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/*display:flex; justify-content:space-between; */ } #wrap{background:transparent; margin:0 auto; padding:0; width:100%; color:#414141; padding:0} .l_sidebar{width:15%} .r_sidebar{ width:22%; _min-width:150px; min-width:160px; max-width:345px; float:left; background-color: white; /*background-color:#bdbec2; */ /*:transparent; */ font-size:1.3rem; _margin-top:0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2px; padding:0 0 0 10px; overflow:visible ; } .da-third-column{overflow:visible !important ;} .middle_sidebar{font-size: 1.4rem; _width:14%; width:17%; min-width:90px; max-width:180px; float:left; background:transparent; margin:.5% .5%; padding:0px .5% 0 1%; _border-right:1px dotted #d1ccbc; min-width:128px; } div.middle_sidebar{ border-left-style: dotted; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: #d1ccbc ;} .contentmiddle{ width:54% ; min-width:185px; float:left; margin-top:.4rem; font-size:16px; font-size:1.6rem; /* line-height:15px; line-height:150%; */ _margin-right:5px; _padding-right: 20px; _max-width: 700px; padding-right: 3%; } .contentmiddle h1, .contentmiddle h1 a { text-decoration: none; font-size: 2.4rem; font-weight: normal; color: #373731; /* near black */ line-height: 140%; } #headerW {height:100%; width: 100% !important; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; display:block;} .l_sidebar a:link,.l_sidebar a:visited, .middle_sidebar a:link, .middle_sidebar a:visited, .r_sidebar a:visited, .r_sidebar a:link{ /*color:#0183B2; old blue*/ color: #394244; font-size: 1.4rem; border-top: 1px solid lightgrey; /*word-spacing: -.3rem; */ } .new_subscription_block { font-family:"Muli", sans-serif ; background: #daf4fc; border-radius: 0rem; margin:4% 5% 4% 5%; padding: 5% 7% 5% 7%; line-height:150%; } .new_subscription_block p{ Font-Family:Lora; font-style:italic;} .new_subscription_block h3, h4 {font-family:"Muli", sans-serif; } .r_sub_con a:visited, .r_sub_con a:link, .new_subscription_block a:visited, .new_subscription_block a:link{ border-top: 0px ;} /* turn off links */ #clearfixheader { clear: both; width: 100%; height: 100%; margin-top: 0px; padding-top:0px; } .social_li ul li a:link, .social_li ul li a, .social_li a:link, .social_li li a, .social_li a { padding: .2rem .8rem !important /* this controls how tall & wide socialbuttons are ; remove !important when style.css is consolidated */ color:#1e3a4a } .social_li li{display:inline; margin-left:10px ;margin-left:1rem; margin-right:10px; margin-right:1rem;} .centerwrap ul {margin: 0px -1% 0px 0%} #navbar{ font-size: 1.6rem; _font-family: "Oswald", sans-serif !important; font-family:"Muli", sans-serif !important; font-weight: 400; _text-transform: uppercase; font-weight:bold; z-index:99; /*margin-top, margin-bottom: 0px !important; */ text-alignment:center; height:auto !important; text-align:justify; -ms-text-justify:distribute-all-lines; text-justify:distribute-all-lines; _letter-spacing:-.5px; color:#39AACF; margin-top: 0px; margin-left:0%; _margin-right:7% ; border-radius:0px; _background-color:rgba(118,154,172,.9); background-color:rgba(57, 170, 207, .85); min-width:245px; _width: 86%; width: 100%; } #navbar a{ _font-weight:bold; text-decoration:none; font-weight:bold; padding:0 12px; padding:0 1rem; padding-top: 2px; text-decoration:none; letter-spacing: .1px; color: white; _font-family: Helvetica; _font-family: "Oswald", sans-serif !important; font-family:"Muli", sans-serif font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.55rem; line-height: 2.2rem; padding-top: 3px; } .nav ul, .socmedia ul {text-align:center} /*#nav{list-style-type:none;} */ /* #nav li{display:inline;float:left;list-style-type:none} #nav .stretch { display: inline-block; width: 100%; *display: inline; zoom: 1 } */ /*icons by https://www.entypo.com/*/ .social_li ul li a:link, .social_li ul li a,.social a:link, .social_li li a, .social_li a { padding: 0 .8rem !important; /* this controls how tall & wide socialbuttons are ; remove !important when style.css is consolidated */ color: white; /*#1e3a4a */ } /* might work to space out items more nav li:before { margin-left: 3px} */ #search-old2{ display: inline-block!important; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 8px; float: none!important; width: 115px!important; font-family: font-family:Georgia,"Times New Roman",Times,serif !important; background-color: #1497c2; text-align: left !important; font-weight: normal!important; } #search-old2 form{background:none!important; width:110px; height:100%; margin-top:2px !important; padding:0px} /* this indents widget */ .contentwrapper ul li li{ text-indent: -1.1rem; } .contentwrapper a, a:visited, a:hover{font-size: inherit; } /* 1.6rem; shouldnt this just inherit */ .middle_sidebar ul , .r_sidebar ul , .l_sidebar ul, .contentmiddle ul, .r_sidebar ul li { background:none; list-style-type:none; } /*shading boxes around ads + contact info*/ .r_sidebar .r_adbx_top, .r_sub_con,.r_about_ad{background: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 0rem; } /*#bdbec2 */ .r_adbx_top, .r_sub_con,.r_about_ad{text-align:left; padding: 10px 18px 10px 18px; margin:12px -4px 0px -4px;} .box { border: .2rem solid black; font-size: 4rem; border-radius:2px;} .lightbox {border: .1rem solid grey ;} _colorcontrast {background-color: rgb(224, 224, 224); margin: 0px; border-right: 9px solid rgb(224, 224, 224); border-left: 9px solid rgb(224, 224, 224); border-radius: 8px;} .tagline { text-align:left ; font-size:13px; font-size:1.3hw; line-height:100%; margin:0; margin-top: 6px; /* color:white !important; */ margin-left:6px; padding:2px; color:#4a7d96; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; } #tagline_container{ max-width:335px; width:100%; margin-top: 50px; margin-left: 21px; } _ad_logo_wrapper{margin-left:3.5%; margin-right:4.3%;} #ad_logo_wrapper{margin-left:7%; margin-right:4%; margin-top:3px;} #logocontainer{width:auto; float:left; margin-left:0px; margin-top: 0px; max-width:40%; } #big_logo { /* margin-left: 25%; max-width: 7%; transform: scale(8); float: left; width:100%; max-height: 10%; */ } #big_logo{ transform: scale(8); max-height:10%; max-width:325px; float: left !important; text-align: left; width: 100%; } #logo_container { width: 100%; float: left; z-index: -40; /* overflow: visible; */ max-width: 600px; max-height: 200px; min-width: 140px; margin-left: 20px; height: auto; min-height: 40px; margin-top: 0px; _background-image: url(/wp-content/themes/openculture_v3a/images/openculture_banner.png); background-size: contain; background-repeat: no-repeat; max-width:80vw;; /*css3 viewport setting */ } .left { /* border: 2px dashed #f0f; */ text-align:left; _min-height:40px; height:auto; _margin-top: 45px; margin-left: 0px; _background: url("https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/images/open-culture-stacked-logo.svg") no-repeat; _background: url("https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/images/open-culture-horizontal-logo.svg") no-repeat; _background: url("https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/images/open-culture-stacked-logo-with-stacked-tagline.svg") no-repeat; _background: url("https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/images/open-culture-horizontal-logo-with-tagline.svg") no-repeat; background-size: contain; max-width:600px; min-width:90px; overflow:hidden; _background-position-y:0px; _background-position-x:0px; background-position-x: center !important; background-position-y: center !important; z-index:200; } .right { float: right; _width: 740px; /*min-height: 25px;*/ margin-left: 2.5%; padding-left: 0px; margin-right: 20px ; padding-right:0px; /* border: 2px dashed #00f; */ position:relative; z-index:200; } .top{} .bottom{ background: url("https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/images/open-culture-horizontal-logo.svg") no-repeat; _background-size: contain; background-size: revert-layer; min-height:80px; /* border: 2px dashed green; */ clear:both; padding-top:8px; _margin: 4px 10px 0 10px; _background-position-y: 0px; /* min-height: 65px; */ clear: both; background-position-x: center; background-position-y:center; padding-top: 0px; margin: 2px 1rem 0px 1rem; /* height: 90px; */ _min-height: 110px; } #footerW{ right: 0; left: 0; position: relative; padding: 0; overflow:hidden;} .clear {clear:both;} .logo_clickable { position:absolute; width:100%; height:100%; top:0; left: 0; z-index: 50; _position:absolute; /* fixes overlap error in IE7/8, make sure you have an empty gif */ _background-image: url('empty.gif'); } .socialblock li {top: 2px;} .social-mail a{background:url(//www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/icons/mail.svg) no-repeat;} .social-twitter a{background:url(//www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/icons/twitter.svg) no-repeat;} .social-facebook a{background:url(//www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/icons/facebook.svg) no-repeat;} .social-rss a{background:url(//www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/icons/rss.svg) no-repeat;} .social-search a{background:url(//www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/icons/magnifying-glass.svg) no-repeat;} .sb-icon-search {background:url(//www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/icons/magnifying-glass.svg) no-repeat;} .social-mail-black a{background:url(//www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/icons/mail-black.svg) no-repeat;} .social-twitter-black a{background:url(//www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/icons/twitter-black.svg) no-repeat} .social-facebook-black a{background:url(//www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/icons/facebook-black.svg) no-repeat} .social-rss-black a{background:url(//www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/icons/rss-black.svg) no-repeat} .social-mail a:hover{background:url(//www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/icons/mail-hover.svg) no-repeat;} .social-twitter a:hover{background:url(//www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/icons/twitter-hover.svg) no-repeat;} .social-facebook a:hover{background:url(//www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/icons/facebook-hover.svg) no-repeat;} .social-rss a:hover { background: url(//www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/icons/rss-hover.svg) no-repeat;} .social-search a:hover{background:url(//www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/icons/magnifying-glass-hover.svg) no-repeat;} .sb-icon-search :hover {background:url(//www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/icons/magnifying-glass.svg) no-repeat;} /* override images that we dont want to go to margin */ .contentmiddle img.noexpand, .contentmiddle p img.noexpand, .contentmiddle img[src$="feed-icon16x16139.png"],img[title|="noexpand"], .contentmiddle div.noexpand img, .contentmiddle div.noexpand p img , .begbox img, .ct_comment_info img, ct_this_is_spam img, ct_comment_info div{ width:initial !important; display: block !important; line-height: 100%; } .noexpand img {width:initial !important;} /*this seems to work more reliably than above */ .contentmiddle img.oneXone {width: 1px !important; height: 1px !important;} .contentmiddle img.noexpand.center{display:block !important; } #footer { color: white; width: 100%; /*margin:0 auto; */ margin-bottom:100px; padding:28px 0 0 0px; font-family:"Muli", sans-serif; font-weight:400; clear:both; display:inline-block; } .framearound_ad_in_post{margin: .6rem 0px 2.4rem 0px; height:auto;max-height:120px; width:100%;padding:0px; border: 2px solid #D3D3D3; border-radius:8px;min-height:3rem; } .advertisement_notice{text-align:center; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-variant:small caps; color: #0183b2;} .begbox{color:white;width:100%;display:inline-block; background: #36b0d8; margin-left: -4px; padding: 0; font-family: Lora, "Lora", Times, serif;font-style:normal} .begbox img { width:250px ; margin: 8px auto} .begbox p, .begbox div {margin: 1em 0px 0 12px} .da_bottom {line-height:10%} .no-framearound_ad_in_post {padding-bottom: 25px; padding-top:15px; width: 100%} img.no-framearound_ad_in_post {width:100%} .responsive_belowheadline_ad{ height: 100%; display:inline-block; width:98%; min-height:70px; max-height:200px; margin-right:4px; padding-bottom: 10px; } /*comment box */ div.cbInner {background: #eaebe8; border-radius:8px ;} div.cbInner h5 {color: #000;} .comments {color:#000:;} /*bullets*/ /*set chevrons on all widgets don't turn it on for ul li in sidebars*/ /*.contentwrapper ul li li, */ .r_sidebar a:link,.r_sidebar a:visited,.r_sidebar a:hover,.middle_sidebar a:link,.middle_sidebar a:visited,.middle_sidebar a:hover{ font-size: 1.4rem; line-height: inherit; } .contentmiddle a:link, .contentwrapper a {text-decoration:none; } .l_sidebar ul li a:hover, .middle_sidebar ul li