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Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%B3_%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%88_%D8%B1%D8%B2%D9%82" title="جيمس أبو رزق – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جيمس أبو رزق" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B2_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B2%DA%A9" title="جیمز ابورزک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جیمز ابورزک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Abourezk" title="James Abourezk – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="James Abourezk" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Abourezk" title="James Abourezk – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="James Abourezk" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Abourezk" title="James Abourezk – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="James Abourezk" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B2_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B2%D9%82" title="جیمز ابورزق – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جیمز ابورزق" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Abourezk" title="James Abourezk – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="James Abourezk" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C%EC%9E%84%EC%8A%A4_%EC%95%84%EB%B6%80%EB%A0%88%EC%A6%88%ED%81%AC" title="제임스 아부레즈크 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="제임스 아부레즈크" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Abourezk" title="James Abourezk – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="James Abourezk" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Abourezk" title="James Abourezk – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="James Abourezk" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0%E3%82%BA%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%83%96%E3%83%AC%E3%82%BA%E3%82%AF" title="ジェームズ・アブレズク – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジェームズ・アブレズク" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Abourezk" title="James Abourezk – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="James Abourezk" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Abourezk" title="James Abourezk – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="James Abourezk" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Abourezk" title="James Abourezk – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="James Abourezk" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Abourezk" title="James Abourezk – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="James Abourezk" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Abourezk" title="James Abourezk – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="James Abourezk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Abourezk" title="James Abourezk – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="James Abourezk" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%B8%83%E9%9B%B7%E5%85%B9%E5%85%8B" title="詹姆斯·阿布雷兹克 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="詹姆斯·阿布雷兹克" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American attorney and politician (1931–2023)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">James Abourezk</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Jim_Abourezk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Jim_Abourezk.jpg/220px-Jim_Abourezk.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Jim_Abourezk.jpg/330px-Jim_Abourezk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Jim_Abourezk.jpg/440px-Jim_Abourezk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1026" data-file-height="1303" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Abourezk in 1977</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Chair of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Indian_Affairs" title="United States Senate Committee on Indian Affairs">Senate Indian Affairs Committee</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 3, 1977 – January 3, 1979</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_C._O%27Mahoney" title="Joseph C. O'Mahoney">Joseph C. O'Mahoney</a> (1947)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Melcher" title="John Melcher">John Melcher</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senator</a><br />from <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 3, 1973 – January 3, 1979</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Mundt" title="Karl Mundt">Karl Mundt</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Larry_Pressler" title="Larry Pressler">Larry Pressler</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <span style="display: inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a></span><br />from South Dakota's <span data-sort-value="South Dakota02 !"><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota%27s_2nd_congressional_district" title="South Dakota's 2nd congressional district">2nd</a></span> district</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 3, 1971 – January 3, 1973</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/E._Y._Berry" title="E. Y. Berry">E. Y. Berry</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_Abdnor" title="James Abdnor">James Abdnor</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">James George Abourezk</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1931-02-24</span>)</span>February 24, 1931<br /><a href="/wiki/Wood,_South_Dakota" title="Wood, South Dakota">Wood, South Dakota</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">February 24, 2023<span style="display:none">(2023-02-24)</span> (aged 92)<br /><a href="/wiki/Sioux_Falls,_South_Dakota" title="Sioux Falls, South Dakota">Sioux Falls, South Dakota</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Mary Ann Houlton</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1952; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 1981)<wbr /></div><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Margaret Bethea</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1982, divorced)<wbr /></div><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Sanaa Dieb</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1991)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota_School_of_Mines_and_Technology" title="South Dakota School of Mines and Technology">South Dakota School of Mines and Technology</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">BS</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_South_Dakota" title="University of South Dakota">University of South Dakota</a> (<a href="/wiki/Juris_Doctor" title="Juris Doctor">JD</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1948–1952</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>James George Abourezk</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ər/: 'er' in 'letter'">ər</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">AB</span>-ur-esk</i></a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Traub_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Traub-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> February 24, 1931 – February 24, 2023) was an American attorney and politician from <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a>. A member of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a>, he served in both chambers of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> for one term each; a member of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a> from 1971 to 1973 and a member of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a> from 1973 to 1979; he was the first <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arab</a> to serve in the United States Senate.