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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Periodisation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Periodisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archaeological_evidence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archaeological_evidence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Archaeological evidence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archaeological_evidence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-People_of_Iron_Age_Britain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#People_of_Iron_Age_Britain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>People of Iron Age Britain</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-People_of_Iron_Age_Britain-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon 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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iron_Age_beliefs_in_Britain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Iron Age beliefs in Britain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iron_Age_beliefs_in_Britain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy_of_Iron_Age_Britain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy_of_Iron_Age_Britain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Economy of Iron Age Britain</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy_of_Iron_Age_Britain-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy of Iron Age Britain subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy_of_Iron_Age_Britain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Trade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Trade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_and_Middle_Iron_Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_and_Middle_Iron_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Early and Middle Iron Age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_and_Middle_Iron_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_Iron_Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_Iron_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2</span> <span>Late Iron Age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_Iron_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-End_of_Iron_Age_in_Britain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_Iron_Age_in_Britain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>End of Iron Age in Britain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End_of_Iron_Age_in_Britain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/British_Iron_Age" title="Special:EditPage/British Iron Age">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22British+Iron+Age%22">"British Iron Age"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22British+Iron+Age%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22British+Iron+Age%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22British+Iron+Age%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22British+Iron+Age%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22British+Iron+Age%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2011</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Iron Age Britain</caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Geographical range</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Period</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Europe" title="Iron Age Europe">Iron Age</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_T%C3%A8ne_culture" title="La Tène culture">La Tène culture</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dates</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 800 BC—43 AD</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Britain" title="Bronze Age Britain">Bronze Age Britain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Bronze_Age" title="Atlantic Bronze Age">Atlantic Bronze Age</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urnfield_culture" title="Urnfield culture">Urnfield culture</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Followed by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman Britain</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Europe" title="Iron Age Europe">Iron Age Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Europe" title="Prehistoric Europe">Prehistoric Europe</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:London_-_British_Museum_-_2453.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/London_-_British_Museum_-_2453.jpg/207px-London_-_British_Museum_-_2453.jpg" decoding="async" width="207" height="334" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/London_-_British_Museum_-_2453.jpg/310px-London_-_British_Museum_-_2453.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/London_-_British_Museum_-_2453.jpg/414px-London_-_British_Museum_-_2453.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="4355" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Battersea_Shield" title="Battersea Shield">The Battersea Shield</a>, c. 350–50 BC</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>British Iron Age</b> is a conventional name used in the <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeology</a> of <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a>, referring to the <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric">prehistoric</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protohistoric" class="mw-redirect" title="Protohistoric">protohistoric</a> phases of the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">culture</a> of the main island and the smaller islands, typically excluding <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Ireland" title="Prehistoric Ireland">prehistoric Ireland</a>, which had an <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Age Ireland">independent Iron Age culture of its own</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Iron Age is not an <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_horizon" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeological horizon">archaeological horizon</a> of common artefacts but is rather a locally-diverse cultural phase. </p><p>The British Iron Age followed the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Britain" title="Bronze Age Britain">British Bronze Age</a> and lasted in theory from the first significant use of <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> for tools and weapons in Britain to the <a href="/wiki/Romano-British_culture" title="Romano-British culture">Romanisation</a> of the southern half of the island. The Romanised culture is termed <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman Britain</a> and is considered to supplant the British Iron Age. </p><p>The tribes living in Britain during this time are often popularly considered to be part of a broadly-<a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celtic</a> culture, but in recent years, that has been disputed. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> At a minimum, "Celtic" is a linguistic term without an implication of a lasting cultural unity connecting Gaul with the British Isles throughout the Iron Age. The <a href="/wiki/Brittonic_languages" title="Brittonic languages">Brittonic languages</a>, which were widely spoken in Britain at this time (as well as others including the <a href="/wiki/Goidelic_languages" title="Goidelic languages">Goidelic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gaulish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaulish language">Gaulish</a> languages of neighbouring Ireland and Gaul, respectively), certainly belong to the group known as <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic languages</a>. However, it cannot be assumed that particular cultural features found in one Celtic-speaking culture can be extrapolated to the others.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Iron_Age&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Ptolemy" class="mw-redirect" title="Claudius Ptolemy">Claudius Ptolemy</a> described Britain at the beginning of Roman rule but incorporated material from earlier sources.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the name "<a href="/wiki/Pretanic_Isles" class="mw-redirect" title="Pretanic Isles">Pretanic Isles</a>" had been known since the voyage of <a href="/wiki/Pytheas" title="Pytheas">Pytheas</a>, and "<a href="/wiki/Britannia" title="Britannia">Britannia</a>" was in use by <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)" title="Natural History (Pliny)">Pliny</a>, Ptolemy used the earlier "<a href="/wiki/Albion" title="Albion">Albion</a>", which is known to have been used as early as the <a href="/wiki/Massaliote_Periplus" title="Massaliote Periplus">Massaliote Periplus</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Periodisation">Periodisation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Iron_Age&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Periodisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At present over 100 large-scale excavations of Iron Age sites have taken place,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dating from the 8th century BC to the 1st century AD and overlapping into the Bronze Age in the 8th century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hundreds of <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">radiocarbon dates</a> have been acquired and have been calibrated on four different curves, the most precise being based on <a href="/wiki/Dendrochronology" title="Dendrochronology">tree ring</a> sequences. </p><p>The following scheme summarises a comparative chart presented in a 2005 book by <a href="/wiki/Barry_Cunliffe" title="Barry Cunliffe">Barry Cunliffe</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but British artefacts were much later in adopting Continental styles such as the <a href="/wiki/La_T%C3%A8ne_style" class="mw-redirect" title="La Tène style">La Tène style</a> of <a href="/wiki/Celtic_art" title="Celtic art">Celtic art</a>: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Period </th> <th>Dates </th> <th>Continental parallels </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>Earliest Iron Age</b></td> <td>800–600 BC</td> <td>Hallstatt C </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Early Iron Age</b></td> <td>600–400 BC</td> <td>Hallstatt D and half of La Tène I </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Middle Iron Age</b></td> <td>400–100 BC</td> <td>The rest of La Tène I, all of II and half of III </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Late Iron Age</b></td> <td>100–50 BC</td> <td>The rest of La Tène III </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Latest Iron Age</b></td> <td>50 BC – AD 100</td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">–</div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Iron Age has been further subdivided with the "Late Iron Age" in Britain showing developments of new types of pottery, possibly influenced by Roman or <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaulish</a> cultures. The clearing of forests for cultivation of agricultural crops intensified and areas with heavier and damper soil were settled. <a href="/wiki/Spelt" title="Spelt">Spelt</a> (<i>Triticum spelta</i>) was planted in these areas like the <a href="/wiki/Tees%E2%80%93Exe_line" title="Tees–Exe line">Tees Lowlands</a> and some parts of <a href="/wiki/Northern_England" title="Northern England">Northern England</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The end of the Iron Age extends into the very early <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> under the theory that Romanisation required some time to take effect. In parts of Britain that were not <a href="/wiki/Romanisation_(cultural)" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanisation (cultural)">Romanised</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, the period is extended a little longer, say to the 5th century. The geographer closest to AD 100 is perhaps <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny</a> and <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> are a bit older and therefore a bit more contemporary, but Ptolemy gives the most detail and the least theory. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archaeological_evidence">Archaeological evidence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Iron_Age&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Archaeological evidence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/British_Iron_Age" title="Special:EditPage/British Iron Age">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2013</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aerial_photograph_of_Maiden_Castle,_1935.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Aerial_photograph_of_Maiden_Castle%2C_1935.jpg/220px-Aerial_photograph_of_Maiden_Castle%2C_1935.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Aerial_photograph_of_Maiden_Castle%2C_1935.jpg/330px-Aerial_photograph_of_Maiden_Castle%2C_1935.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Aerial_photograph_of_Maiden_Castle%2C_1935.jpg/440px-Aerial_photograph_of_Maiden_Castle%2C_1935.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="430" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Maiden_Castle,_Dorset" title="Maiden Castle, Dorset">Maiden Castle, Dorset</a>, is one of the largest hill forts in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maiden_Castle,_Dorchester..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Maiden_Castle%2C_Dorchester..jpg/220px-Maiden_Castle%2C_Dorchester..jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Maiden_Castle%2C_Dorchester..jpg/330px-Maiden_Castle%2C_Dorchester..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Maiden_Castle%2C_Dorchester..jpg/440px-Maiden_Castle%2C_Dorchester..jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>View of the ramparts of the hillfort of Maiden Castle, 450 BC</figcaption></figure> <p>Attempts to understand the human behaviour of the period have traditionally focused on the geographic position of the islands and their <a href="/wiki/Landscape" title="Landscape">landscape</a>, along with the channels of influence coming from <a href="/wiki/Continental_Europe" title="Continental Europe">Continental Europe</a>. </p><p>During the later <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>, there are indications of new ideas influencing <a href="/wiki/Land_use" title="Land use">land use</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colonization" title="Colonization">settlement</a>. Extensive <a href="/wiki/Field_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Field systems">field systems</a>, now called <a href="/wiki/Celtic_fields" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic fields">Celtic fields</a>, were being set out, and settlements were becoming more permanent and focused on better exploitation of the land. The central organisation to undertake that had been present since the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> period but became targeted at <a href="/wiki/Economic" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic">economic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social" title="Social">social</a> goals, such as taming the landscape, rather than the building of large ceremonial structures like <a href="/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge">Stonehenge</a>. Long ditches, some many miles in length, were dug with <a href="/wiki/Enclosure_(archaeology)" title="Enclosure (archaeology)">enclosures</a> placed at their ends. Those are thought to indicate territorial <a href="/wiki/Border" title="Border">borders</a> and a desire to increase control over wide areas. </p><p>By the 8th century BC, there is increasing evidence of Great Britain becoming closely tied to Continental Europe, especially in Southern and Eastern Britain. New weapon types appeared with clear parallels to those on the Continent, such as the <a href="/wiki/Carp%27s_tongue_sword" class="mw-redirect" title="Carp's tongue sword">Carp's tongue sword</a>, complex examples of which are found all over <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Europe" title="Atlantic Europe">Atlantic Europe</a>. <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a> traders probably began visiting Great Britain in search of <a href="/wiki/Minerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Minerals">minerals</a> around this time and brought with them goods from the Mediterranean. At the same time, Northern European <a href="/wiki/Cultural_artefact" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural artefact">artefact</a> types reached Eastern Great Britain in large quantities from across the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a>. </p><p>Defensive structures dating from this time are often impressive such as the <a href="/wiki/Broch" title="Broch">brochs</a> of Northern <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hill_fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Hill fort">hill forts</a> that dotted the rest of the islands.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the most well-known hill forts include <a href="/wiki/Maiden_Castle,_Dorset" title="Maiden Castle, Dorset">Maiden Castle, Dorset</a>; <a href="/wiki/Cadbury_Castle,_Somerset" title="Cadbury Castle, Somerset">Cadbury Castle, Somerset</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Danebury" title="Danebury">Danebury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hampshire" title="Hampshire">Hampshire</a>. Hill forts first appeared in <a href="/wiki/Wessex" title="Wessex">Wessex</a> in the Late Bronze Age but became common only in the period between 550 and 400 BC. The earliest were of a simple <a href="/wiki/Univallate" class="mw-redirect" title="Univallate">univallate</a> form and often connected with earlier enclosures attached to the long ditch systems. Few hill forts have been substantially excavated in the modern era, Danebury being a notable exception, with 49% of its total surface area studied. However, it appears that the "forts" were also used for domestic purposes, with examples of food storage, industry and occupation being found within their earthworks. On the other hand, they may have been occupied only intermittently, as it is difficult to reconcile permanently-occupied hill forts with the lowland farmsteads and their <a href="/wiki/Roundhouse_(dwelling)" title="Roundhouse (dwelling)">roundhouses</a> found during the 20th century, such as at <a href="/wiki/Little_Woodbury" title="Little Woodbury">Little Woodbury</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rispain_Camp" title="Rispain Camp">Rispain Camp</a>. Many hill forts are not in fact "forts" at all and demonstrate little or no evidence of occupation. </p><p>The development of hill forts may have occurred from greater tensions that arose between the better-structured and more populous social groups. Alternatively, there are suggestions that in the latter phases of the Iron Age, the structures simply indicate a greater accumulation of wealth and a higher standard of living although any such shift is invisible in the archaeological record for the Middle Iron Age, when hill forts come into their own.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In that regard, they may have served as wider centres used for markets and social contact. Either way, during the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman occupation</a> the evidence suggests that as defensive structures, they proved to be of little use against concerted Roman attack. <a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a> comments that Vespasian captured more than 20 "towns" during a campaign in the West Country in 43 AD, and there is some evidence of violence from the hill forts of Hod Hill and Maiden Castle in Dorset from this period. Some hill forts continued as settlements for the newly-conquered <a href="/wiki/Britons_(historic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Britons (historic)">Britons</a>. Some were also reused by later cultures, such as the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Saxons</a> in the early <a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">medieval</a> period. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Snettisham_HoardDSCF6580.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Snettisham_HoardDSCF6580.jpg/120px-Snettisham_HoardDSCF6580.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Snettisham_HoardDSCF6580.jpg/180px-Snettisham_HoardDSCF6580.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Snettisham_HoardDSCF6580.jpg/240px-Snettisham_HoardDSCF6580.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3807" data-file-height="2234" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Helmet_decoration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Helmet_decoration.jpg/120px-Helmet_decoration.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Helmet_decoration.jpg/180px-Helmet_decoration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Helmet_decoration.jpg/240px-Helmet_decoration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Celtic_Art_p115.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Celtic_Art_p115.jpg/102px-Celtic_Art_p115.jpg" decoding="async" width="102" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Celtic_Art_p115.jpg/153px-Celtic_Art_p115.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Celtic_Art_p115.jpg/205px-Celtic_Art_p115.jpg 2x" data-file-width="546" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Museum_-_Snettisham_Hoard_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2395422.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/British_Museum_-_Snettisham_Hoard_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2395422.jpg/120px-British_Museum_-_Snettisham_Hoard_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2395422.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/British_Museum_-_Snettisham_Hoard_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2395422.jpg/180px-British_Museum_-_Snettisham_Hoard_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2395422.