a:hover, .r_sidebar ul li a:hover, .contentmiddle a:hover { text-decoration:underline} #footer ul li {line-height:130%; list-style:none;} #footer ul li a:link {color:white; font-size:1.6rem; text-decoration:none;} #footer ul li a:hover {text-decoration:underline;} .l_sidebar li a, .r_sidebar li a, .middle_sidebar li a{ /*display:block; */ /*OC-typography.png */ text-decoration:none; padding-left: 1em; /*font-style:italic;*/ font-family:"Muli", sans-serif; _font-style:bold; font-weight:400; color:#394244; } .widgettitle{ _border-top-width: 1px; _border-top-style: dotted; _border-top-color: gray; font-family:"Lora", sans-serif !important; font-weight: 600; _font-size: 1.6rem; line-height: 19px; font-weight: bold; padding: 3px ; margin: 8px 2px 2px 1px !important; /*color: #898477; */ letter-spacing: -.5px; } .widgetbox ul,.widget_categories ul, .widget_archive ul { border-bottom: 1px dotted #d1ccbc ; padding-bottom: 30px !important; display:block;} .widgetbox li a, .widget_categories li a, .widget_archive li a {display:block;} .recent_post{ border-bottom: 1px dotted #d1ccbc; padding: 0 0 30px 0px; margin-bottom: 30px; line-height:150%; overflow:hidden; } .noborder, .middle_sidebar.noborder:link, div.noborder a {border-top: 0px white !important;} .contentmiddle ul li a{} /*set chevrons on all widgets don't turn it on for ul li in sidebars* .contentwrapper ul li li,*/ .contentmiddle li, .r_sidebar li, .l_sidebar li, .middle_sidebar li { /* background:url(data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhBQAFALMJANTPvq2ok8rGs8C8qMXBrrKtmLeynufj0+Pezvby4wAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACH5BAEAAAkALAAAAAAFAAUAQAQQcByCkqQpCQPCKYiBfCESAQA7) no-repeat 0 10px; */ list-style-type:none; zoom:1; margin-left: .8em; zoom: 1; padding-left: .2em; margin-bottom: .3em; line-height:1.9rem; } .contentmiddle ul li li :before , .r_sidebar ul li li :before, .middle_sidebar ul li li :before, .l_sidebar ul li li :before { /*content: "\25B8"; */ float:left; padding-right:1rem; font-style:normal;} .contentmiddle ul li li li :before {content:none;} .contentmiddle ul li {list-style-type: none; padding-right:.8rem; padding-bottom: .4rem; font-style:normal;} /*set general padding for Ul lists */ .contentwrapper ul { margin: 0; padding: 0 0 10px 0; background:none; } .middle_sidebar ul , .r_sidebar ul , .l_sidebar ul, .contentmiddle ul { background:none; list-style-type:none; } /*titles in widgets*/ .widgettitle, ul.l_sidebar li h2, ul.r_sidebar li h2, ul.middle_sidebar li h2, .middle_sidebar li h2 { font-weight:normal; padding:3px; margin:2px 2px 2px 1px; _font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-family:Lora; color:#fc621f letter-spacing:-.5px; list-style-type:none; background: none !important; font-size: 1.9rem; } .r_sidebar ul {margin-left:-.6rem;} .middle_sidebar ul{ margin-top:1.2rem; margin-left:-1.1rem;} .middle_sidebar ul li {background:none } .contentmiddle li {background: none no-repeat 0 10px; list-style-type:none; zoom:1; /*margin-left: .8rem; */ zoom: 1; padding-left: .2rem; margin-bottom: 0rem; } /* turn off bullets on headers */ .contentwrapper ul {background:none;} /*lists inside lists */ .contentmiddle ul li li {margin-bottom:0rem; margin-left:5rem; list-style-type: none; } .contentwrapper ul {content:"";} .contentmiddle ul li li:before, .contentmiddle ul li:before, .middle_sidebar ul li li :before, /*put right triangle before bullets */ .middle_sidebar ul li li, .r_sidebar ul li li, .l_sidebar ul li li {line-height:inherit;} // Variables @colorBase: #394244; .transition (@prop: all, @time: 1s, @ease: linear) { -webkit-transition: @prop @time @ease; -moz-transition: @prop @time @ease; -o-transition: @prop @time @ease; -ms-transition: @prop @time @ease; transition: @prop @time @ease; } .universal-inline-block { display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline; } /* horizontal buttons */ div .social-icons2 { text-align: center; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-weight: 300; font-size: 1.5em; color: @colorBase; _margin: -2% -8% -2% -14%; } .social-icons2 ul { margin: 0; _padding: 0; list-style-type: none; text-align: center; } .social-icons2 ul li { _padding: 0px 8px 0px 6px; display:inline-block; text-indent:0; margin: 0px -4px 0px -4px;} .social-icons2 ul li a { text-decoration: none; _padding: .1rem .8rem; color: #fff; } .social-icons2-altmargin ul li {padding: 0 20px;} .social-icons2 ul li a:hover{ color: #1497c2; } .margin_left_10 {margin-left:-10px;} .white_background {background-color:white;} .oc-center, .oc-center img { width:100% ; max-width:100% !important; margin:0 auto; display:block; text-align:center;} .oc-center-da, .oc-center-da img, .oc-center-da object, .oc-center-da img { max-width: 100% !important; width: 100% !important; margin:0 auto; display: block; text-align:center;} /*fix expanding captcha refresh */ #fscf_captcha_refresh1 {width: 24px;height: 24px;} .oc-video-container { position: relative; _padding-bottom: 63.25%; padding-bottom:54%; padding-top: 10px; height: 0; } a.mashicon-reddit{background-color: darkred;} /* allow for override of img resizer */ .contentmiddle div.oc-no-resize-center img{ width: inherit !important; margin 0 auto; float:left} /*#footer img{width:inherit!important ;} */ /*footer stuff */ #flexcanvas{ width: 100%; max-width:100%; _height: 600px !important; margin-left: 3px; } .rowParent, .columnParent{ display: -webkit-box; display: -ms-flexbox; display: -webkit-flex; display: flex; -webkit-box-direction: normal; -webkit-box-orient: horizontal; -webkit-flex-direction: row; -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; -webkit-flex-wrap: nowrap; -ms-flex-wrap: nowrap; flex-wrap: nowrap; -webkit-box-pack: start; -webkit-justify-content: flex-start; -ms-flex-pack: start; justify-content: flex-start; -webkit-align-content: stretch; -ms-flex-line-pack: stretch; align-content: stretch; -webkit-box-align: stretch; -webkit-align-items: stretch; -ms-flex-align: stretch; align-items: stretch; } .columnParent{ -webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-flex-direction: column; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; } .flexChild{ -webkit-box-flex: 1; -webkit-flex: 1; -ms-flex: 1; flex: 1; -webkit-align-self: auto; -ms-flex-item-align: auto; align-self: auto; margin:1px; font-size:1.3rem; /*border: 1px dotted #d1ccbc */ } .flexChild ul, .flexChild ul li {margin-left:-1.2rem;} .rowChild85696 {padding:1.8rem; margin-bottom:1.4rem} .rowChild9255 {margin:0px;} .minustopbottommargin20{margin-top:-20px !important; margin-bottom:-20px !important;} .minustopbottommargin40{margin-top:-40px !important; margin-bottom:-40px !important;} .minustopmargin20{margin-top:-20px !important;} .minustopmargin40{margin-top:-40px !important;} .curatedcategory ul li { text-decoration: none; list-style-type: none; padding: 0px; margin-left:1.0rem; line-height: 140%;} .curatedcategory ul {margin-left: 1.2rem;} .curatedcategory h2 {margin-left:1.0rem;} .curatedcategory h2 a {font-variant:small-caps;} .contentmiddle ol {list-style-type:decimal; font-size:inherit;} .contentmiddle ol li {list-style-type:decimal; font-size:inherit;line-spacing:120%;margin-bottom:.8rem;} input[type=search] { -moz-appearance:none; -webkit-appearance:none; } .sb-search { position: relative; color:#fff; border:none; width: 20px; width: 0%; min-width: 24px; min-height: 2.4rem; float: right; height:100%; overflow: hidden; -webkit-transition: width 0.3s; -moz-transition: width 0.3s; transition: width 0.6s; -webkit-backface-visibility: hidden; } .sb-search-input, input[type="search"] { position: absolute; top: -6px; right: 0px; border: none; outline: none; margin-right:24px; width: 100%; height: 88%; min-height:2.5rem; _margin: 8px 2px 8px 2px; z-index: 25; _padding: 4px 65px 4px 20px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1.8rem; color: white; background-color:#1497c2; } input[type="search"] {background-color:#1497c2;} .sb-icon-search, .sb-search-submit { display:block; position: absolute; border:none; right: 0; top: 0; float: right; padding: 0; _margin: 0; _line-height: 24px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; background-color:#fff; _background-color:#1497c2; _height:1.9rem; color:white; width: 1.6rem; height: 2.3rem; _margin-top: 6px; } .sb-search-submit { background: #fff; /* IE needs this */ -ms-filter: "progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.Alpha(Opacity=0)"; /* IE 8 */ filter: alpha(opacity=0); /* IE 5-7 */ opacity: 0; color: transparent; border: none; outline: none; z-index: -1; width: 100%; } /*.sb-icon-search{background:url(//www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/icons/magnifying-glass.svg) no-repeat;} */ .sb-icon-search{ color:white; background:url(//www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/icons/magnifying-glass.svg) no-repeat; background-position-y:center; background-margin-y:4px;} li.search-popout {_display:none; top:.8rem;} .sb-search form {min-height:20px;} input[type=text].sb-search-input,textarea.sb-search-input {background-color:#1497c2; color:#FFF;} #navbar :after {clear:both;} /* fix placeholder color */ ::-webkit-input-placeholder { /* WebKit, Blink, Edge */ color: #fff; } :-moz-placeholder { /* Mozilla Firefox 4 to 18 */ color: #fff; opacity: 1; } ::-moz-placeholder { /* Mozilla Firefox 19+ */ color: #fff; opacity: 1; } :-ms-input-placeholder { /* Internet Explorer 10-11 */ color: #fff; } .sb-search.sb-search-open, .no-js .sb-search { width: 100%; min-width:300px; min-width: 75vw; margin-left: -10vw; overflow:visible;; } .sb-search.sb-search-open .sb-icon-search, .no-js .sb-search .sb-icon-search { z-index: 11; } .sb-search.sb-search-open .sb-search-submit, .no-js .sb-search .sb-search-submit { z-index: 90; } .negativetopmargin50 {margin-top:-50px;} .negativetopmargin40 {margin-top:-40px;} .negativetopmargin20 {margin-top:-20px;} .bulleted, .bulleted ul {list-style-type: disc;} .bulleted ul li, .contentmiddle.p1 ul li, .p1 li, .contentmiddle li,.contentmiddle.p1 ul li,.entry ul li, .entry ul {list-style-type: disc;} #last, .last a, .li a last {color:black !important;} .cli-bar-message {font-family:Lora,"Lora",Times,serif;} .addtoany_shortcode div {margin-top: 14px;} /*Step 5 aesthetic 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class="contentmiddle"> <div class="oc-center white_background noexpand" style="max-width:501px">  <div class="oc-center white_background noexpand"><script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script><br> <br> <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block" data-ad-client="ca-pub-1184791463292965" data-ad-slot="1279265463" data-ad-format="auto"></ins><br> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script></div> </div> <div class="recent_post"> <h1 id="post-1120950" ><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2024/11/isaac-newton-creates-a-list-of-his-57-sins-circa-1662.html" rel="bookmark" title="Permanent Link to Isaac Newton Creates a List of His 57 Sins (Circa 1662)"> Isaac Newton Creates a List of His 57 Sins (Circa 1662) </a></h1> <p class="byline">in <em class="postcategory"> <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/history" rel="category tag">History</a>, <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/physics" rel="category tag">Physics</a>, <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/religion" rel="category tag">Religion</a>, <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/science" rel="category tag">Science</a> </em> | November 25th, 2024 </p> <div id="framearound_ad_in_post" style="margin: 8px 0px 8px 0px;"> <script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>  <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display: block;" data-ad-client="ca-pub-1184791463292965" data-ad-slot="4261585863" data-ad-format="link"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div> <div class="recent_post_text"> <div id="post-1120950" class="post-1120950 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-history category-physics category-religion category-science"> <p><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-105712 native-lazyload-js-fallback" src="https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/plugins/native-lazyload/assets/images/placeholder.svg" alt width="720" height="456" loading="lazy" data-src="https://cdn8.openculture.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/30193908/isaac-newton-list-of-sins.jpg" data-srcset="https://cdn8.openculture.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/30193908/isaac-newton-list-of-sins.jpg 720w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/30193908/isaac-newton-list-of-sins-150x95.jpg 150w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/30193908/isaac-newton-list-of-sins-300x190.jpg 300w" data-sizes="(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px"><noscript><img loading="lazy" fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-105712" src="https://cdn8.openculture.