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</a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_customs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_customs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Historical customs</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historical_customs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Historical customs subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historical_customs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Brigid's_crosses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brigid's_crosses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Brigid's crosses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brigid's_crosses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Welcoming_Brigid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Welcoming_Brigid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Welcoming Brigid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Welcoming_Brigid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brigid's_procession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brigid's_procession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Brigid's procession</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brigid's_procession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Weather_lore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weather_lore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Weather lore</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weather_lore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_customs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_customs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Other customs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_customs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Present_day_customs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Present_day_customs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Present day customs</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Present_day_customs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Present day customs subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Present_day_customs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Neopaganism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neopaganism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Neopaganism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neopaganism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Celtic_Reconstructionist" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Celtic_Reconstructionist"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Celtic Reconstructionist</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Celtic_Reconstructionist-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wicca_and_Neo-Druidry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wicca_and_Neo-Druidry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Wicca and Neo-Druidry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wicca_and_Neo-Druidry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Imbolc</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 42 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">42 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imbolc" title="Imbolc – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Imbolc" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D9%83" title="إيمبولك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إيمبولك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imbolc" title="Imbolc – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Imbolc" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imbolc" title="Imbolc – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Imbolc" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imbolc" title="Imbolc – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Imbolc" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imbolc" title="Imbolc – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Imbolc" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imbolc" title="Imbolc – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Imbolc" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imbolg" title="Imbolg – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Imbolg" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%8A%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BA" title="Ίμπολκ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ίμπολκ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imbolc" title="Imbolc – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Imbolc" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imbolko" title="Imbolko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Imbolko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imbolc" title="Imbolc – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Imbolc" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%DA%A9" title="ایمبولک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ایمبولک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imbolc" title="Imbolc – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Imbolc" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1_Fh%C3%A9ile_Br%C3%ADde" title="Lá Fhéile Bríde – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Lá Fhéile Bríde" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imbolc" title="Imbolc – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Imbolc" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EB%AA%B0%EB%A5%B5" title="이몰륵 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이몰륵" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imbolc" title="Imbolc – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Imbolc" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imbolc" title="Imbolc – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Imbolc" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imbolc" title="Imbolc – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Imbolc" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imbolc" title="Imbolc – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Imbolc" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imbolc" title="Imbolc – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Imbolc" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imbolc" title="Imbolc – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Imbolc" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%DA%A9" title="ایمبولک – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ایمبولک" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imbolc" title="Imbolc – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Imbolc" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imbolc" title="Imbolc – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Imbolc" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imbolc" title="Imbolc – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Imbolc" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%9C%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AF" title="インボルク – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="インボルク" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imbolc" title="Imbolc – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Imbolc" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imbolc" title="Imbolc – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Imbolc" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imbolc" title="Imbolc – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Imbolc" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imbolc" title="Imbolc – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Imbolc" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imbolc" title="Imbolc – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Imbolc" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA" title="Имболк – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Имболк" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imbolc" title="Imbolc – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Imbolc" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imbolc" title="Imbolc – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Imbolc" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imbolc" title="Imbolc – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Imbolc" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA" title="Імболк – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Імболк" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imbolc" title="Imbolc – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Imbolc" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B8%83%E9%87%8C%E5%90%89%E5%BE%B7%E8%8A%82" title="圣布里吉德节 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="圣布里吉德节" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0mbolk" title="İmbolk – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="İmbolk" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B8%83%E9%87%8C%E5%90%89%E5%BE%B7%E8%8A%82" title="圣布里吉德节 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="圣布里吉德节" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q376333#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above hd" style="background-color: lightsteelblue">Imbolc / Saint Brigid's Day</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_Brigid%27s_cross.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Saint_Brigid%27s_cross.jpg/240px-Saint_Brigid%27s_cross.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Saint_Brigid%27s_cross.jpg/360px-Saint_Brigid%27s_cross.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Saint_Brigid%27s_cross.jpg/480px-Saint_Brigid%27s_cross.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1566" data-file-height="1520" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="caption"><a href="/wiki/Brigid%27s_cross" title="Brigid's cross">Brigid's cross</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Also called</th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Lá Fhéile Bríde</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>)</span><br /><span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">Là Fhèill Brìghde</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Gaelic language">Scottish Gaelic</a>)</span><br /><span title="Manx-language text"><i lang="gv">Laa'l Breeshey</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Manx_language" title="Manx language">Manx</a>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Observed by</th><td class="infobox-data">Historically: <a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaels</a><br />Today: <a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish people</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scottish people</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manx_people" title="Manx people">Manx people</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modern_Paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Paganism">Modern Pagans</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Cultural,<br />Christian (<a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican</a>),<br />Pagan (<a href="/wiki/Celtic_neopaganism" title="Celtic neopaganism">Celtic neopaganism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Significance</th><td class="infobox-data summary">beginning of spring, feast day of <a href="/wiki/Brigid_of_Kildare" title="Brigid of Kildare">Saint Brigid</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Celebrations</th><td class="infobox-data">feasting, making <a href="/wiki/Brigid%27s_cross" title="Brigid's cross">Brigid's crosses</a> and <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Brídeóg</i></span>s, visiting <a href="/wiki/Holy_well" title="Holy well">holy wells</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spring_cleaning" title="Spring cleaning">spring cleaning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Church_service" title="Church service">church services</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data">1 February<br /><small>(or 1 August for some Neopagans in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">S. Hemisphere</a>)</small></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Related to</th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy"><a href="/wiki/G%C5%B5yl_Fair_y_Canhwyllau" title="Gŵyl Fair y Canhwyllau">Gŵyl Fair y Canhwyllau</a></i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Candlemas" title="Candlemas">Candlemas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Groundhog_Day" title="Groundhog Day">Groundhog Day</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Imbolc</b> or <b>Imbolg</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Irish pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ga-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Irish" title="Help:IPA/Irish">[ə<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈmˠɔlˠəɡ]</a></span>), also called <b>Saint Brigid's Day</b> (<a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>: <i lang="ga">Lá Fhéile Bríde</i>; <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Gaelic language">Scottish Gaelic</a>: <i lang="gd">Là Fhèill Brìghde</i>; <a href="/wiki/Manx_language" title="Manx language">Manx</a>: <i lang="gv">Laa'l Breeshey</i>), is a <a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaelic</a> traditional festival on 1 February.