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/British_Museum_-_Snettisham_Hoard_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2395422.jpg/240px-British_Museum_-_Snettisham_Hoard_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2395422.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iron_Age_fob_or_dangler_(FindID_662549).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Iron_Age_fob_or_dangler_%28FindID_662549%29.jpg/120px-Iron_Age_fob_or_dangler_%28FindID_662549%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Iron_Age_fob_or_dangler_%28FindID_662549%29.jpg/180px-Iron_Age_fob_or_dangler_%28FindID_662549%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Iron_Age_fob_or_dangler_%28FindID_662549%29.jpg/240px-Iron_Age_fob_or_dangler_%28FindID_662549%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4698" data-file-height="4633" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Museum_of_ScotlandDSCF6292.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Museum_of_ScotlandDSCF6292.jpg/120px-Museum_of_ScotlandDSCF6292.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Museum_of_ScotlandDSCF6292.jpg/180px-Museum_of_ScotlandDSCF6292.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Museum_of_ScotlandDSCF6292.jpg/240px-Museum_of_ScotlandDSCF6292.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3169" data-file-height="1021" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ornamental_Bronze_Plaque,_Celtic_Horse-gear,_Santon,_Norfolk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Ornamental_Bronze_Plaque%2C_Celtic_Horse-gear%2C_Santon%2C_Norfolk.jpg/120px-Ornamental_Bronze_Plaque%2C_Celtic_Horse-gear%2C_Santon%2C_Norfolk.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Ornamental_Bronze_Plaque%2C_Celtic_Horse-gear%2C_Santon%2C_Norfolk.jpg/180px-Ornamental_Bronze_Plaque%2C_Celtic_Horse-gear%2C_Santon%2C_Norfolk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Ornamental_Bronze_Plaque%2C_Celtic_Horse-gear%2C_Santon%2C_Norfolk.jpg/240px-Ornamental_Bronze_Plaque%2C_Celtic_Horse-gear%2C_Santon%2C_Norfolk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3362" data-file-height="2325" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PageMuseum_of_Scotland_scabbard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/PageMuseum_of_Scotland_scabbard.jpg/120px-PageMuseum_of_Scotland_scabbard.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/PageMuseum_of_Scotland_scabbard.jpg/180px-PageMuseum_of_Scotland_scabbard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/PageMuseum_of_Scotland_scabbard.jpg/240px-PageMuseum_of_Scotland_scabbard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="504" data-file-height="504" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Celtic_Horned_Helmet_I-IIBC_British-Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Celtic_Horned_Helmet_I-IIBC_British-Museum.jpg/120px-Celtic_Horned_Helmet_I-IIBC_British-Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Celtic_Horned_Helmet_I-IIBC_British-Museum.jpg/180px-Celtic_Horned_Helmet_I-IIBC_British-Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Celtic_Horned_Helmet_I-IIBC_British-Museum.jpg/240px-Celtic_Horned_Helmet_I-IIBC_British-Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2470" data-file-height="1863" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Romano-Celtic_mirror_(Desborough).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Desborough Mirror"><img alt="The Desborough Mirror" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Romano-Celtic_mirror_%28Desborough%29.jpg/88px-Romano-Celtic_mirror_%28Desborough%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Romano-Celtic_mirror_%28Desborough%29.jpg/132px-Romano-Celtic_mirror_%28Desborough%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Romano-Celtic_mirror_%28Desborough%29.jpg/176px-Romano-Celtic_mirror_%28Desborough%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="752" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Desborough_Mirror" title="Desborough Mirror">Desborough Mirror</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brit_Mus_17sept_065-crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Brit_Mus_17sept_065-crop.jpg/72px-Brit_Mus_17sept_065-crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="72" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Brit_Mus_17sept_065-crop.jpg/109px-Brit_Mus_17sept_065-crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Brit_Mus_17sept_065-crop.jpg/145px-Brit_Mus_17sept_065-crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2259" data-file-height="3739" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Celtic_horse_helmet_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1341264.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Celtic_horse_helmet_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1341264.jpg/94px-Celtic_horse_helmet_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1341264.jpg" decoding="async" width="94" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Celtic_horse_helmet_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1341264.jpg/141px-Celtic_horse_helmet_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1341264.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Celtic_horse_helmet_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1341264.jpg/189px-Celtic_horse_helmet_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1341264.jpg 2x" data-file-width="503" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ipswich_Hoard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Ipswich_Hoard.jpg/120px-Ipswich_Hoard.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Ipswich_Hoard.jpg/180px-Ipswich_Hoard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Ipswich_Hoard.jpg/240px-Ipswich_Hoard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cookham_dagger_and_scabbardDSCF6636.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Cookham_dagger_and_scabbardDSCF6636.jpg/120px-Cookham_dagger_and_scabbardDSCF6636.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Cookham_dagger_and_scabbardDSCF6636.jpg/180px-Cookham_dagger_and_scabbardDSCF6636.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Cookham_dagger_and_scabbardDSCF6636.jpg/240px-Cookham_dagger_and_scabbardDSCF6636.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3351" data-file-height="2066" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brit_Mus_17sept_061-crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Brit_Mus_17sept_061-crop.jpg/120px-Brit_Mus_17sept_061-crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Brit_Mus_17sept_061-crop.jpg/180px-Brit_Mus_17sept_061-crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Brit_Mus_17sept_061-crop.jpg/240px-Brit_Mus_17sept_061-crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2960" data-file-height="2816" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stirling_HoardDSCF6398.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Stirling_HoardDSCF6398.jpg/83px-Stirling_HoardDSCF6398.jpg" decoding="async" width="83" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Stirling_HoardDSCF6398.jpg/124px-Stirling_HoardDSCF6398.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Stirling_HoardDSCF6398.jpg/165px-Stirling_HoardDSCF6398.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2017" data-file-height="2924" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="People_of_Iron_Age_Britain">People of Iron Age Britain</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Iron_Age&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: People of Iron Age Britain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Insular_Celts" title="Insular Celts">Insular Celts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_tribes_in_Britain" title="Iron Age tribes in Britain">Iron Age tribes in Britain</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Celtic tribes">List of Celtic tribes</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i>Britain, we are told, is inhabited by tribes which are autochthonous and preserve in their ways of living the ancient manner of life. They use chariots, for instance, in their wars, even as tradition tells us the old Greek heroes did in the Trojan War.</i></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_historica" title="Bibliotheca historica">Bibliotheca historica</a>, 60-30 BC</i><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Celtic_movement_from_Continent">Celtic movement from Continent</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Iron_Age&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Celtic movement from Continent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nachgebauter_keltischer_Streitwagen.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Nachgebauter_keltischer_Streitwagen.png/220px-Nachgebauter_keltischer_Streitwagen.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Nachgebauter_keltischer_Streitwagen.png/330px-Nachgebauter_keltischer_Streitwagen.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Nachgebauter_keltischer_Streitwagen.png/440px-Nachgebauter_keltischer_Streitwagen.png 2x" data-file-width="942" data-file-height="630" /></a><figcaption>Experimental reconstruction of a Celtic chariot</figcaption></figure> <p>The Roman historian <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a> suggested that the <a href="/wiki/Britons_(historic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Britons (historic)">Britons</a> were descended from people who had arrived from the Continent, and he compared the <a href="/wiki/Caledonians" title="Caledonians">Caledonians</a> (in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>) to <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> peoples, the <a href="/wiki/Silures" title="Silures">Silures</a> of Southern <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> to <a href="/wiki/Iberians" title="Iberians">Iberian</a> settlers and the inhabitants of Southeastern <i><a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Britannia</a></i> to <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaulish</a> tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That <a href="/wiki/Migrationism" class="mw-redirect" title="Migrationism">migrationist</a> view long informed later views of the origins of the British Iron Age and the making of the modern nations. <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">Linguistic</a> evidence inferred from the surviving <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic languages</a> in Northern and Western Great Britain at first appeared to support the idea, and the changes in material culture that <a href="/wiki/Archaeologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeologist">archaeologists</a> observed during later <a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">prehistory</a> were routinely ascribed to a new wave of invaders. </p><p>From the early 20th century, the "invasionist" scenario was juxtaposed to a <a href="/wiki/Trans-cultural_diffusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans-cultural diffusion">diffusionist</a> view. By the 1960s, the latter model seemed to have gained mainstream support,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it in turn came under attack in the 1970s. </p><p>There was certainly a large migration of people from <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a> westwards during the early Iron Age. The question whether these movements should be described as "invasions", as "migrations" or as mostly "diffusion" is largely a semantic one. </p><p>Examples of events that could be labelled "invasions" include the arrival in Southern Britain of the <a href="/wiki/Belgae" title="Belgae">Belgae</a> from the end of the 2nd century BC, as described in Caesar's <i><a href="/wiki/Commentaries_on_the_Gallic_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Commentaries on the Gallic War">Commentaries on the Gallic War</a></i>. Such sudden events may be invisible in the archaeological record. In that case, it depends on the interpretation of <a href="/wiki/Aylesford-Swarling_pottery" title="Aylesford-Swarling pottery">Aylesford-Swarling pottery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regardless of the "invasionist" vs. "diffusionist" debate, it is beyond dispute that exchanges with the Continent were a defining aspect of the British Iron Age.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Caesar, the Britons further inland than the Belgae believed that they were <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demography">Demography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Iron_Age&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Demography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The population of Britain increased significantly during the Iron Age probably to more than one million, partly due to improved barley and wheat and increased use of peas, beans and flax.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most were concentrated densely in the agricultural lands of the South. Settlement density and a land shortage may have contributed to rising tensions during the period. The average life expectancy at birth would have been around 25, but at the age of five, it would have been around 30.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Those figures would be slightly lower for women, and slightly higher for men throughout the Middle Iron Age in most areas, on account of the high mortality rate of young women during childbirth; however, the average age for the two sexes would be roughly equal for the Late Iron Age.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> That interpretation depends on the view that warfare and social strife increased in the Late Iron Age, which seems to be fairly well attested in the archaeological record for Southern Britain at least. </p><p>Early in the Iron Age, the widespread Wessex pottery of Southern Britain, such as the type style from <a href="/wiki/All_Cannings_Cross" title="All Cannings Cross">All Cannings Cross</a>, may suggest a consolidated socio-economic group in the region. However, by 600 BC, that appears to have broken down into differing sub-groups with their own pottery styles.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 400</span> and 100 BC, there is evidence of emerging regional identities and a significant population increase.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Iron_Age_beliefs_in_Britain">Iron Age beliefs in Britain</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Iron_Age&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Iron Age beliefs in Britain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Celtic_polytheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic polytheism">Celtic polytheism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Broch_of_Mousa_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2079773.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Broch_of_Mousa_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2079773.jpg/220px-Broch_of_Mousa_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2079773.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Broch_of_Mousa_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2079773.jpg/330px-Broch_of_Mousa_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2079773.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Broch_of_Mousa_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2079773.jpg/440px-Broch_of_Mousa_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2079773.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Broch_of_Mousa" title="Broch of Mousa">Broch of Mousa</a>, Scotland, c. 300-100 BC</figcaption></figure> <p>The Romans described a variety of deities worshipped by the people of Northwestern Europe. <a href="/wiki/Barry_Cunliffe" title="Barry Cunliffe">Barry Cunliffe</a> perceives a division between one group of gods relating to masculinity, the sky and individual tribes and a second group of goddesses relating to associations with fertility, the earth and a universality that transcended tribal differences. Wells and springs had female, divine links exemplified by the goddess <a href="/wiki/Sulis" title="Sulis">Sulis</a> worshipped at <a href="/wiki/Bath,_Somerset" title="Bath, Somerset">Bath</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Agricola_(book)" title="Agricola (book)">Agricola</a></i> (2.21), he notes the similarity between both religious and ritual practices of the pre-Roman British and the <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Religious practices often involved the ritual slaughter of animals or the deposition of metalwork, especially war booty. Weapons and horse trappings have been found in the bog at <a href="/wiki/Llyn_Cerrig_Bach" title="Llyn Cerrig Bach">Llyn Cerrig Bach</a> on <a href="/wiki/Anglesey" title="Anglesey">Anglesey</a> and are interpreted as <a href="/wiki/Votive_offering" title="Votive offering">votive offerings</a> cast into a lake. Numerous weapons have also been recovered from rivers, especially the <a href="/wiki/River_Thames" title="River Thames">Thames</a> but also the <a href="/wiki/River_Trent" title="River Trent">Trent</a> and <a href="/wiki/River_Tyne" title="River Tyne">Tyne</a>. Some buried <a href="/wiki/Hoard" title="Hoard">hoards</a> of jewellery are interpreted as gifts to the earth gods. </p><p>Disused grain storage pits and the ends of ditches have also produced what appear to be deliberately-placed deposits, including a preference for burials of horses, dogs and ravens. The bodies were often mutilated, and some human finds at the bottom of pits, such as those found at <a href="/wiki/Danebury" title="Danebury">Danebury</a>, may have had a ritual aspect. </p><p>Caesar's texts state that the priests of Britain were <a href="/wiki/Druid" title="Druid">Druids</a>, a religious elite with considerable holy and secular powers. Great Britain appears to have been the seat of the Druidic religion, and Tacitus's account of the later raid on Anglesey led by <a href="/wiki/Suetonius_Paulinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Suetonius Paulinus">Suetonius Paulinus</a> gives some indication of its nature. No archaeological evidence survives of Druidry, but a number of burials made with ritual trappings and found in <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a> may suggest a religious character to the subjects. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Uffington-White-Horse-sat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Uffington-White-Horse-sat.jpg/220px-Uffington-White-Horse-sat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Uffington-White-Horse-sat.jpg/330px-Uffington-White-Horse-sat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Uffington-White-Horse-sat.jpg/440px-Uffington-White-Horse-sat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Uffington_White_Horse" title="Uffington White Horse">Uffington White Horse</a>, England</figcaption></figure> <p>Overall, the traditional view is that religion was practiced in natural settings in the open air. <a href="/wiki/Gildas" title="Gildas">Gildas</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Ruin_of_Britain#4">mentions</a> "those diabolical idols of my country, which almost surpassed in number those of Egypt, and of which we still see some mouldering away within or without the deserted temples, with stiff and deformed features as was customary". Sites such as at <a href="/wiki/Hayling_Island" title="Hayling Island">Hayling Island</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Hampshire" title="Hampshire">Hampshire</a>, and the one found during construction work at <a href="/wiki/Heathrow_Airport" title="Heathrow Airport">Heathrow Airport</a> are interpreted as purpose-built shrines. The Hayling Island example was a circular wooden building set within a rectangular precinct and was rebuilt in stone as a <a href="/wiki/Romano-British" class="mw-redirect" title="Romano-British">Romano-British</a> temple in the 1st century AD to the same plan. The Heathrow temple was a small <a href="/wiki/Cella" title="Cella">cella</a> surrounded by a ring of <a href="/wiki/Posthole" class="mw-redirect" title="Posthole">postholes</a> thought to have formed an <a href="/wiki/Ambulatory" title="Ambulatory">ambulatory</a>, which is very similar to Romano-Celtic temples found elsewhere in Europe. A rectangular structure at <a href="/wiki/Danebury" title="Danebury">Danebury</a> and a sequence of six-poster structures overlooking calf burials and culminating in a trench-founded rectangular structure at <a href="/wiki/Cadbury_Castle,_Somerset" title="Cadbury Castle, Somerset">Cadbury Castle</a>, Somerset, have been similarly interpreted. An example at Sigwells, overlooking Cadbury Castle, was associated with metalwork and whole and partial animal burials to its east.<sup id="cite_ref-Tabor_2008_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tabor_2008-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, evidence of an open-air shrine was found at <a href="/wiki/Hallaton" title="Hallaton">Hallaton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leicestershire" title="Leicestershire">Leicestershire</a>. Here, a collection of objects known as the <a href="/wiki/Hallaton_Treasure" title="Hallaton Treasure">Hallaton Treasure</a> were buried in a ditch in the early 1st century AD. The only structural evidence was a wooden <a href="/wiki/Palisade" title="Palisade">palisade</a> built in the ditch.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Death in Iron Age Great Britain seems to have produced different behaviours in different regions. <a href="/wiki/Cremation" title="Cremation">Cremation</a> was a common method of disposing of the dead, but the <a href="/wiki/Chariot_burial" title="Chariot burial">chariot burials</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Inhumation" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhumation">inhumations</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Arras_culture" title="Arras culture">Arras culture</a> of East Yorkshire and the <a href="/wiki/Cist" title="Cist">cist</a> burials of Cornwall demonstrate that it was not ubiquitous. In <a href="/wiki/Dorset" title="Dorset">Dorset</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Durotriges" title="Durotriges">Durotriges</a> seem to have had small inhumation cemeteries, sometimes with high status grave goods.