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/*display:flex; justify-content:space-between; */ } #wrap{background:transparent; margin:0 auto; padding:0; width:100%; color:#414141; padding:0} .l_sidebar{width:15%} .r_sidebar{ width:22%; _min-width:150px; min-width:160px; max-width:345px; float:left; background-color: white; /*background-color:#bdbec2; */ /*:transparent; */ font-size:1.3rem; _margin-top:0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2px; padding:0 0 0 10px; overflow:visible ; } .da-third-column{overflow:visible !important ;} .middle_sidebar{font-size: 1.4rem; _width:14%; width:17%; min-width:90px; max-width:180px; float:left; background:transparent; margin:.5% .5%; padding:0px .5% 0 1%; _border-right:1px dotted #d1ccbc; min-width:128px; } div.middle_sidebar{ border-left-style: dotted; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: #d1ccbc ;} .contentmiddle{ width:54% ; min-width:185px; float:left; margin-top:.4rem; font-size:16px; font-size:1.6rem; /* line-height:15px; line-height:150%; */ _margin-right:5px; _padding-right: 20px; _max-width: 700px; padding-right: 3%; } .contentmiddle h1, .contentmiddle h1 a { text-decoration: none; font-size: 2.4rem; font-weight: normal; color: #373731; /* near black */ line-height: 140%; } #headerW {height:100%; width: 100% !important; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; display:block;} .l_sidebar a:link,.l_sidebar a:visited, .middle_sidebar a:link, .middle_sidebar a:visited, .r_sidebar a:visited, .r_sidebar a:link{ /*color:#0183B2; old blue*/ color: #394244; font-size: 1.4rem; border-top: 1px solid lightgrey; /*word-spacing: -.3rem; */ } .new_subscription_block { font-family:"Muli", sans-serif ; background: #daf4fc; border-radius: 0rem; margin:4% 5% 4% 5%; padding: 5% 7% 5% 7%; line-height:150%; } .new_subscription_block p{ Font-Family:Lora; font-style:italic;} .new_subscription_block h3, h4 {font-family:"Muli", sans-serif; } .r_sub_con a:visited, .r_sub_con a:link, .new_subscription_block a:visited, .new_subscription_block a:link{ border-top: 0px ;} /* turn off links */ #clearfixheader { clear: both; width: 100%; height: 100%; margin-top: 0px; padding-top:0px; } .social_li ul li a:link, .social_li ul li a, .social_li a:link, .social_li li a, .social_li a { padding: .2rem .8rem !important /* this controls how tall & wide socialbuttons are ; remove !important when style.css is consolidated */ color:#1e3a4a } .social_li li{display:inline; margin-left:10px ;margin-left:1rem; margin-right:10px; margin-right:1rem;} .centerwrap ul {margin: 0px -1% 0px 0%} #navbar{ font-size: 1.6rem; _font-family: "Oswald", sans-serif !important; font-family:"Muli", sans-serif !important; font-weight: 400; _text-transform: uppercase; font-weight:bold; z-index:99; /*margin-top, margin-bottom: 0px !important; */ text-alignment:center; height:auto !important; text-align:justify; -ms-text-justify:distribute-all-lines; text-justify:distribute-all-lines; _letter-spacing:-.5px; color:#39AACF; margin-top: 0px; margin-left:0%; _margin-right:7% ; border-radius:0px; _background-color:rgba(118,154,172,.9); background-color:rgba(57, 170, 207, .85); min-width:245px; _width: 86%; width: 100%; } #navbar a{ _font-weight:bold; text-decoration:none; font-weight:bold; padding:0 12px; padding:0 1rem; padding-top: 2px; text-decoration:none; letter-spacing: .1px; color: white; _font-family: Helvetica; _font-family: "Oswald", sans-serif !important; font-family:"Muli", sans-serif font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.55rem; line-height: 2.2rem; padding-top: 3px; } .nav ul, .socmedia ul {text-align:center} /*#nav{list-style-type:none;} */ /* #nav li{display:inline;float:left;list-style-type:none} #nav .stretch { display: inline-block; width: 100%; *display: inline; zoom: 1 } */ /*icons by https://www.entypo.com/*/ .social_li ul li a:link, .social_li ul li a,.social a:link, .social_li li a, .social_li a { padding: 0 .8rem !important; /* this controls how tall & wide socialbuttons are ; remove !important when style.css is consolidated */ color: white; /*#1e3a4a */ } /* might work to space out items more nav li:before { margin-left: 3px} */ #search-old2{ display: inline-block!important; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 8px; float: none!important; width: 115px!important; font-family: font-family:Georgia,"Times New Roman",Times,serif !important; background-color: #1497c2; text-align: left !important; font-weight: normal!important; } #search-old2 form{background:none!important; width:110px; height:100%; margin-top:2px !important; padding:0px} /* this indents widget */ .contentwrapper ul li li{ text-indent: -1.1rem; } .contentwrapper a, a:visited, a:hover{font-size: inherit; } /* 1.6rem; shouldnt this just inherit */ .middle_sidebar ul , .r_sidebar ul , .l_sidebar ul, .contentmiddle ul, .r_sidebar ul li { background:none; list-style-type:none; } /*shading boxes around ads + contact info*/ .r_sidebar .r_adbx_top, .r_sub_con,.r_about_ad{background: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 0rem; } /*#bdbec2 */ .r_adbx_top, .r_sub_con,.r_about_ad{text-align:left; padding: 10px 18px 10px 18px; margin:12px -4px 0px -4px;} .box { border: .2rem solid black; font-size: 4rem; border-radius:2px;} .lightbox {border: .1rem solid grey ;} _colorcontrast {background-color: rgb(224, 224, 224); margin: 0px; border-right: 9px solid rgb(224, 224, 224); border-left: 9px solid rgb(224, 224, 224); border-radius: 8px;} .tagline { text-align:left ; font-size:13px; font-size:1.3hw; line-height:100%; margin:0; margin-top: 6px; /* color:white !important; */ margin-left:6px; padding:2px; color:#4a7d96; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; } #tagline_container{ max-width:335px; width:100%; margin-top: 50px; margin-left: 21px; } _ad_logo_wrapper{margin-left:3.5%; margin-right:4.3%;} #ad_logo_wrapper{margin-left:7%; margin-right:4%; margin-top:3px;} #logocontainer{width:auto; float:left; margin-left:0px; margin-top: 0px; max-width:40%; } #big_logo { /* margin-left: 25%; max-width: 7%; transform: scale(8); float: left; width:100%; max-height: 10%; */ } #big_logo{ transform: scale(8); max-height:10%; max-width:325px; float: left !important; text-align: left; width: 100%; } #logo_container { width: 100%; float: left; z-index: -40; /* overflow: visible; */ max-width: 600px; max-height: 200px; min-width: 140px; margin-left: 20px; height: auto; min-height: 40px; margin-top: 0px; _background-image: url(/wp-content/themes/openculture_v3a/images/openculture_banner.png); background-size: contain; background-repeat: no-repeat; max-width:80vw;; /*css3 viewport setting */ } .left { /* border: 2px dashed #f0f; */ text-align:left; _min-height:40px; height:auto; _margin-top: 45px; margin-left: 0px; _background: url("https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/images/open-culture-stacked-logo.svg") no-repeat; _background: url("https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/images/open-culture-horizontal-logo.svg") no-repeat; _background: url("https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/images/open-culture-stacked-logo-with-stacked-tagline.svg") no-repeat; _background: url("https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/images/open-culture-horizontal-logo-with-tagline.svg") no-repeat; background-size: contain; max-width:600px; min-width:90px; overflow:hidden; _background-position-y:0px; _background-position-x:0px; background-position-x: center !important; background-position-y: center !important; z-index:200; } .right { float: right; _width: 740px; /*min-height: 25px;*/ margin-left: 2.5%; padding-left: 0px; margin-right: 20px ; padding-right:0px; /* border: 2px dashed #00f; */ position:relative; z-index:200; } .top{} .bottom{ background: url("https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/images/open-culture-horizontal-logo.svg") no-repeat; _background-size: contain; background-size: revert-layer; min-height:80px; /* border: 2px dashed green; */ clear:both; padding-top:8px; _margin: 4px 10px 0 10px; _background-position-y: 0px; /* min-height: 65px; */ clear: both; background-position-x: center; background-position-y:center; padding-top: 0px; margin: 2px 1rem 0px 1rem; /* height: 90px; */ _min-height: 110px; } #footerW{ right: 0; left: 0; position: relative; padding: 0; overflow:hidden;} .clear {clear:both;} .logo_clickable { position:absolute; width:100%; height:100%; top:0; left: 0; z-index: 50; _position:absolute; /* fixes overlap error in IE7/8, make sure you have an empty gif */ _background-image: url('empty.gif'); } .socialblock li {top: 2px;} .social-mail a{background:url(//www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/icons/mail.svg) no-repeat;} .social-twitter a{background:url(//www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/icons/twitter.svg) no-repeat;} .social-facebook a{background:url(//www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/icons/facebook.svg) no-repeat;} .social-rss a{background:url(//www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/icons/rss.svg) no-repeat;} .social-search a{background:url(//www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/icons/magnifying-glass.svg) no-repeat;} .sb-icon-search {background:url(//www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/icons/magnifying-glass.svg) no-repeat;} .social-mail-black a{background:url(//www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/icons/mail-black.svg) no-repeat;} .social-twitter-black a{background:url(//www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/icons/twitter-black.svg) no-repeat} .social-facebook-black a{background:url(//www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/icons/facebook-black.svg) no-repeat} .social-rss-black a{background:url(//www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/icons/rss-black.svg) no-repeat} .social-mail a:hover{background:url(//www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/icons/mail-hover.svg) no-repeat;} .social-twitter a:hover{background:url(//www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/icons/twitter-hover.svg) no-repeat;} .social-facebook a:hover{background:url(//www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/icons/facebook-hover.svg) no-repeat;} .social-rss a:hover { background: url(//www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/icons/rss-hover.svg) no-repeat;} .social-search a:hover{background:url(//www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/icons/magnifying-glass-hover.svg) no-repeat;} .sb-icon-search :hover {background:url(//www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/icons/magnifying-glass.svg) no-repeat;} /* override images that we dont want to go to margin */ .contentmiddle img.noexpand, .contentmiddle p img.noexpand, .contentmiddle img[src$="feed-icon16x16139.png"],img[title|="noexpand"], .contentmiddle div.noexpand img, .contentmiddle div.noexpand p img , .begbox img, .ct_comment_info img, ct_this_is_spam img, ct_comment_info div{ width:initial !important; display: block !important; line-height: 100%; } .noexpand img {width:initial !important;} /*this seems to work more reliably than above */ .contentmiddle img.oneXone {width: 1px !important; height: 1px !important;} .contentmiddle img.noexpand.center{display:block !important; } #footer { color: white; width: 100%; /*margin:0 auto; */ margin-bottom:100px; padding:28px 0 0 0px; font-family:"Muli", sans-serif; font-weight:400; clear:both; display:inline-block; } .framearound_ad_in_post{margin: .6rem 0px 2.4rem 0px; height:auto;max-height:120px; width:100%;padding:0px; border: 2px solid #D3D3D3; border-radius:8px;min-height:3rem; } .advertisement_notice{text-align:center; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-variant:small caps; color: #0183b2;} .begbox{color:white;width:100%;display:inline-block; background: #36b0d8; margin-left: -4px; padding: 0; font-family: Lora, "Lora", Times, serif;font-style:normal} .begbox img { width:250px ; margin: 8px auto} .begbox p, .begbox div {margin: 1em 0px 0 12px} .da_bottom {line-height:10%} .no-framearound_ad_in_post {padding-bottom: 25px; padding-top:15px; width: 100%} img.no-framearound_ad_in_post {width:100%} .responsive_belowheadline_ad{ height: 100%; display:inline-block; width:98%; min-height:70px; max-height:200px; margin-right:4px; padding-bottom: 10px; } /*comment box */ div.cbInner {background: #eaebe8; border-radius:8px ;} div.cbInner h5 {color: #000;} .comments {color:#000:;} /*bullets*/ /*set chevrons on all widgets don't turn it on for ul li in sidebars*/ /*.contentwrapper ul li li, */ .r_sidebar a:link,.r_sidebar a:visited,.r_sidebar a:hover,.middle_sidebar a:link,.middle_sidebar a:visited,.middle_sidebar a:hover{ font-size: 1.4rem; line-height: inherit; } .contentmiddle a:link, .contentwrapper a {text-decoration:none; } .l_sidebar ul li a:hover, .middle_sidebar ul li a:hover, .r_sidebar ul li a:hover, .contentmiddle a:hover { text-decoration:underline} #footer ul li {line-height:130%; list-style:none;} #footer ul li a:link {color:white; font-size:1.6rem; text-decoration:none;} #footer ul li a:hover {text-decoration:underline;} .l_sidebar li a, .r_sidebar li a, .middle_sidebar li a{ /*display:block; */ /*OC-typography.png */ text-decoration:none; padding-left: 1em; /*font-style:italic;*/ font-family:"Muli", sans-serif; _font-style:bold; font-weight:400; color:#394244; } .widgettitle{ _border-top-width: 1px; _border-top-style: dotted; _border-top-color: gray; font-family:"Lora", sans-serif !important; font-weight: 600; _font-size: 1.6rem; line-height: 19px; font-weight: bold; padding: 3px ; margin: 8px 2px 2px 1px !important; /*color: #898477; */ letter-spacing: -.5px; } .widgetbox ul,.widget_categories ul, .widget_archive ul { border-bottom: 1px dotted #d1ccbc ; padding-bottom: 30px !important; display:block;} .widgetbox li a, .widget_categories li a, .widget_archive li a {display:block;} .recent_post{ border-bottom: 1px dotted #d1ccbc; padding: 0 0 30px 0px; margin-bottom: 30px; line-height:150%; overflow:hidden; } .noborder, .middle_sidebar.noborder:link, div.noborder a {border-top: 0px white !important;} .contentmiddle ul li a{} /*set chevrons on all widgets don't turn it on for ul li in sidebars* .contentwrapper ul li li,*/ .contentmiddle li, .r_sidebar li, .l_sidebar li, .middle_sidebar li { /* background:url(data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhBQAFALMJANTPvq2ok8rGs8C8qMXBrrKtmLeynufj0+Pezvby4wAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACH5BAEAAAkALAAAAAAFAAUAQAQQcByCkqQpCQPCKYiBfCESAQA7) no-repeat 0 10px; */ list-style-type:none; zoom:1; margin-left: .8em; zoom: 1; padding-left: .2em; margin-bottom: .3em; line-height:1.9rem; } .contentmiddle ul li li :before , .r_sidebar ul li li :before, .middle_sidebar ul li li :before, .l_sidebar ul li li :before { /*content: "\25B8"; */ float:left; padding-right:1rem; font-style:normal;} .contentmiddle ul li li li :before {content:none;} .contentmiddle ul li {list-style-type: none; padding-right:.8rem; padding-bottom: .4rem; font-style:normal;} /*set general padding for Ul lists */ .contentwrapper ul { margin: 0; padding: 0 0 10px 0; background:none; } .middle_sidebar ul , .r_sidebar ul , .l_sidebar ul, .contentmiddle ul { background:none; list-style-type:none; } /*titles