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1980, Abourezk founded the <a href="/wiki/American-Arab_Anti-Discrimination_Committee" title="American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee">American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee</a> (ADC) with the goal of counteracting <a href="/wiki/Anti-Arab_racism" title="Anti-Arab racism">anti-Arab racism</a> in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He served in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>, but was also a critic of <a href="/wiki/United_States_foreign_policy_in_the_Middle_East" title="United States foreign policy in the Middle East">United States foreign policy in the Middle East</a>, particularly with regard to the <a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict">Arab–Israeli conflict</a>. Under his leadership, the ADC became especially active following the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_invasion_of_Kuwait" title="Iraqi invasion of Kuwait">Iraqi invasion of Kuwait</a> and the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a>, during which he became concerned about the rising rate of targeted hate crimes against Arabs and also against people misidentified as Arabs. </p><p>Abourezk represented South Dakota in the United States House of Representatives from 1971 to 1973 and in the United States Senate from 1973 to 1979. He was the author of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Child_Welfare_Act" title="Indian Child Welfare Act">Indian Child Welfare Act</a>, which was passed by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> in 1978 to help preserve the families and culture of <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a>. As a federal law, it gives <a href="/wiki/Tribal_sovereignty_in_the_United_States" title="Tribal sovereignty in the United States">Native tribal governments</a> exclusive jurisdiction over children who reside on or are domiciled on an <a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservation</a>; and it gives them concurrent, but presumptive jurisdiction over foster care placement proceedings for children who do not live on a Native reservation. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Abourezk&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>James George Abourezk was born in <a href="/wiki/Wood,_South_Dakota" title="Wood, South Dakota">Wood, South Dakota</a>, to a family of <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Greek_Orthodox_Christians" title="Lebanese Greek Orthodox Christians">Lebanese Greek Orthodox Christians</a>. He was one of five children and both of his parents were immigrants from <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>: his mother Lena Abourezk; née Mickel) was a homemaker, and his father Charles Abourezk was an owner of two <a href="/wiki/General_store" title="General store">general stores</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RRichard-2016_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RRichard-2016-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SDHF-2012_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SDHF-2012-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Growing up on the <a href="/wiki/Rosebud_Indian_Reservation" title="Rosebud Indian Reservation">Rosebud Indian Reservation</a>, he spoke only <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> at home and did not learn English until he went to elementary school.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the age of 16, he was expelled from school for playing a prank on a teacher and left home to live with his brother Tom.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He completed high school in 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 1948 and 1952, Abourezk served in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> before and during the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following 12 weeks of boot camp, he enrolled in Electricians' Mates School, after which he was sent to support Navy ships stationed in Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following military service, Abourezk worked on a ranch, in a casino, and as a judo instructor.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For a time, he ran the Gay Lady Bar in <a href="/wiki/Rockerville,_South_Dakota" title="Rockerville, South Dakota">Rockerville, South Dakota</a>, where he employed future <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_South_Dakota" title="Governor of South Dakota">Governor of South Dakota</a> <a href="/wiki/Bill_Janklow" title="Bill Janklow">Bill Janklow</a> as a bartender. He earned a degree in civil engineering from the <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota_School_of_Mines_and_Technology" title="South Dakota School of Mines and Technology">South Dakota School of Mines and Technology</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rapid_City,_South_Dakota" title="Rapid City, South Dakota">Rapid City, South Dakota</a> in 1961,<sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and worked as a civil engineer in <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, before returning to South Dakota to work on the Minuteman silos being built as part of the new 44th Strategic Missile Wing at Ellsworth Air Force Base. At the age of 32, he decided to pursue law, and earned a <a href="/wiki/Juris_Doctor" title="Juris Doctor">Juris Doctor</a> degree from <a href="/wiki/University_of_South_Dakota_School_of_Law" title="University of South Dakota School of Law">University of South Dakota School of Law</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vermillion,_South_Dakota" title="Vermillion, South Dakota">Vermillion, South Dakota</a> in 1966.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_career">Political career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Abourezk&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Political career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Abourezk began a legal practice in <a href="/wiki/Rapid_City,_South_Dakota" title="Rapid City, South Dakota">Rapid City, South Dakota</a>, and joined the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He ran in 1968 for <a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_of_South_Dakota" title="Attorney General of South Dakota">Attorney General of South Dakota</a> but was defeated by <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Mydland" title="Gordon Mydland">Gordon Mydland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1970, he was elected to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a> and served from 1971 to 1973, in the <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota%27s_2nd_congressional_district" title="South Dakota's 2nd congressional district">South Dakota's 2nd Congressional district</a> which was eliminated in 1983.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1972, Abourezk was elected to the U.S. Senate, where he served from 1973 to 1979, after which he chose not to seek a second term. He was the first chair of the Senate Committee on Indian Affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1974, <i>TIME</i> magazine named Senator Abourezk as one of the "200 Faces for the Future".<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legislation">Legislation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Abourezk&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Legislation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>His legislative successes in the Senate included the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Self-Determination_and_Education_Assistance_Act_of_1975" title="Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act of 1975">1975 Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Religious_Freedom_Act" title="American Indian Religious Freedom Act">American Indian Religious Freedom Act</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Traub_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Traub-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His signature legislation was the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Child_Welfare_Act" title="Indian Child Welfare Act">Indian Child Welfare Act</a> (ICWA, 1978), designed to protect Native American children and families from being torn apart. Native American children have been removed by state social agencies from their families and placed in <a href="/wiki/Foster_care" title="Foster care">foster care</a> or adoption at a disproportionately high rate, and usually placed with non-Native American families. This both deprived the children of their culture and threatened the very survival of the tribes. This legislation was intended to provide a federal standard that emphasized the needs of Native American children to be raised in their own cultures, and gave precedence to tribal courts for decisions about children domiciled on the reservation, as well as concurrent but presumptive jurisdiction with state courts for Native American children off the reservation.