<sup id="cite_ref-Danaher1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Danaher1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It marks the beginning of <a href="/wiki/Spring_(season)" title="Spring (season)">spring</a>, and in Christianity, it is the <a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">feast day</a> of <a href="/wiki/Brigid_of_Kildare" title="Brigid of Kildare">Saint Brigid</a>, Ireland's patroness saint. Historically, its many <a href="/wiki/Folk_Catholicism" title="Folk Catholicism">folk traditions</a> were widely observed throughout <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a>. Imbolc falls about halfway between the <a href="/wiki/Winter_solstice" title="Winter solstice">winter solstice</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Spring_equinox_(Northern_Hemisphere)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spring equinox (Northern Hemisphere)">spring equinox</a><sup id="cite_ref-McNeill-1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McNeill-1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is one of <a href="/wiki/Quarter_days" title="Quarter days">the four</a> Gaelic seasonal festivals, along with <a href="/wiki/Bealtaine" class="mw-redirect" title="Bealtaine">Bealtaine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lughnasadh" title="Lughnasadh">Lughnasadh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samhain" title="Samhain">Samhain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Imbolc is mentioned in <a href="/wiki/Early_Irish_literature" title="Early Irish literature">early Irish literature</a>, although less often than the other seasonal festivals. Historians suggest that Imbolc was originally a pre-Christian (or <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">pagan</a>) festival associated with the <a href="/wiki/Lambing" class="mw-redirect" title="Lambing">lambing</a> season, the coming of spring, and possibly the goddess <a href="/wiki/Brigid" title="Brigid">Brigid</a>, proposing that the saint and her feast day might be <a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianizations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-berger_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-berger-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A feast of Saint Brigid was first mentioned in the Middle Ages, but its customs were not recorded in detail until the early modern era. In recent centuries, <a href="/wiki/Brigid%27s_cross" title="Brigid's cross">Brigid's crosses</a> have been woven on St Brigid's Day and hung over doors and windows to protect against fire, illness, and evil. People also made a <a href="/wiki/Doll" title="Doll">doll</a> of Brigid (a <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Brídeóg</i></span>), which was paraded around the community by girls, sometimes accompanied by '<a href="/wiki/Wren_Day" title="Wren Day">strawboys</a>'. Brigid was said to visit one's home on St Brigid's Eve. To receive her blessings, people would make a bed for Brigid, leave her food and drink, and set items of clothing outside for her to bless. <a href="/wiki/Holy_well" title="Holy well">Holy wells</a> would be visited, a special meal would be had, and the day was traditionally linked with <a href="/wiki/Weather_lore" title="Weather lore">weather lore</a>. </p><p>Although many of its traditions died out in the 20th century, it is still observed by some Christians as a religious holiday and by some non-Christians as a cultural one, and its customs have been revived in some places. Since the later 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Celtic_neopaganism" title="Celtic neopaganism">Celtic neopagans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wiccans</a> have observed Imbolc as a religious holiday.<sup id="cite_ref-Danaher1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Danaher1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McNeill-1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McNeill-1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 2023, "Imbolc/St Brigid's Day" has been an annual <a href="/wiki/Public_holiday_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Public holiday in the Republic of Ireland">public holiday in Ireland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-public_holiday_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-public_holiday-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imbolc&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The etymology of <i>Imbolc</i> or <i>Imbolg</i> is unclear. A common explanation is that it comes from the <a href="/wiki/Old_Irish" title="Old Irish">Old Irish</a> <span title="Old Irish (to 900)-language text"><i lang="sga">i mbolc</i></span> (Modern Irish: <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">i mbolg</i></span>), meaning 'in the belly', and refers to the pregnancy of ewes at this time of year.<sup id="cite_ref-Chadwick1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chadwick1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Vendryes" title="Joseph Vendryes">Joseph Vendryes</a> derived it from Old Irish <span title="Old Irish (to 900)-language text"><i lang="sga">imb-</i></span> (intensive prefix) and <span title="Old Irish (to 900)-language text"><i lang="sga">folc</i></span> ('wash, cleanse'), linking it to <span title="Old Irish (to 900)-language text"><i lang="sga">folcaim</i></span> ('to wash/cleanse oneself') and suggesting it referred to a <a href="/wiki/Ritual_purification" title="Ritual purification">ritual cleansing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Patterson_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patterson-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Eric_P._Hamp" title="Eric P. Hamp">Eric P. Hamp</a> derives it from a <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> root meaning both 'milk' and 'cleansing'.<sup id="cite_ref-Hamp_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamp-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The early 10th century <a href="/wiki/Sanas_Cormaic" title="Sanas Cormaic">Cormac's Glossary</a> has an entry for <span title="Old Irish (to 900)-language text"><i lang="sga">Oímelc</i></span>, calling it the beginning of spring and deriving it from <i>oí-melg</i> ('ewe milk'), explaining it as "the time that sheep's milk comes".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, linguists believe this is a <a href="/wiki/Folk_etymology" title="Folk etymology">folk etymology</a>; the writer's respelling of the word to give it an understandable origin.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 12th century <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Leinster" title="Book of Leinster">Book of Leinster</a> version of the <i><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A1in_B%C3%B3_C%C3%BAailnge" title="Táin Bó Cúailnge">Táin Bó Cúailnge</a></i> ('Cattle Raid of Cooley') indicates that Imbolc (spelt <i>imolg</i> and <i>imbuilg</i>) is three months after the 1 November festival of Samhain.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Stowe_manuscripts" title="Stowe manuscripts">Stowe</a> version, a 14th century modernisation of the same text, Imbolc is changed to <i>Fél Brigde</i> (St Brigid's Feast), which suggests that St Brigid's Day replaced or absorbed Imbolc.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another Old Irish poem about the <i>Táin</i> in the <i><a href="/wiki/Metrical_Dindshenchas" class="mw-redirect" title="Metrical Dindshenchas">Metrical Dindshenchas</a></i> says: "<i><span title="Old Irish (to 900)-language text"><i lang="sga">iar n-imbulc, ba garb a ngeilt</i></span></i>", which <a href="/wiki/Edward_Gwynn" title="Edward Gwynn">Edward Gwynn</a> translates "after <a href="/wiki/Candlemas" title="Candlemas">Candlemas</a>, rough was their herding".<sup id="cite_ref-Hamp_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamp-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Candlemas is the Christian holy day which falls on 2 February and is known in Irish as <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Lá Fhéile <a href="/wiki/Muire" title="Muire">Muire</a> na gCoinneal</i></span>, 'feast day of Mary of the Candles'.<sup id="cite_ref-Mackillop1_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mackillop1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a 17th century manuscript of the story <i><a href="/wiki/Agallamh_na_Sean%C3%B3rach" class="mw-redirect" title="Agallamh na Seanórach">Agallamh na Seanórach</a></i>, Imbolc is spelled <i>Iomfhoilcc</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Peter O'Connell's Irish-English dictionary (1843) identifies <i>Oimelc</i> or <i>Imbulc</i> with <i>Féil Brighde</i>, the Feast of Saint Brigid.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imbolc&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brigidakapelle_(Kronenburgerh%C3%BCtte)_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Brigidakapelle_%28Kronenburgerh%C3%BCtte%29_04.jpg/220px-Brigidakapelle_%28Kronenburgerh%C3%BCtte%29_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Brigidakapelle_%28Kronenburgerh%C3%BCtte%29_04.jpg/330px-Brigidakapelle_%28Kronenburgerh%C3%BCtte%29_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Brigidakapelle_%28Kronenburgerh%C3%BCtte%29_04.jpg/440px-Brigidakapelle_%28Kronenburgerh%C3%BCtte%29_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3219" data-file-height="4828" /></a><figcaption>Saint Brigid depicted as a shepherdess with a lamb and calf</figcaption></figure> <p>Historians such as <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Hutton" title="Ronald Hutton">Ronald Hutton</a> and <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1ith%C3%AD_%C3%93_h%C3%93g%C3%A1in" title="Dáithí Ó hÓgáin">Dáithí Ó hÓgáin</a> argue that Imbolc must have pre-Christian origins.