in widgets*/ .widgettitle, ul.l_sidebar li h2, ul.r_sidebar li h2, ul.middle_sidebar li h2, .middle_sidebar li h2 { font-weight:normal; padding:3px; margin:2px 2px 2px 1px; _font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-family:Lora; color:#fc621f letter-spacing:-.5px; list-style-type:none; background: none !important; font-size: 1.9rem; } .r_sidebar ul {margin-left:-.6rem;} .middle_sidebar ul{ margin-top:1.2rem; margin-left:-1.1rem;} .middle_sidebar ul li {background:none } .contentmiddle li {background: none no-repeat 0 10px; list-style-type:none; zoom:1; /*margin-left: .8rem; */ zoom: 1; padding-left: .2rem; margin-bottom: 0rem; } /* turn off bullets on headers */ .contentwrapper ul {background:none;} /*lists inside lists */ .contentmiddle ul li li {margin-bottom:0rem; margin-left:5rem; list-style-type: none; } .contentwrapper ul {content:"";} .contentmiddle ul li li:before, .contentmiddle ul li:before, .middle_sidebar ul li li :before, /*put right triangle before bullets */ .middle_sidebar ul li li, .r_sidebar ul li li, .l_sidebar ul li li {line-height:inherit;} // Variables @colorBase: #394244; .transition (@prop: all, @time: 1s, @ease: linear) { -webkit-transition: @prop @time @ease; -moz-transition: @prop @time @ease; -o-transition: @prop @time @ease; -ms-transition: @prop @time @ease; transition: @prop @time @ease; } .universal-inline-block { display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline; } /* horizontal buttons */ div .social-icons2 { text-align: center; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-weight: 300; font-size: 1.5em; color: @colorBase; _margin: -2% -8% -2% -14%; } .social-icons2 ul { margin: 0; _padding: 0; list-style-type: none; text-align: center; } .social-icons2 ul li { _padding: 0px 8px 0px 6px; display:inline-block; text-indent:0; margin: 0px -4px 0px -4px;} .social-icons2 ul li a { text-decoration: none; _padding: .1rem .8rem; color: #fff; } .social-icons2-altmargin ul li {padding: 0 20px;} .social-icons2 ul li a:hover{ color: #1497c2; } .margin_left_10 {margin-left:-10px;} .white_background {background-color:white;} .oc-center, .oc-center img { width:100% ; max-width:100% !important; margin:0 auto; display:block; text-align:center;} .oc-center-da, .oc-center-da img, .oc-center-da object, .oc-center-da img { max-width: 100% !important; width: 100% !important; margin:0 auto; display: block; text-align:center;} /*fix expanding captcha refresh */ #fscf_captcha_refresh1 {width: 24px;height: 24px;} .oc-video-container { position: relative; _padding-bottom: 63.25%; padding-bottom:54%; padding-top: 10px; height: 0; } a.mashicon-reddit{background-color: darkred;} /* allow for override of img resizer */ .contentmiddle div.oc-no-resize-center img{ width: inherit !important; margin 0 auto; float:left} /*#footer img{width:inherit!important ;} */ /*footer stuff */ #flexcanvas{ width: 100%; max-width:100%; _height: 600px !important; margin-left: 3px; } .rowParent, .columnParent{ display: -webkit-box; display: -ms-flexbox; display: -webkit-flex; display: flex; -webkit-box-direction: normal; -webkit-box-orient: horizontal; -webkit-flex-direction: row; -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; -webkit-flex-wrap: nowrap; -ms-flex-wrap: nowrap; flex-wrap: nowrap; -webkit-box-pack: start; -webkit-justify-content: flex-start; -ms-flex-pack: start; justify-content: flex-start; -webkit-align-content: stretch; -ms-flex-line-pack: stretch; align-content: stretch; -webkit-box-align: stretch; -webkit-align-items: stretch; -ms-flex-align: stretch; align-items: stretch; } .columnParent{ -webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-flex-direction: column; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; } .flexChild{ -webkit-box-flex: 1; -webkit-flex: 1; -ms-flex: 1; flex: 1; -webkit-align-self: auto; -ms-flex-item-align: auto; align-self: auto; margin:1px; font-size:1.3rem; /*border: 1px dotted #d1ccbc */ } .flexChild ul, .flexChild ul li {margin-left:-1.2rem;} .rowChild85696 {padding:1.8rem; margin-bottom:1.4rem} .rowChild9255 {margin:0px;} .minustopbottommargin20{margin-top:-20px !important; margin-bottom:-20px !important;} .minustopbottommargin40{margin-top:-40px !important; margin-bottom:-40px !important;} .minustopmargin20{margin-top:-20px !important;} .minustopmargin40{margin-top:-40px !important;} .curatedcategory ul li { text-decoration: none; list-style-type: none; padding: 0px; margin-left:1.0rem; line-height: 140%;} .curatedcategory ul {margin-left: 1.2rem;} .curatedcategory h2 {margin-left:1.0rem;} .curatedcategory h2 a {font-variant:small-caps;} .contentmiddle ol {list-style-type:decimal; font-size:inherit;} .contentmiddle ol li {list-style-type:decimal; font-size:inherit;line-spacing:120%;margin-bottom:.8rem;} input[type=search] { -moz-appearance:none; -webkit-appearance:none; } .sb-search { position: relative; color:#fff; border:none; width: 20px; width: 0%; min-width: 24px; min-height: 2.4rem; float: right; height:100%; overflow: hidden; -webkit-transition: width 0.3s; -moz-transition: width 0.3s; transition: width 0.6s; -webkit-backface-visibility: hidden; } .sb-search-input, input[type="search"] { position: absolute; top: -6px; right: 0px; border: none; outline: none; margin-right:24px; width: 100%; height: 88%; min-height:2.5rem; _margin: 8px 2px 8px 2px; z-index: 25; _padding: 4px 65px 4px 20px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1.8rem; color: white; background-color:#1497c2; } input[type="search"] {background-color:#1497c2;} .sb-icon-search, .sb-search-submit { display:block; position: absolute; border:none; right: 0; top: 0; float: right; padding: 0; _margin: 0; _line-height: 24px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; background-color:#fff; _background-color:#1497c2; _height:1.9rem; color:white; width: 1.6rem; height: 2.3rem; _margin-top: 6px; } .sb-search-submit { background: #fff; /* IE needs this */ -ms-filter: "progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.Alpha(Opacity=0)"; /* IE 8 */ filter: alpha(opacity=0); /* IE 5-7 */ opacity: 0; color: transparent; border: none; outline: none; z-index: -1; width: 100%; } /*.sb-icon-search{background:url(//www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/icons/magnifying-glass.svg) no-repeat;} */ .sb-icon-search{ color:white; background:url(//www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/icons/magnifying-glass.svg) no-repeat; background-position-y:center; background-margin-y:4px;} li.search-popout {_display:none; top:.8rem;} .sb-search form {min-height:20px;} input[type=text].sb-search-input,textarea.sb-search-input {background-color:#1497c2; color:#FFF;} #navbar :after {clear:both;} /* fix placeholder color */ ::-webkit-input-placeholder { /* WebKit, Blink, Edge */ color: #fff; } :-moz-placeholder { /* Mozilla Firefox 4 to 18 */ color: #fff; opacity: 1; } ::-moz-placeholder { /* Mozilla Firefox 19+ */ color: #fff; opacity: 1; } :-ms-input-placeholder { /* Internet Explorer 10-11 */ color: #fff; } .sb-search.sb-search-open, .no-js .sb-search { width: 100%; min-width:300px; min-width: 75vw; margin-left: -10vw; overflow:visible;; } .sb-search.sb-search-open .sb-icon-search, .no-js .sb-search .sb-icon-search { z-index: 11; } .sb-search.sb-search-open .sb-search-submit, .no-js .sb-search .sb-search-submit { z-index: 90; } .negativetopmargin50 {margin-top:-50px;} .negativetopmargin40 {margin-top:-40px;} .negativetopmargin20 {margin-top:-20px;} .bulleted, .bulleted ul {list-style-type: disc;} .bulleted ul li, .contentmiddle.p1 ul li, .p1 li, .contentmiddle li,.contentmiddle.p1 ul li,.entry ul li, .entry ul {list-style-type: disc;} #last, .last a, .li a last {color:black !important;} .cli-bar-message {font-family:Lora,"Lora",Times,serif;} .addtoany_shortcode div {margin-top: 14px;} /*Step 5 aesthetic 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class="contentmiddle"> <div class="oc-center white_background noexpand" style="max-width:501px">  <div class="oc-center white_background noexpand"><script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script><br> <br> <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block" data-ad-client="ca-pub-1184791463292965" data-ad-slot="1279265463" data-ad-format="auto"></ins><br> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script></div> </div> <div class="recent_post"> <h1 id="post-1121983" ><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2025/01/mahatma-gandhis-list-of-the-seven-social-sins-or-tips-on-how-to-avoid-living-the-bad-life.html" rel="bookmark" title="Permanent Link to Mahatma Gandhi’s List of the Seven Social Sins; or Tips on How to Avoid Living the Bad Life"> Mahatma Gandhi’s List of the Seven Social Sins; or Tips on How to Avoid Living the Bad Life </a></h1> <p class="byline">in <em class="postcategory"> <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/history" rel="category tag">History</a>, <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/life" rel="category tag">Life</a>, <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/religion" rel="category tag">Religion</a>, <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/uncategorized" rel="category tag">Uncategorized</a> </em> | January 29th, 2025 </p> <div id="framearound_ad_in_post" style="margin: 8px 0px 8px 0px;"> <script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>  <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display: block;" data-ad-client="ca-pub-1184791463292965" data-ad-slot="4261585863" data-ad-format="link"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div> <div class="recent_post_text"> <div id="post-1121983" class="post-1121983 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-history category-life category-religion category-uncategorized"> <p><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1121990 native-lazyload-js-fallback" src="https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/plugins/native-lazyload/assets/images/placeholder.svg" alt width="1248" height="782" loading="lazy" data-src="https://cdn8.openculture.com/2025/01/28222350/G-social-sins-.png" data-srcset="https://cdn8.openculture.com/2025/01/28222350/G-social-sins-.png 1248w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2025/01/28222350/G-social-sins--360x226.png 360w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2025/01/28222350/G-social-sins--1024x642.png 1024w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2025/01/28222350/G-social-sins--240x150.png 240w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2025/01/28222350/G-social-sins--768x481.png 768w" data-sizes="(max-width: 1248px) 100vw, 1248px"><noscript><img loading="lazy" fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1121990" src="https://cdn8.openculture.com/2025/01/28222350/G-social-sins-.png" alt width="1248" height="782" srcset="https://cdn8.openculture.com/2025/01/28222350/G-social-sins-.png 1248w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2025/01/28222350/G-social-sins--360x226.png 360w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2025/01/28222350/G-social-sins--1024x642.png 1024w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2025/01/28222350/G-social-sins--240x150.png 240w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2025/01/28222350/G-social-sins--768x481.png 768w" sizes="(max-width: 1248px) 100vw, 1248px"></noscript></p> <p align="right"><small><em><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mahatma-Gandhi,_studio,_1931.jpg">Image via Wikimedia Commons</a></em></small></p> <p>In 590 AD, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I">Pope Gregory I</a> unveiled a list of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_deadly_sins">Seven Deadly Sins</a> – lust, gluttony, greed, sloth, wrath, envy and pride – as a way to keep the flock from straying into the thorny fields of ungodliness. These days, though, for all but the most devout, Pope Gregory’s list seems less like a means to moral behavior than a description of cable TV programming.</p> <p>So instead, let’s look to one of the saints of the 20th century–<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a>. On October 22, 1925, Gandhi published a list he called the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Social_Sins">Seven Social Sins</a> in his weekly newspaper <em>Young India</em>.</p> <ul> <li>Politics without principles.</li> <li>Wealth without work.</li> <li>Pleasure without conscience.</li> <li>Knowledge without character.</li> <li>Commerce without morality.</li> <li>Science without humanity.</li> <li>Worship without sacrifice.</li> </ul> <p>The list sprang from a correspondence that Gandhi had with someone only identified as a “fair friend.” He published the list without commentary save for the following line: “Naturally, the friend does not want the readers to know these things merely through the intellect but to know them through the heart so as to avoid them.”</p> <p>Unlike the Catholic Church’s list, Gandhi’s list is expressly focused on the conduct of the individual in society. Gandhi preached non-violence and interdependence and every single one of these sins are examples of selfishness winning out over the common good.</p> <p>It’s also a list that, if fully absorbed, will make the folks over at the US Chamber of Commerce and Ayn Rand Institute itch. After all, “Wealth without work,” is a pretty accurate description of America’s 1%. (Investments ain’t work. Ask Thomas Piketty.) “Commerce without morality” sounds a lot like every single oil company out there and “knowledge without character” describes half the hacks on cable news. “Politics without principles” describes the other half.</p> <p>In 1947, Gandhi gave his fifth grandson, Arun Gandhi, a slip of paper with this same list on it, saying that it contained “the seven blunders that human society commits, and that cause all the violence.” The next day, Arun returned to his home in South Africa. Three months later, Gandhi was shot to death by a Hindu extremist.</p> <p>Note: An earlier version of this post appeared on our site in 2014.