion_Malinovsky" title="Rodion Malinovsky">Rodion Malinovsky</a> (1957–67)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Grechko" title="Andrei Grechko">Andrei Grechko</a> (1967–76)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Ustinov" title="Dmitry Ustinov">Dmitry Ustinov</a> (1976–84)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Sokolov_(marshal)" title="Sergei Sokolov (marshal)">Sergei Sokolov</a> (1984–87)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Yazov" title="Dmitry Yazov">Dmitry Yazov</a> (1987–91)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Shaposhnikov" title="Yevgeny Shaposhnikov">Yevgeny Shaposhnikov</a> (1991–92)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Foreign_ministers_of_Russia_and_the_Soviet_Union" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Foreign_ministers_of_Russia_and_the_Soviet_Union" title="Template:Foreign ministers of Russia and the Soviet Union"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Foreign_ministers_of_Russia_and_the_Soviet_Union" title="Template talk:Foreign ministers of Russia and the Soviet Union"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign_ministers_of_Russia_and_the_Soviet_Union" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign ministers of Russia and the Soviet Union"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Foreign_ministers_of_Russia_and_the_Soviet_Union" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Russia)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (Russia)">Foreign ministers of Russia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Soviet Union)">Soviet Union</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsardom of Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Mikhailovich_Viskovatyi" title="Ivan Mikhailovich Viskovatyi">Ivan Viskovatyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_and_Andrey_Shchelkalov" title="Vasily and Andrey Shchelkalov">Vasily and Andrey Shchelkalov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Gramotin" title="Ivan Gramotin">Ivan Gramotin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyotr_Tretyakov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pyotr Tretyakov (page does not exist)">Pyotr Tretyakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almaz_Ivanov" title="Almaz Ivanov">Almaz Ivanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afanasy_Ordin-Nashchokin" title="Afanasy Ordin-Nashchokin">Afanasy Ordin-Nashchokin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artamon_Matveyev" title="Artamon Matveyev">Artamon Matveyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larion_Ivanov" title="Larion Ivanov">Larion Ivanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Golitsyn_(born_1643)" title="Vasily Golitsyn (born 1643)">Vasily Golitsyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemelyan_Ukraintsev" title="Yemelyan Ukraintsev">Yemelyan Ukraintsev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Naryshkin" title="Lev Naryshkin">Lev Naryshkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Alexeyevich_Golovin" title="Fyodor Alexeyevich Golovin">Fyodor Golovin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Shafirov" title="Peter Shafirov">Peter Shafirov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gavriil_Golovkin" title="Gavriil Golovkin">Gavrila Golovkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrey_Osterman" title="Andrey Osterman">Andrey Osterman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexey_Cherkassky" title="Alexey Cherkassky">Aleksey Tcherkassky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexey_Bestuzhev-Ryumin" title="Alexey Bestuzhev-Ryumin">Alexey Bestuzhev-Ryumin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Illarionovich_Vorontsov" title="Mikhail Illarionovich Vorontsov">Mikhailo Vorontsov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikita_Panin" title="Nikita Panin">Nikita Ivanovich Panin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Osterman" title="Ivan Osterman">Ivan Osterman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bezborodko" title="Alexander Bezborodko">Alexander Bezborodko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Rostopchin" title="Fyodor Rostopchin">Fyodor Rostopchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikita_Petrovich_Panin" title="Nikita Petrovich Panin">Nikita Petrovich Panin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Kochubey" title="Viktor Kochubey">Viktor Kochubey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Vorontsov" title="Alexander Vorontsov">Alexander Vorontsov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Jerzy_Czartoryski" title="Adam Jerzy Czartoryski">Adam Jerzy Czartoryski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Eberhard_von_Budberg" title="Andreas Eberhard von Budberg">Andreas Eberhard von Budberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Rumyantsev" title="Nikolay Rumyantsev">Nikolay Rumyantsev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Kapodistrias" title="Ioannis Kapodistrias">Ioannis Kapodistrias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Nesselrode" title="Karl Nesselrode">Karl Robert Nesselrode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gorchakov" title="Alexander Gorchakov">Alexander Gorchakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Girs" title="Nikolay Girs">Nikolay Girs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksey_Lobanov-Rostovsky" title="Aleksey Lobanov-Rostovsky">Aleksey Lobanov-Rostovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikolay_Shishkin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nikolay Shishkin (page does not exist)">Nikolay Shishkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Nikolayevich_Muravyov" title="Mikhail Nikolayevich Muravyov">Mikhail Muravyov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lamsdorf" title="Vladimir Lamsdorf">Vladimir Lamsdorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Izvolsky" title="Alexander Izvolsky">Alexander Izvolsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Sazonov" title="Sergey Sazonov">Sergey Sazonov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Shturmer" title="Boris Shturmer">Boris Shturmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Pokrovsky" title="Nikolai Pokrovsky">Nikolai Pokrovsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Provisional_Government" title="Russian Provisional Government">Provisional Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Milyukov" title="Pavel Milyukov">Pavel Milyukov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Tereshchenko" title="Mikhail Tereshchenko">Mikhail Tereshchenko</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Soviet Russia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Leon Trotsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Chicherin" title="Georgy Chicherin">Georgy Chicherin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxim_Litvinov" title="Maxim Litvinov">Maxim Litvinov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Molotov" title="Vyacheslav Molotov">Vyacheslav Molotov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrey_Vyshinsky" title="Andrey Vyshinsky">Andrey Vyshinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Shepilov" title="Dmitri Shepilov">Dmitri Shepilov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Gromyko" title="Andrei Gromyko">Andrei Gromyko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Shevardnadze" title="Eduard Shevardnadze">Eduard Shevardnadze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bessmertnykh_(politician)" title="Alexander Bessmertnykh (politician)">Aleksandr Bessmertnykh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Pankin" title="Boris Pankin">Boris Pankin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Shevardnadze" title="Eduard Shevardnadze">Eduard Shevardnadze</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russian Federation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Kozyrev" title="Andrei Kozyrev">Andrei Kozyrev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Primakov" title="Yevgeny Primakov">Yevgeny Primakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igor_Ivanov" title="Igor Ivanov">Igor Ivanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Lavrov" title="Sergey Lavrov">Sergey Lavrov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="14th_Politburo_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)_(1926–1927)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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id="14th_Politburo_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)_(1926–1927)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/14th_Politburo_and_the_14th_Secretariat_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" class="mw-redirect" title="14th Politburo and the 14th Secretariat