<sup id="cite_ref-stations_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stations-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ohogain_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ohogain-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is suggested that Imbolc originally marked the onset of the <a href="/wiki/Lambing" class="mw-redirect" title="Lambing">lambing</a> season,<sup id="cite_ref-koch287_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-koch287-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chadwick1_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chadwick1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the arrival of fresh <a href="/wiki/Sheep_milk" title="Sheep milk">sheep milk</a> after a period of food shortage,<sup id="cite_ref-Patterson_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patterson-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the beginning of preparations for the spring <a href="/wiki/Sowing" title="Sowing">sowing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Danaher13_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Danaher13-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Vendryes" title="Joseph Vendryes">Joseph Vendryes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian-Joseph_Guyonvarc%27h" title="Christian-Joseph Guyonvarc'h">Christian-Joseph Guyonvarc'h</a> suggested that it may have also been a purification festival, similar to the <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">ancient Roman</a> festival <a href="/wiki/Lupercalia" title="Lupercalia"><i>Februa</i> or <i>Lupercalia</i></a>, which took place at the same time of year.<sup id="cite_ref-Patterson_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patterson-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some scholars argue that the date of Imbolc was significant in Ireland since the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Europe" title="Neolithic Europe">Neolithic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few <a href="/wiki/Passage_tomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Passage tomb">passage tombs</a> in Ireland are aligned with the sunrise around the times of Imbolc and Samhain. This includes the <a href="/wiki/Mound_of_the_Hostages" title="Mound of the Hostages">Mound of the Hostages</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Hill_of_Tara" title="Hill of Tara">Hill of Tara</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Loughcrew" title="Loughcrew">Cairn L</a> at <a href="/wiki/Slieve_na_Calliagh" title="Slieve na Calliagh">Slieve na Calliagh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Frank Prendergast argues that this alignment is so rare that it is a product of chance.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hutton writes that Imbolc must have been "important enough for its date to be dedicated subsequently to <a href="/wiki/Brigid_of_Kildare" title="Brigid of Kildare">Brigid</a> … the Mother Saint of Ireland".<sup id="cite_ref-stations_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stations-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cogitosus" title="Cogitosus">Cogitosus</a>, writing in the late 7th century, is the first to mention a feast day of Saint Brigid being observed in <a href="/wiki/Kildare" title="Kildare">Kildare</a> on 1 February.<sup id="cite_ref-ohogain_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ohogain-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brigid is said to have lived in the 6th century and founded the important monastery of Kildare. She became the focus of a major cult. However, there are few historical facts about her, and her early <a href="/wiki/Hagiography" title="Hagiography">hagiographies</a> "are mainly anecdotes and miracle stories, some of which are deeply rooted in Irish pagan folklore".<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is suggested that Saint Brigid is based on the goddess <a href="/wiki/Brigid" title="Brigid">Brigid</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Mackillop2_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mackillop2-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or that she was a real person and the lore of the goddess was transferred to her.<sup id="cite_ref-ohogain_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ohogain-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like the saint, the goddess is associated with wisdom, poetry, healing, protection, blacksmithing, and domesticated animals, according to <i><a href="/wiki/Sanas_Cormaic" title="Sanas Cormaic">Cormac's Glossary</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Lebor_Gab%C3%A1la_%C3%89renn" title="Lebor Gabála Érenn">Lebor Gabála Érenn</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-ohogain_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ohogain-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is suggested that Imbolc, which celebrates the start of lambing, was linked with Brigid in her role as a fertility goddess.<sup id="cite_ref-koch287_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-koch287-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hutton says that the goddess might have already been linked to Imbolc and this was continued by making it the saint's feast day. Or it could be that Imbolc's association with milk drew the saint to it because of a legend that she had been the wet-nurse of Christ.<sup id="cite_ref-stations_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stations-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prominent folklorist <a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_%C3%93_S%C3%BAilleabh%C3%A1in" title="Seán Ó Súilleabháin">Seán Ó Súilleabháin</a> wrote: "The main significance of the Feast of St. Brigid would seem to be that it was a Christianisation of one of the focal points of the agricultural year in Ireland, the starting point of preparations for the spring sowing. Every manifestation of the cult of the saint (or of the deity she replaced) is bound up in some way with food production".<sup id="cite_ref-Danaher13_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Danaher13-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_customs">Historical customs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imbolc&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Historical customs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The festival of Imbolc is mentioned in several <a href="/wiki/Early_Irish_literature" title="Early Irish literature">early Irish manuscripts</a>, but they say very little about its original rites and customs.<sup id="cite_ref-stations_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stations-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Imbolc was one of four main seasonal festivals in <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic Ireland</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/Beltane" title="Beltane">Beltane</a> (1 May), <a href="/wiki/Lughnasadh" title="Lughnasadh">Lughnasadh</a> (1 August) and <a href="/wiki/Samhain" title="Samhain">Samhain</a> (1 November). The tale <i><a href="/wiki/Tochmarc_Emire" title="Tochmarc Emire">Tochmarc Emire</a></i>, which survives in a 10th-century version, names <i>Imbolc</i> as one of four seasonal festivals, and says it is "when the ewes are milked at spring's beginning".<sup id="cite_ref-stations_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stations-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This linking of Imbolc with the arrival of lambs and sheep's milk probably reflected farming customs that ensured lambs were born before calves. In late winter/early spring, sheep could survive better than cows on the sparse vegetation, and farmers sought to resume milking as soon as possible due to their dwindling stores.<sup id="cite_ref-Patterson_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patterson-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Hibernica Minora</i> includes an <a href="/wiki/Old_Irish" title="Old Irish">Old Irish</a> poem about the four seasonal festivals. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Kuno_Meyer" title="Kuno Meyer">Kuno Meyer</a> (1894), it says, "Tasting of each food according to order, this is what is proper at Imbolc: washing the hands, the feet, the head". This suggests ritual cleansing.<sup id="cite_ref-Patterson_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patterson-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a seasonal festival, the timing of Imbolc might originally have been more fluid and linked to the onset of lambing<sup id="cite_ref-koch287_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-koch287-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the blooming of <a href="/wiki/Blackthorn" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackthorn">blackthorn</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the 18th century to the mid-20th century, many St Brigid's Day traditions were recorded by <a href="/wiki/Folkloristics" class="mw-redirect" title="Folkloristics">folklorists</a> and other writers. They tell us how it was celebrated then and shed light on how it may have been celebrated in the past.<sup id="cite_ref-McNeill-1_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McNeill-1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Danaher2_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Danaher2-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brigid's_crosses"><span id="Brigid.27s_crosses"></span>Brigid's crosses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imbolc&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Brigid's crosses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:House_number,_New_Bridge_Street,_Downpatrick,_February_2010_(02).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/House_number%2C_New_Bridge_Street%2C_Downpatrick%2C_February_2010_%2802%29.JPG/220px-House_number%2C_New_Bridge_Street%2C_Downpatrick%2C_February_2010_%2802%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/House_number%2C_New_Bridge_Street%2C_Downpatrick%2C_February_2010_%2802%29.JPG/330px-House_number%2C_New_Bridge_Street%2C_Downpatrick%2C_February_2010_%2802%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/House_number%2C_New_Bridge_Street%2C_Downpatrick%2C_February_2010_%2802%29.JPG/440px-House_number%2C_New_Bridge_Street%2C_Downpatrick%2C_February_2010_%2802%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Brigid's cross above a doorway in <a href="/wiki/Downpatrick" title="Downpatrick">Downpatrick</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In Ireland, <a href="/wiki/Brigid%27s_cross" title="Brigid's cross">Brigid's crosses</a> (<i>pictured</i>) are traditionally made on St Brigid's Day. A Brigid's cross usually consists of rushes woven into a four-armed equilateral cross, although there were also three-armed crosses.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are traditionally hung over doors, windows, and stables to welcome Brigid and for protection against fire, lightning, illness, and evil spirits.<sup id="cite_ref-Danaher22-25_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Danaher22-25-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The crosses are generally left until the next St Brigid's Day.<sup id="cite_ref-stations_17-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stations-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In western <a href="/wiki/Connacht" title="Connacht">Connacht</a>, people made a <i><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Crios Bríde</i></span></i> (<span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Bríd</i></span>'s girdle); a great ring of rushes with a cross woven in the middle. Young boys would carry it around the village, inviting people to step through it and be blessed.<sup id="cite_ref-stations_17-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stations-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Welcoming_Brigid">Welcoming Brigid</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imbolc&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Welcoming Brigid"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St._Brigid_Painting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/St._Brigid_Painting.jpg/220px-St._Brigid_Painting.