<sup id="cite_ref-abourezk_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abourezk-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also authored and passed the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Self-Determination_and_Education_Assistance_Act_of_1975" title="Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act of 1975">Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act of 1975</a>, which provided Indian tribes with greater autonomy. The BIA made grants to the tribes but they could manage contracts and funds to control their own destiny. That legislation also reduced the direct influence of the Bureau of Indian Affairs on the tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-Traub_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Traub-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a senator, Abourezk condemned the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Public_Safety" title="Office of Public Safety">Office of Public Safety</a> (OPS), a <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>-era program within the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Agency_for_International_Development" title="United States Agency for International Development">United States Agency for International Development</a> (USAID), which provided training to foreign police forces and was prone to human rights abuses.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abourezk introduced legislation that resulted in the banning of overseas police assistance in 1974, and the closure of the OPS in 1975.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_initiatives">Other initiatives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Abourezk&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Other initiatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After taking office, Abourezk was approached almost daily by representatives of various sides of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_conflicts_in_the_Middle_East" title="List of modern conflicts in the Middle East">conflict in the Middle East</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1973, Abourezk was invited by the <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Lebanon" title="List of diplomatic missions of Lebanon">Lebanese embassy</a> to visit Beirut.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later that year, he met with Arab leaders to discuss a possible peace settlement, and attempted to negotiate a truce contingent on Israel's return of the Old City of Jerusalem, the West Bank, and the Gaza Strip, which was rejected by Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1976, Abourezk voted against the rest of the Senate on a measure to stop foreign aid to countries harboring international terrorists, arguing that there was no provision for terrorist acts committed by the Israeli military.<sup id="cite_ref-Traub_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Traub-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1973, Senators Abourezk and <a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">George McGovern</a> attempted to end the <a href="/wiki/Wounded_Knee_Occupation" title="Wounded Knee Occupation">Wounded Knee Occupation</a> by negotiating with <a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Movement" title="American Indian Movement">American Indian Movement</a> leaders,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who were in a standoff with federal law enforcement after demanding that the federal government honor its historical treaties with the <a href="/wiki/Oglala" title="Oglala">Oglala Sioux nation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The summer after the occupation, Abourezk introduced the American Indian Policy Review Commission Act,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which created the eleven-member commission, and served as its chairman until its landmark report was published in 1977.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He took the gavel as chairman of the Select Committee on Indian Affairs from its creation in 1977 to 1979, when he left the Senate.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Abourezk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/James_Abourezk.jpg" decoding="async" width="203" height="216" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="203" data-file-height="216" /></a><figcaption>James Abourezk in the 1970s</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1976, Abourezk ordered the <a href="/wiki/Government_Accountability_Office" title="Government Accountability Office">General Accounting Office</a> carry out an investigation after doctor and lawyer <a href="/wiki/Connie_Redbird_Pinkerman-Uri" title="Connie Redbird Pinkerman-Uri">Connie Redbird Pinkerman-Uri</a> published a report suggesting that up to a quarter of Native American women had been involuntarily sterilised.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Abourezk was an early champion of more direct democracy through a <a href="/wiki/National_initiative" title="National initiative">National initiative</a> process, similar to the state initiative process adopted by South Dakota in 1898.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 1977, he co-sponsored a proposal for a constitutional amendment that would allow federal laws to be enacted through popular vote, together with fellow Senator <a href="/wiki/Mark_Hatfield" title="Mark Hatfield">Mark Hatfield</a> (R-OR).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the Abourezk resolution, voters could put legislation on the national election ballot if they secured signatures from three percent of voters in the previous presidential election.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His efforts received national media coverage, and Abourezk chaired hearings and testified that the proposal was based on "belief in the wisdom of the American people".<sup id="cite_ref-:5_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the national initiative movement gained additional cosponsors in both the House and Senate in 1978, no further action was taken during the 95th Congress, after which interest waned.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1977, Senators Abourezk and McGovern went to Cuba with a group of basketball players from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_South_Dakota" title="University of South Dakota">University of South Dakota</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota_State_Jackrabbits_men%27s_basketball" title="South Dakota State Jackrabbits men's basketball">South Dakota State</a> who played against the Cuban national men's basketball team.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Traub_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Traub-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1978, Abourezk chose not to run for re-election. He was succeeded in office by Republican <a href="/wiki/Larry_Pressler" title="Larry Pressler">Larry Pressler</a>, with whom he had a long-running political feud.