</p> <p><strong>Related Content:</strong></p> <p><a title="Permanent Link to Tolstoy and Gandhi Exchange Letters: Two Thinkers’ Quest for Gentleness, Humility & Love (1909)" href="https://www.openculture.com/2015/09/tolstoy-and-gandhi-exchange-letters.html" rel="bookmark">Tolstoy and Gandhi Exchange Letters: Two Thinkers’ Quest for Gentleness, Humility & Love (1909)</a></p> <p><a title="Permanent Link to Albert Einstein Expresses His Admiration for Mahatma Gandhi, in Letter and Audio" href="http://www.openculture.com/2013/01/albert_einstein_expresses_his_admiration_for_mahatma_gandhi.html" rel="bookmark">Albert Einstein Expresses His Admiration for Mahatma Gandhi, in Letter and Audio</a></p> <p><a title="Permanent Link to Isaac Newton Creates a List of His 57 Sins (Circa 1662)" href="https://www.openculture.com/2024/11/isaac-newton-creates-a-list-of-his-57-sins-circa-1662.html" rel="bookmark">Isaac Newton Creates a List of His 57 Sins (Circa 1662)</a></p> <p><a title="Permanent Link to Mahatma Gandhi Talks (in First Recorded Video)" href="https://www.openculture.com/2015/10/watch-gandhi-talk-in-his-first-filmed-interview-1947.html" rel="bookmark">Mahatma Gandhi Talks (in First Recorded Video)</a></p> <p><a title="Permanent Link to When Mahatma Gandhi Met Charlie Chaplin (1931)" href="https://www.openculture.com/2021/08/when-mahatma-gandhi-met-charlie-chaplin-1931.html" rel="bookmark">When Mahatma Gandhi Met Charlie Chaplin (1931)</a></p> <p><a title="Permanent Link to Hear Gandhi’s Famous Speech on the Existence of God (1931)" href="https://www.openculture.com/2015/01/hear-gandhis-famous-speech-on-the-existence-of-god-1931.html" rel="bookmark">Hear Gandhi’s Famous Speech on the Existence of God (1931)</a></p> <p><em><strong>Jonathan Crow</strong> is a writer and filmmaker whose work has appeared in Yahoo!, The Hollywood Reporter, and other publications,</em></p> <div class="alignleft"> <p class="author"> by <a href="https://www.openculture.com/author/dancolman" title="Posts by OC" rel="author">OC</a> | <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2025/01/mahatma-gandhis-list-of-the-seven-social-sins-or-tips-on-how-to-avoid-living-the-bad-life.html" title="Permalink">Permalink</a> | <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2025/01/mahatma-gandhis-list-of-the-seven-social-sins-or-tips-on-how-to-avoid-living-the-bad-life.html#respond" title="Make a comment">Make a Comment</a> ( <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2025/01/mahatma-gandhis-list-of-the-seven-social-sins-or-tips-on-how-to-avoid-living-the-bad-life.html#comments">1</a> ) | </p>   </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="recent_post"> <h1 id="post-1121075" ><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2024/12/scientists-discover-that-ancient-egyptians-drank-hallucinogenic-cocktails-from-2300-year-old-mug.html" rel="bookmark" title="Permanent Link to Scientists Discover that Ancient Egyptians Drank Hallucinogenic Cocktails from 2,300 Year-Old Mug"> Scientists Discover that Ancient Egyptians Drank Hallucinogenic Cocktails from 2,300 Year-Old Mug </a></h1> <p class="byline">in <em class="postcategory"> <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/history" rel="category tag">History</a>, <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/religion" rel="category tag">Religion</a> </em> | December 4th, 2024 </p> <div id="framearound_ad_in_post" style="margin: 8px 0px 8px 0px;"> <script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>  <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display: block;" data-ad-client="ca-pub-1184791463292965" data-ad-slot="4261585863" data-ad-format="link"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div> <div class="recent_post_text"> <div id="post-1121075" class="post-1121075 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-history category-religion"> <div class="sketchfab-embed-wrapper"> <p><iframe title="Bes mug" frameborder="0" height="480" src="https://sketchfab.com/models/49935b7b1a3f459497cd10ee880231ff/embed" width="640" loading="lazy"> </iframe></p> <p style="font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 5px; color: #4a4a4a;"><a style="font-weight: bold; color: #1caad9;" href="https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/bes-mug-49935b7b1a3f459497cd10ee880231ff?utm_medium=embed&utm_campaign=share-popup&utm_content=49935b7b1a3f459497cd10ee880231ff" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener"> Bes mug </a> by <a style="font-weight: bold; color: #1caad9;" href="https://sketchfab.com/usfidex?utm_medium=embed&utm_campaign=share-popup&utm_content=49935b7b1a3f459497cd10ee880231ff" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener"> USF Institute for Digital Exploration (IDEx) </a> on <a style="font-weight: bold; color: #1caad9;" href="https://sketchfab.com?utm_medium=embed&utm_campaign=share-popup&utm_content=49935b7b1a3f459497cd10ee880231ff" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">Sketchfab</a></p> </div> <p>If ZZ Top have a favorite ancient Egyptian deity, that deity is surely Bes, whom <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2024/11/28/science/egyptian-psychedelic-mug.html">the <em>New York Times</em>’ Alexander Nazaryan</a> quotes curator and scholar Branko van Oppen de Ruiter as calling “a beer drinker and a hell-raiser.” In <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-78721-8">a paper published last month in <em>Scientific Reports</em></a>, Van Oppen and fifteen collaborators call the rowdy but apparently benevolent Bes “one of the most fascinating and wildly popular figures of ancient Egyptian religion,” and he’s come to modern public attention thanks to the subject of that paper: a 2,000-year-old cup molded in the shape of his head that has tested positive for traces of psychedelic substances — as well as alcohol and bodily fluids.</p> <p>Their analysis of the mug, <a href="https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/bes-mug-49935b7b1a3f459497cd10ee880231ff#embed">a 3D model of which you can examine above</a>, “yielded evidence of two plants known to have hallucinogenic properties: Syrian rue and the blue water lily,” writes Nazaryan, and it also bore traces of “a fermented alcoholic liquid derived from fruit,” then sweetened with pine nuts, honey, and licorice.</p> <div class="oc-center-da"> <div data-fuse="22871471544"></div> </div> <p>Those were the sorts of ingredients ancient Egyptians had at hand to make the medicine go down — if medicine it was. Nazaryan quotes digital archaeologist <a href="https://davidetanasi.com/">Davide Tanasi</a>, whose lab performed the research, citing the traces of substances like blood and breast milk as underscoring that “this is a magical potion,” rather than one intended as purely curative.</p> <p>Bes, as Van Oppen and his collaborators write, “emerged from the magical realm of the world of demons as a guardian figure,” and by the Roman Imperial age “sporadically acquired divine worship.” He “provided protection from danger, while simultaneously averting harm” — and also “had a certain regenerative importance contributing to the fulfillment and happiness of family life in all facets of reproduction, from virility and sexuality, via fertility and fecundity, to childbirth and growth.” Hence the speculation that women hoping to become pregnant would drink the potion from his head in order to take a psychedelic journey that would set them on the path to motherhood. That’s hardly the most efficient means to the end, as we’d see it today, but given the birthrates of increasingly many societies across the world, we moderns may find ourselves in need of Bes’ assistance yet.</p> <p><strong>Related content:</strong></p> <div> <p><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2021/11/the-drugs-used-by-the-ancient-greeks-and-romans.html">The Drugs Used by the Ancient Greeks and Romans</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2022/11/did-psychedelic-mushrooms-appear-in-medieval-christian-art-a-video-essay.html">Did Psychedelic Mushrooms Appear in Medieval Christian Art?: A Video Essay</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2024/04/humans-have-been-enjoying-cannabis-since-2800-bc-in-china.html">Humans First Started Enjoying Cannabis in China Circa 2800 BC</a></p> </div> <div> <p><a title="Permanent Link to The Romans Stashed Hallucinogenic Seeds in a Vial Made From an Animal Bone" href="https://www.openculture.com/2024/06/the-romans-stashed-hallucinogenic-seeds-in-a-vial-made-from-an-animal-bone.html" rel="bookmark">The Romans Stashed Hallucinogenic Seeds in a Vial Made From an Animal Bone</a></p> <p><a title="Permanent Link to Algerian Cave Paintings Suggest Humans Did Magic Mushrooms 9,000 Years Ago" href="https://www.openculture.com/2021/01/algerian-cave-paintings-suggest-humans-did-magic-mushrooms-9000-years-ago.html" rel="bookmark">Algerian Cave Paintings Suggest Humans Did Magic Mushrooms 9,000 Years Ago</a></p> </div> <p><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2024/12/the-golden-guide-to-hallucinogenic-plants-1977.html">The <em>Golden Guide to Hallucinogenic Plants</em>: Explore the 1977 Illustrated Guide Created by Harvard’s Groundbreaking Ethnobotanist Richard Evan Schultes</a></p> <p><em>Based in Seoul, </em><em><a href="http://blog.colinmarshall.org/">Colin</a></em><em><a href="http://blog.colinmarshall.org/"> M</a></em><em><a href="http://blog.colinmarshall.org/">a</a></em><em><a href="http://blog.colinmarshall.org/">rshall</a> writes and broadcas</em><em>ts on cities, language, and culture. His projects include the Substack newsletter</em> <a href="https://colinmarshall.substack.com/">Books on Cities</a><em> and the book </em>The Stateless City: a Walk through 21st-Century Los Angeles. <em>Follow him on the social network formerly known as Twitter at <a href="https://twitter.com/#%21/colinmarshall">@colinm</a></em><em><a href="https://twitter.com/#%21/colinmarshall">a</a></em><em><a href="https://twitter.com/#%21/colinmarshall">rshall</a>.</em></p> <div class="alignleft"> <p class="author"> by <a href="https://www.openculture.com/author/cjmarshall" title="Posts by Colin Marshall" rel="author">Colin Marshall</a> | <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2024/12/scientists-discover-that-ancient-egyptians-drank-hallucinogenic-cocktails-from-2300-year-old-mug.html" title="Permalink">Permalink</a> | <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2024/12/scientists-discover-that-ancient-egyptians-drank-hallucinogenic-cocktails-from-2300-year-old-mug.html#respond" title="Make a comment">Make a Comment</a> ( <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2024/12/scientists-discover-that-ancient-egyptians-drank-hallucinogenic-cocktails-from-2300-year-old-mug.html#comments">1</a> ) | </p>   </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="recent_post"> <h1 id="post-1121050" ><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2024/12/beautiful-19th-century-maps-of-dantes-divine-comedy.html" rel="bookmark" title="Permanent Link to Beautiful 19th Century Maps of Dante’s <i>Divine Comedy</i>: Inferno, Purgatory, Paradise & More"> Beautiful 19th Century Maps of Dante’s <i>Divine Comedy</i>: Inferno, Purgatory, Paradise & More </a></h1> <p class="byline">in <em class="postcategory"> <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/art" rel="category tag">Art</a>, <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/books" rel="category tag">Books</a>, <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/literature" rel="category tag">Literature</a>, <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/religion" rel="category tag">Religion</a> </em> | December 3rd, 2024 </p> <div id="framearound_ad_in_post" style="margin: 8px 0px 8px 0px;"> <script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>  <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display: block;" data-ad-client="ca-pub-1184791463292965" data-ad-slot="4261585863" data-ad-format="link"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div> <div class="recent_post_text"> <div id="post-1121050" class="post-1121050 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-art category-books category-literature category-religion"> <p><img decoding="async" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1121062 native-lazyload-js-fallback" src="https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/plugins/native-lazyload/assets/images/placeholder.svg" alt width="1168" height="1590" loading="lazy" data-src="https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/12/02225506/Screenshot-2024-12-02-at-10.54.23%E2%80%AFPM.png" data-srcset="https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/12/02225506/Screenshot-2024-12-02-at-10.54.23%E2%80%AFPM.png 1168w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/12/02225506/Screenshot-2024-12-02-at-10.54.23%E2%80%AFPM-264x360.png 264w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/12/02225506/Screenshot-2024-12-02-at-10.54.23%E2%80%AFPM-752x1024.png 752w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/12/02225506/Screenshot-2024-12-02-at-10.54.23%E2%80%AFPM-176x240.png 176w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/12/02225506/Screenshot-2024-12-02-at-10.54.23%E2%80%AFPM-768x1045.png 768w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/12/02225506/Screenshot-2024-12-02-at-10.54.23%E2%80%AFPM-1128x1536.png 1128w" data-sizes="(max-width: 1168px) 100vw, 1168px"><noscript><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1121062" src="https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/12/02225506/Screenshot-2024-12-02-at-10.54.23%E2%80%AFPM.png" alt width="1168" height="1590" srcset="https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/12/02225506/Screenshot-2024-12-02-at-10.54.23%E2%80%AFPM.png 1168w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/12/02225506/Screenshot-2024-12-02-at-10.54.23%E2%80%AFPM-264x360.png 264w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/12/02225506/Screenshot-2024-12-02-at-10.54.23%E2%80%AFPM-752x1024.png 752w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/12/02225506/Screenshot-2024-12-02-at-10.54.23%E2%80%AFPM-176x240.png 176w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/12/02225506/Screenshot-2024-12-02-at-10.54.23%E2%80%AFPM-768x1045.png 768w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/12/02225506/Screenshot-2024-12-02-at-10.54.23%E2%80%AFPM-1128x1536.png 1128w" sizes="(max-width: 1168px) 100vw, 1168px"></noscript></p> <p>Even the least religious among us speak, at least on occasion, of the circles of hell. When we do so, we may or may not be thinking of where the concept originated: Dante’s <em>Divina Commedia</em>, or <em>Divine Comedy. </em>We each imagine the circles in our own way — usually filling them with sinners and punishments inspired by our own distastes — but some of Dante’s earlier readers did so with a seriousness and precision that may now seem extreme. “The first cosmographer of Dante’s universe was the Florentine polymath Antonio Manetti,” <a href="https://publicdomainreview.org/collection/michelangelo-caetani-maps-of-the-divina-commedia/">writes the Public Domain Review’s Hunter Dukes</a>, who “concluded that hell was 3246 miles wide and 408 miles deep.” A young Galileo suggested that “the Inferno’s vaulted ceiling was supported by the same physical principles as <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2023/03/how-the-worlds-biggest-dome-was-built-the-story-of-filippo-brunelleschi-and-the-duomo-in-florence.html">Brunelleschi’s dome</a>.”