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/30193908/isaac-newton-list-of-sins.jpg" alt width="720" height="456" srcset="https://cdn8.openculture.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/30193908/isaac-newton-list-of-sins.jpg 720w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/30193908/isaac-newton-list-of-sins-150x95.jpg 150w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/30193908/isaac-newton-list-of-sins-300x190.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px"></noscript></p> <p>Sir <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton">Isaac Newton</a>, arguably the most important and influential scientist in history, discovered the laws of motion and the universal force of gravity. For the first time ever, the rules of the universe could be described with the supremely rational language of mathematics. Newton’s elegant equations proved to be one of the inspirations for the <a href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/enlightenment/">Enlightenment</a>, a shift away from the God-centered dogma of the Church in favor of a worldview that placed reason at its center. The many leaders of the Enlightenment turned to deism if not outright atheism. But not Newton.</p> <p>In 1936, a document of Newton’s dating from around 1662 was sold at a Sotheby’s auction and eventually wound up at the <a href="http://www.fitzmuseum.cam.ac.uk/">Fitzwilliam Museum in Cambridge, England</a>. The <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130707041408/http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk/view/texts/normalized/ALCH00069">Fitzwilliam Manuscript</a> has long been a source of fascination for Newton scholars. Not only does the notebook feature a series of increasingly difficult mathematical problems but also a cryptic string of letters reading:</p> <blockquote><p>Nabed Efyhik<br> Wfnzo Cpmfke</p></blockquote> <p>If you can solve this, there are some people in Cambridge who would like to talk to you.</p> <div class="oc-center-da"> <div data-fuse="22871471544"></div> </div> <p>But what makes the document really interesting is how incredibly personal it is. Newton rattles off a laundry list of sins he committed during his relatively short life – he was around 20 when he wrote this, still a student at <a href="http://www.cam.ac.uk/">Cambridge</a>. He splits the list into two categories, before Whitsunday 1662 and after. (Whitsunday is, by the way, the Sunday of the feast of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitsun">Whitsun</a>, which is celebrated seven weeks after Easter.) Why he decided on that particular date to bifurcate his timeline isn’t immediately clear.</p> <p>Some of the sins are rather opaque. I’m not sure what, for instance, “Making a feather while on Thy day” means exactly but it sure sounds like a long-lost euphemism. Other sins like “Peevishness with my mother” are immediately relatable as good old-fashioned teenage churlishness. You can see the full list below. And you can read the full document over at the <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130707041408/http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk/view/texts/normalized/ALCH00069">Newton Project here</a>.</p> <blockquote><p><strong><em>Before Whitsunday 1662</em></strong></p> <p>1. Vsing the word (God) openly<br> 2. Eating an apple at Thy house<br> 3. Making a feather while on Thy day<br> 4. Denying that I made it.<br> 5. Making a mousetrap on Thy day<br> 6. Contriving of the chimes on Thy day<br> 7. Squirting water on Thy day<br> 8. Making pies on Sunday night<br> 9. Swimming in a kimnel on Thy day<br> 10. Putting a pin in Iohn Keys hat on Thy day to pick him.<br> 11. Carelessly hearing and committing many sermons<br> 12. Refusing to go to the close at my mothers command.<br> 13. Threatning my father and mother Smith to burne them and the house over them<br> 14. Wishing death and hoping it to some<br> 15. Striking many<br> 16. Having uncleane thoughts words and actions and dreamese.<br> 17. Stealing cherry cobs from Eduard Storer<br> 18. Denying that I did so<br> 19. Denying a crossbow to my mother and grandmother though I knew of it<br> 20. Setting my heart on money learning pleasure more than Thee<br> 21. A relapse<br> 22. A relapse<br> 23. A breaking again of my covenant renued in the Lords Supper.<br> 24. Punching my sister<br> 25. Robbing my mothers box of plums and sugar<br> 26. Calling Dorothy Rose a jade<br> 27. Glutiny in my sickness.<br> 28. Peevishness with my mother.<br> 29. With my sister.<br> 30. Falling out with the servants<br> 31. Divers commissions of alle my duties<br> 32. Idle discourse on Thy day and at other times<br> 33. Not turning nearer to Thee for my affections<br> 34. Not living according to my belief<br> 35. Not loving Thee for Thy self.<br> 36. Not loving Thee for Thy goodness to us<br> 37. Not desiring Thy ordinances<br> 38. Not long {longing} for Thee in {illeg}<br> 39. Fearing man above Thee<br> 40. Vsing unlawful means to bring us out of distresses<br> 41. Caring for worldly things more than God<br> 42. Not craving a blessing from God on our honest endeavors.<br> 43. Missing chapel.<br> 44. Beating Arthur Storer.<br> 45. Peevishness at Master Clarks for a piece of bread and butter.<br> 46. Striving to cheat with a brass halfe crowne.<br> 47. Twisting a cord on Sunday morning<br> 48. Reading the history of the Christian champions on Sunday</p> <p><strong>Since Whitsunday 1662</strong></p> <p>49. Glutony<br> 50. Glutony<br> 51. Vsing Wilfords towel to spare my own<br> 52. Negligence at the chapel.<br> 53. Sermons at Saint Marys (4)<br> 54. Lying about a louse<br> 55. Denying my chamberfellow of the knowledge of him that took him for a sot.<br> 56. Neglecting to pray 3<br> 57. Helping Pettit to make his water watch at 12 of the clock on Saturday night</p></blockquote> <p>via <a href="http://longstreet.typepad.com/thesciencebookstore/2011/05/the-47-sins-of-isaac-newton-as-recorded-by-himself.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow">JF Ptak Science Books</a>/<a href="http://publicdomainreview.org/collections/17-numbered-lists-from-history/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Public Domain Review</a></p> <p><strong>Related Content:</strong></p> <p><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2022/03/in-1704-isaac-newton-predicted-that-the-world-will-end-in-2060.html">In 1704, Isaac Newton Predicted That the World Will End in 2060</a></p> <p><a title="Permanent Link to Isaac Newton Theorized That the Egyptian Pyramids Revealed the Timing of the Apocalypse: See His Burnt Manuscript from the 1680s" href="https://www.openculture.com/2020/12/isaac-newton-theorized-that-the-egyptian-pyramids-revealed-the-timing-of-the-apocalypse.html" rel="bookmark">Isaac Newton Theorized That the Egyptian Pyramids Revealed the Timing of the Apocalypse: See His Burnt Manuscript from the 1680s</a></p> <p><a title="Permanent Link to Isaac Newton’s Recipe for the Mythical ‘Philosopher’s Stone’ Is Being Digitized & Put Online (Along with His Other Alchemy Manuscripts)" href="https://www.openculture.com/2016/10/isaac-newtons-recipe-for-the-mythical-philosophers-stone-is-being-digitized.html" rel="bookmark">Isaac Newton’s Recipe for the Mythical ‘Philosopher’s Stone’ Is Being Digitized & Put Online (Along with His Other Alchemy Manuscripts)</a></p> <p><em><strong>Jonathan Crow</strong> is a writer and filmmaker whose work has appeared in Yahoo!, The Hollywood Reporter, and other publications. </em></p> <div class="alignleft"> <p class="author"> by <a href="https://www.openculture.com/author/dancolman" title="Posts by OC" rel="author">OC</a> | <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2024/11/isaac-newton-creates-a-list-of-his-57-sins-circa-1662.html" title="Permalink">Permalink</a> | <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2024/11/isaac-newton-creates-a-list-of-his-57-sins-circa-1662.html#respond" title="Make a comment">Make a Comment</a> ( <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2024/11/isaac-newton-creates-a-list-of-his-57-sins-circa-1662.html#comments">2</a> ) | </p>   </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="recent_post"> <h1 id="post-1120727" ><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2024/11/how-upside-down-models-revolutionized-architecture-making-possible-st-pauls-cathedral-sagrada-familia-more.html" rel="bookmark" title="Permanent Link to How Designing Buildings Upside-Down Revolutionized Architecture, Making Possible St. Paul’s Cathedral, Sagrada Família & More"> How Designing Buildings Upside-Down Revolutionized Architecture, Making Possible St. Paul’s Cathedral, Sagrada Família & More </a></h1> <p class="byline">in <em class="postcategory"> <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/architecture-2" rel="category tag">Architecture</a>, <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/history" rel="category tag">History</a>, <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/physics" rel="category tag">Physics</a> </em> | November 12th, 2024 </p> <div id="framearound_ad_in_post" style="margin: 8px 0px 8px 0px;"> <script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>  <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display: block;" data-ad-client="ca-pub-1184791463292965" data-ad-slot="4261585863" data-ad-format="link"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div> <div class="recent_post_text"> <div id="post-1120727" class="post-1120727 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-architecture-2 category-history category-physics"> <div class="oc-video-wrapper"> <div class="oc-video-container"> <span class="youtube"><iframe title="YouTube video player" class="youtube-player" type="text/html" width="640" height="505" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/iRv_syz2DAc?wmode=transparent&fs=1&hl=en&showsearch=0&rel=0&theme=dark" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen loading="lazy"></iframe></span> </div> <p>  </p></div> <p></p> <p>For 142 years now, <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2024/03/an-architectural-tour-of-sagrada-familia.html">Sagrada Família</a> has been growing toward the sky. Or at least that’s what it seems to be doing, as its ongoing construction realizes ever more fully a host of forms that look and feel not quite of this earth. It makes a kind of sense to learn that, in designing the cathedral that would remain a work in progress nearly a century after his death, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoni_Gaud%C3%AD">Antoni Gaudí</a> built a model upside-down, making use of gravity in the opposite way to which we normally think of it as acting on a building. But as architecture YouTuber Stewart Hicks explains in the video above, Gaudí was hardly the first to use that technique.</p> <p>Take <a href="https://smarthistory.org/stpauls/">St. Paul’s Cathedral</a>, which Christopher Wren decided to make the tallest building in London in 1685. It included what would be the highest dome ever built, at 365 feet off the ground. “For a traditional dome design to reach this height, it would have to span an opening that’s 160 feet or 49 meters wide, but this made it much too heavy for the walls below,” says Hicks. “Existing techniques for building this just couldn’t work.” Enter scientist-engineer <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hooke">Robert Hooke</a>, who’d already been figuring out ways to model forces like this by hanging chains from the ceiling.</p> <div class="oc-center-da"> <div data-fuse="22871471544"></div> </div> <p>“Hooke’s genius was that he realized that the chain in his experiments was calculating the perfect shape for it to remain in tension, since that’s all it can do.” He explained domes as, physically, “the exact opposite of the chains. His famous line was, ‘As hangs the flexile line, so but inverted will stand the rigid arch.’ ” In other words, “if you flip the shape of Hooke’s chain experiments upside down, the forces flip, and this shape is the perfect compression system.” Hence the distinctively elongated-looking shape of the dome on the completed St. Paul’s Cathedral, a departure from all architectural precedent.