<sup id="cite_ref-Russell_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russell-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, the general dearth of excavated Iron Age burials makes drawing conclusions difficult. <a href="/wiki/Excarnation" title="Excarnation">Excarnation</a> has been suggested as a reason for the lack of burial evidence, with the remains of the dead being dispersed either naturally or through human agency. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Museum_-_Room_50_(20448901214).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/British_Museum_-_Room_50_%2820448901214%29.jpg/120px-British_Museum_-_Room_50_%2820448901214%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/British_Museum_-_Room_50_%2820448901214%29.jpg/180px-British_Museum_-_Room_50_%2820448901214%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/British_Museum_-_Room_50_%2820448901214%29.jpg/240px-British_Museum_-_Room_50_%2820448901214%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; 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height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brit_Mus_17sept_059.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Brit_Mus_17sept_059.jpg/120px-Brit_Mus_17sept_059.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Brit_Mus_17sept_059.jpg/180px-Brit_Mus_17sept_059.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Brit_Mus_17sept_059.jpg/240px-Brit_Mus_17sept_059.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sedgeford_Torc_terminal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Sedgeford_Torc_terminal.jpg/99px-Sedgeford_Torc_terminal.jpg" decoding="async" width="99" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Sedgeford_Torc_terminal.jpg/148px-Sedgeford_Torc_terminal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Sedgeford_Torc_terminal.jpg/197px-Sedgeford_Torc_terminal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1446" data-file-height="1760" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ThingDSCF6599.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/ThingDSCF6599.jpg/75px-ThingDSCF6599.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/ThingDSCF6599.jpg/113px-ThingDSCF6599.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/ThingDSCF6599.jpg/151px-ThingDSCF6599.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2241" data-file-height="3564" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Museum_Battersea_Shield.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/British_Museum_Battersea_Shield.jpg/55px-British_Museum_Battersea_Shield.jpg" decoding="async" width="55" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/British_Museum_Battersea_Shield.jpg/82px-British_Museum_Battersea_Shield.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/British_Museum_Battersea_Shield.jpg/110px-British_Museum_Battersea_Shield.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1217" data-file-height="2659" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iron_Age_fob_(oblique)_(FindID_599015).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Iron_Age_fob_%28oblique%29_%28FindID_599015%29.jpg/120px-Iron_Age_fob_%28oblique%29_%28FindID_599015%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Iron_Age_fob_%28oblique%29_%28FindID_599015%29.jpg/180px-Iron_Age_fob_%28oblique%29_%28FindID_599015%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Iron_Age_fob_%28oblique%29_%28FindID_599015%29.jpg/240px-Iron_Age_fob_%28oblique%29_%28FindID_599015%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5906" data-file-height="4402" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aylesford_bucketDSCF6590.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Aylesford_bucketDSCF6590.jpg/120px-Aylesford_bucketDSCF6590.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Aylesford_bucketDSCF6590.jpg/180px-Aylesford_bucketDSCF6590.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Aylesford_bucketDSCF6590.jpg/240px-Aylesford_bucketDSCF6590.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aylesford_bucketDSCF6596.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Aylesford_bucketDSCF6596.jpg/120px-Aylesford_bucketDSCF6596.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Aylesford_bucketDSCF6596.jpg/180px-Aylesford_bucketDSCF6596.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Aylesford_bucketDSCF6596.jpg/240px-Aylesford_bucketDSCF6596.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy_of_Iron_Age_Britain">Economy of Iron Age Britain</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Iron_Age&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Economy of Iron Age Britain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chieftain1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Chieftain1.jpg/187px-Chieftain1.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Chieftain1.jpg/280px-Chieftain1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Chieftain1.jpg/373px-Chieftain1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="762" data-file-height="1057" /></a><figcaption>Ancient British couple, reconstruction</figcaption></figure> <p>Trade links developed in the Bronze Age and beforehand provided Great Britain with numerous examples of continental craftsmanship. Swords especially were imported, copied and often improved upon by the natives. Early in the period, <a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt</a> slashing swords and daggers were a significant import, but <span class="clarify-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">by the mid-6th century</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Clarify" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Missing 'B.C.' here? (December 2023)">clarify</span></a></i>]</sup>, the volume of goods arriving seems to have declined, possibly from more profitable trade centres appearing in the Mediterranean. <a href="/wiki/La_T%C3%A8ne_culture" title="La Tène culture">La Tène culture</a> items (usually associated with the <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a>) appeared in later centuries, and again, they were adopted and adapted with alacrity by the locals. </p><p>There also appears to have been a collapse in the <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a> trade during the early Iron Age, which can be viewed in three ways: </p> <ol><li>Steady transition: the development of iron parallel to a diminishing bronze system.</li> <li>Rapid abandonment; iron undermines bronze and takes over its social function.</li> <li>Bronze crisis: severe reduction in the supply of <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a> allows the iron to replace it.</li></ol> <p>With regard to animal husbandry, cattle represented a significant investment in pre-Roman Britain, as they could be used as a source of portable wealth and to provide useful domestic by-products such as milk, cheese and leather. In the later Iron Age, an apparent shift is visible, revealing a change in dominance from cattle rearing to that of sheep. Economically, sheep are significantly less labour-intensive, requiring fewer people per animal. </p><p>Cattle and sheep dominate the osteo-archaeological record, but evidence for pig, ox, dog and rarely chicken is widely represented. There is generally an absence from environmental remains of hunted game and wild species as well as fresh and sea water species, even in coastal communities. </p><p>A key commodity of the Iron Age was salt, used for preservation and the supplementation of diet. Though difficult to find archaeologically, some evidence exists. <a href="/wiki/Salterns" class="mw-redirect" title="Salterns">Salterns</a>, in which sea water was boiled to produce salt, are prevalent in the <a href="/wiki/East_Anglia" title="East Anglia">East Anglia</a> fenlands. Additionally, Morris notes that some salt trading networks spanned over 75 km. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hillfort_gate-mechanisms,_figure_24.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Hillfort_gate-mechanisms%2C_figure_24.jpg/220px-Hillfort_gate-mechanisms%2C_figure_24.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Hillfort_gate-mechanisms%2C_figure_24.jpg/330px-Hillfort_gate-mechanisms%2C_figure_24.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Hillfort_gate-mechanisms%2C_figure_24.jpg/440px-Hillfort_gate-mechanisms%2C_figure_24.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="827" /></a><figcaption>Reconstruction of a gate at <a href="/wiki/Cadbury_Castle,_Somerset" title="Cadbury Castle, Somerset">Cadbury Castle</a> hillfort, England</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Museum_Alton_B_Hoard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/British_Museum_Alton_B_Hoard.jpg/187px-British_Museum_Alton_B_Hoard.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/British_Museum_Alton_B_Hoard.jpg/281px-British_Museum_Alton_B_Hoard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/British_Museum_Alton_B_Hoard.jpg/374px-British_Museum_Alton_B_Hoard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1568" data-file-height="1106" /></a><figcaption>Hoard of British coins</figcaption></figure> <p>Representing an important political and economic medium, the vast number of <a href="/wiki/Celtic_coinage" title="Celtic coinage">Iron Age coins</a> found in Great Britain are of great archaeological value.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some, such as <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> <a href="/wiki/Stater" title="Stater">staters</a>, were imported from Continental Europe. Others, such as the cast bronze (<a href="/wiki/Potin" title="Potin">potin</a>) coins of Southeast England, are clearly influenced by Roman originals. The <a href="/wiki/British_tribal" class="mw-redirect" title="British tribal">British tribal</a> kings also adopted the continental habit of putting their names on the coins they had minted, with such examples as Tasciovanus from <a href="/wiki/Verulamium" title="Verulamium">Verulamium</a> and Cunobelinos from <a href="/wiki/Camulodunum" title="Camulodunum">Camulodunum</a> identifying regional differentiation. <a href="/wiki/Hoard" title="Hoard">Hoards</a> of Iron Age coins include the <a href="/wiki/Silsden_Hoard" title="Silsden Hoard">Silsden Hoard</a> in <a href="/wiki/West_Yorkshire" title="West Yorkshire">West Yorkshire</a> found in 1998. A large collection of coins, known as the <a href="/wiki/Hallaton_Treasure" title="Hallaton Treasure">Hallaton Treasure</a>, was found at a Late Iron Age shrine near <a href="/wiki/Hallaton" title="Hallaton">Hallaton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leicestershire" title="Leicestershire">Leicestershire</a>, in 2000 and consisted of 5,294 coins, mostly attributed to the <a href="/wiki/Corieltavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Corieltavi">Corieltavi</a> tribe. These were buried in 14 separate hoards over several decades in the early 1st century AD.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The expansion of the economy throughout the period, but especially in the later Iron Age, is in large part a reflection of key changes in the expression of social and economic status. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trade">Trade</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Iron_Age&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Trade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_and_Middle_Iron_Age">Early and Middle Iron Age</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Iron_Age&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Early and Middle Iron Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Winchester_Hoard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Winchester_Hoard.jpg/187px-Winchester_Hoard.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Winchester_Hoard.jpg/281px-Winchester_Hoard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Winchester_Hoard.jpg/374px-Winchester_Hoard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Winchester_Hoard" title="Winchester Hoard">Winchester Hoard</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Early Iron Age saw a substantial number of goods belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt culture</a> imported from the continent, and they came to have a major effect on Middle Iron Age native art. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Late_Iron_Age">Late Iron Age</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Iron_Age&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Late Iron Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From the late 2nd century BC onwards, South-Central Britain was indirectly linked into Roman trading networks via <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a> and the Atlantic seaways to south-western <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cunliffe,_B._W_1988_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cunliffe,_B._W_1988-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hengistbury_Head" title="Hengistbury Head">Hengistbury Head</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dorset" title="Dorset">Dorset</a> was the most important trading site, and large quantities of Italian wine <a href="/wiki/Amphora" title="Amphora">amphorae</a> have been found there.<sup id="cite_ref-Cunliffe,_B._W_1988_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cunliffe,_B._W_1988-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These Atlantic trade networks were heavily disrupted following <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a>'s failed conquest of Brittany in the 50s BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Cunliffe,_B._W_1988_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cunliffe,_B._W_1988-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This fact may support a supposition that the Celts of Britain had an economic interest in supporting their Gallic brethren in their resistance to Roman occupation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In South-eastern Britain, meanwhile, extensive contact with the '<a href="/wiki/Belgae" title="Belgae">Belgic</a>' tribes of northern Gaul is evidenced by large numbers of imported Gallo-Belgic gold <a href="/wiki/Celtic_coins" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic coins">coins</a> between the mid-2nd century BC and Caesar's <a href="/wiki/Gallic_Wars" title="Gallic Wars">conquest of Gaul</a> in the 50s BC.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those <a href="/wiki/Celtic_coins" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic coins">coins</a> probably did not principally move through trade. In the past, the emigration of Belgic peoples to South-Eastern Britain has been cited as an explanation for their appearance in that region. However, recent work suggests that their presence there may have occurred from a kind of political and social patronage that was paid by the northern Gaulish groups in exchange for obtaining aid from their British counterparts in their warfare with the Romans on the Continent.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Caesar's conquest of Gaul, a thriving trade developed between South-Eastern Britain and the near Continent. That is archaeologically evidenced by imports of wine and olive oil amphorae and mass-produced Gallo-Belgic <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_pottery" title="Ancient Roman pottery">pottery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>, writing in the early 1st century AD, lists ivory chains and necklaces, amber gems, <a href="/wiki/Roman_glass" title="Roman glass">glass vessels</a> and other petty wares as articles imported to Britain, and he recorded the island's exports as grain, cattle, gold, silver, iron, hides, slaves and hunting dogs.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That trade probably thrived as a result of political links and <a href="/wiki/Roman_client_kingdoms_in_Britain" title="Roman client kingdoms in Britain">client kingship</a> relationships that developed between groups in South-Eastern Britain and the Roman world.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; 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height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Part_of_the_Farmborough_Hoard.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Part_of_the_Farmborough_Hoard.JPG/120px-Part_of_the_Farmborough_Hoard.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Part_of_the_Farmborough_Hoard.JPG/180px-Part_of_the_Farmborough_Hoard.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Part_of_the_Farmborough_Hoard.JPG/240px-Part_of_the_Farmborough_Hoard.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4884" data-file-height="3378" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Britishmuseumbitriseyorkshire.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Britishmuseumbitriseyorkshire.jpg/120px-Britishmuseumbitriseyorkshire.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Britishmuseumbitriseyorkshire.jpg/180px-Britishmuseumbitriseyorkshire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Britishmuseumbitriseyorkshire.jpg/240px-Britishmuseumbitriseyorkshire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3507" data-file-height="1458" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iron_Age_bronze_comb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Iron_Age_bronze_comb.jpg/120px-Iron_Age_bronze_comb.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Iron_Age_bronze_comb.jpg/180px-Iron_Age_bronze_comb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Iron_Age_bronze_comb.jpg/240px-Iron_Age_bronze_comb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1063" data-file-height="863" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Capel_Garmon_Firedog.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Capel_Garmon_Firedog.jpg/120px-Capel_Garmon_Firedog.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Capel_Garmon_Firedog.jpg/180px-Capel_Garmon_Firedog.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Capel_Garmon_Firedog.jpg/240px-Capel_Garmon_Firedog.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="518" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cmglee_Must_Farm_shears.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Cmglee_Must_Farm_shears.jpg/120px-Cmglee_Must_Farm_shears.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Cmglee_Must_Farm_shears.jpg/180px-Cmglee_Must_Farm_shears.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Cmglee_Must_Farm_shears.jpg/240px-Cmglee_Must_Farm_shears.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4800" data-file-height="3200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kirkburn_SwordDSCF6572.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Celtic sword and scabbard"><img alt="Celtic sword and scabbard" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Kirkburn_SwordDSCF6572.jpg/120px-Kirkburn_SwordDSCF6572.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Kirkburn_SwordDSCF6572.jpg/180px-Kirkburn_SwordDSCF6572.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Kirkburn_SwordDSCF6572.jpg/240px-Kirkburn_SwordDSCF6572.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3621" data-file-height="987" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Celtic sword and scabbard</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Surgical-tools.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Druid of Colchester surgical tools"><img alt="Druid of Colchester surgical tools" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Surgical-tools.jpg/120px-Surgical-tools.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Surgical-tools.jpg/180px-Surgical-tools.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Surgical-tools.jpg/240px-Surgical-tools.jpg 2x" data-file-width="504" data-file-height="285" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Druid_of_Colchester" title="Druid of Colchester">Druid of Colchester</a> surgical tools</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Doorway_at_Chysauster_ancient_village_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1975807.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Remains of an Iron Age village at Chysauster, Cornwall"><img alt="Remains of an Iron Age village at Chysauster, Cornwall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Doorway_at_Chysauster_ancient_village_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1975807.jpg/120px-Doorway_at_Chysauster_ancient_village_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1975807.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Doorway_at_Chysauster_ancient_village_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1975807.jpg/180px-Doorway_at_Chysauster_ancient_village_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1975807.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Doorway_at_Chysauster_ancient_village_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1975807.jpg/240px-Doorway_at_Chysauster_ancient_village_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1975807.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="429" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Remains of an Iron Age village at <a href="/wiki/Chysauster_Ancient_Village" title="Chysauster Ancient Village">Chysauster</a>, Cornwall</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CeltCarnyx2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/CeltCarnyx2.jpg/90px-CeltCarnyx2.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/CeltCarnyx2.jpg/135px-CeltCarnyx2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/CeltCarnyx2.jpg/180px-CeltCarnyx2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iron_Age_Beaker_from_Santon_in_the_Cambridge_University_Museum_of_Archaeology_and_Anthropology.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Iron_Age_Beaker_from_Santon_in_the_Cambridge_University_Museum_of_Archaeology_and_Anthropology.jpg/83px-Iron_Age_Beaker_from_Santon_in_the_Cambridge_University_Museum_of_Archaeology_and_Anthropology.jpg" decoding="async" width="83" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Iron_Age_Beaker_from_Santon_in_the_Cambridge_University_Museum_of_Archaeology_and_Anthropology.jpg/124px-Iron_Age_Beaker_from_Santon_in_the_Cambridge_University_Museum_of_Archaeology_and_Anthropology.