</p> <p><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1121057 native-lazyload-js-fallback" src="https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/plugins/native-lazyload/assets/images/placeholder.svg" alt width="2056" height="1506" data-src="https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/12/02223656/Screenshot-2024-12-02-at-10.36.15%E2%80%AFPM.png" data-srcset="https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/12/02223656/Screenshot-2024-12-02-at-10.36.15%E2%80%AFPM.png 2056w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/12/02223656/Screenshot-2024-12-02-at-10.36.15%E2%80%AFPM-360x264.png 360w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/12/02223656/Screenshot-2024-12-02-at-10.36.15%E2%80%AFPM-1024x750.png 1024w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/12/02223656/Screenshot-2024-12-02-at-10.36.15%E2%80%AFPM-240x176.png 240w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/12/02223656/Screenshot-2024-12-02-at-10.36.15%E2%80%AFPM-768x563.png 768w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/12/02223656/Screenshot-2024-12-02-at-10.36.15%E2%80%AFPM-1536x1125.png 1536w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/12/02223656/Screenshot-2024-12-02-at-10.36.15%E2%80%AFPM-2048x1500.png 2048w" data-sizes="auto, (max-width: 2056px) 100vw, 2056px"><noscript><img loading="lazy" loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1121057" src="https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/12/02223656/Screenshot-2024-12-02-at-10.36.15%E2%80%AFPM.png" alt width="2056" height="1506" srcset="https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/12/02223656/Screenshot-2024-12-02-at-10.36.15%E2%80%AFPM.png 2056w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/12/02223656/Screenshot-2024-12-02-at-10.36.15%E2%80%AFPM-360x264.png 360w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/12/02223656/Screenshot-2024-12-02-at-10.36.15%E2%80%AFPM-1024x750.png 1024w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/12/02223656/Screenshot-2024-12-02-at-10.36.15%E2%80%AFPM-240x176.png 240w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/12/02223656/Screenshot-2024-12-02-at-10.36.15%E2%80%AFPM-768x563.png 768w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/12/02223656/Screenshot-2024-12-02-at-10.36.15%E2%80%AFPM-1536x1125.png 1536w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/12/02223656/Screenshot-2024-12-02-at-10.36.15%E2%80%AFPM-2048x1500.png 2048w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 2056px) 100vw, 2056px"></noscript></p> <p>In 1855, the aristocrat sculptor-politician-Dante scholar <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelangelo_Caetani">Michelangelo Caetani</a> published his own precise artistic renderings of not just the Inferno, but also the Purgatorio and Paradiso, in <em>La materia della Divina commedia di Dante Alighieri dichiarata in VI tavole</em>, or <em>The Divine Comedy of Dante Alighieri Described in Six Plates</em>.</p> <div class="oc-center-da"> <div data-fuse="22871471544"></div> </div> <p>“The first plate offers an overview of Dante’s cosmography, leading from the lowest circle of the Inferno up through the nine heavenly spheres to Empyrean, the highest level of Paradise and the dwelling place of God,” writes Dukes. “The Inferno is visualized with a cutaway style,” its circles “like geological layers”; terraced like a wedding cake, “Purgatory is rendered at eye level, from the perspective of some lucky soul sailing by this island-mountain.”</p> <p><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1121058 native-lazyload-js-fallback" src="https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/plugins/native-lazyload/assets/images/placeholder.svg" alt width="1134" height="1516" data-src="https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/12/02223756/Screenshot-2024-12-02-at-10.37.30%E2%80%AFPM.png" data-srcset="https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/12/02223756/Screenshot-2024-12-02-at-10.37.30%E2%80%AFPM.png 1134w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/12/02223756/Screenshot-2024-12-02-at-10.37.30%E2%80%AFPM-269x360.png 269w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/12/02223756/Screenshot-2024-12-02-at-10.37.30%E2%80%AFPM-766x1024.png 766w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/12/02223756/Screenshot-2024-12-02-at-10.37.30%E2%80%AFPM-180x240.png 180w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/12/02223756/Screenshot-2024-12-02-at-10.37.30%E2%80%AFPM-768x1027.png 768w" data-sizes="auto, (max-width: 1134px) 100vw, 1134px"><noscript><img loading="lazy" loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1121058" src="https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/12/02223756/Screenshot-2024-12-02-at-10.37.30%E2%80%AFPM.png" alt width="1134" height="1516" srcset="https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/12/02223756/Screenshot-2024-12-02-at-10.37.30%E2%80%AFPM.png 1134w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/12/02223756/Screenshot-2024-12-02-at-10.37.30%E2%80%AFPM-269x360.png 269w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/12/02223756/Screenshot-2024-12-02-at-10.37.30%E2%80%AFPM-766x1024.png 766w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/12/02223756/Screenshot-2024-12-02-at-10.37.30%E2%80%AFPM-180x240.png 180w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/12/02223756/Screenshot-2024-12-02-at-10.37.30%E2%80%AFPM-768x1027.png 768w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1134px) 100vw, 1134px"></noscript></p> <p>In Paradise, “the Inferno and Purgatory are now small blips on the page, worlds left behind, encircled by Mercury, Venus, Saturn, and the other heavenly spheres.” At the very top is “the candida rosa, an amphitheater structure reserved for the souls of heaven” where “Dante leaves behind Beatrice, his true love and guide, to come face-to-face with God and the Trinity.” You can examine these and other illustrations at <a href="https://publicdomainreview.org/collection/michelangelo-caetani-maps-of-the-divina-commedia/">the Public Domain Review</a> or <a href="https://digital.library.cornell.edu/catalog/ss:3293735">Cornell University Library’s digital collections</a>, which adds that they come from “a second version of this work produced by Caetani using the then-novel technology of chromolithography” in 1872, “produced in a somewhat smaller format by the monks at Monte Cassino” — a crew who could surely be trusted to believe in the job.</p> <p><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1121059 native-lazyload-js-fallback" src="https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/plugins/native-lazyload/assets/images/placeholder.svg" alt width="956" height="1280" data-src="https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/12/02224043/Screenshot-2024-12-02-at-10.40.20%E2%80%AFPM.png" data-srcset="https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/12/02224043/Screenshot-2024-12-02-at-10.40.20%E2%80%AFPM.png 956w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/12/02224043/Screenshot-2024-12-02-at-10.40.20%E2%80%AFPM-269x360.png 269w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/12/02224043/Screenshot-2024-12-02-at-10.40.20%E2%80%AFPM-765x1024.png 765w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/12/02224043/Screenshot-2024-12-02-at-10.40.20%E2%80%AFPM-179x240.png 179w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/12/02224043/Screenshot-2024-12-02-at-10.40.20%E2%80%AFPM-768x1028.png 768w" data-sizes="auto, (max-width: 956px) 100vw, 956px"><noscript><img loading="lazy" loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1121059" src="https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/12/02224043/Screenshot-2024-12-02-at-10.40.20%E2%80%AFPM.png" alt width="956" height="1280" srcset="https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/12/02224043/Screenshot-2024-12-02-at-10.40.20%E2%80%AFPM.png 956w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/12/02224043/Screenshot-2024-12-02-at-10.40.20%E2%80%AFPM-269x360.png 269w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/12/02224043/Screenshot-2024-12-02-at-10.40.20%E2%80%AFPM-765x1024.png 765w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/12/02224043/Screenshot-2024-12-02-at-10.40.20%E2%80%AFPM-179x240.png 179w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/12/02224043/Screenshot-2024-12-02-at-10.40.20%E2%80%AFPM-768x1028.png 768w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 956px) 100vw, 956px"></noscript></p> <p>via <a href="https://publicdomainreview.org/collection/michelangelo-caetani-maps-of-the-divina-commedia/">the Public Domain Review</a></p> <p><strong>Related content:</strong></p> <p><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2018/06/visualizing-dantes-hell.html">Visualizing Dante’s Hell: See Maps & Drawings of Dante’s Inferno from the Renaissance Through Today</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2019/01/an-illustrated-and-interactive-dantes-inferno-explore-a-new-digital-companion-to-the-great-14th-century-epic-poem.html">An Illustrated and Interactive Dante’s <em>Inferno</em>: Explore a New Digital Companion to the Great 14th-Century Epic Poem</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2021/01/rarely-seen-illustrations-of-dantes-divine-comedy-are-now-free-online.html">Rarely Seen Illustrations of Dante’s <em>Divine Comedy</em> Are Now Free Online, Courtesy of the Uffizi Gallery</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2017/11/a-digital-archive-of-the-earliest-illustrated-editions-of-dantes-divine-comedy.html">A Digital Archive of the Earliest Illustrated Editions of Dante’s <em>Divine Comedy</em> (1487–1568)</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2021/07/divine-comedy-digital.html">Explore Divine Comedy Digital, a New Digital Database That Collects Seven Centuries of Art Inspired by Dante’s <em>Divine Comedy</em></a></p> <p><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2021/09/dantes-divine-comedy-a-free-course-from-columbia-university.html">Dante’s <em>Divine Comedy</em>: A Free Course from Columbia University</a></p> <p><em>Based in Seoul, </em><em><a href="http://blog.colinmarshall.org/">Colin</a></em><em><a href="http://blog.colinmarshall.org/"> M</a></em><em><a href="http://blog.colinmarshall.org/">a</a></em><em><a href="http://blog.colinmarshall.org/">rshall</a> writes and broadcas</em><em>ts on cities, language, and culture. His projects include the Substack newsletter</em> <a href="https://colinmarshall.substack.com/">Books on Cities</a><em> and the book </em>The Stateless City: a Walk through 21st-Century Los Angeles. <em>Follow him on the social network formerly known as Twitter at <a href="https://twitter.com/#%21/colinmarshall">@colinm</a></em><em><a href="https://twitter.com/#%21/colinmarshall">a</a></em><em><a href="https://twitter.com/#%21/colinmarshall">rshall</a>.</em></p> <div class="alignleft"> <p class="author"> by <a href="https://www.openculture.com/author/cjmarshall" title="Posts by Colin Marshall" rel="author">Colin Marshall</a> | <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2024/12/beautiful-19th-century-maps-of-dantes-divine-comedy.html" title="Permalink">Permalink</a> | <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2024/12/beautiful-19th-century-maps-of-dantes-divine-comedy.html#respond" title="Make a comment">Make a Comment</a> ( <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2024/12/beautiful-19th-century-maps-of-dantes-divine-comedy.html#comments">1</a> ) | </p>   </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="recent_post"> <h1 id="post-1120950" ><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2024/11/isaac-newton-creates-a-list-of-his-57-sins-circa-1662.html" rel="bookmark" title="Permanent Link to Isaac Newton Creates a List of His 57 Sins (Circa 1662)"> Isaac Newton Creates a List of His 57 Sins (Circa 1662) </a></h1> <p class="byline">in <em class="postcategory"> <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/history" rel="category tag">History</a>, <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/physics" rel="category tag">Physics</a>, <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/religion" rel="category tag">Religion</a>, <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/science" rel="category tag">Science</a> </em> | November 25th, 2024 </p> <div id="framearound_ad_in_post" style="margin: 8px 0px 8px 0px;"> <script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>  <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display: block;" data-ad-client="ca-pub-1184791463292965" data-ad-slot="4261585863" data-ad-format="link"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div> <div class="recent_post_text"> <div id="post-1120950" class="post-1120950 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-history category-physics category-religion category-science"> <p><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-105712 native-lazyload-js-fallback" src="https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/plugins/native-lazyload/assets/images/placeholder.svg" alt width="720" height="456" data-src="https://cdn8.openculture.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/30193908/isaac-newton-list-of-sins.jpg" data-srcset="https://cdn8.openculture.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/30193908/isaac-newton-list-of-sins.jpg 720w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/30193908/isaac-newton-list-of-sins-150x95.jpg 150w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/30193908/isaac-newton-list-of-sins-300x190.jpg 300w" data-sizes="auto, (max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px"><noscript><img loading="lazy" loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-105712" src="https://cdn8.openculture.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/30193908/isaac-newton-list-of-sins.jpg" alt width="720" height="456" srcset="https://cdn8.openculture.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/30193908/isaac-newton-list-of-sins.jpg 720w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/30193908/isaac-newton-list-of-sins-150x95.jpg 150w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/30193908/isaac-newton-list-of-sins-300x190.jpg 300w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px"></noscript></p> <p>Sir <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton">Isaac Newton</a>, arguably the most important and influential scientist in history, discovered the laws of motion and the universal force of gravity. For the first time ever, the rules of the universe could be described with the supremely rational language of mathematics. Newton’s elegant equations proved to be one of the inspirations for the <a href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/enlightenment/">Enlightenment</a>, a shift away from the God-centered dogma of the Church in favor of a worldview that placed reason at its center. The many leaders of the Enlightenment turned to deism if not outright atheism. But not Newton.</p> <p>In 1936, a document of Newton’s dating from around 1662 was sold at a Sotheby’s auction and eventually wound up at the <a href="http://www.fitzmuseum.cam.ac.uk/">Fitzwilliam Museum in Cambridge, England</a>. The <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130707041408/http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk/view/texts/normalized/ALCH00069">Fitzwilliam Manuscript</a> has long been a source of fascination for Newton scholars. Not only does the notebook feature a series of increasingly difficult mathematical problems but also a cryptic string of letters reading:</p> <blockquote><p>Nabed Efyhik<br> Wfnzo Cpmfke</p></blockquote> <p>If you can solve this, there are some people in Cambridge who would like to talk to you.