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/St._Brigid_Painting.jpg/330px-St._Brigid_Painting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/St._Brigid_Painting.jpg/440px-St._Brigid_Painting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="999" /></a><figcaption>Painting of Saint Brigid with a bowl of fire, a spindle, and a cow in <a href="/wiki/St._Patrick%27s_Chapel,_Glastonbury" title="St. Patrick's Chapel, Glastonbury">St. Patrick's Chapel, Glastonbury</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>On St Brigid's Eve, Brigid was said to visit virtuous households and bless the inhabitants.<sup id="cite_ref-stations_17-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stations-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Brigid represented the light half of the year and the power that will bring people from the dark season of winter into spring, her presence was vital at this time of year.<sup id="cite_ref-McNeill_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McNeill-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Carmina5_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carmina5-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before going to bed, people would leave items of clothing or strips of cloth outside for Brigid to bless.<sup id="cite_ref-stations_17-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stations-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next morning, they would be brought inside and believed to have powers of healing and protection.<sup id="cite_ref-McNeill_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McNeill-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Carmina5_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carmina5-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brigid would be symbolically invited into the house and a bed would often be made for her. In Ulster, a family member representing Brigid would circle the home three times carrying <a href="/wiki/Juncus" title="Juncus">rushes</a>. They would knock the door three times, asking to be let in. On the third attempt, they are welcomed in, a meal is had, and the rushes are then made into crosses or a bed for Brigid.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 18th-century <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Mann</a>, the custom was to stand at the door with a bundle of rushes and say "Brede, Brede, come to my house tonight. Open the door for Brede and let Brede come in". Similarly, in <a href="/wiki/County_Donegal" title="County Donegal">County Donegal</a>, the family member who was sent to fetch the rushes knelt on the front step and repeated three times, "Go on your knees, open your eyes, and let in St Brigid". Those inside the house answered three times, "She's welcome".<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rushes were then strewn on the floor as a carpet or bed for Brigid. In the 19th century, some old Manx women would make a bed for Brigid in the barn with food, ale, and a candle on a table.<sup id="cite_ref-stations_17-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stations-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The custom of making Brigid's bed was prevalent in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrides" title="Hebrides">Hebrides</a> of Scotland, where it was recorded as far back as the 17th century. A bed of hay or a basket-like cradle would be made for Brigid. Someone would then call out three times: "<i><span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">a Bhríd, a Bhríd, thig a stigh as gabh do leabaidh</i></span></i>" ("<span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">Bríd Bríd</i></span>, come in; thy bed is ready").<sup id="cite_ref-stations_17-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stations-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A corn dolly called the <i>dealbh Bríde</i> (icon of Brigid) would be laid in the bed and a white wand, usually made of birch, would be laid beside it.<sup id="cite_ref-stations_17-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stations-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It represented the wand that Brigid was said to use to make the vegetation start growing again.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Women in some parts of the Hebrides would also dance while holding a large cloth and calling out "<i><span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">Bridean, Bridean, thig an nall 's dean do leabaidh</i></span></i>" ("<span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">Bríd, Bríd</i></span>, come over and make your bed").<sup id="cite_ref-stations_17-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stations-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Outer Hebrides, ashes from the fire would be raked smooth, and, in the morning, people would look for some mark on the ashes as a sign that Brigid had visited.<sup id="cite_ref-stations_17-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stations-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-monaghan256_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-monaghan256-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If there was no mark, they believed bad fortune would come unless they <a href="/wiki/Animal_sacrifice" title="Animal sacrifice">buried a cockerel</a> at the meeting of three streams as an offering and burned incense on their fire that night.<sup id="cite_ref-stations_17-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stations-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brigid's_procession"><span id="Brigid.27s_procession"></span>Brigid's procession</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imbolc&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Brigid's procession"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Ireland and Scotland, a representation of Brigid would be paraded around the community by girls and young women. Usually, it was a doll known as a <i><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Brídeóg</i></span></i> ('little Brigid'), called a 'Breedhoge' or 'Biddy' in English. It would be made from <a href="/wiki/Juncus" title="Juncus">rushes</a> or <a href="/wiki/Reed_(plant)" title="Reed (plant)">reeds</a> and clad in bits of cloth, flowers, or shells.<sup id="cite_ref-stations_17-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stations-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-monaghan256_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-monaghan256-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Hebrides of Scotland, a bright shell or crystal called the <i><span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">reul-iuil Bríde</i></span></i> (guiding star of Brigid) was set on its chest. The girls would carry it in procession while singing a hymn to Brigid. All wore white with their hair unbound as a symbol of purity and youth. They visited every house in the area, where they received either food or more decoration for the <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">Brídeóg</i></span>. Afterward, they feasted in a house with the <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">Brídeóg</i></span> set in a place of honour, and put it to bed with lullabies. When the meal was done, the local young men humbly asked for admission, made obeisance to the <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">Brídeóg</i></span>, and joined the girls in dancing and merrymaking.<sup id="cite_ref-stations_17-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stations-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In many places, only unwed girls could carry the <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">Brídeóg</i></span>, but in some both boys and girls carried it.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In parts of Ireland, rather than carrying a <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">Brídeóg</i></span>, a girl took on the role of Brigid. Escorted by other girls, she went house-to-house wearing 'Brigid's crown' and carrying 'Brigid's shield' and 'Brigid's cross', all made from rushes.<sup id="cite_ref-Danaher22-25_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Danaher22-25-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The procession in some places included 'strawboys', who wore conical straw hats, masks and played folk music; much like the <a href="/wiki/Wren_Day" title="Wren Day">wrenboys</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Danaher22-25_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Danaher22-25-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Up until the mid-20th century, children in Ireland still went house-to-house asking for pennies for "poor Biddy", or money for the poor. In <a href="/wiki/County_Kerry" title="County Kerry">County Kerry</a>, men in white robes sang from house to house.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Weather_lore">Weather lore</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imbolc&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Weather lore"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Snowdrop.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Snowdrop.JPG/250px-Snowdrop.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Snowdrop.JPG/375px-Snowdrop.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Snowdrop.JPG/500px-Snowdrop.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Snowdrops in the snow</figcaption></figure> <p>The festival is traditionally associated with <a href="/wiki/Weather_lore" title="Weather lore">weather lore</a>, and the old tradition of watching to see if serpents or badgers came from their winter dens may be a forerunner of the North American <a href="/wiki/Groundhog_Day" title="Groundhog Day">Groundhog Day</a>. A Scottish Gaelic proverb about the day is: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1157697682">.mw-parser-output .verse_translation .translated{padding-left:2em!important}@media only screen and (max-width:43.75em){.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small td{display:block;padding-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small .translated{padding-left:0.5em!important}}</style> </p> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem"> <p><span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">Thig an nathair as an toll<br /> Là donn Brìde,<br /> Ged robh trì troighean dhen t-sneachd<br /> Air leac an làir.</i></span> </p> </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="en" class="poem"> <p>The serpent will come from the hole<br /> On the brown Day of Bríde,<br /> Though there should be three feet of snow<br /> On the flat surface of the ground.<sup id="cite_ref-Carmina1_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carmina1-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Imbolc was believed to be when the <a href="/wiki/Cailleach" title="Cailleach">Cailleach</a>—the divine <a href="/wiki/Hag" title="Hag">hag</a> of Gaelic tradition—gathers her firewood for the rest of the winter. Legend has it that if she wishes to make the winter last a good while longer, she will make sure the weather on Imbolc is bright and sunny so that she can gather plenty of firewood. Therefore, people would be relieved if Imbolc is a day of foul weather, as it means the Cailleach is asleep and winter is almost over.<sup id="cite_ref-Briggs2_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Briggs2-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At Imbolc on the Isle of Man, where she is known as <i><span title="Manx-language text"><i lang="gv">Caillagh ny Groamagh</i></span></i>, the Cailleach is said to take the form of a gigantic bird carrying sticks in her beak.<sup id="cite_ref-Briggs2_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Briggs2-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_customs">Other customs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imbolc&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Other customs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Families would have a special meal or supper on St Brigid's Eve to mark the last night of winter.