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Iron_Age_Beaker_from_Santon_in_the_Cambridge_University_Museum_of_Archaeology_and_Anthropology.jpg/165px-Iron_Age_Beaker_from_Santon_in_the_Cambridge_University_Museum_of_Archaeology_and_Anthropology.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3196" data-file-height="4631" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronze_spoon-like_object_Weston_Anderson_1883_scotlandinpagant00andeiala_0160.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Bronze_spoon-like_object_Weston_Anderson_1883_scotlandinpagant00andeiala_0160.jpg/94px-Bronze_spoon-like_object_Weston_Anderson_1883_scotlandinpagant00andeiala_0160.jpg" decoding="async" width="94" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Bronze_spoon-like_object_Weston_Anderson_1883_scotlandinpagant00andeiala_0160.jpg/141px-Bronze_spoon-like_object_Weston_Anderson_1883_scotlandinpagant00andeiala_0160.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Bronze_spoon-like_object_Weston_Anderson_1883_scotlandinpagant00andeiala_0160.jpg/187px-Bronze_spoon-like_object_Weston_Anderson_1883_scotlandinpagant00andeiala_0160.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1561" data-file-height="1997" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bryn_Eryr_Farmstead,_St_Fagans_National_History_Museum_(geograph_5111620).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bryn Eryr farmstead reconstruction"><img alt="Bryn Eryr farmstead reconstruction" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Bryn_Eryr_Farmstead%2C_St_Fagans_National_History_Museum_%28geograph_5111620%29.jpg/120px-Bryn_Eryr_Farmstead%2C_St_Fagans_National_History_Museum_%28geograph_5111620%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Bryn_Eryr_Farmstead%2C_St_Fagans_National_History_Museum_%28geograph_5111620%29.jpg/180px-Bryn_Eryr_Farmstead%2C_St_Fagans_National_History_Museum_%28geograph_5111620%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Bryn_Eryr_Farmstead%2C_St_Fagans_National_History_Museum_%28geograph_5111620%29.jpg/240px-Bryn_Eryr_Farmstead%2C_St_Fagans_National_History_Museum_%28geograph_5111620%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5179" data-file-height="3451" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Bryn_Eryr" title="Bryn Eryr">Bryn Eryr</a> farmstead reconstruction</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iron_age1.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Imported goods"><img alt="Imported goods" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Iron_age1.png/120px-Iron_age1.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Iron_age1.png/180px-Iron_age1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Iron_age1.png/240px-Iron_age1.png 2x" data-file-width="4080" data-file-height="3060" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Imported goods</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="End_of_Iron_Age_in_Britain">End of Iron Age in Britain</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Iron_Age&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: End of Iron Age in Britain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman Britain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romano-British_culture" title="Romano-British culture">Romano-British culture</a></div> <p>Historically speaking, the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> in Southern Great Britain ended with the <a href="/wiki/Roman_invasion_of_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman invasion of Britain">Roman invasion</a>. Although the assimilation of Briton culture was far from instantaneous, some relatively-quick change is evident archaeologically. For example, the Romano-Celtic shrine in <a href="/wiki/Hayling_Island" title="Hayling Island">Hayling Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hampshire" title="Hampshire">Hampshire</a> was constructed in the AD 60 to 70s,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Julius_Agricola" title="Gnaeus Julius Agricola">Agricola</a> was then still campaigning in Northern Britain (mostly in what is now <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>), and on top of an <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> ritual site. Rectilinear stone structures, indicative of a change in housing to the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> style are visible from the mid-to-late 1st century AD at <a href="/wiki/Brixworth" title="Brixworth">Brixworth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quinton,_Northamptonshire" title="Quinton, Northamptonshire">Quinton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In areas where Roman rule was not strong or non-existent, Iron Age beliefs and practices remained but not without at least marginal levels of Roman or Romano-British influence. The survival of place names, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Camulodunum" title="Camulodunum">Camulodunum</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Colchester" title="Colchester">Colchester</a>), which derive from the native language, is evidence of that. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Iron_Age&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Iron_Age" title="Category:Iron Age">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%;"><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> ↑ <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="text-align:left"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">By region</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East#Iron_Age" title="Ancient Near East">Ancient Near East</a> (1200–550 BC)</b> <ul><li><span style="margin-left: 1em"><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_collapse" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze Age collapse">Bronze Age collapse</a> (1200–1150 BC)</span></li> <li><span style="margin-left: 1em"><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Anatolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Age Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Caucasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Age Caucasus">Caucasus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Age Levant">Levant</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Europe" title="Iron Age Europe">Europe</a></b> <ul><li><span style="margin-left: 1em"><a href="/wiki/Aegean_civilizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Aegean civilizations">Aegean</a> (1200–700 BC)</span></li> <li><span style="margin-left: 1em"><a href="/wiki/Villanovan_culture" title="Villanovan culture">Italy</a> (1100–700 BC)</span></li> <li><span style="margin-left: 1em"><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Southeastern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Age Southeastern Europe">Balkans</a> (1100 BC – 150 AD)</span></li> <li><span style="margin-left: 1em"><a href="/wiki/Novocherkassk_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Novocherkassk culture">Eastern Europe</a> (900 – 650 BC)</span></li> <li><span style="margin-left: 1em"><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Europe#Central_Europe" title="Iron Age Europe">Central Europe</a> (800 – 50 BC)</span></li> <li><span style="margin-left: 1em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Great Britain</a> (800 BC – 100 AD)</span></li> <li><span style="margin-left: 1em"><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Scandinavia" title="Iron Age Scandinavia">Northern Europe</a> (500 BC – 800 AD)</span></li> <li><span style="margin-left: 1em"><a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture" title="Hallstatt culture">Western Europe</a> (800 BC – 1 AD)</span></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_in_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Age in South Asia">South Asia</a> (1200–200 BC)</b></li> <li><b>Southeast Asia (1000–200 BC)</b> <ul><li><span style="margin-left: 1em"><a href="/wiki/Sa_Hu%E1%BB%B3nh_culture" title="Sa Huỳnh culture">Vietnam</a> (1000 BC – 200 AD)</span></li> <li><span style="margin-left: 1em"><a href="/wiki/Ban_Chiang" title="Ban Chiang">Thailand</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2000 – 100 BC</span>)</span></li> <li><span style="margin-left: 1em"><a href="/wiki/Bujang_Valley" title="Bujang Valley">Malaysia</a> (500 BC – 200 AD)</span></li> <li><span style="margin-left: 1em"><a href="/wiki/Buni_culture" title="Buni culture">Indonesia</a> (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 400 BC – 100 AD</span>)</span></li> <li><span style="margin-left: 1em"><a href="/wiki/Maitum_anthropomorphic_pottery" title="Maitum anthropomorphic pottery">Philippines</a> (5 BC – 500 AD)</span></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age#East_Asia" title="Iron Age">East Asia</a> (500 BC – 300 AD)</b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Iron_metallurgy_in_Africa" title="Iron metallurgy in Africa">Africa</a> (2600 BC – 500 AD)</b></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="text-align:left"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferrous_metallurgy#Iron_smelting_and_the_Iron_Age" title="Ferrous metallurgy">Iron Age metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeometallurgical_slag" title="Archaeometallurgical slag">Archaeometallurgical slag</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> ↓ <a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Ancient history</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_tribes_in_Britain" title="Iron Age tribes in Britain">Iron Age tribes in Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pytheas" title="Pytheas">Pytheas</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Iron_Age&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCunliffe2005">Cunliffe (2005)</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRaftery2005" class="citation book cs1">Raftery, Barry (2005). "Iron-age Ireland". In O Croinin, Daibhi (ed.). <i>Prehistoric and Early Ireland: Volume I</i>. Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">134–</span>181. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-821737-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-821737-4"><bdi>978-0-19-821737-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Iron-age+Ireland&rft.btitle=Prehistoric+and+Early+Ireland%3A+Volume+I&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E134-%3C%2Fspan%3E181&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-821737-4&rft.aulast=Raftery&rft.aufirst=Barry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Iron+Age" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fitzpatrick (1996) page 242: "It is clear, then, that there is no intrinsic 'Celtic' European unity and that the idea of 'Celtic' Iron Age Europe has developed in an almost <i>ad hoc</i> fashion. When examined critically the central idea – of being 'Celtic' – may also be seen to be weakly formulated ...."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Geography</i>, Book II, Chapter II, on <i>Albion</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCunliffe2005">Cunliffe (2005)</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCunliffe2005">Cunliffe (2005)</a>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCunliffe2005">Cunliffe (2005)</a>, p. 32. The dates are the mid-points of Cunliffe's transitional lines. His earliest and latest possibilities have been used for the end points. In the text, 750 BC is his summary date for the beginning.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbarella" class="citation book cs1">Albarella, Umberto. <i>The end of the Sheep Age: people and animals in the Late Iron Age</i>. p. 391.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+end+of+the+Sheep+Age%3A+people+and+animals+in+the+Late+Iron+Age&rft.pages=391&rft.aulast=Albarella&rft.aufirst=Umberto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Iron+Age" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/server/show/nav.15733">"Maiden Castle"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/English_Heritage" title="English Heritage">English Heritage</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-05-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=English+Heritage&rft.atitle=Maiden+Castle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.english-heritage.org.uk%2Fserver%2Fshow%2Fnav.15733&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Iron+Age" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHistoric_England451864" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Historic_England" title="Historic England">Historic England</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/Gateway/Results_Single.aspx?uid=451864&resourceID=19191">"Maiden Castle (451864)"</a>. <i>Research records (formerly PastScape)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-05-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Research+records+%28formerly+PastScape%29&rft.atitle=Maiden+Castle+%28451864%29&rft.au=Historic+England&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.heritagegateway.org.uk%2FGateway%2FResults_Single.aspx%3Fuid%3D451864%26resourceID%3D19191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Iron+Age" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scottish Archaeological Research Framework (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scarf.scot/">ScARF</a>), Highland Framework, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scarf.scot/regional/higharf/iron-age/">Iron Age</a> (accessed May 2022).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scottish Archaeological Research Framework (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scarf.scot/">ScARF</a>), National Framework, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scarf.scot/national/iron-age-panel-report/">Iron Age</a> (accessed May 2022).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Book 5, chapter 24". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/5B*.html"><i>The Library of History of Diodorus Siculus</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Book+5%2C+chapter+24&rft.btitle=The+Library+of+History+of+Diodorus+Siculus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FRoman%2FTexts%2FDiodorus_Siculus%2F5B%2A.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Iron+Age" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tacitus, <i>Agricola</i> 11: "Their physical characteristics are various and this is suggestive... overall, however, it seems reasonable to believe that the Gauls occupied this island lying so near to them." (<i>Habitus corporum varii atque ex eo argumenta. [...] In universum tamen aestimanti Gallos vicinam insulam occupasse credibile est.</i>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">e.g. Grahame Clarg (1966)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cunliffe (2010) page 116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCunliffe2005">Cunliffe (2005)</a>: "As usual the ball has been swung too far..."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2011)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Caesar, <i>Commentarii de Bello Gallico</i> V.12: "The interior part of Britain is inhabited by those who claim to be indigenous on the strength of an oral tradition." (<i>Britanniae pars interior ab eis incolitur quos natos in insula ipsi memoria proditum dicunt...</i>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichards" class="citation web cs1">Richards, Julian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/british_prehistory/overview_british_prehistory_ironage_01.shtml#six">"Overview: Iron Age, 800 BC - AD 43"</a>. <i>BBC</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 31,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Overview%3A+Iron+Age%2C+800+BC+-+AD+43&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=Julian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fancient%2Fbritish_prehistory%2Foverview_british_prehistory_ironage_01.shtml%23six&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Iron+Age" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cunliffe (2010), page 120</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cunliffe (2010), page 598: "Growth of population was one of the factors which led to the crystallizing out of well-defined social hierarchies accompanied, especially in the centre south, by a degree of territoriality."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tacitus, <i>Agricola</i>, translated by Mattingly, H. (revised edition),1979, Harmondsworth: Penguin Books,</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tabor_2008-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tabor_2008_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTabor2008" class="citation book cs1">Tabor, Richard (2008). <i>Cadbury Castle: A hillfort and landscapes</i>. Stroud: The History Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">130–</span>142. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-4715-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-4715-5"><bdi>978-0-7524-4715-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cadbury+Castle%3A+A+hillfort+and+landscapes&rft.place=Stroud&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E130-%3C%2Fspan%3E142&rft.pub=The+History+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7524-4715-5&rft.aulast=Tabor&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Iron+Age" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Score, Vicki (2006). "Rituals, hoards and helmets: a ceremonial meeting place of the Corieltavi" in <i>Transactions of the Leicestershire Archaeological and Historical Society</i>, Vol 80, pp. 197–207. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5284%2F1107525">10.5284/1107525</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Russell-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Russell_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell,_M.2019" class="citation journal cs1">Russell, M. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.bournemouth.ac.uk/32087/7/00665983.2019.pdf">"The girl with the chariot medallion: a well-furnished, Late Iron Age Durotrigian burial from Langton Herring, Dorset"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Archaeological Journal</i>. <b>176</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">196–</span>230. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00665983.2019.1573551">10.1080/00665983.2019.1573551</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archaeological+Journal&rft.atitle=The+girl+with+the+chariot+medallion%3A+a+well-furnished%2C+Late+Iron+Age+Durotrigian+burial+from+Langton+Herring%2C+Dorset&rft.volume=176&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E196-%3C%2Fspan%3E230&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00665983.2019.1573551&rft.au=Russell%2C+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.bournemouth.ac.uk%2F32087%2F7%2F00665983.2019.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Iron+Age" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.arch.ox.ac.uk/coins/ccindex.htm">The Oxford Celtic Coin Index</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110516200129/http://web.arch.ox.ac.uk/coins/ccindex.htm">Archived</a> 2011-05-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.finds.org.uk/CCI/">The Oxford Celtic Coin Index</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120629191812/http://www.finds.org.uk/CCI/">Archived</a> 2012-06-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leins, Ian (2007). "Coins in context and votive deposition in Iron Age Southeast Leicestershire" in <i>The British Numismatic Journal</i>, Vol 77, pp. 22-48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cunliffe,_B._W_1988-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cunliffe,_B._W_1988_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cunliffe,_B._W_1988_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cunliffe,_B._W_1988_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCunliffe1988">Cunliffe 1988</a>; <a href="#CITEREFCunliffe2005">Cunliffe (2005)</a>; <a href="#CITEREFCunliffe2009">Cunliffe (2009)</a>; <a href="#CITEREFCunliffede_Jersey1997">Cunliffe & de Jersey (1997)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sills, J. 2003. <i>Gaulish and Early British Coinage</i>. London: Spink; <a href="#CITEREFCunliffe2005">Cunliffe (2005)</a>; Creighton, J. 2000. <i>Coins and Power in Late Iron Age Britain</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sills, J. 2003. <i>Gaulish and Early British Coinage</i>. London: Spink; <a href="#CITEREFCunliffe2009">Cunliffe (2009)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://gallobelgic.thehumanjourney.net/">http://gallobelgic.thehumanjourney.net/</a>; Morris, F. M. 2010. <i>North Sea and Channel Connectivity during the Late Iron Age and Roman Period (175/150 BC – AD 409)</i>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Archaeopress" title="Archaeopress">Archaeopress</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Strabo. <i>Geography</i>. IV.5.2-3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Creighton, J. 2000. <i>Coins and Power in Late Iron Age Britain.</i> Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; Morris, F. M. 2010. <i>North Sea and Channel Connectivity during the Late Iron Age and Roman Period (175/150 BC – AD 409)</i>. Oxford: Archaeopress.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, A., 2001, <i>The Differential Use Of Constructed Sacred Space In Southern Britain, from the Late Iron Age to the 4th Century AD</i> BAR British Series 318, Oxford: Archaeopress</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">De la Bedoyere, G., 1991, <i>Buildings of Roman Britain</i>, Tempus: Stroud</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Iron_Age&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCunliffe1988" class="citation book cs1">Cunliffe, B. W. (1988). <i>Greeks, Romans and Barbarians</i>. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greeks%2C+Romans+and+Barbarians&rft.place=London&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Cunliffe&rft.aufirst=B.