</p> <div class="oc-center-da"> <div data-fuse="22871471544"></div> </div> <p>But what makes the document really interesting is how incredibly personal it is. Newton rattles off a laundry list of sins he committed during his relatively short life – he was around 20 when he wrote this, still a student at <a href="http://www.cam.ac.uk/">Cambridge</a>. He splits the list into two categories, before Whitsunday 1662 and after. (Whitsunday is, by the way, the Sunday of the feast of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitsun">Whitsun</a>, which is celebrated seven weeks after Easter.) Why he decided on that particular date to bifurcate his timeline isn’t immediately clear.</p> <p>Some of the sins are rather opaque. I’m not sure what, for instance, “Making a feather while on Thy day” means exactly but it sure sounds like a long-lost euphemism. Other sins like “Peevishness with my mother” are immediately relatable as good old-fashioned teenage churlishness. You can see the full list below. And you can read the full document over at the <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130707041408/http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk/view/texts/normalized/ALCH00069">Newton Project here</a>.</p> <blockquote><p><strong><em>Before Whitsunday 1662</em></strong></p> <p>1. Vsing the word (God) openly<br> 2. Eating an apple at Thy house<br> 3. Making a feather while on Thy day<br> 4. Denying that I made it.<br> 5. Making a mousetrap on Thy day<br> 6. Contriving of the chimes on Thy day<br> 7. Squirting water on Thy day<br> 8. Making pies on Sunday night<br> 9. Swimming in a kimnel on Thy day<br> 10. Putting a pin in Iohn Keys hat on Thy day to pick him.<br> 11. Carelessly hearing and committing many sermons<br> 12. Refusing to go to the close at my mothers command.<br> 13. Threatning my father and mother Smith to burne them and the house over them<br> 14. Wishing death and hoping it to some<br> 15. Striking many<br> 16. Having uncleane thoughts words and actions and dreamese.<br> 17. Stealing cherry cobs from Eduard Storer<br> 18. Denying that I did so<br> 19. Denying a crossbow to my mother and grandmother though I knew of it<br> 20. Setting my heart on money learning pleasure more than Thee<br> 21. A relapse<br> 22. A relapse<br> 23. A breaking again of my covenant renued in the Lords Supper.<br> 24. Punching my sister<br> 25. Robbing my mothers box of plums and sugar<br> 26. Calling Dorothy Rose a jade<br> 27. Glutiny in my sickness.<br> 28. Peevishness with my mother.<br> 29. With my sister.<br> 30. Falling out with the servants<br> 31. Divers commissions of alle my duties<br> 32. Idle discourse on Thy day and at other times<br> 33. Not turning nearer to Thee for my affections<br> 34. Not living according to my belief<br> 35. Not loving Thee for Thy self.<br> 36. Not loving Thee for Thy goodness to us<br> 37. Not desiring Thy ordinances<br> 38. Not long {longing} for Thee in {illeg}<br> 39. Fearing man above Thee<br> 40. Vsing unlawful means to bring us out of distresses<br> 41. Caring for worldly things more than God<br> 42. Not craving a blessing from God on our honest endeavors.<br> 43. Missing chapel.<br> 44. Beating Arthur Storer.<br> 45. Peevishness at Master Clarks for a piece of bread and butter.<br> 46. Striving to cheat with a brass halfe crowne.<br> 47. Twisting a cord on Sunday morning<br> 48. Reading the history of the Christian champions on Sunday</p> <p><strong>Since Whitsunday 1662</strong></p> <p>49. Glutony<br> 50. Glutony<br> 51. Vsing Wilfords towel to spare my own<br> 52. Negligence at the chapel.<br> 53. Sermons at Saint Marys (4)<br> 54. Lying about a louse<br> 55. Denying my chamberfellow of the knowledge of him that took him for a sot.<br> 56. Neglecting to pray 3<br> 57. Helping Pettit to make his water watch at 12 of the clock on Saturday night</p></blockquote> <p>via <a href="http://longstreet.typepad.com/thesciencebookstore/2011/05/the-47-sins-of-isaac-newton-as-recorded-by-himself.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow">JF Ptak Science Books</a>/<a href="http://publicdomainreview.org/collections/17-numbered-lists-from-history/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Public Domain Review</a></p> <p><strong>Related Content:</strong></p> <p><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2022/03/in-1704-isaac-newton-predicted-that-the-world-will-end-in-2060.html">In 1704, Isaac Newton Predicted That the World Will End in 2060</a></p> <p><a title="Permanent Link to Isaac Newton Theorized That the Egyptian Pyramids Revealed the Timing of the Apocalypse: See His Burnt Manuscript from the 1680s" href="https://www.openculture.com/2020/12/isaac-newton-theorized-that-the-egyptian-pyramids-revealed-the-timing-of-the-apocalypse.html" rel="bookmark">Isaac Newton Theorized That the Egyptian Pyramids Revealed the Timing of the Apocalypse: See His Burnt Manuscript from the 1680s</a></p> <p><a title="Permanent Link to Isaac Newton’s Recipe for the Mythical ‘Philosopher’s Stone’ Is Being Digitized & Put Online (Along with His Other Alchemy Manuscripts)" href="https://www.openculture.com/2016/10/isaac-newtons-recipe-for-the-mythical-philosophers-stone-is-being-digitized.html" rel="bookmark">Isaac Newton’s Recipe for the Mythical ‘Philosopher’s Stone’ Is Being Digitized & Put Online (Along with His Other Alchemy Manuscripts)</a></p> <p><em><strong>Jonathan Crow</strong> is a writer and filmmaker whose work has appeared in Yahoo!, The Hollywood Reporter, and other publications. </em></p> <div class="alignleft"> <p class="author"> by <a href="https://www.openculture.com/author/dancolman" title="Posts by OC" rel="author">OC</a> | <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2024/11/isaac-newton-creates-a-list-of-his-57-sins-circa-1662.html" title="Permalink">Permalink</a> | <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2024/11/isaac-newton-creates-a-list-of-his-57-sins-circa-1662.html#respond" title="Make a comment">Make a Comment</a> ( <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2024/11/isaac-newton-creates-a-list-of-his-57-sins-circa-1662.html#comments">2</a> ) | </p>   </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="recent_post"> <h1 id="post-1120486" ><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2024/10/mythology-expert-reviews-depictions-of-greek-roman-myths-in-popular-movies-and-tv-shows.html" rel="bookmark" title="Permanent Link to Mythology Expert Reviews Depictions of Greek & Roman Myths in Popular Movies and TV Shows"> Mythology Expert Reviews Depictions of Greek & Roman Myths in Popular Movies and TV Shows </a></h1> <p class="byline">in <em class="postcategory"> <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/film" rel="category tag">Film</a>, <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/history" rel="category tag">History</a>, <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/religion" rel="category tag">Religion</a>, <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/television" rel="category tag">Television</a> </em> | October 30th, 2024 </p> <div id="framearound_ad_in_post" style="margin: 8px 0px 8px 0px;"> <script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>  <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display: block;" data-ad-client="ca-pub-1184791463292965" data-ad-slot="4261585863" data-ad-format="link"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div> <div class="recent_post_text"> <div id="post-1120486" class="post-1120486 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-film category-history category-religion category-television"> <div class="oc-video-wrapper"> <div class="oc-video-container"> <span class="youtube"><iframe loading="lazy" title="YouTube video player" class="youtube-player" type="text/html" width="640" height="505" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/khsNsa3-VqQ?wmode=transparent&fs=1&hl=en&showsearch=0&rel=0&theme=dark" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe></span> </div> <p>  </p></div> <p></p> <p>It’s safe to say that we no longer believe in the gods of the ancient world — or rather, that most of us no longer believe in their literal existence, but some of us have faith in their box-office potential. This <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=khsNsa3-VqQ">two</a>-<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IQD57l7CwoA">part</a> video series from <em>Vanity Fair </em>examines a variety of movies and television shows that have drawn on Greek and Roman myth since the mid-twentieth-century, including <em>Jason and the Argonauts</em>, <em>Clash of the Titans</em>, <em>Troy</em>, and Disney’s <em>Hercules</em><em>. </em>Offering commentary on their faithfulness to the source material is <a href="https://as.nyu.edu/faculty/peter-meineck.html">Peter Meineck</a>, Professor of Classics in the Modern World at New York University.</p> <div class="oc-video-wrapper"> <div class="oc-video-container"> <span class="youtube"><iframe loading="lazy" title="YouTube video player" class="youtube-player" type="text/html" width="640" height="505" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/IQD57l7CwoA?wmode=transparent&fs=1&hl=en&showsearch=0&rel=0&theme=dark" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe></span> </div> <p>  </p></div> <p></p> <p>Not that he insists on holding these entertainments to rigorous standards of accuracy. “I would not use the term ‘accuracy’ at any point in <em>Xena: Warrior Princess</em>, because it’s fantastic,” he says at one point. But then, when it comes to the stories told by ancient Greeks and Romans, we’re dealing with rather fantasy-rich material from the start.</p> <div class="oc-center-da"> <div data-fuse="22871471544"></div> </div> <p>Heightened, augmented, refined, and syncretized over many generations, they’ve come down to us in forms that reflect more or less eternally human notions about the forces that govern reality and its vicissitudes — ready made, in some cases, to incorporate into the latest twenty-first-century superhero spectacle.</p> <div class="oc-video-wrapper"> <div class="oc-video-container"> <span class="youtube"><iframe loading="lazy" title="YouTube video player" class="youtube-player" type="text/html" width="640" height="505" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/BAUVCAQCA4o?wmode=transparent&fs=1&hl=en&showsearch=0&rel=0&theme=dark" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe></span> </div> <p>  </p></div> <p></p> <p>Possessed of distinctive physical traits, temperaments, superhuman powers, and even grudges, the many gods of the polytheistic antiquity were, in their way, the comic-book heroes of their time. And just as we have different “universes” of characters to choose from, different eras and cultures had their own lineups of deities, none quite the same as any other. “At the pinnacle of this teeming numinous universe were the Olympians, the twelve gods headed by Zeus and Hera,” says ancient-history Youtuber Garrett Ryan in <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BAUVCAQCA4o">the<em> Told in Stone</em> video above</a>. “The Greeks influenced Roman religion virtually from the beginning. By the time Rome emerged into the full light of history, the Roman gods had been assimilated to their Greek counterparts.”</p> <p>Hence our recognizing Greek Olympians like Poseidon, Artemis, Athena, and Dionysus, but also their Roman equivalents Neptune, Diana, Minerva, and Bacchus. “There seems to have been little doubt in Romans’ minds that their chief gods were the same as those of the Greeks,” Ryan says. “The Greeks, for their part, generally accepted that the Romans worshipped their gods under different names — while also being “eager collectors of exotic deities,” many of which could be found within their own vast empire. The result was a bewildering profusion of gods for every occasion, Greek-inspired or otherwise: an omen of the more-is-better ethos that the Hollywood blockbuster would embrace a couple of millennia later.</p> <p><strong>Related content:</strong></p> <p><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2017/06/how-arabic-translators-helped-preserve-greek-philosophy-and-the-classical-tradition.html">How Arabic Translators Helped Preserve Greek Philosophy … and the Classical Tradition</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2024/07/how-rome-began-the-history-as-told-by-ancient-historians.html">How Rome Began: The History As Told by Ancient Historians</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2023/01/a-virtual-tour-of-ancient-athens-fly-over-classical-greek-civilization-in-all-its-glory.html">A Virtual Tour of Ancient Athens: Fly Over Classical Greek Civilization in All Its Glory</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2022/09/the-beauty-ingenuity-of-the-pantheon-ancient-romes-best-preserved-monument-an-introduction.html">The Beauty & Ingenuity of the Pantheon, Ancient Rome’s Best-Preserved Monument: An Introduction</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2023/11/behold-ancient-egyptian-greek-roman-sculptures-in-their-original-color.html">Behold Ancient Egyptian, Greek & Roman Sculptures in Their Original Color</a></p> <p><em>Based in Seoul, </em><em><a href="http://blog.colinmarshall.org/">Colin</a></em><em><a href="http://blog.colinmarshall.org/"> M</a></em><em><a href="http://blog.colinmarshall.org/">a</a></em><em><a href="http://blog.colinmarshall.org/">rshall</a> writes and broadcas</em><em>ts on cities, language, and culture. His projects include the Substack newsletter</em> <a href="https://colinmarshall.substack.com/">Books on Cities</a><em> and the book </em>The Stateless City: a Walk through 21st-Century Los Angeles. <em>Follow him on Twitter at <a href="https://twitter.com/#%21/colinmarshall">@colinm</a></em><em><a href="https://twitter.com/#%21/colinmarshall">a</a></em><em><a href="https://twitter.com/#%21/colinmarshall">rshall</a> or on <a href="https://www.facebook.com/colinmarshallessayist" rel="nofollow">Facebook</a>.