</p> <p>The shape upon which Wren and Hooke settled turned out to be very similar to what architecture now knows as a catenary curve, a concept important indeed to Gaudí, who was “famously enamored with what some call organic forms.” He made detailed models to guide the construction of his projects, but after those he’d left behind for Sagrada Família were destroyed by anarchists in 1936, the builders had nothing to go on. Only in 1979 did the young architect <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DKEhWLr9bsg">Mark Burry</a> “imagine the models upside-down,” which brought about a new understanding of the building’s complex, landscape-like forms. It was a similar physical insight that made possible such dramatic mid-century buildings as Annibale Vitellozzi and Pier Nervi’s <a href="https://architectuul.com/architecture/palazzetto-delo-sport" rel="nofollow">Palazzetto dello Sport</a> and Eero Saarinen’s <a href="https://www.archdaily.com/788012/ad-classics-twa-flight-center-eero-saarinen">TWA Flight Center</a>: pure Space Age, but rooted in the Enlightenment.</p> <p><strong>Related content:</strong></p> <p><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2023/03/how-the-worlds-biggest-dome-was-built-the-story-of-filippo-brunelleschi-and-the-duomo-in-florence.html">How the World’s Biggest Dome Was Built: The Story of Filippo Brunelleschi and the Duomo in Florence</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2024/01/how-this-chicago-skyscraper-barely-touches-the-ground.html">How This Chicago Skyscraper Barely Touches the Ground</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2023/06/why-hasnt-the-pantheons-dome-collapsed.html">Why Hasn’t the Pantheon’s Dome Collapsed?: How the Romans Engineered the Dome to Last 19 Centuries and Counting</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2024/03/an-architectural-tour-of-sagrada-familia.html">An Architectural Tour of Sagrada Família, Antoni Gaudí’s Audacious Church That’s Been Under Construction for 142 Years</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2024/04/a-guided-tour-of-the-largest-handmade-model-of-imperial-rome.html">A Guided Tour of the Largest Handmade Model of Imperial Rome: Discover the 20x20 Meter Model Created During the 1930s</a></p> <p><em>Based in Seoul, </em><em><a href="http://blog.colinmarshall.org/">Colin</a></em><em><a href="http://blog.colinmarshall.org/"> M</a></em><em><a href="http://blog.colinmarshall.org/">a</a></em><em><a href="http://blog.colinmarshall.org/">rshall</a> writes and broadcas</em><em>ts on cities, language, and culture. His projects include the Substack newsletter</em> <a href="https://colinmarshall.substack.com/">Books on Cities</a><em> and the book </em>The Stateless City: a Walk through 21st-Century Los Angeles. <em>Follow him on Twitter at <a href="https://twitter.com/#%21/colinmarshall">@colinm</a></em><em><a href="https://twitter.com/#%21/colinmarshall">a</a></em><em><a href="https://twitter.com/#%21/colinmarshall">rshall</a> or on <a href="https://www.facebook.com/colinmarshallessayist" rel="nofollow">Facebook</a>.</em></p> <p> </p> <div class="alignleft"> <p class="author"> by <a href="https://www.openculture.com/author/cjmarshall" title="Posts by Colin Marshall" rel="author">Colin Marshall</a> | <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2024/11/how-upside-down-models-revolutionized-architecture-making-possible-st-pauls-cathedral-sagrada-familia-more.html" title="Permalink">Permalink</a> | <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2024/11/how-upside-down-models-revolutionized-architecture-making-possible-st-pauls-cathedral-sagrada-familia-more.html#respond" title="Make a comment">Make a Comment</a> ( <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2024/11/how-upside-down-models-revolutionized-architecture-making-possible-st-pauls-cathedral-sagrada-familia-more.html#respond">None</a> ) | </p>   </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="recent_post"> <h1 id="post-1119408" ><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2024/09/michio-kaku-demystifies-the-god-equation-the-key-to-understanding-everything.html" rel="bookmark" title="Permanent Link to Michio Kaku Demystifies the God Equation: The Key to Understanding Everything"> Michio Kaku Demystifies the God Equation: The Key to Understanding Everything </a></h1> <p class="byline">in <em class="postcategory"> <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/physics" rel="category tag">Physics</a> </em> | September 10th, 2024 </p> <div id="framearound_ad_in_post" style="margin: 8px 0px 8px 0px;"> <script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>  <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display: block;" data-ad-client="ca-pub-1184791463292965" data-ad-slot="4261585863" data-ad-format="link"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div> <div class="recent_post_text"> <div id="post-1119408" class="post-1119408 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-physics"> <div class="oc-video-wrapper"> <div class="oc-video-container"> <span class="youtube"><iframe title="YouTube video player" class="youtube-player" type="text/html" width="640" height="505" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/B1GO1HPLp7Y?wmode=transparent&fs=1&hl=en&showsearch=0&rel=0&theme=dark" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen loading="lazy"></iframe></span> </div> <p>  </p></div> <p></p> <p>It speaks to the importance of discoveries in physics over the past few generations that even the disinterested layman has heard of the field’s central challenge. In brief, there exist two separate systems: general relativity, which describes the physics of space, time, and gravity, and quantum mechanics which describes the physics of fundamental particles like electrons and photons. Each being applicable only at its own scale, one would seem to be incompatible with the other. What the field needs to bring them together is kind of a “grand unified theory,” a concept that has long since worked its way into popular culture.</p> <p>In <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B1GO1HPLp7Y">the Big Think video above</a>, physicist <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michio_Kaku">Michio Kaku</a> explains this scientific quest for what he calls “the God equation” in about five minutes. Such an equation “should unify the basic concepts of physics.” But general relativity as conceived by Albert Einstein is “based on smooth surfaces,” while quantum mechanics is “based on chopping things up into particles.”</p> <div class="oc-center-da"> <div data-fuse="22871471544"></div> </div> <p>The challenge of bringing the two into concert has attracted “the greatest minds of the entire human race,” but to no definitive avail. At this point, Kaku says, only one conception “has survived every challenge: <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2015/11/michio-kaku-brian-green-explain-string-theory-in-nutshell.html">string theory</a>, which is what I do for a living” — and which has attained a rather high level of public awareness, if not necessarily public understanding.</p> <p>Kaku breaks it down as follows: “If you can peer into the heart of an electron, you would see that it’s a rubber band: a tiny, tiny vibrating string, very similar to a guitar string. There’s an infinite number of vibrations, and that is why we have subatomic particles,” each variety of which corresponds to a different vibration. “A simple idea that encapsulates the entire universe” — and, crucially, a mathematically consistent one — string theory has attracted astute proponents and detractors alike, the latter objecting to its untestabillity. But one day, technology may well advance sufficiently to falsify it or not, and if not, the door opens to the possibility of time machines, wormholes, parallel universes, “things out of <em>The Twilight Zone</em>.” A physicist can dream, can’t he?</p> <p>For more on this subject read Michio Kaku’s book <a href="https://amzn.to/3MEgOub"><em>The God Equation: The Quest for the Theory of Everything</em></a>.</p> <p><strong>Related content:</strong></p> <p><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/08/michio_kaku_on_the_physics_behind_absolutely_everything.html">Michio Kaku Explains the Physics Behind Absolutely Everything</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2015/10/michio-kaku-on-what-is-deja-vu.html">What Is Déjà Vu? Michio Kaku Wonders If It’s Triggered by Parallel Universes</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2015/11/michio-kaku-brian-green-explain-string-theory-in-nutshell.html">Michio Kaku & Brian Green Explain String Theory in a Nutshell: Elegant Explanations of an Elegant Theory</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2014/04/beautiful-equations-documentary-explores-the-beauty-of-einstein-newtons-great-equations.html"><em>Beautiful Equations</em>: Documentary Explores the Beauty of Einstein & Newton’s Great Equations</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/09/michio_kaku_schools_moon-conspiracy_believer_on_his_iscience_fantastici_podcast.html">Is There Life After Death?: Michio Kaku, Bill Nye, Sam Harris & More Explore One of Life’s Biggest Questions</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/09/bohemian-gravity.html">Bohemian Gravity: String Theory Explored With an A Cappella Version of Bohemian Rhapsody</a></p> <p><em>Based in Seoul, </em><em><a href="http://blog.colinmarshall.org/">Colin</a></em><em><a href="http://blog.colinmarshall.org/"> M</a></em><em><a href="http://blog.colinmarshall.org/">a</a></em><em><a href="http://blog.colinmarshall.org/">rshall</a> writes and broadcas</em><em>ts on cities, language, and culture. His projects include the Substack newsletter</em> <a href="https://colinmarshall.substack.com/">Books on Cities</a><em> and the book </em>The Stateless City: a Walk through 21st-Century Los Angeles. <em>Follow him on Twitter at <a href="https://twitter.com/#%21/colinmarshall">@colinm</a></em><em><a href="https://twitter.com/#%21/colinmarshall">a</a></em><em><a href="https://twitter.com/#%21/colinmarshall">rshall</a> or on <a href="https://www.facebook.com/colinmarshallessayist">Facebook</a>.</em></p> <div class="alignleft"> <p class="author"> by <a href="https://www.openculture.com/author/cjmarshall" title="Posts by Colin Marshall" rel="author">Colin Marshall</a> | <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2024/09/michio-kaku-demystifies-the-god-equation-the-key-to-understanding-everything.html" title="Permalink">Permalink</a> | <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2024/09/michio-kaku-demystifies-the-god-equation-the-key-to-understanding-everything.html#respond" title="Make a comment">Make a Comment</a> ( <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2024/09/michio-kaku-demystifies-the-god-equation-the-key-to-understanding-everything.html#comments">1</a> ) | </p>   </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="recent_post"> <h1 id="post-1118877" ><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2024/08/how-an-ancient-roman-shipwreck-could-explain-the-universe.html" rel="bookmark" title="Permanent Link to How an Ancient Roman Shipwreck Could Explain the Universe"> How an Ancient Roman Shipwreck Could Explain the Universe </a></h1> <p class="byline">in <em class="postcategory"> <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/history" rel="category tag">History</a>, <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/physics" rel="category tag">Physics</a> </em> | August 21st, 2024 </p> <div id="framearound_ad_in_post" style="margin: 8px 0px 8px 0px;"> <script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>  <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display: block;" data-ad-client="ca-pub-1184791463292965" data-ad-slot="4261585863" data-ad-format="link"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div> <div class="recent_post_text"> <div id="post-1118877" class="post-1118877 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-history category-physics"> <div class="oc-video-wrapper"> <div class="oc-video-container"> <span class="youtube"><iframe loading="lazy" title="YouTube video player" class="youtube-player" type="text/html" width="640" height="505" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/o0A9M5wHBA4?wmode=transparent&fs=1&hl=en&showsearch=0&rel=0&theme=dark" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe></span> </div> <p>  </p></div> <p></p> <p>In <a href="https://www.newstatesman.com/culture/2013/01/c-p-snow-two-cultures">a 1956 <em>New Statesman</em> piece</a>, the British scientist-novelist C. P. Snow first sounded the alarm about the increasingly chasm-like divide between what he called the “scientific” and “traditional” cultures. We would today refer to them as the sciences and the humanities, while still wringing our hands over the inability of each side to learn from (or even coherently communicate with) the other. Nevertheless, recent history provides the occasional heartening example of sciences-humanities collaboration, few of them as dramatic as the story told in the SciShow video above, <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o0A9M5wHBA4">“An Ancient Roman Shipwreck May Explain the Universe.”