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Iron+Age" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCunliffede_Jersey1997" class="citation book cs1">Cunliffe, B. W.; de Jersey, P. (1997). <i>Armorica and Britain: Cross-Channel Relationships in the Late First Millennium BC</i>. Oxford.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armorica+and+Britain%3A+Cross-Channel+Relationships+in+the+Late+First+Millennium+BC&rft.pub=Oxford&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Cunliffe&rft.aufirst=B.+W.&rft.au=de+Jersey%2C+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Iron+Age" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCunliffe2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Barry_Cunliffe" title="Barry Cunliffe">Cunliffe, Barry W.</a> (2005). <i>Iron Age Communities in Britain: An Account of England, Scotland and Wales from the Seventh Century BC Until the Roman Conquest</i> (4th ed.). Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-34779-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-34779-3"><bdi>0-415-34779-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iron+Age+Communities+in+Britain%3A+An+Account+of+England%2C+Scotland+and+Wales+from+the+Seventh+Century+BC+Until+the+Roman+Conquest&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-415-34779-3&rft.aulast=Cunliffe&rft.aufirst=Barry+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Iron+Age" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCunliffe2009" class="citation book cs1">Cunliffe, B. W. (2009). Clark, P. (ed.). <i>Looking forward: maritime contacts in the first millennium BC</i>. Oxford: Oxbow.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Looking+forward%3A+maritime+contacts+in+the+first+millennium+BC&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxbow&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Cunliffe&rft.aufirst=B.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Iron+Age" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitzpatrick1996" class="citation book cs1">Fitzpatrick, Andrew P (1996). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Celtic' Iron Age Europe: the theoretical basis". In Graves-Brown, Paul; Jones, Siân; Gamble, Clive (eds.). <i>Cultural Identity and Archaeology: The Construction of European Communities</i>. Routledge. pp. <span class="nowrap">238–</span>255. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-10676-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-10676-4"><bdi>978-0-415-10676-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27Celtic%27+Iron+Age+Europe%3A+the+theoretical+basis&rft.btitle=Cultural+Identity+and+Archaeology%3A+The+Construction+of+European+Communities&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E238-%3C%2Fspan%3E255&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-415-10676-4&rft.aulast=Fitzpatrick&rft.aufirst=Andrew+P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Iron+Age" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/IronAgeSouthernBritainMapOrdnanceSurveyImages"><i>Map of Southern Britain in the Iron Age</i></a>. Chessington, Surrey, UK: Ordnance Survey. 1962.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Map+of+Southern+Britain+in+the+Iron+Age&rft.place=Chessington%2C+Surrey%2C+UK&rft.pub=Ordnance+Survey&rft.date=1962&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FIronAgeSouthernBritainMapOrdnanceSurveyImages&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Iron+Age" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRhys1904" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Rhys" class="mw-redirect" title="John Rhys">Rhys, J.</a> (1904). <i>Celtic Britain: Third Edition Revised</i>. London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Celtic+Britain%3A+Third+Edition+Revised&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Society+for+Promoting+Christian+Knowledge&rft.date=1904&rft.aulast=Rhys&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Iron+Age" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_DGsNAAAAIAAJ">Downloadable Internet Archive</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Iron_Age&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Collis, J.R., 2003, <i>The Celts, origins, myths, inventions</i>. Stroud: Tempus.</li> <li>Creighton, John, 2000. <i>Coins and power in Late Iron Age Britain</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Cunliffe, Barry W., 2004. <i>Iron age Britain</i>. London: B.T. Batsford.</li> <li>Harding, D. W., 2016. <i>Death and burial in Iron Age Britain</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</li> <li>Harding, D. W., 2023. <i>Rethinking roundhouses: later prehistoric settlement in Britain and beyond</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</li> <li>Haselgrove, C., 2001, Iron Age Britain in its European Setting, in Collis, J.R. (ed) <i>Settlement and Society in Iron Age Europe</i>, Sheffield: Sheffield Archaeological Monograph 11, pp37–73</li> <li>Haselgrove, C. and Moore, T., 2007, <i>The later Iron Age in Britain and beyond</i>, Oxford: Oxbow.</li> <li>Hill, J.D., 1995, <i>Ritual and Rubbish in the Iron Age of Wessex</i> BAR British Series 242 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.30861%2F9780860547846">10.30861/9780860547846</a></li> <li>Pryor, F., 2003, <i>Britain, BC; life in Britain and Ireland before the Romans</i>, London: Harper Collins, chapters 11-12</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Iron_Age&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Iron_Age_Britain" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Iron Age Britain">Iron Age Britain</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindsay2008" class="citation web cs1">Lindsay, Euan (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081121130708/http://www.romanscotland.org.uk/pages/infrastructure/Ptolemymap.asp">"Place names on Ptolemy's Map of Scotland"</a>. Roman Britain. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.romanscotland.org.uk/pages/infrastructure/Ptolemymap.asp">the original</a> on 2008-11-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-11-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Place+names+on+Ptolemy%27s+Map+of+Scotland&rft.pub=Roman+Britain&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Lindsay&rft.aufirst=Euan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.romanscotland.org.uk%2Fpages%2Finfrastructure%2FPtolemymap.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Iron+Age" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss1996" class="citation web cs1">Ross, David (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britainexpress.com/History/Celtic_Britain.htm">"Celtic Britain (The Iron Age) c. 600 BC – 50 AD"</a>. Celtic Britain<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-03-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Celtic+Britain+%28The+Iron+Age%29+c.+600+BC+%E2%80%93+50+AD&rft.pub=Celtic+Britain&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britainexpress.com%2FHistory%2FCeltic_Britain.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Iron+Age" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Celts_and_modern_Celts332" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Celts" title="Template:Celts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Celts" title="Template talk:Celts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Celts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Celts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Celts_and_modern_Celts332" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Celts_(modern)" title="Celts (modern)">modern Celts</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Celtic nations</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Celtic_studies" title="Celtic studies">Celtic studies</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Celtic_peoples_and_tribes" title="List of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes">Celtic tribes</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic languages</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Peoples209" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Peoples</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Celtic_peoples_and_tribes" title="List of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes">Ancient Celtic ethnic groups</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Celts" title="Names of the Celts">Names</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgae" title="Belgae">Belgae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Britons" title="Celtic Britons">Britons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caledonians" title="Caledonians">Caledonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberians" title="Celtiberians">Celtiberians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallaeci" title="Gallaeci">Gallaeci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatians_(people)" title="Galatians (people)">Galatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helvetii" title="Helvetii">Helvetii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepontii" title="Lepontii">Lepontii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noricum" title="Noricum">Noricum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcae" title="Volcae">Volcae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celts_(modern)" title="Celts (modern)">Modern Celtic ethnic groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bretons" title="Bretons">Bretons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_people" title="Cornish people">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_people" title="Welsh people">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_people" title="Manx people">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scots</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Celtic diaspora</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_diaspora" title="Cornish diaspora">Cornish diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_diaspora" title="Irish diaspora">Irish diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_diaspora" title="Scottish diaspora">Scottish diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh diaspora">Welsh diaspora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related ethnic groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Celtic" title="Anglo-Celtic">Anglo-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_Americans" title="Breton Americans">Breton Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_Americans" title="Cornish Americans">Cornish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Celtic_round_dogs.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Celtic_round_dogs.svg/100px-Celtic_round_dogs.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Celtic_round_dogs.svg/150px-Celtic_round_dogs.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Celtic_round_dogs.svg/200px-Celtic_round_dogs.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1400" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Studies64" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_studies" title="Celtic studies">Studies</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1l_Riata" title="Dál Riata">Dálriata</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Alba" title="Kingdom of Alba">Alba</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iron Age Britain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brigantia_(ancient_region)" title="Brigantia (ancient region)">Brigantia (ancient region)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman Britain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sub-Roman_Britain" title="Sub-Roman Britain">Sub-Roman Britain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dumnonia" title="Dumnonia">Dumnonia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hen_Ogledd" title="Hen Ogledd">Hen Ogledd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Iron Age Gaul</a> / <a href="/wiki/Roman_Gaul" title="Roman Gaul">Roman Gaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britonia" title="Britonia">Britonia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armorica" title="Armorica">Armorica</a> / <a href="/wiki/Domnon%C3%A9e" title="Domnonée">Domnonée</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallaecia" title="Gallaecia">Gallaecia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Cisalpine Gaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_settlement_of_Southeast_Europe" title="Celtic settlement of Southeast Europe">Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celts_in_Transylvania" title="Celts in Transylvania">Transylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatia" title="Galatia">Galatia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_paganism" title="Proto-Celtic paganism">Proto-Celtic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Celtic polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_deities" title="Celtic deities">Celtic deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Animism" title="Celtic Animism">Celtic Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_mythology" title="Celtic mythology">Celtic mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Christianity" title="Celtic Christianity">Celtic Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Rite" title="Celtic Rite">Celtic Rites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_stone_idols" title="Celtic stone idols">Celtic stone idolss</a>* <a href="/wiki/Druid" title="Druid">Druids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Monasticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Insular Monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Celtic_temple" title="Romano-Celtic temple">Romano-Celtic temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Celtic_pagan_practices" title="Template:Celtic pagan practices">Practices</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mythology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_mythology" title="Scottish mythology">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_mythology" title="Welsh mythology">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matter_of_Britain" title="Matter of Britain">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_mythology" title="Breton mythology">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_mythology" title="Cornish mythology">Cornish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bard" title="Bard">Bard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brehon" title="Brehon">Brehon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_calendar" title="Celtic calendar">Celtic calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_festivals" title="List of Celtic festivals">Celtic festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_women" title="Ancient Celtic women">Celtic women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celticisation" title="Celticisation">Celticisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Name" title="Chief of the Name">Chief of the Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derbfine" title="Derbfine">Derbfine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druid" title="Druid">Druid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_clan_chief" title="Scottish clan chief">Clan chief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelicisation" title="Gaelicisation">Gaelicisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Irish_astrology" title="Early Irish astrology">Gaelic astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1inne" title="Fáinne">Fáinne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fili" class="mw-redirect" title="Fili">Fili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_law" title="Celtic law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanistry" title="Tanistry">Tanistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seancha%C3%AD" title="Seanchaí">Seanchaí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sept" title="Sept">Sept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BAath" title="Túath">Túath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vates" title="Vates">Vates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic warfare">Warfare</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gaelic_warfare" title="Gaelic warfare">Gaelic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_coinage" title="Celtic coinage">Coinage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Modern_Celts31" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celts_(modern)" title="Celts (modern)">Modern Celts</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Revival" title="Celtic Revival">Celtic Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Celtic nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Celticism" title="Pan-Celticism">Pan-Celticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Congress" title="Celtic Congress">Celtic Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_League" title="Celtic League">Celtic League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_union" title="Celtic union">Celtic union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_music" title="Celtic music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_rock" title="Celtic rock">Rock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Celtic_Christianity" title="Neo-Celtic Christianity">Neo-Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_neopaganism" title="Celtic neopaganism">Neopaganism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Wicca" title="Celtic Wicca">Celtic Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druidry_(modern)" title="Druidry (modern)">Neo-Druidism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nations26" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Nations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_League" title="Celtic League">Celtic League</a> definition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a> (<span title="Breton-language text"><i lang="br">Breizh</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a> (<span title="Cornish-language text"><i lang="kw">Kernow</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> (<span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Éire</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a> (<span title="Manx-language text"><i lang="gv">Mannin</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> (<span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">Alba</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> (<span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">Cymru</i></span>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other claimants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y_Wladfa" title="Y Wladfa">Y Wladfa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Culture7" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Culture</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_literature" title="Celtic literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matter_of_Britain" title="Matter of Britain">Arthurian Legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_bardic_poetry" title="Irish bardic poetry">Bardic Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_literature" title="Breton literature">Breton literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_literature" title="Cornish literature">Cornish literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_literature" title="Irish literature">Irish literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_literature" title="Manx literature">Manx literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_literature" title="Scottish literature">Scottish literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh-language_literature" title="Welsh-language literature">Welsh-language literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_literature_in_English" title="Welsh literature in English">Welsh literature in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Irish_literature" title="Early Irish literature">Early Irish literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_annals" title="Irish annals">Irish annals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_literature" title="Gaelic literature">Gaelic literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_literature" title="Scottish Gaelic literature">Scottish Gaelic literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National cultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Brittany" title="Culture of Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Cornwall" title="Culture of Cornwall">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ireland" title="Culture of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Culture of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Scotland" title="Culture of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Wales" title="Culture of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_art" title="Celtic art">Art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bell_shrine" title="Bell shrine">Bell shrines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_brooch" title="Celtic brooch">Brooches</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dragonesque_brooch" title="Dragonesque brooch">Dragonesque</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnyx" title="Carnyx">Carnyx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_cross" title="Celtic cross">Celtic cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_knot" title="Celtic knot">Knotwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_cross" title="High cross">High crosses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_art" title="Insular art">Insular art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlace_(art)" title="Interlace (art)">Interlace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_leaf-crown" title="Celtic leaf-crown">Leaf-crowns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_maze" title="Celtic maze">Mazes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictish_stone" title="Pictish stone">Pictish stones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torc" title="Torc">Torcs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triskelion" title="Triskelion">Triple