</em></p> <div class="alignleft"> <p class="author"> by <a href="https://www.openculture.com/author/cjmarshall" title="Posts by Colin Marshall" rel="author">Colin Marshall</a> | <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2024/10/mythology-expert-reviews-depictions-of-greek-roman-myths-in-popular-movies-and-tv-shows.html" title="Permalink">Permalink</a> | <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2024/10/mythology-expert-reviews-depictions-of-greek-roman-myths-in-popular-movies-and-tv-shows.html#respond" title="Make a comment">Make a Comment</a> ( <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2024/10/mythology-expert-reviews-depictions-of-greek-roman-myths-in-popular-movies-and-tv-shows.html#comments">1</a> ) | </p>   </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="recent_post"> <h1 id="post-1120291" ><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2024/10/the-wisdom-of-alan-watts-in-4-mind-expanding-animations.html" rel="bookmark" title="Permanent Link to The Wisdom of Alan Watts in 4 Mind-Expanding Animations"> The Wisdom of Alan Watts in 4 Mind-Expanding Animations </a></h1> <p class="byline">in <em class="postcategory"> <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/philosophy" rel="category tag">Philosophy</a>, <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/religion" rel="category tag">Religion</a> </em> | October 21st, 2024 </p> <div id="framearound_ad_in_post" style="margin: 8px 0px 8px 0px;"> <script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>  <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display: block;" data-ad-client="ca-pub-1184791463292965" data-ad-slot="4261585863" data-ad-format="link"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div> <div class="recent_post_text"> <div id="post-1120291" class="post-1120291 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-philosophy category-religion"> <div class="oc-video-wrapper"> <div class="oc-video-container"> <span class="youtube"><iframe loading="lazy" title="YouTube video player" class="youtube-player" type="text/html" width="640" height="505" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/VvrfnE7Q-0w?wmode=transparent&fs=1&hl=en&showsearch=0&rel=0&theme=dark" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe></span> </div> <p>  </p></div> <p></p> <p>Perhaps no single person did more to popularize Zen Buddhism in the West than <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Watts">Alan Watts</a>. In a sense, Watts prepared U.S. culture for more traditionally Zen teachers like Soto priest <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunry%C5%AB_Suzuki">Suzuki Roshi</a>, whose lineage continues today, but Watts did not consider himself a <a href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/japanese-zen/">Zen Buddhist</a>. Or at least that’s what he tells us in the talk above, animated by Trey Parker and Matt Stone, the creators of <em>South Park</em>. “I am not a Zen Buddhist,” he says, “I am not advocating Zen Buddhism, I am not trying to convert anyone to it. I have nothing to sell.” Instead, he calls himself “an entertainer.” Is he pulling our leg?</p> <p>After all, Watts was the author of such books as <a href="http://amzn.to/1xSLT2o"><em>The Spirit of Zen</em></a> (1936—his first), <a href="http://amzn.to/11PzC1i"><em>The Way of Zen</em></a> (1957), and <a href="http://amzn.to/1pe4pz4"><em>”This Is It” and Other Essays on Zen and Spiritual Experience</em></a> (1960). Then again, he also wrote books on Christianity, on “Erotic Spirituality,” and on all manner of mysticism from nearly every major world religion.</p> <div class="oc-center-da"> <div data-fuse="22871471544"></div> </div> <p>And he was ordained an Episcopal priest in 1945 and served as such until 1950. Watts was a tricky character—a strict anti-dogmatist who found all rigid doctrine irritating at best, deeply oppressive and dehumanizing at worst.</p> <div class="oc-video-wrapper"> <div class="oc-video-container"> <span class="youtube"><iframe loading="lazy" title="YouTube video player" class="youtube-player" type="text/html" width="640" height="505" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/LgZ73Lc5VS8?wmode=transparent&fs=1&hl=en&showsearch=0&rel=0&theme=dark" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe></span> </div> <p>  </p></div> <p></p> <p>While Watts may not have been any sort of doctrinaire Zen priest, he learned—and taught—a great deal from Japanese Buddhist concepts, which he distills in the video at the top. He gleaned very similar insights—about the unity and interconnectedness of all things—from <a href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/daoism/">Daoism</a>. Just above, see a very short animation created by Eddie Rosas, from <em>The Simpsons</em>, in which Watts uses a simple parable to illustrate “Daoism in perfection.”</p> <div class="oc-video-wrapper"> <div class="oc-video-container"> <span class="youtube"><iframe loading="lazy" title="YouTube video player" class="youtube-player" type="text/html" width="640" height="505" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/sWd6fNVZ20o?wmode=transparent&fs=1&hl=en&showsearch=0&rel=0&theme=dark" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe></span> </div> <p>  </p></div> <p></p> <p>The concepts Watts elucidates from various traditions are instantly applicable to ecological concerns and to our relationship to the natural world. “The whole process of nature,” he says above in a parable animated by Steve Agnos, “is an integrated process of immense complexity.” In this case, however, rather than offering a lesson in unity, he suggests that nature, and reality, is ultimately unknowable, that “it is really impossible to tell whether anything that happens in it is good or bad.” The most reasonable attitude then, it seems, is to refrain from making judgments either way.</p> <div class="oc-video-wrapper"> <div class="oc-video-container"> <span class="youtube"><iframe loading="lazy" title="YouTube video player" class="youtube-player" type="text/html" width="640" height="505" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/h7A9ZqItiq0?wmode=transparent&fs=1&hl=en&showsearch=0&rel=0&theme=dark" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe></span> </div> <p>  </p></div> <p></p> <p>It’s that tendency of the human mind to make hasty, erroneous judgments that comes in for critique in the Watts talk above, animated by Tim McCourt and Wesley Louis of Westminster Arts & Film London. Here, he reaches even deeper, investigating ideas of personal identity and the existence of the ego as an entity separate from the rest of reality. Returning to his grand theme of interconnectedness, Watts assures us it’s “impossible to cut ourselves off from the social environment, and also furthermore from the natural environment. We are that; there’s no clear way of drawing the boundary between this organism and everything that surrounds it.” But in order to discover this essential truth, says Watts, we must become “deep listeners” and let go of embarrassment, shyness, and anxiety.</p> <p>If you enjoy these excerpts from Alan Watts’ lectures, you can find many hours of his talks online. What Watts would have thought of this, I do not know, but I’m certain he’d be glad that so much of his work—hours of lectures, in fact—is available free of charge on <a href="https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=alan+watts+lectures">YouTube</a>.</p> <p><strong>Related Content:</strong></p> <p><a title="Permanent Link to The Greatest Hits of Alan Watts: Stream a Carefully-Curated Collection of Alan Watts Wisdom" href="https://www.openculture.com/2022/05/the-greatest-hits-of-alan-watts-stream-a-carefully-curated-collection-of-alan-watts-wisdom.html" rel="bookmark">The Greatest Hits of Alan Watts: Stream a Carefully-Curated Collection of Alan Watts Wisdom</a></p> <p><a title="Permanent Link to Alan Watts Introduces America to Meditation & Eastern Philosophy: Watch the 1960 TV Show, <i>Eastern Wisdom and Modern Life</i>" href="https://www.openculture.com/2015/12/alan-watts-introduces-america-to-meditation-eastern-philosophy-1960.html" rel="bookmark">Alan Watts Introduces America to Meditation & Eastern Philosophy: Watch the 1960 TV Show, <em>Eastern Wisdom </em>and<em> Modern Life</em></a></p> <p><a href="http://www.openculture.com/2012/10/what_if_money_was_no_object_thoughts_on_the_art_of_living_from_eastern_philosopher_alan_watts_.html">What If Money Was No Object?: Thoughts on the Art of Living from Eastern Philosopher Alan Watts</a></p> <p><a href="http://www.openculture.com/2013/06/zen_master_alan_watts_discovers_the_secrets_of_aldous_huxley_and_his_art_of_dying_.html">Zen Master Alan Watts Discovers the Secrets of Aldous Huxley and His Art of Dying</a></p> <p><a href="http://www.openculture.com/2012/04/alan_watts_on_why_our_minds_and_technology_cant_grasp_reality.html">Alan Watts On Why Our Minds And Technology Can’t Grasp Reality</a></p> <p><a href="http://about.me/jonesjoshua"><em>Josh Jones</em></a><em> is a writer and musician based in Durham, NC. Follow him at <a href="https://twitter.com/jdmagness">@jdmagness</a></em></p> <p> </p> <div class="alignleft"> <p class="author"> by <a href="https://www.openculture.com/author/dancolman" title="Posts by OC" rel="author">OC</a> | <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2024/10/the-wisdom-of-alan-watts-in-4-mind-expanding-animations.html" title="Permalink">Permalink</a> | <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2024/10/the-wisdom-of-alan-watts-in-4-mind-expanding-animations.html#respond" title="Make a comment">Make a Comment</a> ( <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2024/10/the-wisdom-of-alan-watts-in-4-mind-expanding-animations.html#comments">1</a> ) | </p>   </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="recent_post"> <h1 id="post-1117308" ><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2024/07/behold-gustave-dores-dramatic-illustrations-of-the-bible-1866.html" rel="bookmark" title="Permanent Link to Behold Gustave Doré’s Dramatic Illustrations of the Bible (1866)"> Behold Gustave Doré’s Dramatic Illustrations of the Bible (1866) </a></h1> <p class="byline">in <em class="postcategory"> <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/art" rel="category tag">Art</a>, <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/books" rel="category tag">Books</a>, <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/religion" rel="category tag">Religion</a> </em> | July 9th, 2024 </p> <div id="framearound_ad_in_post" style="margin: 8px 0px 8px 0px;"> <script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>  <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display: block;" data-ad-client="ca-pub-1184791463292965" data-ad-slot="4261585863" data-ad-format="link"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div> <div class="recent_post_text"> <div id="post-1117308" class="post-1117308 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-art category-books category-religion"> <p><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1117314 native-lazyload-js-fallback" src="https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/plugins/native-lazyload/assets/images/placeholder.svg" alt width="1777" height="2160" data-src="https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/07/08212249/1777px-The_Vision_of_The_Valley_of_The_Dry_Bones.jpg" data-srcset="https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/07/08212249/1777px-The_Vision_of_The_Valley_of_The_Dry_Bones.jpg 1777w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/07/08212249/1777px-The_Vision_of_The_Valley_of_The_Dry_Bones-296x360.jpg 296w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/07/08212249/1777px-The_Vision_of_The_Valley_of_The_Dry_Bones-842x1024.jpg 842w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/07/08212249/1777px-The_Vision_of_The_Valley_of_The_Dry_Bones-197x240.jpg 197w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/07/08212249/1777px-The_Vision_of_The_Valley_of_The_Dry_Bones-768x934.jpg 768w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/07/08212249/1777px-The_Vision_of_The_Valley_of_The_Dry_Bones-1264x1536.jpg 1264w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/07/08212249/1777px-The_Vision_of_The_Valley_of_The_Dry_Bones-1685x2048.jpg 1685w" data-sizes="auto, (max-width: 1777px) 100vw, 1777px"><noscript><img loading="lazy" loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1117314" src="https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/07/08212249/1777px-The_Vision_of_The_Valley_of_The_Dry_Bones.jpg" alt width="1777" height="2160" srcset="https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/07/08212249/1777px-The_Vision_of_The_Valley_of_The_Dry_Bones.jpg 1777w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/07/08212249/1777px-The_Vision_of_The_Valley_of_The_Dry_Bones-296x360.jpg 296w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/07/08212249/1777px-The_Vision_of_The_Valley_of_The_Dry_Bones-842x1024.jpg 842w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/07/08212249/1777px-The_Vision_of_The_Valley_of_The_Dry_Bones-197x240.jpg 197w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/07/08212249/1777px-The_Vision_of_The_Valley_of_The_Dry_Bones-768x934.jpg 768w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/07/08212249/1777px-The_Vision_of_The_Valley_of_The_Dry_Bones-1264x1536.jpg 1264w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/07/08212249/1777px-The_Vision_of_The_Valley_of_The_Dry_Bones-1685x2048.jpg 1685w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1777px) 100vw, 1777px"></noscript></p> <p>One occasionally hears it said that, thanks to the internet, all the books truly worth reading are free: <a href="https://static.artmuseum.princeton.edu/mirador3/?manifest=https://data.artmuseum.princeton.edu/iiif/objects/125673&canvas=https://data.artmuseum.princeton.edu/iiif/objects/125673/canvas/125673-canvas-196637">Shakespeare</a>, <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/10/gustave-dores-dramatic-illustrations-of-dantes-divine-comedy.html"><em>Don Quixote</em></a>, the stories of <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2024/06/gustave-dores-macabre-illustrations-of-edgar-allan-poes-the-raven-1884.html">Edgar Allan Poe</a>, the <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/10/gustave-dores-dramatic-illustrations-of-dantes-divine-comedy.html"><em>Divine Comedy</em></a>, the Bible. Can it be a coincidence that all of these works inspired illustrations by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Dor%C3%A9">Gustave Doré</a>? When he was active in mid-nineteenth-century France, he worked in a variety of forms, including painting, sculpture, and even comics and caricatures. But he lives on through nothing so much as his woodblock-print illustrations of what we now consider classics of Western literature — and, in the case of <a href="https://archive.org/details/OT085_201808"><em>La Grande Bible de Tours</em></a>, a text we could describe as “super-canonical.”</p> <p><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1117316 native-lazyload-js-fallback" src="https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/plugins/native-lazyload/assets/images/placeholder.svg" alt width="1005" height="1260" data-src="https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/07/08212443/plague-dore.jpg" data-srcset="https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/07/08212443/plague-dore.jpg 1005w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/07/08212443/plague-dore-287x360.jpg 287w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/07/08212443/plague-dore-817x1024.jpg 817w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/07/08212443/plague-dore-191x240.jpg 191w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/07/08212443/plague-dore-768x963.jpg 768w" data-sizes="auto, (max-width: 1005px) 100vw, 1005px"><noscript><img loading="lazy" loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1117316" src="https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/07/08212443/plague-dore.jpg" alt width="1005" height="1260" srcset="https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/07/08212443/plague-dore.jpg 1005w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/07/08212443/plague-dore-287x360.jpg 287w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/07/08212443/plague-dore-817x1024.jpg 817w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/07/08212443/plague-dore-191x240.jpg 191w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/07/08212443/plague-dore-768x963.jpg 768w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1005px) 100vw, 1005px"></noscript></p> <p>Doré took on the task of designing 241 engravings for a luxurious new French-language edition of the Vulgate Bible in the mid-eighteen-sixties. The project “offered him an almost endless series of intensely dramatic events,” <a href="https://uwm.edu/letters-science/in-focus-2022/an-artist-of-biblical-proportions-art-historians-new-book-explores-dore-and-the-bible/">writes</a> biographer Joanna Richardson: “the looming tower of Babel, the plague of darkness in Egypt, the death of Samson, Isaiah’s vision of the destruction of Babylon.”