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Advocacy">Advocacy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Abourezk&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Advocacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="width: 210px; clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?11662-1/advise-dissent"><i>Booknotes</i> interview with Abourezk on <i>Advise and Dissent</i>, March 25, 1990</a>, <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>After leaving the Senate, Abourezk served as legal counsel for the Islamic Republic of <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> in Washington, D.C., leading <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> to call him "Iran's Man in Washington".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He defended the Islamic Republic in lawsuits seeking payment for contracts entered into by the former Shah's government, and sought to recoup Iranian assets that were allegedly taken by <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Mohammad Reza Pahlavi</a> and his wife.<sup id="cite_ref-Traub_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Traub-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Senator Abourezk was outraged by the 1967 <a href="/wiki/USS_Liberty_incident" title="USS Liberty incident">USS <i>Liberty</i> incident</a> and openly inquired about the circumstances of the attack:<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><blockquote><p>"The shame of the U.S.S. <i>Liberty</i> incident is that our sailors were treated as though they were enemies, rather than the patriots and heroes that they were. There is no other incident--beyond Israeli attack on the U.S.S. <i>Liberty</i>--that shows the power of the Israeli Lobby by being able to silence successive American governments. Allowing the lies told by the Israelis and their minions in the U.S. is disheartening to all of us who are proud of our servicemen."<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>In 1980, Abourezk founded the <a href="/wiki/American-Arab_Anti-Discrimination_Committee" title="American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee">American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Grassroots" title="Grassroots">grassroots</a> <a href="/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights" title="Civil and political rights">civil rights</a> organization.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1989, he published his <i>Advise and Dissent: Memoirs of South Dakota and the U.S. Senate</i> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55652-066-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-55652-066-2">1-55652-066-2</a>). He was the co-author, along with <a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_Committee" title="American Jewish Committee">American Jewish Committee</a>, of <i>Through Different Eyes: Two Leading Americans — a Jew and an Arab — Debate U. S. Policy in the Middle East</i> (1987), (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0917561392" title="Special:BookSources/0917561392">0917561392</a>). </p><p>In 2003, Abourezk sued the website <a href="/wiki/Probush.com" title="Probush.com">Probush.com</a> for defamation.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was later joined by <a href="/wiki/Jane_Fonda" title="Jane Fonda">Jane Fonda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roxanne_Dunbar-Ortiz" title="Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz">Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz</a> as plaintiffs, and settled the lawsuit with the Internet site in 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2007, Abourezk gave an interview to the Hezbollah funded news channel <a href="/wiki/Al-Manar" title="Al-Manar">Al-Manar</a>. In this interview Abourezk said that he believed that Zionists used the terrorists that perpetrated the 9/11 terrorist attacks as a way to sow <a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobia</a>, that Zionists control the United States Congress, and that <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a> are resistance fighters.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He continued to criticize Israel in 2014, writing that "ending the <a href="/wiki/Israeli-occupied_territories" title="Israeli-occupied territories">occupation</a>... would end the rockets fired by Hamas.”<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After his retirement from the Senate, Abourezk worked as a lawyer and writer in <a href="/wiki/Sioux_Falls,_South_Dakota" title="Sioux Falls, South Dakota">Sioux Falls, South Dakota</a>. He continued to be active in supporting tribal sovereignty and culture. In July 2015 he spoke out against a suit filed against the ICWA by the <a href="/wiki/Goldwater_Institute" title="Goldwater Institute">Goldwater Institute</a>; it was one of three suits seeking to overturn the act. Some states and adoption groups, who make money off adoptions, have opposed any prohibitions on their placements of Native American children. Abourezk considered this his signature legislation and the new rules instrumental in protecting Native American children and preserving tribal families. He noted that the late Senator <a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Barry Goldwater</a>, his friend and colleague, had voted for the legislation in 1977 and had often consulted with him in tribal matters.<sup id="cite_ref-abourezk_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abourezk-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/HuffPost" title="HuffPost">HuffPost</a> writer <a href="/wiki/James_Zogby" title="James Zogby">James Zogby</a> in 2014 praised Abourezk as a "bold and courageous former Senator" for protesting to the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Abscam" title="Abscam">Abscam</a> operation.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death">Death</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Abourezk&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He died at home in Sioux Falls on February 24, 2023, on his 92nd birthday. His funeral was held on Sunday, May 28, 2023, at the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Pavilion_of_Arts_and_Science" title="Washington Pavilion of Arts and Science">Washington Pavilion of Arts and Science</a> in downtown Sioux Falls.<sup id="cite_ref-Traub_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Traub-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Abourezk&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Abourezk was married three times. His first marriage was to Mary Ann Houlton in 1952, which ended in divorce in 1981.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They had three children.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He subsequently married and divorced Margaret Bethea, before marrying Sanaa Dieb in 1991, with the couple remaining together until his death.<sup id="cite_ref-Traub_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Traub-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FoodScene2014_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FoodScene2014-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Abourezk was a <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Greek Orthodox</a> Christian. He lived in South Dakota for most of his life.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Abourezk&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Arab_and_Middle_Eastern_Americans_in_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of Arab and Middle Eastern Americans in the United States Congress">List of Arab and Middle Eastern Americans in the United States Congress</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Abourezk&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Traub-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Traub_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Traub_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Traub_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Traub_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Traub_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Traub_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Traub_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Traub_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTraub2023" class="citation news cs1">Traub, Alex (February 26, 2023). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/02/26/obituaries/james-abourezk-dead.html">"James Abourezk, the First Arab American Senator, Dies at 92"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 26,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=James+Abourezk%2C+the+First+Arab+American+Senator%2C+Dies+at+92&rft.date=2023-02-26&rft.aulast=Traub&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2023%2F02%2F26%2Fobituaries%2Fjames-abourezk-dead.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Abourezk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGroves2023" class="citation news cs1">Groves, Stephen (February 24, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/ap-sioux-falls-rapid-city-native-american-joe-biden-b2289300.html">"James Abourezk, 1st Arab American U.S. senator, dies at 92"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. Associated Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 25,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=James+Abourezk%2C+1st+Arab+American+U.S.+senator%2C+dies+at+92&rft.date=2023-02-24&rft.aulast=Groves&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Famericas%2Fap-sioux-falls-rapid-city-native-american-joe-biden-b2289300.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Abourezk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_3-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_3-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_3-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall1999" class="citation book cs1">Hall, Loretta (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/arabamericanbiog0000hall/page/18/mode/2up">"James Abourezk"</a>. <i>Arab American Biography</i>. Vol. 1. Detroit: U.X.L. pp. 18–25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7876-2954-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7876-2954-5"><bdi>0-7876-2954-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=James+Abourezk&rft.btitle=Arab+American+Biography&rft.place=Detroit&rft.pages=18-25&rft.pub=U.X.L.&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-7876-2954-5&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Loretta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Farabamericanbiog0000hall%2Fpage%2F18%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Abourezk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RRichard-2016-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RRichard-2016_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard2016" class="citation news cs1">Richard, Richie (July 20, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nativesunnews.today/articles/former-senator-jim-abourezk-honored/">"Former Senator Jim Abourezk honored"</a>. <i>Native Sun News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 7,</span> 2022</span>. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'I was born and grew up on the Rosebud Indian Reservation in South Dakota. I was the son of Lebanese immigrants who settled in Mellette County. My father came to South Dakota in the year of 1898, returned to Lebanon and married my mother ... my mother was finally able to leave Lebanon and come to South Dakota in 1920, to make South Dakota their home,' the senator said in his statement.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Native+Sun+News&rft.atitle=Former+Senator+Jim+Abourezk+honored&rft.date=2016-07-20&rft.aulast=Richard&rft.aufirst=Richie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nativesunnews.today%2Farticles%2Fformer-senator-jim-abourezk-honored%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Abourezk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SDHF-2012-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SDHF-2012_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sdexcellence.org/James_Abourezk_2012">"Champion of Excellence: James Abourezk"</a>. South Dakota Hall of Fame. c. 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 7,</span> 2022</span>. <q>He was the youngest child of Charles T. and Lena Mickel Abourezk, immigrants from a small farming village in Lebanon.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Champion+of+Excellence%3A+James+Abourezk&rft.pub=South+Dakota+Hall+of+Fame&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsdexcellence.org%2FJames_Abourezk_2012&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Abourezk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbourezk1989" class="citation book cs1">Abourezk, James (1989). <i>Advise and Dissent: Memoirs of South Dakota and the U. S. Senate</i>. Chicago Review Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781569763605" title="Special:BookSources/9781569763605"><bdi>9781569763605</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advise+and+Dissent%3A+Memoirs+of+South+Dakota+and+the+U.+S.+Senate&rft.pub=Chicago+Review+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9781569763605&rft.aulast=Abourezk&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Abourezk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=f6h&AN=53817874&lang=en-gb&site=eds-live&scope=site">"200 Faces for the Future"</a>. <i>TIME Magazine</i>. Vol. 104, no. 3. July 15, 1974<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 25,</span> 2023</span> – via <a href="/wiki/EBSCOHost" class="mw-redirect" title="EBSCOHost">EBSCOHost</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TIME+Magazine&rft.atitle=200+Faces+for+the+Future&rft.volume=104&rft.issue=3&rft.date=1974-07-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.ebscohost.com%2Flogin.aspx%3Fdirect%3Dtrue%26db%3Df6h%26AN%3D53817874%26lang%3Den-gb%26site%3Deds-live%26scope%3Dsite&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Abourezk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sdsos.gov/elections-voting/assets/historicalelectiondata/1968G.pdf">"Official Election Returns"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. sdsos.gov. November 5, 1968<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 25,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Official+Election+Returns&rft.pub=sdsos.gov&rft.date=1968-11-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsdsos.gov%2Felections-voting%2Fassets%2Fhistoricalelectiondata%2F1968G.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Abourezk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDausch2023" class="citation news cs1">Dausch, Dominik (February 24, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/2779298346">"Former U.S. Senator James Abourezk enters hospice care"</a>. <i>Argus Leader</i>. Sioux Falls, South Dakota. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/2779298346">2779298346</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 25,</span> 2023</span> – via <a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Argus+Leader&rft.atitle=Former+U.S.+Senator+James+Abourezk+enters+hospice+care&rft.date=2023-02-24&rft.aulast=Dausch&rft.aufirst=Dominik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.proquest.com%2Fdocview%2F2779298346&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Abourezk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-abourezk-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-abourezk_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-abourezk_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2015/07/08/war-words-icwa-faces-multiple-assaults-adoption-industry-160993">Suzette Brewer, "War of Words: ICWA Faces Multiple Assaults From Adoption Industry"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160601005408/http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2015/07/08/war-words-icwa-faces-multiple-assaults-adoption-industry-160993">Archived</a> June 1, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Indian Country Today</i>, July 8, 2015; accessed June 9, 2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchrader2016" class="citation news cs1">Schrader, Stuart (Summer 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=117120579&lang=en-gb&site=eds-live&scope=site">"When NACLA Helped Shutter the U.S. Office of Public Safety"</a>. <i>NACLA Report on the Americas</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Huffington Post<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 13,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=What+American+Hustle+Doesn%27t+Tell+You+About+ABSCAM&rft.date=2014-01-04&rft.aulast=Zogby&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Fjames-zogby%2Fwhat-american-hustle-does_b_4541307.