</a></p> <p>The shipwreck in question occurred two millennia ago, off the western coast of Sardinia. Having set sail from the mining center of Cartegena, Spain, it was carrying more than 30 metric tons of lead, processed into a thousand ingots. An important metal in the ancient Roman Empire, lead was used to make pipes (like the ones installed in aqueducts), water tanks, roofs, and weapons of war. While our civilization has grown justifiably wary of putting water through lead pipes (and has at its command much stronger metals in any case), it still has plenty of use for the stuff, especially in shields against X‑rays and other forms of activity.</p> <div class="oc-center-da"> <div data-fuse="22871471544"></div> </div> <p>No matter how little contact you have with the scientific culture, you can surely appreciate how researchers in need of radioactivity shields must have felt when this lead ingot-filled shipwreck was discovered in 1988. Having spent a couple thousand years at the bottom of the ocean, the Roman lead aboard had lost most of its radioactivity, making it ideal for use in the shield of the <a href="https://cuore.lngs.infn.it/en/about">Cryogenic Underground Observatory for Rare Events (CUORE)</a> at the <a href="https://www.lngs.infn.it/en/lngs-overview">Gran Sasso National Laboratory in Italy</a>. Engineered for research into the mass of neutrinos, subatomic particles long thought to have no mass at all, CUORE held out the promise of data that could lead to insights into the origin of the universe.</p> <p>Ultimately, the physicists and archaeologists struck a deal, allowing the former to melt down the least-well preserved ingots from the shipwreck (after first removing the historically valuable inscriptions from its manufacturer) and use it to shield the highly sensitive CUORE from outside radiation. The design worked, but as of last year, none of the experiments have produced conclusive results about the role of neutrinos in the emergence of life, the universe, and everything. Probing that question further will be a job for CUORE’s successor CUPID (CUORE Upgrade with Particle Identification), scheduled to come online later this year. Though C. P. Snow never lived to see these projects, he surely wouldn’t be surprised that, to find convergence between the sciences and the humanities, you’ve got to dive deep.</p> <p><strong>Related content:</strong></p> <p><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2019/03/newly-discovered-shipwreck-proves-herodotus-the-father-of-history-correct-2500-years-later.html">Newly Discovered Shipwreck Proves Herodotus, the “Father of History,” Correct 2500 Years Later</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2023/07/how-the-ancient-greeks-invented-the-first-computer.html">How the Ancient Greeks Invented the First Computer: An Introduction to the Antikythera Mechanism (Circa 87 BC)</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2022/03/ernest-shackletons-ship-endurance-has-been-found-in-antarctica.html">See the Well-Preserved Wreckage of Ernest Shackleton’s Ship <em>Endurance</em> Found in Antarctica</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2023/05/the-first-full-3d-scan-of-the-titanic.html">The First Full 3D Scan of the <em>Titanic</em>, Made of More Than 700,000 Images Capturing the Wreck’s Every Detail</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/01/the_value_of_culture.html">“The Value of Culture” Revealed in a New BBC Radio Series by Melvyn Bragg</a></p> <p><em>Based in Seoul, </em><em><a href="http://blog.colinmarshall.org/">Colin</a></em><em><a href="http://blog.colinmarshall.org/"> M</a></em><em><a href="http://blog.colinmarshall.org/">a</a></em><em><a href="http://blog.colinmarshall.org/">rshall</a> writes and broadcas</em><em>ts on cities, language, and culture. His projects include the Substack newsletter</em> <a href="https://colinmarshall.substack.com/">Books on Cities</a><em> and the book </em>The Stateless City: a Walk through 21st-Century Los Angeles. <em>Follow him on Twitter at <a href="https://twitter.com/#%21/colinmarshall">@colinm</a></em><em><a href="https://twitter.com/#%21/colinmarshall">a</a></em><em><a href="https://twitter.com/#%21/colinmarshall">rshall</a> or on <a href="https://www.facebook.com/colinmarshallessayist">Facebook</a>.</em></p> <div class="alignleft"> <p class="author"> by <a href="https://www.openculture.com/author/cjmarshall" title="Posts by Colin Marshall" rel="author">Colin Marshall</a> | <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2024/08/how-an-ancient-roman-shipwreck-could-explain-the-universe.html" title="Permalink">Permalink</a> | <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2024/08/how-an-ancient-roman-shipwreck-could-explain-the-universe.html#respond" title="Make a comment">Make a Comment</a> ( <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2024/08/how-an-ancient-roman-shipwreck-could-explain-the-universe.html#respond">None</a> ) | </p>   </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="recent_post"> <h1 id="post-1112544" ><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2024/02/the-life-work-of-richard-feynman-explored-in-a-three-part-freakonomics-radio-miniseries.html" rel="bookmark" title="Permanent Link to The Life & Work of Richard Feynman Explored in a Three-Part <i>Freakonomics Radio</i> Miniseries"> The Life & Work of Richard Feynman Explored in a Three-Part <i>Freakonomics Radio</i> Miniseries </a></h1> <p class="byline">in <em class="postcategory"> <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/physics" rel="category tag">Physics</a>, <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/science" rel="category tag">Science</a> </em> | February 27th, 2024 </p> <div id="framearound_ad_in_post" style="margin: 8px 0px 8px 0px;"> <script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>  <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display: block;" data-ad-client="ca-pub-1184791463292965" data-ad-slot="4261585863" data-ad-format="link"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div> <div class="recent_post_text"> <div id="post-1112544" class="post-1112544 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-physics category-science"> <div class="oc-video-wrapper"> <div class="oc-video-container"> <span class="youtube"><iframe loading="lazy" title="YouTube video player" class="youtube-player" type="text/html" width="640" height="505" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/CBBuxsAoE1c?wmode=transparent&fs=1&hl=en&showsearch=0&rel=0&theme=dark" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe></span> </div> <p>  </p></div> <p></p> <p>Here at Open Culture, Richard Feynman is never far from our minds. Though he distinguished himself with his work on <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2023/07/oppenheimers-secret-city-the-story-behind-the-stealthy-creation-of-los-alamos-new-mexico.html">the development of the atomic bomb</a> and his Nobel Prize-winning research on <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/04/richard_feynman_presents_quantum_electrodynamics_for_the_nonscientist.html">quantum electrodynamics</a>, you need no special interest in either World War II or theoretical physics to look to him as an intellectual model. In the years after his death in 1988, his legend grew as not just a scientific mind but even more so as a veritable personification of curiosity, surrounded by stories (deliberately cultivated by him in his lifetime) of <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/04/learn_how_richard_feynman_cracked_the_safes_with_atomic_secrets_at_los_alamos.html">safe-cracking</a>, <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2008/03/richard_feynman_on_the_bongos.html">bongo-playing</a>, and <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2015/09/the-drawings-paintings-of-richard-feynman.html">nude model-drawing</a>, to the point that Feynman the man became somewhat hard to discern.</p> <div class="oc-video-wrapper"> <div class="oc-video-container"> <span class="youtube"><iframe loading="lazy" title="YouTube video player" class="youtube-player" type="text/html" width="640" height="505" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/47Vrgre1r-M?wmode=transparent&fs=1&hl=en&showsearch=0&rel=0&theme=dark" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe></span> </div> <p>  </p></div> <p></p> <p>In the view of <em>Freakonomics Radio</em> host Stephen Dubner, Feynman’s public profile has lately fallen into an unfortunate desuetude. It seems that people just don’t talk about him the way they used to, hard though that is to imagine for any of us who grew up reading collections of anecdotes like <a href="https://amzn.to/3TcjZxj"><em>Surely You’re Joking, Mr. Feynman!</em>.</a></p> <div class="oc-center-da"> <div data-fuse="22871471544"></div> </div> <p>Operating on the supposition that we could all use more Feynman in our lives, <em>Freakonomics Radio </em>has, over the past month, put out <a href="https://freakonomics.com/the-curious-brilliant-vanishing-mr-feynman/">a three-part series</a> covering his life and work, from <a href="https://freakonomics.com/podcast/the-curious-mr-feynman/">his recruitment to the Manhattan Project and later public analysis of the <em>Challenger</em> disaster</a> to <a href="https://freakonomics.com/podcast/the-brilliant-mr-feynman/">his years teaching at Caltech</a> to <a href="https://freakonomics.com/podcast/the-vanishing-mr-feynman/">his late-in-life experimentation with psychedelic substances</a> (further explored in a <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WF6cuHcF0cY">fourth, bonus episode</a>).</p> <div class="oc-video-wrapper"> <div class="oc-video-container"> <span class="youtube"><iframe loading="lazy" title="YouTube video player" class="youtube-player" type="text/html" width="640" height="505" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/qqrd0EGNrZY?wmode=transparent&fs=1&hl=en&showsearch=0&rel=0&theme=dark" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe></span> </div> <p>  </p></div> <p></p> <p>“The Curious, Brilliant, Vanishing Mr. Feynman” (also available on <a href="https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519">Apple</a> and <a href="https://open.spotify.com/episode/7HyyTIiwvOTHC3canPTPBO?si=e7e69c2f2f514dc7">Spotify</a>) includes a variety of interviews with its subject’s friends, relatives, collaborators, and successors. All speak highly of him, though some complicate the legend by looking at the downsides of his idiosyncratic attitudes toward both science and the social world: his insistence on understanding everything by figuring it out himself from scratch may have led to him making fewer discoveries than he would have, had he made more use of the research of others, and his enthusiasm for womankind, shall we say, manifested in ways that would probably generate calls for “cancellation” today. But just as Feynman eschewed the label of “genius,” he never claimed to be a perfect human being. And besides, it isn’t his social inclinations or even his bongo skills we should admire, but his dedication to defeating “lousy ideas” — which, as he no doubt expected, have only proliferated since he left us.</p> <p><strong>Related content:</strong></p> <p><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2020/08/what-made-richard-feynman-one-of-the-most-admired-educators-in-the-world.html">What Made Richard Feynman One of the Most Admired Educators in the World</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2018/04/the-feynman-lectures-on-physics.html"><em>The Feynman Lectures on Physics</em>, The Most Popular Physics Book Ever Written, Is Now Completely Online</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2021/01/how-richard-feynmans-diagrams-revolutionized-physics.html">How Richard Feynman’s Diagrams Revolutionized Physics</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2022/05/watch-a-new-animation-of-richard-feynmans-ode-to-the-wonder-of-life-with-music-by-yo-yo-ma.html">Watch a New Animation of Richard Feynman’s Ode to the Wonder of Life, with Music by Yo-Yo Ma</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2020/03/the-feynman-technique-for-studying-effectively-an-animated-primer.html">The “Feynman Technique” for Studying Effectively: An Animated Primer</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2021/12/the-character-of-physical-law-richard-feynmans-legendary-course-presented-at-cornell-1964.html">“The Character of Physical Law”: Richard Feynman’s Legendary Course Presented at Cornell, 1964</a></p> <p><em>Based in Seoul, </em><em><a href="http://blog.colinmarshall.org/">Colin</a></em><em><a href="http://blog.colinmarshall.org/"> M</a></em><em><a href="http://blog.colinmarshall.org/">a</a></em><em><a href="http://blog.colinmarshall.org/">rshall</a> writes and broadcas</em><em>ts on cities, language, and culture. His projects include the Substack newsletter</em> <a href="https://colinmarshall.substack.com/">Books on Cities</a>,<em> the book </em>The Stateless City: a Walk through 21st-Century Los Angeles <em>and the video series </em><a href="https://vimeo.com/channels/thecityincinema" rel="nofollow">The City in Cinema</a><em>. Follow him on Twitter at <a href="https://twitter.com/#%21/colinmarshall">@colinm</a></em><em><a href="https://twitter.com/#%21/colinmarshall">a</a></em><em><a href="https://twitter.com/#%21/colinmarshall">rshall</a> or on <a href="https://www.facebook.com/colinmarshallessayist">Facebook</a>.