<sup id="cite_ref-stations_17-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stations-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This typically included food such as <a href="/wiki/Colcannon" title="Colcannon">colcannon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sowans" title="Sowans">sowans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dumpling" title="Dumpling">dumplings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barmbrack" title="Barmbrack">barmbrack</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bannock_(British_food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bannock (British food)">bannocks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-danaher15_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-danaher15-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Often, some of the food and drink would be set aside for Brigid.<sup id="cite_ref-stations_17-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stations-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Ireland, a <a href="/wiki/Spring_cleaning" title="Spring cleaning">spring cleaning</a> was customary around St Brigid's Day.<sup id="cite_ref-danaher15_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-danaher15-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>People traditionally visit <a href="/wiki/Holy_well" title="Holy well">holy wells</a> and pray for health while walking '<a href="/wiki/Sunwise" title="Sunwise">sunwise</a>' around the well. They might then leave offerings, typically coins or strips of cloth/ribbon (see <a href="/wiki/Clootie_well" title="Clootie well">clootie well</a>). Historically, water from the well was used to bless the home, family members, livestock, and fields.<sup id="cite_ref-danaher15_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-danaher15-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scottish writer <a href="/wiki/Donald_Alexander_Mackenzie" title="Donald Alexander Mackenzie">Donald Alexander Mackenzie</a> also recorded in the 19th century that offerings were made "to earth and sea". The offering could be milk poured into the ground or porridge poured into the water as a <a href="/wiki/Libation" title="Libation">libation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/County_Kilkenny" title="County Kilkenny">County Kilkenny</a>, graves were decorated with box and laurel flowers (or any other flowers that could be found at that time). A Branch of Virginity was decorated with white ribbons and placed on the grave of a recently deceased maiden.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Present_day_customs">Present day customs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imbolc&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Present day customs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Making_crosses_at_St_Brigids_Well.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Making_crosses_at_St_Brigids_Well.JPG/250px-Making_crosses_at_St_Brigids_Well.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Making_crosses_at_St_Brigids_Well.JPG/375px-Making_crosses_at_St_Brigids_Well.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Making_crosses_at_St_Brigids_Well.JPG/500px-Making_crosses_at_St_Brigids_Well.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="427" /></a><figcaption>People making <i>Brigid's crosses</i> at St Brigid's Well near <a href="/wiki/Liscannor" title="Liscannor">Liscannor</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above hd" style="background-color: #ddccff">Saint Brigid's Day/Imbolc<br />public holiday</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Observed by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data">First Monday in February</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">2024 date</th><td class="infobox-data">February 5 <span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtstart">2024-02-05</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">2025 date</th><td class="infobox-data">February 3 <span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtstart">2025-02-03</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">2026 date</th><td class="infobox-data">February 2 <span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtstart">2026-02-02</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">2027 date</th><td class="infobox-data">February 1 <span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtstart">2027-02-01</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Frequency</th><td class="infobox-data">Annual</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First time</th><td class="infobox-data">2023</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>St Brigid's Day and Imbolc are observed by Christians and non-Christians. Some people still make Brigid's crosses and <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Brídeog</i></span>s or visit holy wells dedicated to St Brigid on 1 February.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brigid's Day parades have been revived in the town of <a href="/wiki/Killorglin" title="Killorglin">Killorglin</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_Kerry" title="County Kerry">County Kerry</a>, which holds a yearly "Biddy's Day Festival". Men and women wearing elaborate straw hats and masks visit public houses carrying a <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Brídeóg</i></span> to ward off evil spirits and bring good luck for the coming year. There are folk music sessions, historical talks, film screenings, drama productions, and cross-weaving workshops. The main event is a torchlight parade of 'Biddy groups' through the town.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 2009 a yearly "Brigid of Faughart Festival" is held in <a href="/wiki/County_Louth" title="County Louth">County Louth</a>. This celebrates Brigid as both saint and goddess and includes the long-standing pilgrimage to <a href="/wiki/Faughart" title="Faughart">Faughart</a> as well as music, poetry, and lectures.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "Imbolc International Music Festival" of folk music is held in <a href="/wiki/Derry" title="Derry">Derry</a> at this time of year.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In England, the village of <a href="/wiki/Marsden,_West_Yorkshire" title="Marsden, West Yorkshire">Marsden, West Yorkshire</a> holds a biennial "Imbolc Fire Festival" which includes a lantern procession, fire performers, music, fireworks, and a symbolic battle between giant characters representing the <a href="/wiki/Green_Man" title="Green Man">Green Man</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jack_Frost" title="Jack Frost">Jack Frost</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More recently, <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Ireland" title="List of diplomatic missions of Ireland">Irish embassies</a> have hosted yearly events on St Brigid's Day to celebrate famous women of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_diaspora" title="Irish diaspora">Irish diaspora</a> and showcase the work of Irish female emigrants in the arts.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2022, Dublin hosted its first "Brigit Festival", celebrating "the contributions of Irish women" past and present through exhibitions, tours, lectures, films, and a concert.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2016, the <a href="/wiki/Green_Party_(Ireland)" title="Green Party (Ireland)">Green Party</a> proposed that St Brigid's Day be made a <a href="/wiki/Public_holiday_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Public holiday in the Republic of Ireland">public holiday in Ireland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was put into effect in 2022 after the party entered government, and "Imbolc/St Brigid's Day" has been a yearly public holiday since 2023 to mark both the saint's feast day and the seasonal festival.<sup id="cite_ref-public_holiday_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-public_holiday-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A government statement noted that it would be the first Irish public holiday named after a woman, and "means that all four of the traditional Celtic seasonal festival will now be public holidays". The public holiday is observed on the first Monday of February, except for years where 1 February happens to fall on a Friday, in which case the holiday is observed on that Friday instead.<sup id="cite_ref-public_holiday_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-public_holiday-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neopaganism">Neopaganism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imbolc&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Neopaganism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Imbolc_Festival_February_3rd_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Imbolc_Festival_February_3rd_2007.jpg/250px-Imbolc_Festival_February_3rd_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Imbolc_Festival_February_3rd_2007.jpg/375px-Imbolc_Festival_February_3rd_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Imbolc_Festival_February_3rd_2007.jpg/500px-Imbolc_Festival_February_3rd_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="662" /></a><figcaption>Imbolc Festival in <a href="/wiki/Marsden,_West_Yorkshire" title="Marsden, West Yorkshire">Marsden, West Yorkshire</a>, 2007</figcaption></figure> <p>Imbolc or Imbolc-based festivals are observed by some <a href="/wiki/Neopaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neopaganism">Neopagans</a>, though practices vary widely. While some attempt to closely emulate the historic accounts of Imbolc, others rely on many sources to inspire their celebrations.<sup id="cite_ref-Adler1_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adler1-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Festivals typically fall near 1 February in the Northern Hemisphere and 1 August in the Southern Hemisphere.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some Neopagans celebrate the festival at the astronomical midpoint between the <a href="/wiki/Winter_solstice" title="Winter solstice">winter solstice</a> and spring <a href="/wiki/Equinox" title="Equinox">equinox</a> — in the Northern Hemisphere, this is usually on 3 or 4 February — while others rely on the full moon nearest this point.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Neopagans designate Imbolc based on other natural phenomena, such as the emergence of primroses, dandelions, or similar local flora.<sup id="cite_ref-Bonewits184-5_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bonewits184-5-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Celtic_Reconstructionist">Celtic Reconstructionist</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imbolc&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Celtic Reconstructionist"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Reconstructionist_Paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic Reconstructionist Paganism">Celtic Reconstructionists</a> strive to reconstruct <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">ancient Celtic religion</a>. Their religious practices are based on research and historical accounts,<sup id="cite_ref-McColman_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McColman-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bonewits130-7_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bonewits130-7-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but may be modified slightly to suit modern life. They avoid <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretism</a> (i.e., combining practises from different cultures). They usually celebrate the festival at the start of spring, or on the full moon nearest this. Many use traditional songs and rites from sources such as <i>The Silver Bough</i> and <i>The Carmina Gadelica</i>. It is a time of honouring the goddess Brigid, and many of her dedicants choose this time of year for rituals to her.