spiral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Clothing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Dress" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic Dress">Celtic Dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_dress" title="Highland dress">Highland dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_clothing" title="Irish clothing">Gaelic clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartan" title="Tartan">Tartan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Welsh_costume" title="Traditional Welsh costume">Traditional Welsh costume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_hat" title="Welsh hat">Welsh hat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional cultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Highlands" title="Scottish Highlands">Highland culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_music" title="Celtic music">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_music" title="Ancient Celtic music">Ancient Celtic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Brittany" title="Music of Brittany">Breton Folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_folk_music" title="Gaelic folk music">Gaelic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_traditional_music" title="Irish traditional music">Irish folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_folk_music" title="Scottish folk music">Scottish folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_folk_music" title="Welsh folk music">Welsh folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean-n%C3%B3s_singing" title="Sean-nós singing">Sean-nós singing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnyx" title="Carnyx">Carnyx</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="National_music_scenes21" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National music scenes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Brittany" title="Music of Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cornwall" title="Music of Cornwall">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_music_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk music of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Music of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Scotland" title="Music of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Wales" title="Music of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_festivals" title="List of Celtic festivals">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_calendar" title="Celtic calendar">Calendar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samhain" title="Samhain">Samhain</a>/<a href="/wiki/Calan_Gaeaf" title="Calan Gaeaf">Calan Gaeaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imbolc" title="Imbolc">Imbolc</a>/<a href="/wiki/G%C5%B5yl_Fair_y_Canhwyllau" title="Gŵyl Fair y Canhwyllau">Gŵyl Fair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beltane" title="Beltane">Beltane</a>/<a href="/wiki/Calan_Mai" title="Calan Mai">Calan Mai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lughnasadh" title="Lughnasadh">Lughnasadh</a>/<a href="/wiki/Gathering_Day" title="Gathering Day">Calan Awst</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festival_Interceltique_de_Lorient" title="Festival Interceltique de Lorient">Festival Interceltique de Lorient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Celtic_Festival" title="Pan Celtic Festival">Pan Celtic Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebridean_Celtic_Festival" title="Hebridean Celtic Festival">Hebridean Celtic Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Connections" title="Celtic Connections">Celtic Connections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Media_Festival" title="Celtic Media Festival">Celtic Media Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisteddfod" title="Eisteddfod">Eisteddfod</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bando_(sport)" title="Bando (sport)">Bando</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bataireacht" class="mw-redirect" title="Bataireacht">Bataireacht</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camogie" title="Camogie">Camogie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cammag" title="Cammag">Cammag</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cnapan" title="Cnapan">Cnapan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_hurling" title="Cornish hurling">Cornish hurling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_wrestling" title="Cornish wrestling">Cornish wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curling" title="Curling">Curling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_football" title="Gaelic football">Gaelic football</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ladies%27_Gaelic_football" title="Ladies' Gaelic football">Ladies'</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_handball" title="Gaelic handball">Gaelic handball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouren" title="Gouren">Gouren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rounders" title="Rounders">Rounders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_games" title="Highland games">Highland games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurling" title="Hurling">Hurling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_road_bowling" title="Irish road bowling">Road bowls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinty" title="Shinty">Shinty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_handball" title="Welsh handball">Welsh handball</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Politics56" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Politics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nationalism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_nationalism" title="Breton nationalism">Breton nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Breton_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Breton nationalism">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reunification_of_Brittany" title="Reunification of Brittany">reunification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_nationalism" title="Cornish nationalism">Cornish nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_status_of_Cornwall" title="Constitutional status of Cornwall">status</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Irish nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Manx nationalism">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_status_of_Orkney,_Shetland_and_the_Western_Isles" title="Constitutional status of Orkney, Shetland and the Western Isles">Constitutional status of Orkney, Shetland and the Western Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_nationalism" title="Scottish nationalism">Scottish nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_national_identity" title="Scottish national identity">national identity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_nationalism" title="Welsh nationalism">Welsh nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_national_identity" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh national identity">national identity</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autonomy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_devolution" title="Cornish devolution">Cornish devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_devolution" title="Scottish devolution">Scottish devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_devolution" title="Welsh devolution">Welsh devolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Breton independence">Breton independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_independence" title="Scottish independence">Scottish independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_independence" title="Welsh independence">Welsh independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Ireland" title="United Ireland">United Ireland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">Irish republicanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pan-Celticism" title="Pan-Celticism">Pan-Celticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_League" title="Celtic League">Celtic League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Congress" title="Celtic Congress">Celtic Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Revival" title="Celtic Revival">Celtic Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_society" title="Celtic society">Celtic society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_unity" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic unity">Celtic unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columba_Project" title="Columba Project">Columba Project</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Languages175" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Brittonic_languages" title="Brittonic languages">Brittonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Goidelic_languages" title="Goidelic languages">Goidelic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_language" title="Manx language">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">Mixed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shelta" title="Shelta">Shelta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bungi_dialect" title="Bungi dialect">Bungi Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beurla_Reagaird" title="Beurla Reagaird">Beurla Reagaird</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Continental_Celtic_languages" title="Continental Celtic languages">Ancient Celtic languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Extinct_language" title="Extinct language">Extinct</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_language" title="Proto-Celtic language">Proto-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Brittonic" title="Common Brittonic">Proto-Brittonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_Irish" title="Primitive Irish">Proto-Goidelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberian_language" title="Celtiberian language">Celtiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaulish" title="Gaulish">Gaulish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatian_language" title="Galatian language">Galatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallaecian_language" title="Gallaecian language">Gallaecian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepontic_language" title="Lepontic language">Lepontic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noric_language" title="Noric language">Noric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumbric" title="Cumbric">Cumbric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictish_language" title="Pictish language">Pictish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispano-Celtic_languages" title="Hispano-Celtic languages">Hispano-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaulish" title="Cisalpine Gaulish">Cisalpine Gaulish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a> dialects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arran_Gaelic" title="Arran Gaelic">Arran Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deeside_Gaelic" title="Deeside Gaelic">Deeside Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galwegian_Gaelic" title="Galwegian Gaelic">Galwegian Gaelic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Law_and_Warfare109" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_law" title="Celtic law">Law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_warfare" title="Ancient Celtic warfare">Warfare</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_law" title="Celtic law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Irish_law" title="Early Irish law">Early Irish law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyfraith_Hywel" title="Cyfraith Hywel">Cyfraith Hywel</a> (Medieval Welsh law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Scots_law" title="History of Scots law">Early Scots law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_warfare" title="Ancient Celtic warfare">Warfare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_warfare" title="Gaelic warfare">Gaelic warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cateran" title="Cateran">Ceathairne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kern_(soldier)" title="Kern (soldier)">Ceithearn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fianna" title="Fianna">Fianna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaesatae" title="Gaesatae">Gaesatae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallowglass" title="Gallowglass">Gallóglaigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobelar" title="Hobelar">Hobelar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redshank_(soldier)" title="Redshank (soldier)">Redshanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimarcisia" title="Trimarcisia">Trimarcisia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Lists332" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Lists</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Celtic_peoples_and_tribes" title="List of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes">Tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_deities" title="List of Celtic deities">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_English_words_of_Celtic_origin" title="Lists of English words of Celtic origin">Celtic words in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_words_of_Celtic_origin" title="List of Spanish words of Celtic origin">– in Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Galician_words_of_Celtic_origin" title="List of Galician words of Celtic origin">– in Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_words_of_Gaulish_origin" title="List of French words of Gaulish origin">Gaulish words in French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_place_names_in_Galicia" title="List of Celtic place names in Galicia">Celtic place names in Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_place_names_in_Italy" title="List of Celtic place names in Italy">– in Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_place_names_in_Portugal" title="List of Celtic place names in Portugal">– in Portugal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Celts" title="Portal:Celts">Celts portal</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg/16px-Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg/24px-Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg/32px-Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="639" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_seafaring220" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_seafaring" title="Template:Ancient seafaring"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_seafaring" title="Template talk:Ancient seafaring"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_seafaring" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient seafaring"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_seafaring220" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_seafaring" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient seafaring">Ancient seafaring</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="Vessels220" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_navies_and_vessels" title="Ancient navies and vessels">Vessels</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Watercraft" title="Watercraft">Types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balangay" title="Balangay">Balangay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangka_(boat)" title="Bangka (boat)">Bangka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beden" title="Beden">Beden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coracle" title="Coracle">Coracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhow" title="Dhow">Dhow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_boat" title="Dragon boat">Dragon boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugout_canoe" title="Dugout canoe">Dugout canoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_ship" title="Fire ship">Fire ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galley" title="Galley">Galley</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penteconter" title="Penteconter">Penteconter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%27unlun_po" class="mw-redirect" title="K'unlun po">Kunlun ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liburna" title="Liburna">Liburna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longship" title="Longship">Longship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multihull" title="Multihull">Multihull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navis_lusoria" title="Navis lusoria">Navis lusoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obelisk_ship" title="Obelisk ship">Obelisk ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outrigger_boat" title="Outrigger boat">Outriggers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sakman" title="Sakman">Sakman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-outrigger" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-outrigger">Single-outrigger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catamaran" title="Catamaran">Catamaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimaran" title="Trimaran">Trimaran</a></li></ul></li> <li>Polyremes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bireme" title="Bireme">Bireme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic-era_warships" title="Hellenistic-era warships">Oared warships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trireme" title="Trireme">Trireme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrireme" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadrireme">Quadrireme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinquereme" class="mw-redirect" title="Quinquereme">Quinquereme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexareme" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexareme">Hexareme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tessarakonteres" title="Tessarakonteres">Tessarakonteres</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raft" title="Raft">Raft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reed_boat" title="Reed boat">Reed boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailing_ship" title="Sailing ship">Sailing ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_royal_ships" title="Ancient Egyptian royal ships">Solar ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomol" title="Tomol">Tomol</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/T%C4%81kitimu" title="Tākitimu">Tākitimu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uru_(boat)" title="Uru (boat)">Uru</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_navies_and_vessels" title="Ancient navies and vessels">by region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_vessels#History" title="Austronesian vessels">Austronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_navy" title="Ancient Egyptian navy">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_navy" title="Achaemenid navy">Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ships_of_ancient_Rome" title="Ships of ancient Rome">Rome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marine_propulsion" title="Marine propulsion">Propulsion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paddling" title="Paddling">Paddling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailing" title="Sailing">Sailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Towpath" title="Towpath">Towing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poling_(watercraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Poling (watercraft)">Poling </a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchor" title="Anchor">Anchor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_(watercraft)" title="Bow (watercraft)">Bow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabin_(ship)" title="Cabin (ship)">Cabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deck_(ship)" title="Deck (ship)">Deck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figurehead_(object)" title="Figurehead (object)">Figurehead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hull_(watercraft)" title="Hull (watercraft)">Hull</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boat_building#Construction_materials_and_methods" title="Boat building">Planking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keel" title="Keel">Keel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mast_(sailing)" title="Mast (sailing)">Mast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oar" title="Oar">Oar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paddle" title="Paddle">Paddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rope" title="Rope">Rope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudder" title="Rudder">Rudder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudder#History_of_the_rudder" title="Rudder">Steering oar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sail" title="Sail">Sail</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sail_components" title="Sail components">Sail components</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stem_(ship)" title="Stem (ship)">Stem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sternpost" title="Sternpost">Sternpost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strake" title="Strake">Strake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nile_boat#Boat_design_/_steering" title="Nile boat">Tiller</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_shipbuilding_techniques" title="Ancient shipbuilding techniques">Construction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boat_building" title="Boat building">Boat building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Careening" title="Careening">Careening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carvel_(boat_building)" title="Carvel (boat building)">Carvel built</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinker_(boat_building)" title="Clinker (boat building)">Clinker built</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugout_(boat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dugout (boat)">Dugout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_shipbuilding_techniques#Framed_boat" title="Ancient shipbuilding techniques">Framing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_shipbuilding_techniques#Frame-first" title="Ancient shipbuilding techniques">Frame-first</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_shipbuilding_techniques#Shell-first" title="Ancient shipbuilding techniques">Shell-first</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joinery" title="Joinery">Joinery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lashed-lug_boat" title="Lashed-lug boat">Lashed-lug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortise_and_tenon" title="Mortise and tenon">Mortise and tenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_joints" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenician joints">Phoenician joint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scarf_joint" title="Scarf joint">Scarf joint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewn_boat" title="Sewn boat">Sewn-plank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding" title="Shipbuilding">Shipbuilding</a></li> <li>By region: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_technology#Navigation_and_ship_building" title="Ancient Egyptian technology">Egypt</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rigging" title="Rigging">Rigging</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crab_claw_sail" title="Crab claw sail">Crab claw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fore-and-aft_rig" title="Fore-and-aft rig">Fore-and-aft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lateen" title="Lateen">Lateen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settee_(sail)" title="Settee (sail)">Settee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanja_sail" title="Tanja sail">Tanja</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Triangular_sail_rig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Triangular sail rig (page does not exist)">Triangular sail</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junk_rig" title="Junk rig">Junk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mast-aft_rig" title="Mast-aft rig">Mast-aft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spritsail" title="Spritsail">Spritsail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_rig" title="Square rig">Square</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Armaments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballista" title="Ballista">Ballista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catapult" title="Catapult">Catapult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corvus_(boarding_device)" title="Corvus (boarding device)">Corvus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolphin_(weapon)" title="Dolphin (weapon)">Dolphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_ship" title="Fire ship">Fire ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpax" title="Harpax">Harpax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_ram" title="Naval ram">Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambuca_(siege_engine)" title="Sambuca (siege engine)">Sambuca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_shipwrecks" title="Archaeology of shipwrecks">Wrecks<br />and relics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_before_Anno_Domini" title="List of shipwrecks before Anno Domini">Earliest</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pesse_canoe" title="Pesse canoe">Pesse canoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dufuna_canoe" title="Dufuna canoe">Dufuna canoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abydos_boats" title="Abydos boats">Abydos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moor_Sand_site" title="Moor Sand site">Moor Sand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dokos_shipwreck" title="Dokos shipwreck">Dokos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khufu_ship" title="Khufu ship">Khufu ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferriby_Boats" title="Ferriby Boats">Ferriby Boats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dover_Bronze_Age_Boat" title="Dover Bronze Age Boat">Dover Bronze Age Boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uluburun_shipwreck" title="Uluburun shipwreck">Uluburun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_shipwreck" title="Canaanite shipwreck">Canaanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Gelidonya#Bronze_Age_shipwreck" title="Cape Gelidonya">Cape Gelidonya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambratija_shipwreck" title="Zambratija shipwreck">Zambratija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wreck_of_Rochelongue" title="Wreck of Rochelongue">Rochelongue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjortspring_boat" title="Hjortspring boat">Hjortspring</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontian_boat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pontian boat (page does not exist)">Pontian boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balangay#Butuan_boats" title="Balangay">Butuan boats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Black_Sea_shipwrecks" title="Ancient Black Sea shipwrecks">Black Sea‎</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinop_D" title="Sinop D">Sinop D</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsala_Punic_shipwreck" title="Marsala Punic shipwreck">Marsala</a></li> <li>Greek: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkelon_shipwrecks" title="Ashkelon shipwrecks">Ashkelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrenia_ship" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyrenia ship">Kyrenia</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leontophoros" title="Leontophoros">Leontophoros</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Syracusia" title="Syracusia">Syracusia</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Canaanite and Phoenician: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bajo_de_la_Campana_Phoenician_shipwreck" title="Bajo de la Campana Phoenician shipwreck">Bajo de la Campana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_shipwreck" title="Canaanite shipwreck">Canaanite shipwreck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gozo_Phoenician_shipwreck" title="Gozo Phoenician shipwreck">Gozo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27agan_Michael_Ship" title="Ma'agan Michael Ship">Ma'agan Michael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_shipwrecks_of_Mazarr%C3%B3n" title="Phoenician shipwrecks of Mazarrón">Mazarrón</a></li></ul></li> <li>Punic: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marsala_Punic_shipwreck" title="Marsala Punic shipwreck">Marsala Punic shipwreck</a></li></ul></li> <li>Roman: <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alkedo" title="Alkedo">Alkedo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arles_Rh%C3%B4ne_3" title="Arles Rhône 3">Arles Rhône 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfriars_shipwrecks" title="Blackfriars shipwrecks">Blackfriars I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caligula%27s_Giant_Ship" title="Caligula's Giant Ship">Caligula's Giant Ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ships_of_De_Meern" title="The Ships of De Meern">De Meern ships</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Isis_(ship)" title="Isis (ship)">Isis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madrague_de_Giens_(shipwreck)" title="Madrague de Giens (shipwreck)">Madrague de Giens</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemi_ships" title="Nemi ships">Nemi ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_ship_of_Marausa" title="Roman ship of Marausa">Marausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yassi_Ada" title="Yassi Ada">Yassi Ada</a></li></ul></li> <li>Nordic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nydam_Mose" title="Nydam Mose">Nydam ship</a></li></ul></li> <li>Lists: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_surviving_ships" title="List of oldest surviving ships">Oldest surviving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museum_ships" title="List of museum ships">Museum ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_surviving_ancient_ships" title="List of surviving ancient ships">Surviving ancient ships</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/120px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/180px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/240px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="353" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="Navigation,_and_ports_and_harbors220" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Navigation, and ports and harbors</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marine_navigation" title="Marine navigation">Navigation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celestial_navigation" title="Celestial navigation">Celestial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cartography" title="History of cartography">Charts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_navigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastal navigation">Coastal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lighthouses" class="mw-redirect" title="Lighthouses">Lighthouses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_navigation" title="History of navigation">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swell_(ocean)#Navigation" title="Swell (ocean)">Ocean swell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands_stick_chart" title="Marshall Islands stick chart">Stick chart</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periplus" title="Periplus">Periplus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piloting" title="Piloting">Piloting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pilot_boat" title="Pilot boat">Pilot boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_pilot" title="Maritime pilot">Maritime pilot</a></li></ul></li> <li>By region: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_navigation" title="Inuit navigation">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_navigation" title="Micronesian navigation">Micronesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_navigation" title="Polynesian navigation">Polynesia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Port#Historical_ports" title="Port">Ports</a> and<br />harbors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actium" title="Actium">Actium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aden" title="Aden">Aden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adulis" title="Adulis">Adulis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Port" title="Alexandria Port">Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonia_(Cyrenaica)" title="Apollonia (Cyrenaica)">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arwad" title="Arwad">Aradus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arikamedu" title="Arikamedu">Arikamedu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_(Gulf_of_Suez)" title="Arsinoe (Gulf of Suez)">Arsinoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avalites" title="Avalites">Avalites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbarikon" title="Barbarikon">Barbarikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharuch" title="Bharuch">Barygaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berenice_Troglodytica" title="Berenice Troglodytica">Berenice Troglodytica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosphorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosphorus">Bosphorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byblos" title="Byblos">Byblos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima">Caesarea Maritima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canopus,_Egypt" title="Canopus, Egypt">Canopus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civitavecchia#History" title="Civitavecchia">Centumcellae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charmutha" title="Charmutha">Charmutha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittagong" title="Chittagong">Chittagong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delos" title="Delos">Delos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essina" title="Essina">Essina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiaozhi" title="Jiaozhi">Giao Chỉ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godavaya" title="Godavaya">Godavaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Guangzhou" title="Port of Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Jambukola" title="Port of Jambukola">Jambukola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeddah" title="Jeddah">Jeddah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puhar,_Mayiladuthurai" title="Puhar, Mayiladuthurai">Kaveri Poompattinam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedah" title="Kedah">Kedah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korkai" title="Korkai">Korkai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leptis_Magna" title="Leptis Magna">Leptis Magna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothal#Dockyard" title="Lothal">Lothal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manthai" title="Manthai">Manthai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai">Madurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malao" title="Malao">Malao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mersa_Gawasis" title="Mersa Gawasis">Mersa Gawasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myos_Hormos" title="Myos Hormos">Myos Hormos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mottama" title="Mottama">Martaban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chonburi_province" title="Chonburi province">Mueang Phra Rot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat" title="Muscat">Muscat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muziris" title="Muziris">Muziris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narbonne" title="Narbonne">Narbonne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisida" title="Nisida">Nesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93c_Eo" title="Óc Eo">Óc Eo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cattigara" title="Cattigara">Cattigara</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opone" title="Opone">Opone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostia_Antica" title="Ostia Antica">Ostia Antica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palembang" title="Palembang">Palembang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piraeus#Ancient_and_medieval_times" title="Piraeus">Piraeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portus" title="Portus">Portus Augusti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisa#Ancient_times" title="Pisa">Portus Pisanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosphorion_Harbour" title="Prosphorion Harbour">Prosphorion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemais_Theron" title="Ptolemais Theron">Ptolemais Theron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pozzuoli" title="Pozzuoli">Puteoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qal%27at_al-Bahrain" title="Qal'at al-Bahrain">Qal'at al-Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qandala" title="Qandala">Qandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollam" title="Kollam">Quilon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhacotis" title="Rhacotis">Rhacotis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarapion" title="Sarapion">Sarapion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sathing_Phra_district" title="Sathing Phra district">Satingpra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socotra" title="Socotra">Socotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonargaon" title="Sonargaon">Sounagoura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thapsus" title="Thapsus">Thapsus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trincomalee" title="Trincomalee">Trincomalee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulum" title="Tulum">Tulum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyndis" title="Tyndis">Tyndis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_al-Jarf" title="Wadi al-Jarf">Wadi al-Jarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Zanzibar" title="History of Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/120px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/180px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/240px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="353" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="History220" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_maritime_history" title="Ancient maritime history">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maritime_prehistory" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime prehistory">Prehistory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_timeline#Prehistory" title="Maritime timeline">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Britain" title="Prehistoric Britain">Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceania#Prehistory_of_Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Remote_Oceania" title="Remote Oceania">Remote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_Oceania" title="Near Oceania">Near</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubaid_period" title="Ubaid period">Ubaid period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civilizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sa_Hu%E1%BB%B3nh_culture" title="Sa Huỳnh culture">Sa Huỳnh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapita_culture" title="Lapita culture">Lapita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesians" title="Micronesians">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langkasuka" title="Langkasuka">Langkasuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedah" title="Kedah">Kedah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutai" title="Kutai">Kutai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarumanagara" title="Tarumanagara">Tarumanagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalingga_kingdom" title="Kalingga kingdom">Kalingga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_Kingdom" title="Sunda Kingdom">Sunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesians" title="Polynesians">Polynesia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_Civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Minoan Civilization">Minoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamilakam" title="Tamilakam">Tamilakam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Chola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chera_dynasty" title="Chera dynasty">Chera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandya_dynasty" title="Pandya dynasty">Pandya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_Somalia" title="Maritime history of Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilmun" title="Dilmun">Dilmun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmecs" title="Olmecs">Olmecs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthaginian_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Carthaginian civilization">Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_city-states" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek city-states">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_Kingdom" title="Nabataean Kingdom">Nabatea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Aksum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_maritime_migration_and_exploration" title="Timeline of maritime migration and exploration">Migration and<br />exploration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peopling_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Peopling of Australia">Peopling of Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peopling_of_Micronesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Peopling of Micronesia">Peopling of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples#Migration_from_Taiwan" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian Expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_pre-Roman_Gaul" title="Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul">Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_exploration" title="Ocean exploration">Ocean exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenician_maritime_expansion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phoenician maritime expansion (page does not exist)">Phoenician maritime expansion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician%E2%80%93Punic_Sardinia" title="Phoenician–Punic Sardinia">Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necho_II#Phoenician_expedition" title="Necho II">Circumnavigation of Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pytheas#Voyage_to_Britain" title="Pytheas">Pytheas' voyage to Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Julius_Agricola" title="Gnaeus Julius Agricola">Roman circumnavigation of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_maritime_migration_and_exploration" title="Timeline of maritime migration and exploration">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mariners and<br />explorers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henenu_(high_steward)" title="Henenu (high steward)">Henenu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthymenes" title="Euthymenes">Euthymenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanno_the_Navigator" title="Hanno the Navigator">Hanno the Navigator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himilco" title="Himilco">Himilco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sataspes" title="Sataspes">Sataspes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androsthenes_of_Thasos" title="Androsthenes of Thasos">Androsthenes of Thasos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archias_of_Pella" title="Archias of Pella">Archias of