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Abourezk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yankton.net/community/article_494c8f7e-b49a-11ed-850b-2fbb19ece6dc.html">"Former SD Senator James Abourezk Passes Away"</a>. <i>Yankton Daily Press & Dakotan</i>. February 24, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 24,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yankton+Daily+Press+%26+Dakotan&rft.atitle=Former+SD+Senator+James+Abourezk+Passes+Away&rft.date=2023-02-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yankton.net%2Fcommunity%2Farticle_494c8f7e-b49a-11ed-850b-2fbb19ece6dc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Abourezk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.argusleader.com/story/news/city/2023/05/22/memorial-for-former-us-senator-james-abourezk-set-for-sunday-in-sioux-falls-washington-pavilion/70243275007/">"Memorial for former US Senator James Abourezk set for Sunday in Sioux Falls"</a>. <i>Argus Leader</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 27,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Argus+Leader&rft.atitle=Memorial+for+former+US+Senator+James+Abourezk+set+for+Sunday+in+Sioux+Falls&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.argusleader.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fcity%2F2023%2F05%2F22%2Fmemorial-for-former-us-senator-james-abourezk-set-for-sunday-in-sioux-falls-washington-pavilion%2F70243275007%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Abourezk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FoodScene2014-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FoodScene2014_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVora2014" class="citation news cs1">Vora, Shivani (August 15, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/17/travel/a-food-scene-grows-in-sioux-falls-sd.html">"A Food Scene Grows in Sioux Falls, S.D."</a> <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 27,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Food+Scene+Grows+in+Sioux+Falls%2C+S.D.&rft.date=2014-08-15&rft.aulast=Vora&rft.aufirst=Shivani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F08%2F17%2Ftravel%2Fa-food-scene-grows-in-sioux-falls-sd.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Abourezk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohansen_and_Grinde,_Jr.1997" class="citation book cs1">Johansen and Grinde, Jr., Bruce E. and Donald A. (1997). <i>The Encyclopedia of Native American Biography</i>. New York, New York: Henry Holt. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Native+American+Biography&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Henry+Holt&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Johansen+and+Grinde%2C+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Bruce+E.+and+Donald+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Abourezk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Abourezk&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/James_Abourezk" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/James Abourezk">James Abourezk</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_CongressA000017" class="citation web cs1">United States Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=A000017">"James Abourezk (id: A000017)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Biographical Directory of the United States Congress">Biographical Directory of the United States Congress</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Directory+of+the+United+States+Congress&rft.atitle=James+Abourezk+%28id%3A+A000017%29&rft.au=United+States+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbioguide.congress.gov%2Fscripts%2Fbiodisplay.pl%3Findex%3DA000017&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Abourezk" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090327073421/http://www.adc.org/">American-Arab Anti Discrimination Committee official website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?2063">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/E._Y._Berry" title="E. Y. Berry">E. Y. Berry</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Representatives_from_South_Dakota" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States Representatives from South Dakota">U.S. House of Representatives</a><br />from <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota%27s_2nd_congressional_district" title="South Dakota's 2nd congressional district">South Dakota's 2nd congressional district</a> </b><br />1971–1973 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_Abdnor" title="James Abdnor">James Abdnor</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Donn Wright</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> nominee for <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senator" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senator">U.S. Senator</a> from <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Classes_of_United_States_Senators" class="mw-redirect" title="Classes of United States Senators">Class 2</a>) </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_Senate_election_in_South_Dakota" title="1972 United States Senate election in South Dakota">1972</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Don Barrett</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senate</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Mundt" title="Karl Mundt">Karl Mundt</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_South_Dakota" title="List of United States senators from South Dakota">U.S. Senator (Class 2) from South Dakota</a> </b><br />1973–1979 <br />Served alongside: <b><a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">George McGovern</a></b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Larry_Pressler" title="Larry Pressler">Larry Pressler</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>Vacant</b><div style="font-size:90%">Title last held by</div><b><a href="/wiki/Joseph_C._O%27Mahoney" title="Joseph C. O'Mahoney">Joseph C. O'Mahoney</a><br />1947 </b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Chair of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Indian_Affairs" title="United States Senate Committee on Indian Affairs">Senate Indian Affairs Committee</a> </b><br />1977–1979 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Melcher" title="John Melcher">John Melcher</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_Senate_Indian_Affairs_chairs" title="Template:US Senate Indian Affairs chairs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_Senate_Indian_Affairs_chairs" title="Template talk:US Senate Indian Affairs chairs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_Senate_Indian_Affairs_chairs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US Senate Indian Affairs chairs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chairs_of_the_United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Indian_Affairs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Chairs of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Indian_Affairs" title="United States Senate Committee on Indian Affairs">United States Senate Committee on Indian Affairs</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Full Committee<br />(1820–1947)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Holmes_(politician)" title="David Holmes (politician)">Holmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Johnson_(Louisiana_politician)" title="Henry