<sup id="cite_ref-McColman_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McColman-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bonewits130-7_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bonewits130-7-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wicca_and_Neo-Druidry">Wicca and Neo-Druidry</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imbolc&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Wicca and Neo-Druidry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Wiccans" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiccans">Wiccans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neo-Druidry" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Druidry">Neo-Druids</a> celebrate Imbolc as one of the eight Sabbats in their <a href="/wiki/Wheel_of_the_Year" title="Wheel of the Year">Wheel of the Year</a>, following Midwinter and preceding <a href="/wiki/Ostara" class="mw-redirect" title="Ostara">Ostara</a>. In Wicca, Imbolc is commonly associated with the goddess Brigid; as such, it is sometimes seen as a "women's holiday" with specific rites only for female members of a <a href="/wiki/Coven" title="Coven">coven</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among <a href="/wiki/Dianic_Wicca" title="Dianic Wicca">Dianic Wiccans</a>, Imbolc is the traditional time for <a href="/wiki/Initiation" title="Initiation">initiations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Budapest_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Budapest-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imbolc&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Calendar_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Calendar_icon.svg/22px-Calendar_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Calendar_icon.svg/33px-Calendar_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Calendar_icon.svg/44px-Calendar_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="654" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Holidays" title="Portal:Holidays">Holidays portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candlemas" title="Candlemas">Candlemas</a></li> <li><span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd"><a href="/wiki/Faoilleach" title="Faoilleach">Faoilleach</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_calendar" title="Irish calendar">Irish calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichun" title="Lichun">Lichun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarter_days" title="Quarter days">Quarter days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Vasant Panchami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheel_of_the_Year" title="Wheel of the Year">Wheel of the Year</a> (Cross-Quarter days)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imbolc&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Danaher1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Danaher1_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Danaher1_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDanaher1972">Danaher 1972</a>, p. 38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McNeill-1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McNeill-1_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McNeill-1_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McNeill-1_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">McNeill, F. Marian (1959, 1961) <i>The Silver Bough</i>, Vol. 1–4. William MacLellan, Glasgow; Vol. 2, pp. 11–42</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Barry_Cunliffe" title="Barry Cunliffe">Cunliffe, Barry</a> (1997). <i>The Ancient Celts</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Page 188-190.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-berger-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-berger_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBerger1985" class="citation book cs1">Berger, Pamela (1985). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/goddessobscuredt00berg"><i>The Goddess Obscured: Transformation of the Grain Protectress from Goddess to Saint</i></a></span>. Boston: Beacon Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/goddessobscuredt00berg/page/70">70–73</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-6723-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-6723-9"><bdi>978-0-8070-6723-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Goddess+Obscured%3A+Transformation+of+the+Grain+Protectress+from+Goddess+to+Saint&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=70-73&rft.pub=Beacon+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-8070-6723-9&rft.aulast=Berger&rft.aufirst=Pamela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgoddessobscuredt00berg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImbolc" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-public_holiday-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-public_holiday_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-public_holiday_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-public_holiday_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.ie/en/press-release/b926b-government-agrees-covid-recognition-payment-and-new-public-holiday/">"Government agrees Covid Recognition Payment and New Public Holiday"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland" title="Government of Ireland">Government of Ireland</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Department_of_the_Taoiseach" title="Department of the Taoiseach">Department of the Taoiseach</a>. 19 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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href="https://www.independent.ie/regionals/louth/news/events-planned-for-brigid-of-faughart-festival-41274598.html">"Events planned for Brigid of Faughart Festival"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Irish_Independent" title="Irish Independent">Irish Independent</a></i>. 24 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Irish+Independent&rft.atitle=Events+planned+for+Brigid+of+Faughart+Festival&rft.date=2022-01-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.ie%2Fregionals%2Flouth%2Fnews%2Fevents-planned-for-brigid-of-faughart-festival-41274598.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImbolc" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishnews.com/arts/2022/01/07/news/trad-music-returns-to-derry-air-with-the-imbolc-international-music-festival-2553631/">"Music returns to Derry air with the Imbolc International Music Festival"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Irish_News" title="The Irish News">The Irish News</a></i>. 7 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+News&rft.atitle=Music+returns+to+Derry+air+with+the+Imbolc+International+Music+Festival&rft.date=2022-01-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishnews.com%2Farts%2F2022%2F01%2F07%2Fnews%2Ftrad-music-returns-to-derry-air-with-the-imbolc-international-music-festival-2553631%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImbolc" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.examinerlive.co.uk/whats-on/whats-on-news/marsdens-imbolc-fire-festival-light-14190951">"Everything you need to know about Marsden's Imbolc Fire Festival"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Huddersfield_Daily_Examiner" title="Huddersfield Daily Examiner">Huddersfield Daily Examiner</a></i>. 23 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Huddersfield+Daily+Examiner&rft.atitle=Everything+you+need+to+know+about+Marsden%27s+Imbolc+Fire+Festival&rft.date=2018-01-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.examinerlive.co.uk%2Fwhats-on%2Fwhats-on-news%2Fmarsdens-imbolc-fire-festival-light-14190951&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImbolc" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/abroad/st-brigid-s-day-irish-women-to-be-celebrated-around-the-world-1.3777791">"St Brigid's Day: Irish women to be celebrated around the world"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Irish_Times" title="The Irish Times">The Irish Times</a></i>. 31 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=St+Brigid%27s+Day%3A+Irish+women+to+be+celebrated+around+the+world&rft.date=2019-01-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Flife-and-style%2Fabroad%2Fst-brigid-s-day-irish-women-to-be-celebrated-around-the-world-1.3777791&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImbolc" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a 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class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newstalk.com/news/green-party-proposes-making-st-brigids-day-a-public-holiday-567040">"Green Party proposes making St Brigid's Day a public holiday"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Green+Party+proposes+making+St+Brigid%27s+Day+a+public+holiday&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newstalk.com%2Fnews%2Fgreen-party-proposes-making-st-brigids-day-a-public-holiday-567040&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImbolc" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adler1-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Adler1_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adler, Margot (1979) <i>Drawing Down the Moon: Witches, Druids, Goddess-Worshippers, and Other Pagans in America Today</i>. Boston, Beacon Press <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-3237-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-3237-4">978-0-8070-3237-4</a>. p. 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McColman, Carl (2003) <i>Complete Idiot's Guide to Celtic Wisdom</i>. Alpha Press <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-864417-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-864417-2">978-0-02-864417-2</a>. p. 51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrury2009" class="citation book cs1">Drury, Nevill (2009). "The Modern Magical Revival: Esbats and Sabbats". In Pizza, Murphy; Lewis, James R (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rwzttsI9-NwC&q=nevill+drury"><i>Handbook of Contemporary Paganism</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">63–</span>67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16373-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16373-7"><bdi>978-90-04-16373-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Modern+Magical+Revival%3A+Esbats+and+Sabbats&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Contemporary+Paganism&rft.place=Leiden%2C+Netherlands&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E63-%3C%2Fspan%3E67&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-90-04-16373-7&rft.aulast=Drury&rft.aufirst=Nevill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrwzttsI9-NwC%26q%3Dnevill%2Bdrury&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImbolc" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHume1997" class="citation book cs1">Hume, Lynne (1997). <i>Witchcraft and Paganism in Australia</i>. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-522-84782-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-522-84782-6"><bdi>978-0-522-84782-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Witchcraft+and+Paganism+in+Australia&rft.place=Melbourne&rft.pub=Melbourne+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-522-84782-6&rft.aulast=Hume&rft.aufirst=Lynne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImbolc" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVos2002" class="citation book cs1">Vos, Donna (2002). <i>Dancing Under an African Moon: Paganism and Wicca in South Africa</i>. Cape Town: Zebra Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">79–</span>86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86872-653-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86872-653-0"><bdi>978-1-86872-653-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dancing+Under+an+African+Moon%3A+Paganism+and+Wicca+in+South+Africa&rft.place=Cape+Town&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E79-%3C%2Fspan%3E86&rft.pub=Zebra+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-86872-653-0&rft.aulast=Vos&rft.aufirst=Donna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImbolc" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBodsworth2003" class="citation book cs1">Bodsworth, Roxanne T (2003). <i>Sunwyse: Celebrating the Sacred Wheel of the Year in Australia</i>. Victoria, Australia: Hihorse Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-909223-03-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-909223-03-8"><bdi>978-0-909223-03-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sunwyse%3A+Celebrating+the+Sacred+Wheel+of+the+Year+in+Australia&rft.place=Victoria%2C+Australia&rft.pub=Hihorse+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-909223-03-8&rft.aulast=Bodsworth&rft.aufirst=Roxanne+T&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImbolc" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130123062729/http://www.archaeoastronomy.com/seasons.html">"archaeoastronomy.com explains the reason we have seasons"</a>. <i>Archaeoastronomy.com</i>. Archived from the original on 23 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Archaeoastronomy.com&rft.atitle=archaeoastronomy.com+explains+the+reason+we+have+seasons&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archaeoastronomy.com%2Fseasons.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImbolc" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bonewits184-5-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bonewits184-5_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bonewits, Isaac (2006) <i>Bonewits's Essential Guide to Druidism</i>. New York, Kensington Publishing Group <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8065-2710-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8065-2710-9">978-0-8065-2710-9</a>. pp. 184–5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McColman-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McColman_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McColman_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">McColman, Carl (2003) p. 12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bonewits130-7-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bonewits130-7_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bonewits130-7_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bonewits (2006) pp. 130–7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gallagher, Ann-Marie (2005). <i>The Wicca Bible: The Definitive Guide to Magic and the Craft</i>. London: Godsfield Press. p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Budapest-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Budapest_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Budapest, Zsuzsanna (1980). <i>The Holy Book of Women's Mysteries</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-914728-67-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-914728-67-2">978-0-914728-67-2</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imbolc&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDanaher1972" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Danaher" title="Kevin Danaher">Danaher, Kevin</a> (1972). <i>The Year in Ireland: Irish Calendar Customs</i>. Cork: Mercier Press. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85635-093-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85635-093-8"><bdi>978-1-85635-093-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Year+in+Ireland%3A+Irish+Calendar+Customs&rft.place=Cork&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Mercier+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-1-85635-093-8&rft.aulast=Danaher&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImbolc" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imbolc&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carmina_Gadelica" title="Carmina Gadelica">Carmichael, Alexander</a> (1992). <i>Carmina Gadelica: Hymns and Incantations</i> (with illustrative notes onwards, rites, and customs dying and obsolete/ orally collected in the Highlands and Islands of Scotland). Hudson, NY: Lindisfarne Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-940262-50-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-940262-50-8">978-0-940262-50-8</a>.</li> <li>Chadwick, Nora (1970). <i>The Celts</i>. London: Penguin. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-021211-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-021211-2">978-0-14-021211-2</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._Marian_McNeill" title="F. Marian McNeill">McNeill, F. Marian</a> (1959). <i>The Silver Bough</i>, Vol. 1–4. Glasgow: William MacLellan.</li> <li>Ó Catháin, Séamas (1995). <i>Festival of Brigit</i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imbolc&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Imbolc" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Imbolc"><i>Imbolc</i></a> at Wiktionary</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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title="Celts">Celts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Celts_(modern)" title="Celts (modern)">modern Celts</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Celtic nations</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Celtic_studies" title="Celtic studies">Celtic studies</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Celtic_peoples_and_tribes" title="List of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes">Celtic tribes</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic languages</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Peoples209" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Peoples</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Celtic_peoples_and_tribes" title="List of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes">Ancient Celtic ethnic groups</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Celts" title="Names of the Celts">Names</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgae" title="Belgae">Belgae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Britons" title="Celtic Britons">Britons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caledonians" title="Caledonians">Caledonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberians" title="Celtiberians">Celtiberians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallaeci" title="Gallaeci">Gallaeci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatians_(people)" title="Galatians (people)">Galatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helvetii" title="Helvetii">Helvetii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepontii" title="Lepontii">Lepontii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noricum" title="Noricum">Noricum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcae" title="Volcae">Volcae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celts_(modern)" title="Celts (modern)">Modern Celtic ethnic groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bretons" title="Bretons">Bretons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_people" title="Cornish people">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_people" title="Welsh people">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_people" title="Manx people">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scots</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Celtic diaspora</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_diaspora" title="Cornish diaspora">Cornish diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_diaspora" title="Irish diaspora">Irish diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_diaspora" title="Scottish diaspora">Scottish diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh diaspora">Welsh diaspora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related ethnic groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Celtic" title="Anglo-Celtic">Anglo-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_Americans" title="Breton Americans">Breton Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_Americans" title="Cornish Americans">Cornish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Celtic_round_dogs.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Celtic_round_dogs.svg/100px-Celtic_round_dogs.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Celtic_round_dogs.svg/150px-Celtic_round_dogs.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Celtic_round_dogs.svg/200px-Celtic_round_dogs.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1400" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Studies64" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_studies" title="Celtic studies">Studies</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1l_Riata" title="Dál Riata">Dálriata</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Alba" title="Kingdom of Alba">Alba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Iron_Age" title="British Iron Age">Iron Age Britain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brigantia_(ancient_region)" title="Brigantia (ancient region)">Brigantia (ancient region)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman Britain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sub-Roman_Britain" title="Sub-Roman Britain">Sub-Roman Britain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dumnonia" title="Dumnonia">Dumnonia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hen_Ogledd" title="Hen Ogledd">Hen Ogledd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Iron Age Gaul</a> / <a href="/wiki/Roman_Gaul" title="Roman Gaul">Roman Gaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britonia" title="Britonia">Britonia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armorica" title="Armorica">Armorica</a> / <a href="/wiki/Domnon%C3%A9e" title="Domnonée">Domnonée</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallaecia" title="Gallaecia">Gallaecia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Cisalpine Gaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_settlement_of_Southeast_Europe" title="Celtic settlement of Southeast Europe">Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celts_in_Transylvania" title="Celts in Transylvania">Transylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatia" title="Galatia">Galatia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_paganism" title="Proto-Celtic paganism">Proto-Celtic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Celtic polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_deities" title="Celtic deities">Celtic deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Animism" title="Celtic Animism">Celtic Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_mythology" title="Celtic mythology">Celtic mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Christianity" title="Celtic Christianity">Celtic Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Rite" title="Celtic Rite">Celtic Rites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_stone_idols" title="Celtic stone idols">Celtic stone idolss</a>* <a href="/wiki/Druid" title="Druid">Druids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Monasticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Insular Monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Celtic_temple" title="Romano-Celtic temple">Romano-Celtic temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Celtic_pagan_practices" title="Template:Celtic pagan practices">Practices</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mythology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_mythology" title="Scottish