</p> <div class="oc-center-da"> <div data-fuse="22871471544"></div> </div> <p>All provided practically ideal showcases for the elements of Doré’s intensely Romantic style: “the mountain scenes, the lurid skies, the complicated battles, the almost unremitting brutalism.” But along with the Old Testament “massacres and murders, decapitations and avenging angels” come Victorian angels, Victorian women, and Victorian children, “sentimental or wise beyond their years.”</p> <p><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1117316 native-lazyload-js-fallback" src="https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/plugins/native-lazyload/assets/images/placeholder.svg" alt width="1005" height="1260" data-src="https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/07/08212443/plague-dore.jpg" data-srcset="https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/07/08212443/plague-dore.jpg 1005w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/07/08212443/plague-dore-287x360.jpg 287w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/07/08212443/plague-dore-817x1024.jpg 817w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/07/08212443/plague-dore-191x240.jpg 191w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/07/08212443/plague-dore-768x963.jpg 768w" data-sizes="auto, (max-width: 1005px) 100vw, 1005px"><noscript><img loading="lazy" loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1117316" src="https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/07/08212443/plague-dore.jpg" alt width="1005" height="1260" srcset="https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/07/08212443/plague-dore.jpg 1005w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/07/08212443/plague-dore-287x360.jpg 287w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/07/08212443/plague-dore-817x1024.jpg 817w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/07/08212443/plague-dore-191x240.jpg 191w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/07/08212443/plague-dore-768x963.jpg 768w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1005px) 100vw, 1005px"></noscript></p> <p>Those choices may have been motivated by the simultaneous publication of <em>La Grande Bible de Tours</em> in both France and the United Kingdom. In any event, the edition proved successful enough on both sides of the Channel that a major exhibition of Doré’s work opened in London the very next year.</p> <p><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1117318 native-lazyload-js-fallback" src="https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/plugins/native-lazyload/assets/images/placeholder.svg" alt width="2039" height="2560" data-src="https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/07/08214108/041A.Moses_Breaks_the_Tables_of_the_Law-scaled.jpg" data-srcset="https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/07/08214108/041A.Moses_Breaks_the_Tables_of_the_Law-scaled.jpg 2039w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/07/08214108/041A.Moses_Breaks_the_Tables_of_the_Law-287x360.jpg 287w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/07/08214108/041A.Moses_Breaks_the_Tables_of_the_Law-815x1024.jpg 815w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/07/08214108/041A.Moses_Breaks_the_Tables_of_the_Law-191x240.jpg 191w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/07/08214108/041A.Moses_Breaks_the_Tables_of_the_Law-768x964.jpg 768w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/07/08214108/041A.Moses_Breaks_the_Tables_of_the_Law-1223x1536.jpg 1223w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/07/08214108/041A.Moses_Breaks_the_Tables_of_the_Law-1631x2048.jpg 1631w" data-sizes="auto, (max-width: 2039px) 100vw, 2039px"><noscript><img loading="lazy" loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1117318" src="https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/07/08214108/041A.Moses_Breaks_the_Tables_of_the_Law-scaled.jpg" alt width="2039" height="2560" srcset="https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/07/08214108/041A.Moses_Breaks_the_Tables_of_the_Law-scaled.jpg 2039w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/07/08214108/041A.Moses_Breaks_the_Tables_of_the_Law-287x360.jpg 287w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/07/08214108/041A.Moses_Breaks_the_Tables_of_the_Law-815x1024.jpg 815w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/07/08214108/041A.Moses_Breaks_the_Tables_of_the_Law-191x240.jpg 191w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/07/08214108/041A.Moses_Breaks_the_Tables_of_the_Law-768x964.jpg 768w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/07/08214108/041A.Moses_Breaks_the_Tables_of_the_Law-1223x1536.jpg 1223w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/07/08214108/041A.Moses_Breaks_the_Tables_of_the_Law-1631x2048.jpg 1631w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 2039px) 100vw, 2039px"></noscript></p> <p>Though visibly rooted in their time and place — as well as in the artist’s personal sensibilities and the aesthetic currents in which he was caught up — Doré’s visions of the Bible still make an impact with their rich and immediately recognizable chiaroscuro portrayals of scenes that have long resonated through the whole of Western culture. You can <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Dor%C3%A9%27s_Bible_Illustrations">see the whole series on Wikipedia</a>, or <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/8710/8710-h/8710-h.htm">as collected in <em>The Doré Gallery of Bible Illustrations</em> at Project Gutenberg</a> — all, of course, for no charge.</p> <p><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1117319 native-lazyload-js-fallback" src="https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/plugins/native-lazyload/assets/images/placeholder.svg" alt width="963" height="1210" data-src="https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/07/08214618/Dove_Sent_Forth_from_the_Ark.png" data-srcset="https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/07/08214618/Dove_Sent_Forth_from_the_Ark.png 963w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/07/08214618/Dove_Sent_Forth_from_the_Ark-287x360.png 287w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/07/08214618/Dove_Sent_Forth_from_the_Ark-815x1024.png 815w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/07/08214618/Dove_Sent_Forth_from_the_Ark-191x240.png 191w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/07/08214618/Dove_Sent_Forth_from_the_Ark-768x965.png 768w" data-sizes="auto, (max-width: 963px) 100vw, 963px"><noscript><img loading="lazy" loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1117319" src="https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/07/08214618/Dove_Sent_Forth_from_the_Ark.png" alt width="963" height="1210" srcset="https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/07/08214618/Dove_Sent_Forth_from_the_Ark.png 963w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/07/08214618/Dove_Sent_Forth_from_the_Ark-287x360.png 287w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/07/08214618/Dove_Sent_Forth_from_the_Ark-815x1024.png 815w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/07/08214618/Dove_Sent_Forth_from_the_Ark-191x240.png 191w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/07/08214618/Dove_Sent_Forth_from_the_Ark-768x965.png 768w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 963px) 100vw, 963px"></noscript></p> <p><strong>Related content:</strong></p> <p><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/10/gustave-dores-dramatic-illustrations-of-dantes-divine-comedy.html">Gustave Doré’s Dramatic Illustrations of Dante’s <em>Divine Comedy</em></a></p> <p><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/12/gustave-dores-definitive-engravings-of-don-quixote.html">Gustave Doré’s Exquisite Engravings of Cervantes’ <em>Don Quixote</em></a></p> <p><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2024/06/gustave-dores-macabre-illustrations-of-edgar-allan-poes-the-raven-1884.html">Gustave Doré’s Macabre Illustrations of Edgar Allan Poe’s “The Raven” (1884)</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2023/10/behold-gustave-dores-illustrations-for-rabelais-grotesque-satirical-masterpiece-gargantua-and-pantagruel.html">Behold Gustave Doré’s Illustrations for Rabelais’ Grotesque Satirical Masterpiece <em>Gargantua and Pantagruel</em></a></p> <p><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2014/10/gustave-dore-in-a-paper-cutout-animation.html">The Adventures of Famed Illustrator Gustave Doré Presented in a Fantasic(al) Cutout Animation</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2019/04/salvador-dalis-illustrations-for-the-bible-1963.html">Salvador Dalí’s Illustrations for the Bible (1963)</a></p> <p><em>Based in Seoul, </em><em><a href="http://blog.colinmarshall.org/">Colin</a></em><em><a href="http://blog.colinmarshall.org/"> M</a></em><em><a href="http://blog.colinmarshall.org/">a</a></em><em><a href="http://blog.colinmarshall.org/">rshall</a> writes and broadcas</em><em>ts on cities, language, and culture. His projects include the Substack newsletter</em> <a href="https://colinmarshall.substack.com/">Books on Cities</a><em> and the book </em>The Stateless City: a Walk through 21st-Century Los Angeles. <em>Follow him on Twitter at <a href="https://twitter.com/#%21/colinmarshall">@colinm</a></em><em><a href="https://twitter.com/#%21/colinmarshall">a</a></em><em><a href="https://twitter.com/#%21/colinmarshall">rshall</a> or on <a href="https://www.facebook.com/colinmarshallessayist">Facebook</a>.</em></p> <div class="alignleft"> <p class="author"> by <a href="https://www.openculture.com/author/cjmarshall" title="Posts by Colin Marshall" rel="author">Colin Marshall</a> | <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2024/07/behold-gustave-dores-dramatic-illustrations-of-the-bible-1866.html" title="Permalink">Permalink</a> | <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2024/07/behold-gustave-dores-dramatic-illustrations-of-the-bible-1866.html#respond" title="Make a comment">Make a Comment</a> ( <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2024/07/behold-gustave-dores-dramatic-illustrations-of-the-bible-1866.html#comments">2</a> ) | </p>   </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="recent_post"> <h1 id="post-1115563" ><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2024/06/world-religions-explained-with-useful-charts-hinduism-buddhism-judaism-islam-christianity-more.html" rel="bookmark" title="Permanent Link to World Religions Explained with Useful Charts: Hinduism, Buddhism, Judaism, Islam, Christianity & More"> World Religions Explained with Useful Charts: Hinduism, Buddhism, Judaism, Islam, Christianity & More </a></h1> <p class="byline">in <em class="postcategory"> <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/religion" rel="category tag">Religion</a> </em> | June 21st, 2024 </p> <div id="framearound_ad_in_post" style="margin: 8px 0px 8px 0px;"> <script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>  <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display: block;" data-ad-client="ca-pub-1184791463292965" data-ad-slot="4261585863" data-ad-format="link"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div> <div class="recent_post_text"> <div id="post-1115563" class="post-1115563 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-religion"> <div class="oc-video-wrapper"> <div class="oc-video-container"> <span class="youtube"><iframe loading="lazy" title="YouTube video player" class="youtube-player" type="text/html" width="640" height="505" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/nxhSOcyPCVo?wmode=transparent&fs=1&hl=en&showsearch=0&rel=0&theme=dark" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe></span> </div> <p>  </p></div> <p></p> <p>It doesn’t take an expert in the field to know that, around the world, there is much disagreement on the subject of religion. But as explained in the UsefulCharts video above by Matt Baker, whose PhD in Religious Studies makes him an expert in the field, every source does agree on the fact that the four largest religions in the world are Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, and Buddhism. “These are the undisputed ‘big four,’ ” Baker says, and they’ve thus been the subjects of the various videos and charts he’s made explaining their histories and characteristics. But in his area of expertise, he adds, “it is often said that there are five major world religions.”</p> <p>The fifth major religion, as you may have already guessed, is Judaism, though its sixteen million adherents don’t enter the same numerical league as the world’s 1.9 billion Muslims or 2.4 billion Christians. The Jewish faith punches well above its weight in respects like its age, and its being “the parent religion to both Christianity and Islam.” Coming in at 400 million believers is a religion, or category of religions, that to many readers may seem much less familiar than Judaism: Chinese folk religion, or as Baker calls it, “Chinese Syncretism,” referring to its mixture of different ideas and traditions.</p> <div class="oc-center-da"> <div data-fuse="22871471544"></div> </div> <p>You can get up to speed on Chinese Syncretism, as well as Islam, Hinduism, and Buddhism, in the two-hour video at the top of the post, which compiles Baker’s UsefulCharts explanations of those religions’ evolutions and all the intellectual, doctrinal, and cultural branches that have grown in the process. To Christianity, the biggest of the big four, Baker has devoted an entire series, presented in its entirety in <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8q6FUlay-M8">the three-hour video just above</a>.  You may be able to describe the differences between Catholicism and Protestantism, but what about the differences between, say, the Syriac Catholic Church, the Evangelical Free Church of America, and the Mekane Yesus Church of Ethiopia?</p> <div class="oc-video-wrapper"> <div class="oc-video-container"> <span class="youtube"><iframe loading="lazy" title="YouTube video player" class="youtube-player" type="text/html" width="640" height="505" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/8q6FUlay-M8?wmode=transparent&fs=1&hl=en&showsearch=0&rel=0&theme=dark" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe></span> </div> <p>  </p></div> <p></p> <p>Baker can and does describe those differences, using his own family tree-style charts as a visual aid. Only one viewing may not be enough to gain a clear understanding of what separates each Christian denomination from every other. But it will certainly be enough to instill an understanding that, in an important sense, there is such thing as Christianity, singular; better, perhaps, to speak of the many and varied Christianities than have been practiced over the millennia. The same goes, in different ways, for the other major world religions, and if you zoom in far enough, even the minor ones turn out to be rich with their own complexities. But then, as Baker surely would agree, there are no minor religions — at least if you’re curious enough about them.