Pella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nearchus" title="Nearchus">Nearchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pytheas" title="Pytheas">Pytheas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megasthenes" title="Megasthenes">Megasthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Fu" title="Xu Fu">Xu Fu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippalus" title="Hippalus">Hippalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudoxus_of_Cyzicus" title="Eudoxus of Cyzicus">Eudoxus of Cyzicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maes_Titianus" title="Maes Titianus">Maes Titianus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_navies_and_vessels" title="Ancient navies and vessels">Navies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_navy" title="Ancient Egyptian navy">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_navy" title="Achaemenid navy">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare#Naval_tactics" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_navy" title="Roman navy">Roman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_naval_battles" title="List of naval battles">Battles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Mediterranean:</b>   <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Alashiya" title="Battles of Alashiya">Alashiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Delta" title="Battle of the Delta">Nile Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Salamis" title="Battle of Salamis">Salamis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Artemisium" title="Battle of Artemisium">Artemisium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Eurymedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Eurymedon">Eurymedon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Naupactus" title="Battle of Naupactus">Naupactus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Olpae" title="Battle of Olpae">Olpae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Expedition" title="Sicilian Expedition">Syracuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cynossema" title="Battle of Cynossema">Cynossema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arginusae" title="Battle of Arginusae">Arginusae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mytilene_(406_BC)" title="Battle of Mytilene (406 BC)">Mytilene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hellespont" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Hellespont">Hellespont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Echinades_(322_BC)" title="Battle of the Echinades (322 BC)">Echinades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Salamis_(306_BC)" title="Battle of Salamis (306 BC)">Salamis II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mylae" title="Battle of Mylae">Mylae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Hermaeum" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Cape Hermaeum">Cape Hermaeum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ecnomus" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Ecnomus">Ecnomus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Drepana" title="Battle of Drepana">Drepana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Aegates" title="Battle of the Aegates">Aegates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Trasimene" title="Battle of Lake Trasimene">Lake Trasimene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chios_(201_BC)" title="Battle of Chios (201 BC)">Chios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Myonessus" title="Battle of Myonessus">Myonessus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Nile" title="Battle of the Nile">Nile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Naulochus" title="Battle of Naulochus">Naulochus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mycale" title="Battle of Mycale">Mycale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Actium" title="Battle of Actium">Actium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tactics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naval_boarding" title="Naval boarding">Boarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grappling_hook" title="Grappling hook">Grappling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incendiary_device" title="Incendiary device">Incendiaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oared_vessel_tactics" title="Oared vessel tactics">Oared vessels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailing_ship_tactics" title="Sailing ship tactics">Sailing ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare#Naval_tactics" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Greek navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramming" title="Ramming">Ramming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_exploration" title="Chinese exploration">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_maritime_history" title="Indian maritime history">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_Odisha" title="Maritime history of Odisha">Odisha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_Japan" title="Naval history of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ships_of_ancient_Rome" title="Ships of ancient Rome">Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maritime_history_of_South_America&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maritime history of South America (page does not exist)">South America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_rafts" title="Pre-Columbian rafts">Rafts</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/120px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/180px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/240px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="353" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="Economy_and_trade220" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Economy and <a href="/wiki/Trade#Ancient_history" title="Trade">trade</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_whaling" title="History of whaling">Whaling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_fishing" title="History of fishing">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_trade" title="Ancient Egyptian trade">Egypt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Punt" title="Land of Punt">Land of Punt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo%E2%80%93Mesopotamia_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo–Mesopotamia relations">Indo–Mesopotamia relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meluhha" title="Meluhha">Meluhha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tin_sources_and_trade_in_ancient_times#Trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Tin sources and trade in ancient times">Tin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spice_trade" title="Spice trade">Spice trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Southeast_Asia#Early_historical_era" title="History of Southeast Asia">Austronesian network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa_Huynh-Kalanay_Interaction_Sphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Sa Huynh-Kalanay Interaction Sphere">Sa Huynh-Kalanay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incense_trade_route" title="Incense trade route">Incense trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Silk_Road" title="Maritime Silk Road">Maritime Silk Road</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Periplus_of_the_Erythraean_Sea" title="Periplus of the Erythraean Sea">Periplus of the Erythraean Sea</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_trade_in_the_Maya_civilization" title="Maritime trade in the Maya civilization">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_ancient_Greece#Trade" title="Economy of ancient Greece">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece%E2%80%93Ancient_India_relations#Trade" title="Ancient Greece–Ancient India relations">Greco–Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_shipping" title="Greek shipping">shipping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_commerce#Sea_routes" title="Roman commerce">Rome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Roman_trade_relations" title="Indo-Roman trade relations">Indo–Roman</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/120px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/180px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/240px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="353" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="Piracy220" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Piracy</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piracy#History" title="Piracy">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mediterranean_piracy" title="Ancient Mediterranean piracy">Mediterranean piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ameinias_the_Phocian" title="Ameinias the Phocian">Ameinias the Phocian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilician_pirates" title="Cilician pirates">Cilician pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_pirates#Piracy_in_the_ancient_world:_pirates_of_Joppa" title="Jewish pirates">Jewish pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_life_and_career_of_Julius_Caesar#Kidnapping_by_pirates" title="Early life and career of Julius Caesar">Kidnapping of Julius Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompey%27s_campaign_against_the_pirates" title="Pompey's campaign against the pirates">Pompey's campaign against the pirates</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/120px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/180px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/240px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="353" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="Research_and_education220" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Research and education</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Blackman" title="David Blackman">David Blackman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Casson" title="Lionel Casson">Lionel Casson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fik_Meijer" title="Fik Meijer">Fik Meijer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sinclair_Morrison" title="John Sinclair Morrison">John Sinclair Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ledyard_Rodgers" title="William Ledyard Rodgers">William L. Rodgers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_G._Starr" title="Chester G. Starr">Chester G. Starr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Archaeologists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Bass_(archaeologist)" title="George Bass (archaeologist)">George Bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Yves_Empereur" title="Jean-Yves Empereur">Jean-Yves Empereur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Rankov" title="Boris Rankov">Boris Rankov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Richard_Steffy" title="J. Richard Steffy">J. Richard Steffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Throckmorton" title="Peter Throckmorton">Peter Throckmorton</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shelley_Wachsmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shelley Wachsmann (page does not exist)">Shelley Wachsmann</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics<br />and theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_defence_and_fortification" title="Coastal defence and fortification">Coastal defence and fortification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grave_goods" title="Grave goods">Grave goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighthouse" title="Lighthouse">Lighthouses</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lighthouse_of_Alexandria" title="Lighthouse of Alexandria">Alexandria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_art" title="Marine art">Marine art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_navigation" title="Marine navigation">Marine navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_archaeology" title="Maritime archaeology">Maritime archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare#Mediterranean_Sea" title="Naval warfare">Naval warfare</a></li> <li>Maritime temples <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Isthmia" title="Temple of Isthmia">Temple of Isthmia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Poseidon,_Sounion" title="Temple of Poseidon, Sounion">Temple of Poseidon, Sounion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samothrace_temple_complex" title="Samothrace temple complex">Samothrace temple complex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nusantao_Maritime_Trading_and_Communication_Network" title="Nusantao Maritime Trading and Communication Network">Nusantao network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_Phoenician_discovery_of_the_Americas" title="Theory of Phoenician discovery of the Americas">Phoenician discovery of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_transoceanic_contact_theories" title="Pre-Columbian transoceanic contact theories">Pre-Columbian theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Peoples" title="Sea Peoples">Sea Peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding" title="Shipbuilding">Shipbuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midden#Shells" title="Midden">Shell middens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_burial" title="Ship burial">Ship burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacking_(sailing)" title="Tacking (sailing)">Tacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalassocracy" title="Thalassocracy">Thalassocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_archaeology" title="Underwater archaeology">Underwater archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_exploration" title="Underwater exploration">Underwater exploration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/H3_(Kuwait)" title="H3 (Kuwait)">H3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qal%27at_al-Bahrain" title="Qal'at al-Bahrain">Qal'at al-Bahrain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Experimental<br />archaeology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ship_replica" title="Ship replica">Ship replica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor_Heyerdahl" title="Thor Heyerdahl">Heyerdahl expeditions</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kon-Tiki_expedition" title="Kon-Tiki expedition">Kon-Tiki</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor_Heyerdahl#Boats_Ra_and_Ra_II" title="Thor Heyerdahl"><i>Ra</i> and <i>Ra II</i></a></li></ul></li> <li>Austronesian replicas <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dk%C5%ABle%CA%BBa" title="Hōkūleʻa">Hōkūleʻa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sarimanok_(vinta)" title="Sarimanok (vinta)">Sarimanok</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Te_Au_o_Tonga" title="Te Au o Tonga">Te Au o Tonga</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hawai%CA%BBiloa#Canoe" title="Hawaiʻiloa">Hawaiʻiloa canoe</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samudra_Raksa" title="Samudra Raksa">Samudra Raksa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alingano_Maisu" title="Alingano Maisu">Alingano Maisu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sakman" title="Sakman">Saina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balangay#Balangay_Voyage" title="Balangay">Balangay Voyage</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fa%CA%BBafaite" title="Faʻafaite">Faʻafaite</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gaualofa" title="Gaualofa">Gaualofa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marumaru_Atua" title="Marumaru Atua">Marumaru Atua</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Mediterranean <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Olympias_(trireme)" title="Olympias (trireme)">Olympias</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Navis_lusoria#Other_reconstructions" title="Navis lusoria">Regina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_Ship_Expedition" title="Phoenician Ship Expedition">Phoenician Ship Expedition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_ship_replica" title="Viking ship replica">Viking replicas</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Viking_(replica_Viking_longship)" title="Viking (replica Viking longship)">Viking</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Others <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vital_Alsar_Pacific_raft_expeditions" title="Vital Alsar Pacific raft expeditions">Vital Alsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivlia_(ship)" title="Ivlia (ship)"><i>Ivlia</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abora_(expeditions)" title="Abora (expeditions)">Abora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viracocha_expedition" title="Viracocha expedition">Viracocha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangaroa_Expedition" title="Tangaroa Expedition">Tangaroa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferriby_Boats#Oakleaf" title="Ferriby Boats">Oakleaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferriby_Boats#Morgawr" title="Ferriby Boats">Morgawr</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutes and <br />conferences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advisory_Council_on_Underwater_Archaeology" title="Advisory Council on Underwater Archaeology">Advisory Council on Underwater Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Institute_of_America" title="Archaeological Institute of America">Archaeological Institute of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Association_of_Archaeologists" title="European Association of Archaeologists">European Association of Archaeologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Nautical_Archaeology" title="Institute of Nautical Archaeology">Institute of Nautical Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Congress_of_Maritime_Museums" title="International Congress of Maritime Museums">International Congress of Maritime Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautical_Archaeology_Society" title="Nautical Archaeology Society">Nautical Archaeology Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RPM_Nautical_Foundation" title="RPM Nautical Foundation">RPM Nautical Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Research_Society" title="Sea Research Society">Sea Research Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_American_Archaeology" title="Society for American Archaeology">Society for American Archaeology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Museums and<br />memorials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boat_Museum,_Kolkata" title="Boat Museum, Kolkata">Boat Museum, Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodrum_Castle#Museum_of_Underwater_Archaeology" title="Bodrum Castle">Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giza_Solar_boat_museum" title="Giza Solar boat museum">Giza Solar boat museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Egyptian_Museum" title="Grand Egyptian Museum">Grand Egyptian Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrenia_Castle#Shipwreck_museum" title="Kyrenia Castle">Ancient Shipwreck Museum at Kyrenia Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Ancient_Seafaring" title="Museum of Ancient Seafaring">Museum of Ancient Seafaring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Ancient_Ships,_Pisa" title="Museum of Ancient Ships, Pisa">Museum of Ancient Ships, Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Subaquatic_Archaeology" title="National Museum of Subaquatic Archaeology">National Museum of Subaquatic Archaeology</a></li> <li>Viking ship museums: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Ship_Museum_(Oslo)" title="Viking Ship Museum (Oslo)">Oslo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Ship_Museum_(Roskilde)" title="Viking Ship Museum (Roskilde)">Roskilde</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/120px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/180px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/240px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="353" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="Legend_and_literature220" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Legend and literature</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Legend" title="Legend">Legend</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ark_of_bulrushes" title="Ark of bulrushes">Ark of bulrushes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flood_myths" title="List of flood myths">Flood myths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_flood_narrative" title="Genesis flood narrative">Genesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh_flood_myth" title="Gilgamesh flood myth">Gilgamesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_flood_myths" title="Ancient Greek flood myths">Greek</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histories_(Herodotus)" title="Histories (Herodotus)"><i>Histories</i> (Herodotus)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Ocean_(Pytheas)" class="mw-redirect" title="On the Ocean (Pytheas)">On the Ocean</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Argonautica" title="Argonautica">Argonautica</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histories_(Polybius)" title="Histories (Polybius)"><i>Histories</i> (Polybius)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses" title="Metamorphoses">Metamorphoses</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Geography_(Ptolemy)" title="Geography (Ptolemy)">Geography</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aeneid" title="Aeneid">Aeneid</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/120px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/180px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/240px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="353" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>  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