</em></p> <div class="alignleft"> <p class="author"> by <a href="https://www.openculture.com/author/cjmarshall" title="Posts by Colin Marshall" rel="author">Colin Marshall</a> | <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2024/02/the-life-work-of-richard-feynman-explored-in-a-three-part-freakonomics-radio-miniseries.html" title="Permalink">Permalink</a> | <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2024/02/the-life-work-of-richard-feynman-explored-in-a-three-part-freakonomics-radio-miniseries.html#respond" title="Make a comment">Make a Comment</a> ( <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2024/02/the-life-work-of-richard-feynman-explored-in-a-three-part-freakonomics-radio-miniseries.html#comments">2</a> ) | </p>   </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="recent_post"> <h1 id="post-1111996" ><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2024/01/why-perpetual-motion-machines-never-work-despite-centuries-of-experiments.html" rel="bookmark" title="Permanent Link to Why Perpetual Motion Machines Never Work, Despite Centuries of Experiments"> Why Perpetual Motion Machines Never Work, Despite Centuries of Experiments </a></h1> <p class="byline">in <em class="postcategory"> <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/history" rel="category tag">History</a>, <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/physics" rel="category tag">Physics</a>, <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/technology" rel="category tag">Technology</a> </em> | January 16th, 2024 </p> <div id="framearound_ad_in_post" style="margin: 8px 0px 8px 0px;"> <script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>  <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display: block;" data-ad-client="ca-pub-1184791463292965" data-ad-slot="4261585863" data-ad-format="link"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div> <div class="recent_post_text"> <div id="post-1111996" class="post-1111996 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-history category-physics category-technology"> <div class="oc-video-wrapper"> <div class="oc-video-container"> <span class="youtube"><iframe loading="lazy" title="YouTube video player" class="youtube-player" type="text/html" width="640" height="505" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/A-QgGXbDyR0?wmode=transparent&fs=1&hl=en&showsearch=0&rel=0&theme=dark" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe></span> </div> <p>  </p></div> <p></p> <p>According to the laws of physics — at least in simplified form — an object in motion will stay in motion, at least if no other forces act on it. That’s all well and good in the realm of theory, but here in the complex reality of Earth, there always seems to be one force or another getting in the way. Not that this has ever completely shut down mankind’s desire to build a perpetual-motion machine. <a href="https://artsandculture.google.com/story/leonardo-da-vinci-and-perpetual-motion-museo-galileo/6QURCsUDTWgZJg?hl=en">According to Google Arts & Culture</a>, that quest dates at least as far back as seventh-century India, where “the mathematician Brahmagupta, who wanted to represent the cyclical and eternal motion of the heavens, designed an overbalanced wheel whose rotation was powered by the flow of mercury inside its hollow spokes.”</p> <p>More widely known is the successor design by Brahmagupta’s twelfth-century countryman and colleague <a href="https://www.laphamsquarterly.org/technology/perpetual-motion">Bhāskara</a>, who “altered the wheel design by giving the hollow spokes a curved shape, producing an asymmetrical course in constant imbalance.” Despite this rendition’s memorable elegance, it does not, like the earlier overbalanced wheel, actually keep on turning forever. To blame are the very same laws of physics that have dogged the subsequent 900 or so years of attempts to build perpetual-motion machines, which you can see briefly explained in <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A-QgGXbDyR0">the TED-Ed video above</a>.</p> <div class="oc-center-da"> <div data-fuse="22871471544"></div> </div> <p>“Ideas for perpetual-motion machines all violate one or more fundamental laws of thermodynamics, the branch of physics that describes the relationship between different forms of energy,” says the narrator. The first law holds that “energy can’t be created or destroyed; you can’t get out more energy than you put in.” That alone would put an end to hopes for a “free” energy source of this kind. But even machines that just keep moving by themselves — much less useful, of course, but still scientifically earth-shattering — would eventually “have to create some extra energy to nudge the system past its stopping point, breaking the first law of thermodynamics.”</p> <p>Whenever machines seem to overcome this problem, “in reality, they invariably turn out to be drawing energy from some external source.” (Nineteenth-century America seems to have offered endless opportunities for engineering charlatanism of this kind, whose perpetrators made a habit of skipping town whenever their trickery was revealed, some obtaining patents and profits all the while). But even if the first law of thermodynamics didn’t apply, there would remain the matter of the second, which dictates that “energy tends to spread out through processes like friction,” thus “reducing the energy available to move the system itself, until the machine inevitably stopped.” Hence the abandonment of interest in perpetual motion by such scientific minds as Galileo and <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2019/08/leonardo-da-vincis-elegant-design-for-a-perpetual-motion-machine.html">Leonardo</a> — who must also have understood that mankind would never fully relinquish the dream.</p> <p><strong>Related content:</strong></p> <p><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2019/08/leonardo-da-vincis-elegant-design-for-a-perpetual-motion-machine.html">Leonardo da Vinci’s Elegant Design for a Perpetual Motion Machine</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2015/09/m-c-eschers-perpetual-motion-waterfall-brought-to-life-real-or-sleight-of-hand.html">M. C. Escher’s Perpetual Motion Waterfall Brought to Life: Real or Sleight of Hand?</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2020/01/leonardo-da-vincis-inventions-come-to-life-as-museum-quality-workable-models.html">Leonardo da Vinci’s Inventions Come to Life as Museum-Quality, Workable Models: A Swing Bridge, Scythed Chariot, Perpetual Motion Machine & More</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2018/02/how-the-brilliant-colors-of-medieval-illuminated-manuscripts-were-made-with-alchemy.html">How the Brilliant Colors of Medieval Illuminated Manuscripts Were Made with Alchemy</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2019/08/leonardo-da-vincis-elegant-design-for-a-perpetual-motion-machine.html">A Complete Digitization of Leonardo Da Vinci’s Codex Atlanticus, the Largest Existing Collection of His Drawings & Writings</a></p> <p><em>Based in Seoul, </em><em><a href="http://blog.colinmarshall.org/">Colin</a></em><em><a href="http://blog.colinmarshall.org/"> M</a></em><em><a href="http://blog.colinmarshall.org/">a</a></em><em><a href="http://blog.colinmarshall.org/">rshall</a> writes and broadcas</em><em>ts on cities, language, and culture. His projects include the Substack newsletter</em> <a href="https://colinmarshall.substack.com/">Books on Cities</a>,<em> the book </em>The Stateless City: a Walk through 21st-Century Los Angeles <em>and the video series </em><a href="https://vimeo.com/channels/thecityincinema" rel="nofollow">The City in Cinema</a><em>. Follow him on Twitter at <a href="https://twitter.com/#%21/colinmarshall">@colinm</a></em><em><a href="https://twitter.com/#%21/colinmarshall">a</a></em><em><a href="https://twitter.com/#%21/colinmarshall">rshall</a> or on <a href="https://www.facebook.com/colinmarshallessayist">Facebook</a>.</em></p> <div class="alignleft"> <p class="author"> by <a href="https://www.openculture.com/author/cjmarshall" title="Posts by Colin Marshall" rel="author">Colin Marshall</a> | <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2024/01/why-perpetual-motion-machines-never-work-despite-centuries-of-experiments.html" title="Permalink">Permalink</a> | <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2024/01/why-perpetual-motion-machines-never-work-despite-centuries-of-experiments.html#respond" title="Make a comment">Make a Comment</a> ( <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2024/01/why-perpetual-motion-machines-never-work-despite-centuries-of-experiments.html#comments">2</a> ) | </p>   </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="recent_post"> <h1 id="post-1110476" ><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2023/10/the-physics-of-playing-a-guitar-visualized-metallicas-nothing-else-matters.html" rel="bookmark" title="Permanent Link to The Physics of Playing a Guitar Visualized: Metallica’s “Nothing Else Matters” Seen from the Inside of a Guitar"> The Physics of Playing a Guitar Visualized: Metallica’s “Nothing Else Matters” Seen from the Inside of a Guitar </a></h1> <p class="byline">in <em class="postcategory"> <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/music" rel="category tag">Music</a>, <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/physics" rel="category tag">Physics</a> </em> | October 6th, 2023 </p> <div id="framearound_ad_in_post" style="margin: 8px 0px 8px 0px;"> <script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>  <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display: block;" data-ad-client="ca-pub-1184791463292965" data-ad-slot="4261585863" data-ad-format="link"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div> <div class="recent_post_text"> <div id="post-1110476" class="post-1110476 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-music category-physics"> <div class="oc-video-wrapper"> <div class="oc-video-container"> <span class="youtube"><iframe loading="lazy" title="YouTube video player" class="youtube-player" type="text/html" width="640" height="505" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/ySY242ukBkk?wmode=transparent&fs=1&hl=en&showsearch=0&rel=0&theme=dark" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe></span> </div> <p>  </p></div> <p></p> <p>Give it a chance, you won’t be disappointed. While the first 30 seconds of the video above may resemble an amateur iPhone prank, it soon becomes something unexpectedly enchanting—a visualization of the physics of music in real-time. The Youtuber places his phone inside an acoustic guitar, then plays Metallica’s “Nothing Else Matters” against a backdrop of clouds and blue sky. Due to what <a href="http://twistedsifter.com/videos/metallica-nothing-else-matters-from-the-inside-of-guitar/">Twisted Sifter</a> identifies as the phone camera’s rolling shutter effect, the actual waves of the vibrating guitar strings are as clearly visible as if they were on an oscilloscope.</p> <p>The comparison is an apt one, since we might use exactly such a device to measure and visualize the acoustic properties of stringed instruments. “A guitar string”—writes physicist and musician Sam Hokin in his short explanation—is a common example of a string fixed at both ends which is elastic and can vibrate.</p> <div class="oc-center-da"> <div data-fuse="22871471544"></div> </div> <p>The vibrations of such a string are called <em>standing waves</em>, and they satisfy the relationship between wavelength and frequency that comes from the definition of waves.”</p> <div class="oc-video-wrapper"> <div class="oc-video-container"> <span class="youtube"><iframe loading="lazy" title="YouTube video player" class="youtube-player" type="text/html" width="640" height="505" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/RUpjYDteYcg?wmode=transparent&fs=1&hl=en&showsearch=0&rel=0&theme=dark" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe></span> </div> <p>  </p></div> <p></p> <p>Those with a physics background might appreciate <a href="http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/sound/Lesson-5/Guitar-Strings">The Physics Classroom’s technical description of guitar string vibration</a>, with several technical diagrams. For others, the video above by Youtube physics teacher Doc Shuster may be a better format. Shuster explains such entities as nodes and antinodes (you’ll have to tell me if you get any of his jokes). And at about 2:25, he digresses from his musings on these phenomena to talk about guitar strings specifically, which “make one note for a given tightness of the string, a given weight of the string, and a given length of the string.”