of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">14th Politburo of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)</a> (1926–1927)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Full members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bukharin" title="Nikolai Bukharin">Nikolai Bukharin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kliment_Voroshilov" title="Kliment Voroshilov">Kliment Voroshilov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigory_Zinoviev" title="Grigory Zinoviev">Grigory Zinoviev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Kalinin" title="Mikhail Kalinin">Mikhail Kalinin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Molotov" title="Vyacheslav Molotov">Vyacheslav Molotov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Rykov" title="Alexei Rykov">Alexei Rykov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Tomsky" title="Mikhail Tomsky">Mikhail Tomsky</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Leon Trotsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%81nis_Rudzutaks" title="Jānis Rudzutaks">Jānis Rudzutaks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidate members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Dzerzhinsky" title="Felix Dzerzhinsky">Felix Dzerzhinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Kamenev" title="Lev Kamenev">Lev Kamenev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigory_Petrovsky" title="Grigory Petrovsky">Grigory Petrovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%81nis_Rudzutaks" title="Jānis Rudzutaks">Jānis Rudzutaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Uglanov" title="Nikolai Uglanov">Nikolai Uglanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrey_Andreyevich_Andreyev" title="Andrey Andreyevich Andreyev">Andrey Andreyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazar_Kaganovich" title="Lazar Kaganovich">Lazar Kaganovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Kirov" title="Sergei Kirov">Sergei Kirov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastas_Mikoyan" title="Anastas Mikoyan">Anastas Mikoyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergo_Ordzhonikidze" title="Sergo Ordzhonikidze">Sergo Ordzhonikidze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlas_Chubar" title="Vlas Chubar">Vlas Chubar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="13th_Politburo_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)_(1924–1926)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:13th_Politburo_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Template:13th Politburo of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:13th_Politburo_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Template talk:13th Politburo of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)"><abbr title="Discuss this 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href="/wiki/Grigory_Zinoviev" title="Grigory Zinoviev">Grigory Zinoviev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Kamenev" title="Lev Kamenev">Lev Kamenev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Rykov" title="Alexei Rykov">Alexei Rykov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Tomsky" title="Mikhail Tomsky">Mikhail Tomsky</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Leon Trotsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidate members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Dzerzhinsky" title="Felix Dzerzhinsky">Felix Dzerzhinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Kalinin" title="Mikhail Kalinin">Mikhail Kalinin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Molotov" title="Vyacheslav Molotov">Vyacheslav Molotov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%81nis_Rudzutaks" title="Jānis Rudzutaks">Jānis Rudzutaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigori_Sokolnikov" class="mw-redirect" title="Grigori Sokolnikov">Grigori Sokolnikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Frunze" title="Mikhail Frunze">Mikhail Frunze</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="12th_Politburo_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)_(1923–1924)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div 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href="/wiki/12th_Politburo_and_the_12th_Secretariat_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" class="mw-redirect" title="12th Politburo and the 12th Secretariat of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">12th Politburo of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)</a> (1923–1924)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Full members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grigory_Zinoviev" title="Grigory Zinoviev">Grigory Zinoviev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Kamenev" title="Lev Kamenev">Lev Kamenev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Rykov" title="Alexei Rykov">Alexei Rykov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Tomsky" title="Mikhail Tomsky">Mikhail Tomsky</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Leon Trotsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidate members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bukharin" title="Nikolai Bukharin">Nikolai Bukharin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Kalinin" title="Mikhail Kalinin">Mikhail Kalinin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Molotov" title="Vyacheslav Molotov">Vyacheslav Molotov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%81nis_Rudzutaks" title="Jānis Rudzutaks">Jānis Rudzutaks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="11th_Politburo_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)_(1922–1923)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:11th_Politburo_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Template:11th Politburo of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:11th_Politburo_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Template talk:11th Politburo of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li 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href="/wiki/Lev_Kamenev" title="Lev Kamenev">Lev Kamenev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Rykov" title="Alexei Rykov">Alexei Rykov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Tomsky" title="Mikhail Tomsky">Mikhail Tomsky</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Leon Trotsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidate members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bukharin" title="Nikolai Bukharin">Nikolai Bukharin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Kalinin" title="Mikhail Kalinin">Mikhail Kalinin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Molotov" title="Vyacheslav Molotov">Vyacheslav Molotov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="10th_Politburo_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)_(1921–1922)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:10th_Politburo_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Template:10th Politburo of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li 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members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grigory_Zinoviev" title="Grigory Zinoviev">Grigory Zinoviev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Kamenev" title="Lev Kamenev">Lev Kamenev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Leon Trotsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidate members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bukharin" title="Nikolai Bukharin">Nikolai Bukharin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Kalinin" title="Mikhail Kalinin">Mikhail Kalinin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Molotov" title="Vyacheslav Molotov">Vyacheslav Molotov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="9th_Politburo_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)_(1920–1921)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:9th_Politburo_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Template:9th Politburo of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:9th_Politburo_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Template talk:9th Politburo of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:9th_Politburo_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:9th Politburo of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="9th_Politburo_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)_(1920–1921)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/9th_Politburo,_the_9th_Secretariat_and_the_9th_Orgburo_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" class="mw-redirect" title="9th Politburo, the 9th Secretariat and the 9th Orgburo of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">9th Politburo