Johnson (Louisiana politician)">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hart_Benton_(politician)" title="Thomas Hart Benton (politician)">Benton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Lawson_White" title="Hugh Lawson White">H. White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Troup" title="George Troup">Troup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Lawson_White" title="Hugh Lawson White">H. White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Hundley_Sevier" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambrose Hundley Sevier">Sevier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_T._Morehead_(Kentucky_politician)" title="James T. Morehead (Kentucky politician)">Morehead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Smith_White" title="Albert Smith White">A. White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Hundley_Sevier" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambrose Hundley Sevier">Sevier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_P._Bagby" title="Arthur P. Bagby">Bagby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Rice_Atchison" title="David Rice Atchison">Atchison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_K._Sebastian" title="William K. Sebastian">Sebastian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_R._Doolittle" title="James R. Doolittle">Doolittle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Henderson" title="John B. Henderson">Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Harlan_(Iowa_politician)" title="James Harlan (Iowa politician)">Harlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Buckingham" title="William A. Buckingham">Buckingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Allison" title="William B. Allison">Allison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Coke" title="Richard Coke">Coke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_L._Dawes" title="Henry L. Dawes">Dawes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Jones" title="James K. Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_F._Pettigrew" title="Richard F. Pettigrew">Pettigrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Thurston" title="John M. Thurston">Thurston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Stewart" title="William M. Stewart">Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_E._Clapp" title="Moses E. Clapp">Clapp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Gamble" title="Robert J. Gamble">Gamble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Stone" title="William J. Stone">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_F._Ashurst" title="Henry F. Ashurst">Ashurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Curtis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selden_P._Spencer" title="Selden P. Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Harreld" title="John W. Harreld">Harreld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynn_Frazier" title="Lynn Frazier">Frazier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burton_K._Wheeler" title="Burton K. Wheeler">Wheeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elmer_Thomas" title="Elmer Thomas">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_C._O%27Mahoney" title="Joseph C. O'Mahoney">O'Mahoney</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of the United States Senate"><img alt="Seal of the United States Senate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Select Committee<br />(1977–1993)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Abourezk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Melcher" title="John Melcher">Melcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cohen" title="William Cohen">Cohen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Andrews_(politician)" title="Mark Andrews (politician)">Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Inouye" title="Daniel Inouye">Inouye</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Full Committee<br />(1993–)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Inouye" title="Daniel Inouye">Inouye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">McCain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Nighthorse_Campbell" title="Ben Nighthorse Campbell">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Inouye" title="Daniel Inouye">Inouye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Nighthorse_Campbell" title="Ben Nighthorse Campbell">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Inouye" title="Daniel Inouye">Inouye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Nighthorse_Campbell" title="Ben Nighthorse Campbell">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">McCain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byron_Dorgan" title="Byron Dorgan">Dorgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Akaka" title="Daniel Akaka">Akaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Cantwell" title="Maria Cantwell">Cantwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Tester" title="Jon Tester">Tester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Barrasso" title="John Barrasso">Barrasso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hoeven" title="John Hoeven">Hoeven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Schatz" title="Brian Schatz">Schatz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_senators_from_South_Dakota" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_senators_from_South_Dakota" title="Template:United States senators from South Dakota"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_senators_from_South_Dakota" title="Template talk:United States senators from South Dakota"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_senators_from_South_Dakota" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States senators from South Dakota"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_senators_from_South_Dakota" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_South_Dakota" title="List of United States senators from South Dakota">United States senators from South Dakota</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Class 2</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_F._Pettigrew" title="Richard F. Pettigrew">Pettigrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Gamble" title="Robert J. Gamble">Gamble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sterling" title="Thomas Sterling">Sterling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._McMaster" title="William H. McMaster">McMaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Bulow" title="William J. Bulow">Bulow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlan_J._Bushfield" title="Harlan J. Bushfield">H. Bushfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vera_C._Bushfield" title="Vera C. Bushfield">V. Bushfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Mundt" title="Karl Mundt">Mundt</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Abourezk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Pressler" title="Larry Pressler">Pressler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Johnson_(South_Dakota_politician)" title="Tim Johnson (South Dakota politician)">T. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Rounds" title="Mike Rounds">Rounds</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="United States Senate"><img alt="United States Senate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Class 3</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gideon_C._Moody" title="Gideon C. Moody">Moody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_H._Kyle" title="James H. Kyle">Kyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_B._Kittredge" title="Alfred B. Kittredge">Kittredge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coe_I._Crawford" title="Coe I. Crawford">Crawford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_S._Johnson" title="Edwin S. Johnson">E. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Norbeck" title="Peter Norbeck">Norbeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_E._Hitchcock" title="Herbert E. Hitchcock">Hitchcock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gladys_Pyle" title="Gladys Pyle">Pyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Gurney" title="Chan Gurney">Gurney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Case" title="Francis Case">Case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Bottum" title="Joe Bottum">Bottum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">McGovern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Abdnor" title="James Abdnor">Abdnor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Daschle" title="Tom Daschle">Daschle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Thune" title="John Thune">Thune</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives_from_South_Dakota" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_representatives_from_South_Dakota" title="Template:United States representatives from South Dakota"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_representatives_from_South_Dakota" title="Template talk:United States representatives from South Dakota"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_representatives_from_South_Dakota" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States representatives from South Dakota"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives_from_South_Dakota" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_South_Dakota" title="United States congressional delegations from South Dakota">Members of the United States House of Representatives from South Dakota</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Two <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota%27s_at-large_congressional_district" title="South Dakota's at-large congressional district">at-large</a> seats (1889–1913)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Seat</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Pickler" title="John Pickler">Pickler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Edward_Kelley" title="John Edward Kelley">Kelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Burke" title="Charles H. Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo_Hall" title="Philo Hall">Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Burke" title="Charles H. Burke">Burke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Seat</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_S._Gifford" title="Oscar S. Gifford">Gifford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rankin_Gamble" title="John Rankin Gamble">J. Gamble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_L._Jolley" title="John L. Jolley">Jolley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_V._Lucas" title="William V. Lucas">Lucas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Gamble" title="Robert J. Gamble">R. Gamble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeman_Knowles" title="Freeman Knowles">Knowles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Gamble" title="Robert J. Gamble">R. Gamble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eben_Martin" title="Eben Martin">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Parker_(politician)" title="William H. Parker (politician)">Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eben_Martin" title="Eben Martin">Martin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Districts (1913–1983)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota%27s_1st_congressional_district" title="South Dakota's 1st congressional district">1st district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hall_Dillon" title="Charles Hall Dillon">Dillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Christopherson" title="Charles A. Christopherson">Christopherson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_H._Hildebrandt" title="Fred H. Hildebrandt">Hildebrandt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Mundt" title="Karl Mundt">Mundt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Lovre" title="Harold Lovre">Lovre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">McGovern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Reifel" title="Ben Reifel">Reifel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_E._Denholm" title="Frank E. Denholm">Denholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Pressler" title="Larry Pressler">Pressler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Daschle" title="Tom Daschle">Daschle</a></li> <li><i>(district abolished in 1983)</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota%27s_2nd_congressional_district" title="South Dakota's 2nd congressional district">2nd district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Burke" title="Charles H. Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_C._Johnson" title="Royal C. Johnson">R. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_B._Werner" title="Theodore B. Werner">Werner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Case" title="Francis Case">Case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellis_Yarnal_Berry" class="mw-redirect" title="Ellis Yarnal Berry">Berry</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Abourezk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Abdnor" title="James Abdnor">Abdnor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clint_Roberts_(politician)" title="Clint Roberts (politician)">Roberts</a></li> <li><i>(district abolished in 1983)</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota%27s_3rd_congressional_district" title="South Dakota's 3rd congressional district">3rd district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eben_Martin" title="Eben Martin">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Gandy" title="Harry Gandy">Gandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Williamson_(American_politician)" title="William Williamson (American politician)">Williamson</a></li> <li><i>(district abolished in 1933)</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">One at-large seat (1983–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Seat</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Daschle" title="Tom Daschle">Daschle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Johnson_(South_Dakota_politician)" title="Tim Johnson (South Dakota politician)">T. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Thune" title="John Thune">Thune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Janklow" title="Bill Janklow">Janklow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephanie_Herseth_Sandlin" title="Stephanie Herseth Sandlin">Herseth Sandlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristi_Noem" title="Kristi Noem">Noem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dusty_Johnson" title="Dusty Johnson">D. Johnson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1366620#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1366620#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1366620#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118947524">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n87810570">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p129488224">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007272231805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA0184410X?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=A000017">US Congress</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/084172304">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10570674">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w68f0mvf">SNAC</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6n03tn9">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Abourezk&oldid=1257525438">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Abourezk&oldid=1257525438</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1931_births" title="Category:1931 births">1931 births</a></li><li><a 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