</p> <p><strong>Related content:</strong></p> <p><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2019/05/an-animated-introduction-to-the-worlds-5-major-religions.html">An Animated Introduction to the World’s Five Major Religions: Hinduism, Judaism, Buddhism, Christianity & Islam</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2024/03/180000-years-of-religion-charted-on-a-histomap-in-1943.html">180,000 Years of Religion Charted on a “Histomap” in 1943</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2019/03/a-visual-map-of-the-worlds-major-religions-and-non-religions.html">A Visual Map of the World’s Major Religions (and Non-Religions)</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2018/03/animated-map-shows-how-the-five-major-religions-spread-across-the-world-3000-bc-2000-ad.html">Animated Map Shows How the Five Major Religions Spread Across the World (3000 BC — 2000 AD)</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2018/03/princeton-digitizes-70000-religious-texts.html">70,000+ Religious Texts Digitized by Princeton Theological Seminary, Letting You Immerse Yourself in the Curious Works of Great World Religions</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.openculture.com/philosophy-of-religion-a-free-online-course">Philosophy of Religion: A Free Online Course</a></p> <p><em>Based in Seoul, </em><em><a href="http://blog.colinmarshall.org/">Colin</a></em><em><a href="http://blog.colinmarshall.org/"> M</a></em><em><a href="http://blog.colinmarshall.org/">a</a></em><em><a href="http://blog.colinmarshall.org/">rshall</a> writes and broadcas</em><em>ts on cities, language, and culture. His projects include the Substack newsletter</em> <a href="https://colinmarshall.substack.com/">Books on Cities</a><em> and the book </em>The Stateless City: a Walk through 21st-Century Los Angeles. <em>Follow him on Twitter at <a href="https://twitter.com/#%21/colinmarshall">@colinm</a></em><em><a href="https://twitter.com/#%21/colinmarshall">a</a></em><em><a href="https://twitter.com/#%21/colinmarshall">rshall</a> or on <a href="https://www.facebook.com/colinmarshallessayist">Facebook</a>.</em></p> <div class="alignleft"> <p class="author"> by <a href="https://www.openculture.com/author/cjmarshall" title="Posts by Colin Marshall" rel="author">Colin Marshall</a> | <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2024/06/world-religions-explained-with-useful-charts-hinduism-buddhism-judaism-islam-christianity-more.html" title="Permalink">Permalink</a> | <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2024/06/world-religions-explained-with-useful-charts-hinduism-buddhism-judaism-islam-christianity-more.html#respond" title="Make a comment">Make a Comment</a> ( <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2024/06/world-religions-explained-with-useful-charts-hinduism-buddhism-judaism-islam-christianity-more.html#respond">None</a> ) | </p>   </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="cleared"></div> <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/religion/page/2" >More in this category... »</a> </div>  <div class="middle_sidebar"> <ul id="middle_sidebarwidgeted"> <li id="execphp-431254483" class="widget widget_execphp"><h2 class="widgettitle">Essentials</h2> <div class="execphpwidget"><div class="widgetbox"> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/freeonlinecourses">1,700 Free Online Courses</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/online-certificate-programs">200 Online Certificate Programs</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/online-degrees">100+ Online Degree & Mini-Degree Programs</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/freemoviesonline">1,150 Free Movies</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/freeaudiobooks">1,000 Free Audio Books</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/great-podcasts">150+ Best Podcasts</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/free_ebooks">800 Free eBooks</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/free_textbooks">200 Free Textbooks</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/freelanguagelessons">300 Free Language Lessons</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/business_free_courses">150 Free Business Courses</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/free_k-12_educational_resources">Free K-12 Education</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/dailyemail">Get Our Daily Email</a></li> </ul> </div></div> </li><li id="execphp-431254506" class="widget widget_execphp"><h2 class="widgettitle">Support Us</h2> <div class="execphpwidget"><div class="widgetbox noborder"> <br> We're hoping to rely on loyal readers, rather than erratic ads. 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We find the free courses and audio books you need, the language lessons & educational videos you want, and plenty of enlightenment in between.</p> <br> <a href="/advertise" style="color: white; font-size:1.2rem;" class="button"">Advertise With Us</a> <br> </br> </div></div> </li><li id="execphp-431254485" class="widget widget_execphp"> <div class="execphpwidget"><div class="widgetbox"> <h2 class="widgettitle">Great Recordings</h2> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/07/ts_eliot_reads_his_modernist_masterpieces.html">T.S. Eliot Reads Waste Land</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/05/hear_sylvia_plath_read_fifteen_poems_from_her_final_collection_ariel_in_1962_recording.html">Sylvia Plath - Ariel</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/06/on_bloomsday_hear_james_joyce_read_from_his_epic_iulyssesi_1924.html">Joyce Reads Ulysses</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/02/james_joyce_reads_anna_livia_plurabelle_from_ifinnegans_wakei.html">Joyce - Finnegans Wake</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/01/watch_patti_smith_read_from_virginia_woolf_and_hear_the_only_surviving_recording_of_woolfs_voice.html">Patti Smith Reads Virginia Woolf</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/03/listen_as_albert_einstein_reads_the_common_language_of_science_1941.html">Albert Einstein</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/08/charles-bukowski-poem-read-by-bukowski-tom-waits-and-bono.html">Charles Bukowski</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/07/bill-murray-reads-poetry-by-billy-collins-cole-porter-and-sarah-manguso.html">Bill Murray</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2010/04/ernest_hemingway_reads_in_harrys_bar_in_venice.html">Hemingway</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/09/f_scott_fitzgerald_reads_from_shakespeares_iothelloi_and_john_masefields_on_growing_old_c1940.html">Fitzgerald Reads Shakespeare</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2010/04/william_faulkner_reads_from_as_i_lay_dying.html">William Faulkner</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/05/rare_1959_audio_flannery_oconnor_reads_a_good_man_is_hard_to_find.html">Flannery O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/07/j-r-r-tolkien-reads-from-the-two-towers-the-second-book-of-the-lord-of-the-rings-trilogy.html">Tolkien - The Hobbit</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/06/allen_ginsberg_reads_his_beat_classic_poem_howl.html">Allen Ginsberg - Howl</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/06/rare_1930s_audio_wb_yeats_reads_four_of_his_poems.html">W.B Yeats</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/10/ezra_pounds_fiery_1939_reading_of_his_early_poem_isestina_altafortei.html">Ezra Pound</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/08/dylan_thomas_recites_do_not_go_gentle_into_that_good_night_and_other_poems.html">Dylan Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/02/anne_sexton_confessional_poet_reads_wanting_to_die_in_ominous_1966_video.html">Anne Sexton</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2014/06/john-cheever-reads-the-swimmer.html">John Cheever</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2014/09/hear-david-foster-wallace-read-his-own-essays-and-short-fiction.html">David Foster Wallace</a></li> </ul> </div></div> </li><li id="execphp-431254484" class="widget widget_execphp"> <div class="execphpwidget"><div class="widgetbox"> <h2 class="widgettitle">Book Lists By</h2> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2011/12/neil_degrasse_tyson_8_books_every_intelligent_person_should_read.html">Neil deGrasse Tyson</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/05/ernest_hemingways_reading_list_for_a_young_writer_1934.html">Ernest Hemingway</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/08/f-scott-fitzgerald-creates-a-list-of-22-essential-books-1936.html">F. Scott Fitzgerald</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/05/allen_ginsbergs_celestial_homework_a_reading_list_for_his_class_literary_history_of_the_beats.html">Allen Ginsberg</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2015/04/patti-smiths-list-of-favorite-books.html">Patti Smith</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2015/08/brian-eno-book-lists.html">Brian Eno</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2015/04/henry-miller-makes-a-list-of-the-100-books-that-influenced-me-most.html">Henry Miller</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/09/christopher_hitchens_creates_a_reading_list_for_eight-year-old_girl.html">Christopher Hitchens</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/11/joseph-brodskys-reading-list-for-having-an-intelligent-conversation.html">Joseph Brodsky</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/02/wh_audens_1941_literature_syllabus_asks_students_to_read_32_great_works_covering_6000_pages_.html">W.H. Auden</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/03/donald_barthelmes_syllabus_highlights_81_books_essential_for_a_literary_education_.html">Donald Barthelme</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/07/carl_sagans_undergrad_reading_list_from_plato_and_shakespeare_to_huxley_and_gide.html">Carl Sagan</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/10/david-bowies-list-of-top-100-books.html">David Bowie</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2015/03/the-books-samuel-beckett-really-liked.html">Samuel Beckett</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2014/09/art-garfunkel-lists-1195-books.html">Art Garfunkel</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2014/10/the-430-books-in-marilyn-monroes-library.html">Marilyn Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2015/03/jorge-luis-borges-personal-library.html">Jorge Luis Borges</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2015/03/74-books-curated-by-female-creatives.html">Picks by Female Creatives</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </li><li id="execphp-431254513" class="widget widget_execphp"> <div class="execphpwidget"></div> </li><li id="execphp-431254490" class="widget widget_execphp"> <div class="execphpwidget"><div class="widgetbox"> <h2 class="widgettitle">Syllabi</h2> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/02/wh_audens_1941_literature_syllabus_asks_students_to_read_32_great_works_covering_6000_pages_.html">WH Auden</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/02/david_foster_wallaces_1994_syllabus.html">David Foster Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/03/donald_barthelmes_syllabus_highlights_81_books_essential_for_a_literary_education_.html">Donald Barthelme</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/05/allen_ginsbergs_celestial_homework_a_reading_list_for_his_class_literary_history_of_the_beats.html">Allen Ginsberg</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/08/zadie-smith-and-gary-shteyngarts-syllabi-from-columbia-university.html">Zadie Smith & Gary Shteyngart</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/07/spike-lee-shares-his-nyu-teaching-list-of-87-essential-films-every-aspiring-director-should-see.html">Spike Lee</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2014/11/lynda-barrys-wonderfully-illustrated-syllabus-homework-assignments-from-her-uw-madison-class-the-unthinkable-mind.html">Lynda Barry</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2015/02/junot-diazs-syllabi-for-his-mit-writing-classes.html">Junot Diaz</a></li> </ul> </div></div> </li><li id="execphp-431254491" class="widget widget_execphp"> <div class="execphpwidget"><div class="widgetbox"> <h2 class="widgettitle">Favorite Movies</h2> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/07/stanley-kubricks-list-of-top-ten-films.html">Kubrick</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2015/01/akira-kurosawas-list-of-his-100-favorite-movies.html">Kurosawa's 100</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/08/quentin-tarantino-lists-the-12-greatest-films-of-all-time.html">Tarantino</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/07/martin-scorsese-reveals-his-10-favorite-movies.html">Scorsese</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2014/08/andrei-tarkovsky-creates-a-list-of-his-10-favorite-films-1972.html">Tarkovsky</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/09/david-lynch-on-his-favorite-directors-including-fellini-wilder-tati-and-hitchcock.html">David Lynch</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2014/05/werner-herzog-picks-his-5-favorite-films.html">Werner Herzog</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/08/woody-allen-lists-the-greatest-films-of-all-time.html">Woody Allen</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2014/03/wes-andersons-favorite-films.html">Wes Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2015/05/the-10-favorite-films-of-avant-garde-surrealist-filmmaker-luis-bunuel-including-his-own-collaboration-with-salvador-dali.html">Luis Buñuel</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2014/07/roger-eberts-final-list-of-his-top-10-favorite-films-2012.html">Roger Ebert</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/12/susan-sontags-50-favorite-films.html">Susan Sontag</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2014/10/scorseses-list-of-39-essential-foreign-films.html">Scorsese Foreign Films</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2014/10/44-essential-movies-for-the-student-of-philosophy.html">Philosophy Films</a></li> </ul> </div></div> </li><li id="archives-3" class="widget widget_archive"><h2 class="widgettitle">Archives</h2> <ul> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2025/03'>March 2025</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2025/02'>February 2025</a></li> <li><a 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