of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)</a> (1920–1921)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Full members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Kamenev" title="Lev Kamenev">Lev Kamenev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Krestinsky" title="Nikolay Krestinsky">Nikolay Krestinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Leon Trotsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidate members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bukharin" title="Nikolai Bukharin">Nikolai Bukharin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigory_Zinoviev" title="Grigory Zinoviev">Grigory Zinoviev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Kalinin" title="Mikhail Kalinin">Mikhail Kalinin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="8th_Politburo_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)_(1919–1920)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:8th_Politburo_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Template:8th Politburo of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:8th_Politburo_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Template talk:8th Politburo of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:8th_Politburo_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:8th Politburo of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="8th_Politburo_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)_(1919–1920)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/8th_Politburo_and_the_8th_Secretariat_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" class="mw-redirect" title="8th Politburo and the 8th Secretariat of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">8th Politburo of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)</a> (1919–1920)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Full members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Kamenev" title="Lev Kamenev">Lev Kamenev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Krestinsky" title="Nikolay Krestinsky">Nikolay Krestinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Leon Trotsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidate members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bukharin" title="Nikolai Bukharin">Nikolai Bukharin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigory_Zinoviev" title="Grigory Zinoviev">Grigory Zinoviev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Kalinin" title="Mikhail Kalinin">Mikhail Kalinin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elena_Stasova" title="Elena Stasova">Elena Stasova</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/19px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/29px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/32px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/42px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/21px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/42px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Russia" title="Portal:Russia">Russia</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/21px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/32px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/42px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Ukraine" title="Portal:Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Soviet_Union" title="Portal:Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/21px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/32px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/42px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Mexico" title="Portal:Mexico">Mexico</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/19px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/29px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/38px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Communism" title="Portal:Communism">Communism</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_flag_II.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/21px-Red_flag_II.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/32px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/42px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="411" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Socialism" title="Portal:Socialism">Socialism</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/21px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/32px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/42px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33391#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33391#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33391#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000122771584">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/19685134">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/35303/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJk8XhbdM97tKBFrK9dCwC">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118642979">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79054261">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119271514">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119271514">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00459140">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV069173">Italy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35556422">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19981002250&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1141378">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/1766492">Portugal</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068433182">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90051176">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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href="https://libris.kb.se/42gjf85n4nn175f">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810560571905606">Poland</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/55835">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007268894105171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000122959">Finland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058516535706706">Catalonia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14233530">Belgium</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group 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Template:Sfnm"," 4.24% 180.651 54 Template:Cite_web"," 4.23% 180.064 11 Template:Efn"," 3.47% 147.700 2 Template:Lang-rus"," 2.91% 123.885 28 Template:Cite_journal"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"2.709","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":29801363,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n}\n\"\"\ntable#1 {\n}\n\"\"\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAbramovitch1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAckerman2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFActonCherni͡aevRosenberg1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlbert_S._Lindemann2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlexander1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAugust_Nimtz._Krieger,_Joel_(ed).2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAvrich1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBailey1955\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarnett2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarnett2013b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBazhanovDoyle1990\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBeilharz1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeilharz2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBenton2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerkmanGoldman1922\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBirchall2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBird2018\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBlack1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlackledge2006\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBlanc2015\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFBorgerTuckman2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrackman2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrackman2004\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBradley1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrotherstoneDukes1992\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFBroue.1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrouè1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuldakov1992\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBullock1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBullock1991b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarr1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarr1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarr1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarrDavies1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCavendish2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCeplair2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChurchill2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCliff1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCliff1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCliff1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCliff1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCliff2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConquest1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCorney2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCox1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFD\u0026#039;Agostino2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaniels1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaniels1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaniels2008\"] = 