</p> <p>This is, of course, why changing the length of the string by pressing down on it changes the note the string produces, and it applies to all stringed instruments and the piano. Other factors, says Shuster, like the body of the guitar, use of pickups, etc., have a much smaller effect on the frequency of a guitar string than tightness, weight, and length. We see how the complexity of different standing wave forms relates to harmonics (or overtones). And when we return to the Metallica video at the top, we’ll have a better understanding of how the strings vibrate differently as they produce different frequencies at different harmonics.</p> <p>Shuster’s video quickly lapses into calculus, and you may or may not be lost by his explanations. <a href="http://www.physicsclassroom.com/mmedia/waves/gsl.cfm">The Physics Classroom</a> has some excellent, free tutorials on various types of waves, pitch frequency, vibration, and resonance. Perhaps all we need to keep in mind to understand the very basics of the science is this, from their introduction: “As a guitar string vibrates, it sets surrounding air molecules into vibrational motion. The frequency at which these air molecules vibrate is equal to the frequency of vibration of the guitar string.” The action of the string produces an equal and opposite reaction in the air, which then creates “a pressure wave which travels outward from its source.” The pressure waves strike our eardrums, our brains interpret sound, and there you have it.</p> <p><em>If you would like to sign up for Open Culture’s free email newsletter, <a href="https://www.openculture.com/newsletter-signup">please find it here</a>. It’s a great way to see our new posts, all bundled in one email, each day.</em></p> <p><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">If you would like to support the mission of Open Culture, consider <a href="https://bit.ly/3EBHjtX">making a donation to our site</a>. It’s hard to rely 100% on ads, and your <a href="https://bit.ly/3EBHjtX">contributions</a> will help us continue providing the best free cultural and educational materials to learners everywhere. You can contribute through <a href="https://www.openculture.com/help-fund-open-culture">PayPal</a>, <a href="https://bit.ly/3eB2GRB">Patreon</a>, and Venmo (@openculture). Thanks!</span></i><i></i></p> <p>Note: An earlier version of this post appeared on our site in 2015.</p> <p><strong>Related Content:</strong></p> <p><a title="Permanent Link to Metallica Plays Antarctica, Setting a World Record as the First Band to Play All 7 Continents: Watch the Full Concert Online" href="https://www.openculture.com/2021/03/metallica-plays-antarctica.html" rel="bookmark">Metallica Plays Antarctica, Setting a World Record as the First Band to Play All 7 Continents: Watch the Full Concert Online</a></p> <p><a title="Permanent Link to Jazz Drummer Larnell Lewis Hears Metallica’s “Enter Sandman” for the Very First Time, Then Plays It Near-Perfectly" href="https://www.openculture.com/2023/04/jazz-drummer-larnell-lewis-hears-metallicas-enter-sandman-for-the-very-first-time.html" rel="bookmark">Jazz Drummer Larnell Lewis Hears Metallica’s “Enter Sandman” for the Very First Time, Then Plays It Near-Perfectly</a></p> <p><a title="Permanent Link to Watch Metallica Play “Enter Sandman” Before a Crowd of 1.6 Million in Moscow, During the Final Days of the Soviet Union (1991)" href="https://www.openculture.com/2021/04/watch-metallica-play-enter-sandman-before-a-crowd-of-1-6-million-in-moscow.html" rel="bookmark">Watch Metallica Play “Enter Sandman” Before a Crowd of 1.6 Million in Moscow, During the Final Days of the Soviet Union (1991)</a></p> <p><a title="Permanent Link to Free Online Physics Courses" href="https://www.openculture.com/physics_free_courses" rel="bookmark">Free Online Physics Courses</a></p> <p><a href="http://about.me/jonesjoshua"><i>Josh Jones</i></a><i> is a writer and musician based in Durham, NC. Follow him at <a href="https://twitter.com/jdmagness">@jdmagness</a></i></p> <div class="alignleft"> <p class="author"> by <a href="https://www.openculture.com/author/dancolman" title="Posts by OC" rel="author">OC</a> | <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2023/10/the-physics-of-playing-a-guitar-visualized-metallicas-nothing-else-matters.html" title="Permalink">Permalink</a> | <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2023/10/the-physics-of-playing-a-guitar-visualized-metallicas-nothing-else-matters.html#respond" title="Make a comment">Make a Comment</a> ( <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2023/10/the-physics-of-playing-a-guitar-visualized-metallicas-nothing-else-matters.html#comments">5</a> ) | </p>   </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="recent_post"> <h1 id="post-1109497" ><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2023/07/oppenheimers-secret-city-the-story-behind-the-stealthy-creation-of-los-alamos-new-mexico.html" rel="bookmark" title="Permanent Link to Oppenheimer’s Secret City: The Story Behind the Stealthy Creation of Los Alamos, New Mexico"> Oppenheimer’s Secret City: The Story Behind the Stealthy Creation of Los Alamos, New Mexico </a></h1> <p class="byline">in <em class="postcategory"> <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/history" rel="category tag">History</a>, <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/physics" rel="category tag">Physics</a> </em> | July 27th, 2023 </p> <div id="framearound_ad_in_post" style="margin: 8px 0px 8px 0px;"> <script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>  <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display: block;" data-ad-client="ca-pub-1184791463292965" data-ad-slot="4261585863" data-ad-format="link"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div> <div class="recent_post_text"> <div id="post-1109497" class="post-1109497 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-history category-physics"> <div class="oc-video-wrapper"> <div class="oc-video-container"> <span class="youtube"><iframe loading="lazy" title="YouTube video player" class="youtube-player" type="text/html" width="640" height="505" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/K7uvrd94mrg?wmode=transparent&fs=1&hl=en&showsearch=0&rel=0&theme=dark" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe></span> </div> <p>  </p></div> <p></p> <p>We think of the atomic bomb as a destroyer of cities, namely <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2020/09/watch-chilling-footage-of-the-hiroshima-nagasaki-bombings-in-restored-color-footage.html">Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a>. But its development also produced a city: Los Alamos, New Mexico, an officially non-existent community in which the necessary research could be conducted in secret. More recently, it became a major shooting location for <em>Oppenheimer</em>, Christopher Nolan’s new movie about the titular theoretical physicist remembered as the father (or one of the fathers) of the atomic bomb based on his work as the director of the Los Alamos Laboratory. You can learn more about that laboratory, and the town of 6,000 constructed to support it, in <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K7uvrd94mrg">the new Vox video above</a>.</p> <p>Los Alamos was necessary to the Manhattan Project, as the R&D of the world’s first nuclear weapon was code-named, but it wasn’t sufficient: other secret sites involved included “a nuclear reactor under a University of Chicago football field”; “the Alabama Ordinance Works, for producing heavy water”; “a large plant for the enrichment of uranium and production of some plutonium” in Oak Ridge, Tennessee”; and the Hanford Engineer Works in Washington State, which produced even more plutonium.</p> <div class="oc-center-da"> <div data-fuse="22871471544"></div> </div> <p>But the bomb itself was created in Los Alamos, into whose isolation Oppenheimer recruited the likes of Enrico Fermi, Edward Teller, <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/04/learn_how_richard_feynman_cracked_the_safes_with_atomic_secrets_at_los_alamos.html">Richard Feynman</a>, and other powerful scientific minds — who brought their wives and children along.</p> <p>As a 1944 Medical Corp memo warned, the “intellectuals” at Los Alamos would “seek more medical care than the average person”; at the same time, one-fifth of the married women there were pregnant, so up went maternity wards as well. The population of Los Alamos grew so rapidly that “hutments were a common form of accommodation,” though “apartment buildings were also available.” The housing sat alongside “facilities for graphite fabrication, and the cyclotron and Van de Graaff machines.” Less than 250 miles south lay what, in the summer of 1945, would become the site of the Trinity test. It was there, gazing upon the explosion of the unprecedented nuclear weapon whose development he’d overseen, that Oppenheimer saw not merely a destroyer of cities, but <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2023/07/j-robert-oppenheimer-recites-the-line-now-i-am-become-death-the-destroyer-of-worlds.html">a destroyer of worlds</a>.</p> <p><strong>Related content:</strong></p> <p><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2010/07/oppenheimer_the_man_behind_the_bomb.html">Oppenheimer: The Man Behind the Bomb</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2020/09/watch-chilling-footage-of-the-hiroshima-nagasaki-bombings-in-restored-color-footage.html">Watch Chilling Footage of the Hiroshima & Nagasaki Bombings in Restored Color</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2023/07/j-robert-oppenheimer-recites-the-line-now-i-am-become-death-the-destroyer-of-worlds.html">J. Robert Oppenheimer Explains How, Upon Witnessing the First Nuclear Explosion, He Recited a Line from the Bhagavad Gita: “Now I Am Become Death, the Destroyer of Worlds”</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2021/09/see-every-nuclear-explosion-in-history-2153-blasts-from-1945-2015.html">See Every Nuclear Explosion in History: 2153 Blasts from 1945–2015</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/04/learn_how_richard_feynman_cracked_the_safes_with_atomic_secrets_at_los_alamos.html">Learn How Richard Feynman Cracked the Safes with Atomic Secrets at Los Alamos</a></p> <p><em>Based in Seoul, </em><em><a href="http://blog.colinmarshall.org/">Colin</a></em><em><a href="http://blog.colinmarshall.org/"> M</a></em><em><a href="http://blog.colinmarshall.org/">a</a></em><em><a href="http://blog.colinmarshall.org/">rshall</a> writes and broadcas</em><em>ts on cities, language, and culture. His projects include the Substack newsletter</em> <a href="https://colinmarshall.substack.com/">Books on Cities</a>,<em> the book </em>The Stateless City: a Walk through 21st-Century Los Angeles <em>and the video series </em><a href="https://vimeo.com/channels/thecityincinema" rel="nofollow">The City in Cinema</a><em>. Follow him on Twitter at <a href="https://twitter.com/#%21/colinmarshall">@colinm</a></em><em><a href="https://twitter.com/#%21/colinmarshall">a</a></em><em><a href="https://twitter.com/#%21/colinmarshall">rshall</a> or on <a href="https://www.facebook.com/colinmarshallessayist">Facebook</a>.</em></p> <div class="alignleft"> <p class="author"> by <a href="https://www.openculture.com/author/cjmarshall" title="Posts by Colin Marshall" rel="author">Colin Marshall</a> | <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2023/07/oppenheimers-secret-city-the-story-behind-the-stealthy-creation-of-los-alamos-new-mexico.html" title="Permalink">Permalink</a> | <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2023/07/oppenheimers-secret-city-the-story-behind-the-stealthy-creation-of-los-alamos-new-mexico.html#respond" title="Make a comment">Make a Comment</a> ( <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2023/07/oppenheimers-secret-city-the-story-behind-the-stealthy-creation-of-los-alamos-new-mexico.html#respond">None</a> ) | </p>   </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="cleared"></div> <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/physics/page/2" >More in this category... »</a> </div>  <div class="middle_sidebar"> <ul id="middle_sidebarwidgeted"> <li id="execphp-431254483" class="widget widget_execphp"><h2 class="widgettitle">Essentials</h2> <div class="execphpwidget"><div class="widgetbox"> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/freeonlinecourses">1,700 Free Online Courses</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/online-certificate-programs">200 Online Certificate Programs</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/online-degrees">100+ Online Degree & Mini-Degree Programs</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/freemoviesonline">1,150 Free Movies</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/freeaudiobooks">1,000 Free Audio Books</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/great-podcasts">150+ Best Podcasts</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/free_ebooks">800 Free eBooks</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/free_textbooks">200 Free Textbooks</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/freelanguagelessons">300 Free Language Lessons</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/business_free_courses">150 Free Business Courses</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/free_k-12_educational_resources">Free K-12 Education</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/dailyemail">Get Our Daily Email</a></li> </ul> </div></div> </li><li id="execphp-431254506" class="widget widget_execphp"><h2 class="widgettitle">Support Us</h2> <div class="execphpwidget"><div class="widgetbox noborder"> <br> We're hoping to rely on loyal readers, rather than erratic ads. 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href="https://www.openculture.com/2014/04/getty-museum-adds-another-77000-images-to-its-open-content-archive.html">The Getty</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2015/04/rijksmuseum-digitizes-makes-free-online-210000-works-of-art-masterpieces-included.html">The Rijksmuseum</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2015/06/smithsonian-digitizes-lets-you-download-40000-works-of-asian-and-american-art.html">Smithsonian</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2015/10/free-the-guggenheim-puts-online-1600-great-works-of-modern-art-from-575-artists.html">The Guggenheim</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2014/12/the-tate-digitizes-70000-works-of-art.html">The Tate</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2014/04/download-35000-works-of-art-from-the-national-gallery.html">The National Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2015/01/whitney-museum-puts-online-21000-works-of-american-art.html">The Whitney</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/03/la_county_museum_makes_20000_artistic_images_available_for_free.html">LA County Museum</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2015/12/45000-works-of-art-from-stanford-universitys-cantor-arts-center-now-freely-viewable-online.html">Stanford University</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2015/09/the-british-library-puts-over-1000000-images-in-the-public-domain-a-deeper-dive-into-the-collection.html">British Library</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/12/google-puts-over-57000-works-of-art-on-the-web.html">Google Art Project</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2014/02/14000-free-images-from-the-french-revolution-now-available-online.html">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2014/03/getty-images-makes-35-million-photos-free-to-use-online.html">Getty Images</a></li> <li><a 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Eliot Reads Waste Land</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/05/hear_sylvia_plath_read_fifteen_poems_from_her_final_collection_ariel_in_1962_recording.html">Sylvia Plath - Ariel</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/06/on_bloomsday_hear_james_joyce_read_from_his_epic_iulyssesi_1924.html">Joyce Reads Ulysses</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/02/james_joyce_reads_anna_livia_plurabelle_from_ifinnegans_wakei.html">Joyce - Finnegans Wake</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/01/watch_patti_smith_read_from_virginia_woolf_and_hear_the_only_surviving_recording_of_woolfs_voice.html">Patti Smith Reads Virginia Woolf</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/03/listen_as_albert_einstein_reads_the_common_language_of_science_1941.html">Albert Einstein</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/08/charles-bukowski-poem-read-by-bukowski-tom-waits-and-bono.html">Charles Bukowski</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/07/bill-murray-reads-poetry-by-billy-collins-cole-porter-and-sarah-manguso.html">Bill Murray</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2010/04/ernest_hemingway_reads_in_harrys_bar_in_venice.html">Hemingway</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/09/f_scott_fitzgerald_reads_from_shakespeares_iothelloi_and_john_masefields_on_growing_old_c1940.html">Fitzgerald Reads Shakespeare</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2010/04/william_faulkner_reads_from_as_i_lay_dying.html">William Faulkner</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/05/rare_1959_audio_flannery_oconnor_reads_a_good_man_is_hard_to_find.html">Flannery O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/07/j-r-r-tolkien-reads-from-the-two-towers-the-second-book-of-the-lord-of-the-rings-trilogy.html">Tolkien - The Hobbit</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/06/allen_ginsberg_reads_his_beat_classic_poem_howl.html">Allen Ginsberg - Howl</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/06/rare_1930s_audio_wb_yeats_reads_four_of_his_poems.html">W.B Yeats</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/10/ezra_pounds_fiery_1939_reading_of_his_early_poem_isestina_altafortei.html">Ezra Pound</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/08/dylan_thomas_recites_do_not_go_gentle_into_that_good_night_and_other_poems.html">Dylan Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/02/anne_sexton_confessional_poet_reads_wanting_to_die_in_ominous_1966_video.html">Anne Sexton</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2014/06/john-cheever-reads-the-swimmer.html">John Cheever</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2014/09/hear-david-foster-wallace-read-his-own-essays-and-short-fiction.html">David Foster Wallace</a></li> </ul> </div></div> </li><li id="execphp-431254484" class="widget widget_execphp"> <div class="execphpwidget"><div class="widgetbox"> <h2 class="widgettitle">Book Lists By</h2> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2011/12/neil_degrasse_tyson_8_books_every_intelligent_person_should_read.html">Neil deGrasse Tyson</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/05/ernest_hemingways_reading_list_for_a_young_writer_1934.html">Ernest Hemingway</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/08/f-scott-fitzgerald-creates-a-list-of-22-essential-books-1936.html">F. Scott Fitzgerald</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/05/allen_ginsbergs_celestial_homework_a_reading_list_for_his_class_literary_history_of_the_beats.html">Allen Ginsberg</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2015/04/patti-smiths-list-of-favorite-books.html">Patti Smith</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2015/08/brian-eno-book-lists.html">Brian Eno</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2015/04/henry-miller-makes-a-list-of-the-100-books-that-influenced-me-most.html">Henry Miller</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/09/christopher_hitchens_creates_a_reading_list_for_eight-year-old_girl.html">Christopher Hitchens</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/11/joseph-brodskys-reading-list-for-having-an-intelligent-conversation.html">Joseph Brodsky</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/02/wh_audens_1941_literature_syllabus_asks_students_to_read_32_great_works_covering_6000_pages_.html">W.H. Auden</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/03/donald_barthelmes_syllabus_highlights_81_books_essential_for_a_literary_education_.html">Donald Barthelme</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/07/carl_sagans_undergrad_reading_list_from_plato_and_shakespeare_to_huxley_and_gide.html">Carl Sagan</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/10/david-bowies-list-of-top-100-books.html">David Bowie</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2015/03/the-books-samuel-beckett-really-liked.html">Samuel Beckett</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2014/09/art-garfunkel-lists-1195-books.html">Art Garfunkel</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2014/10/the-430-books-in-marilyn-monroes-library.html">Marilyn Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2015/03/jorge-luis-borges-personal-library.html">Jorge Luis Borges</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2015/03/74-books-curated-by-female-creatives.html">Picks by Female Creatives</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </li><li id="execphp-431254513" class="widget widget_execphp"> <div class="execphpwidget"></div> </li><li id="execphp-431254490" class="widget widget_execphp"> <div class="execphpwidget"><div class="widgetbox"> <h2 class="widgettitle">Syllabi</h2> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/02/wh_audens_1941_literature_syllabus_asks_students_to_read_32_great_works_covering_6000_pages_.html">WH Auden</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/02/david_foster_wallaces_1994_syllabus.html">David Foster Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/03/donald_barthelmes_syllabus_highlights_81_books_essential_for_a_literary_education_.html">Donald Barthelme</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/05/allen_ginsbergs_celestial_homework_a_reading_list_for_his_class_literary_history_of_the_beats.html">Allen Ginsberg</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/08/zadie-smith-and-gary-shteyngarts-syllabi-from-columbia-university.html">Zadie Smith & Gary Shteyngart</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/07/spike-lee-shares-his-nyu-teaching-list-of-87-essential-films-every-aspiring-director-should-see.html">Spike Lee</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2014/11/lynda-barrys-wonderfully-illustrated-syllabus-homework-assignments-from-her-uw-madison-class-the-unthinkable-mind.html">Lynda Barry</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2015/02/junot-diazs-syllabi-for-his-mit-writing-classes.html">Junot Diaz</a></li> </ul> </div></div> </li><li id="execphp-431254491" class="widget widget_execphp"> <div class="execphpwidget"><div class="widgetbox"> <h2 class="widgettitle">Favorite Movies</h2> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/07/stanley-kubricks-list-of-top-ten-films.html">Kubrick</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2015/01/akira-kurosawas-list-of-his-100-favorite-movies.html">Kurosawa's 100</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/08/quentin-tarantino-lists-the-12-greatest-films-of-all-time.html">Tarantino</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/07/martin-scorsese-reveals-his-10-favorite-movies.html">Scorsese</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2014/08/andrei-tarkovsky-creates-a-list-of-his-10-favorite-films-1972.html">Tarkovsky</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/09/david-lynch-on-his-favorite-directors-including-fellini-wilder-tati-and-hitchcock.html">David Lynch</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2014/05/werner-herzog-picks-his-5-favorite-films.html">Werner Herzog</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/08/woody-allen-lists-the-greatest-films-of-all-time.html">Woody Allen</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2014/03/wes-andersons-favorite-films.html">Wes Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2015/05/the-10-favorite-films-of-avant-garde-surrealist-filmmaker-luis-bunuel-including-his-own-collaboration-with-salvador-dali.html">Luis Buñuel</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2014/07/roger-eberts-final-list-of-his-top-10-favorite-films-2012.html">Roger Ebert</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/12/susan-sontags-50-favorite-films.html">Susan Sontag</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2014/10/scorseses-list-of-39-essential-foreign-films.html">Scorsese Foreign Films</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2014/10/44-essential-movies-for-the-student-of-philosophy.html">Philosophy Films</a></li> </ul> </div></div> </li><li id="archives-3" class="widget widget_archive"><h2 class="widgettitle">Archives</h2> <ul> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2025/03'>March 2025</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2025/02'>February 2025</a></li> <li><a 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