6,\n [\"CITEREFDaniels2008b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDanilovPorter1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDay1973\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFDay1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeutscher1954\"] = 4,\n [\"CITEREFDeutscher1959\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFDeutscher1965\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFDeutscher1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeutscher2003\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFDeutscher2003a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeutscher2003b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeutscher2003c\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeutscher2015\"] = 9,\n [\"CITEREFDeutscher2015a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDouds2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDouds2019b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDunnRadice2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDziewanowski2003\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFEagleton2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEastman1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdele2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEngelstein2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEngerman2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFeferman2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFelshtinsky2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFeofanovBarry1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFiges1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFiges1997\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFFiges2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFischer2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFitzpatrick2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFitzpatrick2010\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFFlanagan2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGardner2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarza1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGerson2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGetty2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGetty2013b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGilbert2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldman1938\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldman1939\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGregson2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGueullette1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHallas1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHanebrink2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHansen1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeijenoort1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeijenoort2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeywoodSmele2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoidal2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoughFainsod1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHowe1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHøgsbjerg2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInternationale2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIsaac_Don_Levine1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJ._V._Stalin\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKassow1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKelly2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKemp2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKenez1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKettenmann,_Andrea2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKivelsonNeuberger2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKline1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnei-Paz1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnei-Paz1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKort2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKort2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKosheleva1995b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKotkin2014\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKuromiya2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFL._Trotsky\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFL._Trotsky1931\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaqueur1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLe_Blanc2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLee2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLenin1919\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLenin1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeon_Trotsky1933\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeon_Trotsky1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeon_Trotsky1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevine1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewin2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiebman1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLubitzLubitz2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLunacharsky1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLuxemburg2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMagill2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMagnes1919\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMahoney1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMandel1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMandel1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMandel2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarples2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarriott2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartel2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartin2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcDermott2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcNeal2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMccauley2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMedina2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMedvedev1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMedvedev1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMedvedev1989\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFMeijer1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMolinier\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMolyneux1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMontefiore2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoss2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNorth1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNorth2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNove2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOxley2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParrish1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatenaude2010\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFPatenaude2010b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatenaude2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatenaude2017\"] = 6,\n [\"CITEREFPavel_SudoplatovAnatoli_SudoplatovJerrold_L._SchecterLeona_P._Schecter1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaynePhillips2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeckVaradarajan2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerritt2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeter_Gue_Zarrow2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhillips2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPipes1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPipes1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPipes1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPipes1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPyle1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPérez2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRee1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRees1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReesRosa1992b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReese2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReiman1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRenton2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobert_Carver_North1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoberts2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRockmoreLevine2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRogovin1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRogovin2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRogovin2021\"] = 10,\n [\"CITEREFRogovin2021b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoy2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRubenstein2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRubenstein2011a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRubenstein2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaccarelli2008\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSaccarelliVaradarajan2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSandle2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchapiro1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchapiro1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSelbin2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSerge2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFService2005\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFService2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFService2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShaffer2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSoto-Pérez-de-Celis2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStalin\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSukhanov2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuny2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwain2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwain2014\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSwain2014a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwain2014b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThatcher2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThatcher2005\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFThurston1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTicktin1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTraugott2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTraverso2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrenton2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrotsky\"] = 4,\n [\"CITEREFTrotsky1930\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFTrotsky1959\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrotsky1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrotsky1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrotsky1991\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFTrotsky2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrotsky2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrotsky2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrotsky2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrotzky1925\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFTucker1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTwiss2014\"] = 4,\n [\"CITEREFV._I._Lenin1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVolkogonov1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVolkogonov2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVolkogonov2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWade2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWald2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalter_Moss2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWarth1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWasserstein2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatson2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeber1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWheeler-Bennett1938\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhite2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWieczynski1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilde2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWistrich1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWistrich1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolfe1961\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolfe2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoods2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoodsGrant1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFТроцкий1930\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"10th Politburo of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)\"] = 1,\n [\"11th Politburo of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)\"] = 1,\n [\"12th Politburo of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)\"] = 1,\n [\"13th Politburo of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)\"] = 1,\n [\"14th Politburo of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)\"] = 1,\n [\"2L\"] = 1,\n [\"8th Politburo of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)\"] = 1,\n [\"9th Politburo of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Birth date\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 26,\n [\"Circa\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite Merriam-Webster\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 273,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 28,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 53,\n [\"Collapsible list\"] = 2,\n [\"Convert\"] = 1,\n [\"Cvt\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Trotsky, Leon\"] = 1,\n [\"Death date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"EB1922 Poster\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 11,\n [\"FadedPage\"] = 1,\n [\"Family name hatnote\"] = 1,\n [\"Foreign ministers of Russia and the Soviet Union\"] = 1,\n [\"Gutenberg author\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 1,\n [\"Hlist\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 5,\n [\"ISBN?\"] = 11,\n [\"Ill\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox officeholder\"] = 1,\n [\"Internet Archive author\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang-rus\"] = 2,\n [\"Langx\"] = 2,\n [\"Leon Trotsky\"] = 1,\n [\"Leon Trotsky series\"] = 1,\n [\"Librivox author\"] = 1,\n [\"Listen\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 15,\n [\"Marriage\"] = 2,\n [\"Marxists.org\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 2,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Nobold\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"OldStyleDate\"] = 2,\n [\"PM20\"] = 1,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 2,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote box\"] = 4,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Russian Revolution 1917\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ach\"] = 1,\n [\"S-aft\"] = 5,\n [\"S-bef\"] = 5,\n [\"S-end\"] = 1,\n [\"S-off\"] = 1,\n [\"S-start\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ttl\"] = 5,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 125,\n [\"Sfnm\"] = 11,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Soviet Defence Ministers\"] = 1,\n [\"Trotskyism\"] = 1,\n [\"Unbulleted list\"] = 2,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 40,\n [\"YouTube\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","480","16.7"],["?","440","15.3"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","380","13.2"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","160","5.6"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","140","4.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","120","4.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","100","3.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","100","3.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","80","2.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","80","2.8"],["[others]","800","27.8"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-pnlkl","timestamp":"20241123092859","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Leon Trotsky","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Leon_Trotsky","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q33391","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q33391","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-10-01T16:08:07Z","dateModified":"2024-11-20T15:22:41Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/d\/d0\/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R15068%2C_Leo_Dawidowitsch_Trotzki.jpg","headline":"Russian Marxist revolutionary (1879\u20131940)"}</script> </body> </html>