mythology">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_mythology" title="Welsh mythology">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matter_of_Britain" title="Matter of Britain">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_mythology" title="Breton mythology">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_mythology" title="Cornish mythology">Cornish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bard" title="Bard">Bard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brehon" title="Brehon">Brehon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_calendar" title="Celtic calendar">Celtic calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_festivals" title="List of Celtic festivals">Celtic festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_women" title="Ancient Celtic women">Celtic women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celticisation" title="Celticisation">Celticisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Name" title="Chief of the Name">Chief of the Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derbfine" title="Derbfine">Derbfine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druid" title="Druid">Druid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_clan_chief" title="Scottish clan chief">Clan chief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelicisation" title="Gaelicisation">Gaelicisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Irish_astrology" title="Early Irish astrology">Gaelic astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1inne" title="Fáinne">Fáinne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fili" class="mw-redirect" title="Fili">Fili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_law" title="Celtic law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanistry" title="Tanistry">Tanistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seancha%C3%AD" title="Seanchaí">Seanchaí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sept" title="Sept">Sept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BAath" title="Túath">Túath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vates" title="Vates">Vates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic warfare">Warfare</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gaelic_warfare" title="Gaelic warfare">Gaelic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_coinage" title="Celtic coinage">Coinage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Modern_Celts31" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celts_(modern)" title="Celts (modern)">Modern Celts</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Revival" title="Celtic Revival">Celtic Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Celtic nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Celticism" title="Pan-Celticism">Pan-Celticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Congress" title="Celtic Congress">Celtic Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_League" title="Celtic League">Celtic League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_union" title="Celtic union">Celtic union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_music" title="Celtic music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_rock" title="Celtic rock">Rock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Celtic_Christianity" title="Neo-Celtic Christianity">Neo-Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_neopaganism" title="Celtic neopaganism">Neopaganism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Wicca" title="Celtic Wicca">Celtic Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druidry_(modern)" title="Druidry (modern)">Neo-Druidism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nations26" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Nations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_League" title="Celtic League">Celtic League</a> definition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a> (<span title="Breton-language text"><i lang="br">Breizh</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a> (<span title="Cornish-language text"><i lang="kw">Kernow</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> (<span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Éire</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a> (<span title="Manx-language text"><i lang="gv">Mannin</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> (<span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">Alba</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> (<span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">Cymru</i></span>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other claimants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y_Wladfa" title="Y Wladfa">Y Wladfa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Culture7" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Culture</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_literature" title="Celtic literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matter_of_Britain" title="Matter of Britain">Arthurian Legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_bardic_poetry" title="Irish bardic poetry">Bardic Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_literature" title="Breton literature">Breton literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_literature" title="Cornish literature">Cornish literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_literature" title="Irish literature">Irish literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_literature" title="Manx literature">Manx literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_literature" title="Scottish literature">Scottish literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh-language_literature" title="Welsh-language literature">Welsh-language literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_literature_in_English" title="Welsh literature in English">Welsh literature in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Irish_literature" title="Early Irish literature">Early Irish literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_annals" title="Irish annals">Irish annals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_literature" title="Gaelic literature">Gaelic literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_literature" title="Scottish Gaelic literature">Scottish Gaelic literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National cultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Brittany" title="Culture of Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Cornwall" title="Culture of Cornwall">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ireland" title="Culture of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Culture of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Scotland" title="Culture of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Wales" title="Culture of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_art" title="Celtic art">Art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bell_shrine" title="Bell shrine">Bell shrines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_brooch" title="Celtic brooch">Brooches</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dragonesque_brooch" title="Dragonesque brooch">Dragonesque</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnyx" title="Carnyx">Carnyx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_cross" title="Celtic cross">Celtic cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_knot" title="Celtic knot">Knotwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_cross" title="High cross">High crosses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_art" title="Insular art">Insular art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlace_(art)" title="Interlace (art)">Interlace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_leaf-crown" title="Celtic leaf-crown">Leaf-crowns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_maze" title="Celtic maze">Mazes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictish_stone" title="Pictish stone">Pictish stones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torc" title="Torc">Torcs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triskelion" title="Triskelion">Triple spiral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Clothing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Dress" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic Dress">Celtic Dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_dress" title="Highland dress">Highland dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_clothing" title="Irish clothing">Gaelic clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartan" title="Tartan">Tartan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Welsh_costume" title="Traditional Welsh costume">Traditional Welsh costume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_hat" title="Welsh hat">Welsh hat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional cultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Highlands" title="Scottish Highlands">Highland culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_music" title="Celtic music">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_music" title="Ancient Celtic music">Ancient Celtic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Brittany" title="Music of Brittany">Breton Folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_folk_music" title="Gaelic folk music">Gaelic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_traditional_music" title="Irish traditional music">Irish folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_folk_music" title="Scottish folk music">Scottish folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_folk_music" title="Welsh folk music">Welsh folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean-n%C3%B3s_singing" title="Sean-nós singing">Sean-nós singing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnyx" title="Carnyx">Carnyx</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="National_music_scenes21" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National music scenes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Brittany" title="Music of Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cornwall" title="Music of Cornwall">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_music_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk music of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Music of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Scotland" title="Music of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Wales" title="Music of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_festivals" title="List of Celtic festivals">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_calendar" title="Celtic calendar">Calendar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samhain" title="Samhain">Samhain</a>/<a href="/wiki/Calan_Gaeaf" title="Calan Gaeaf">Calan Gaeaf</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Imbolc</a>/<a href="/wiki/G%C5%B5yl_Fair_y_Canhwyllau" title="Gŵyl Fair y Canhwyllau">Gŵyl Fair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beltane" title="Beltane">Beltane</a>/<a href="/wiki/Calan_Mai" title="Calan Mai">Calan Mai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lughnasadh" title="Lughnasadh">Lughnasadh</a>/<a href="/wiki/Gathering_Day" title="Gathering Day">Calan Awst</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festival_Interceltique_de_Lorient" title="Festival Interceltique de Lorient">Festival Interceltique de Lorient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Celtic_Festival" title="Pan Celtic Festival">Pan Celtic Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebridean_Celtic_Festival" title="Hebridean Celtic Festival">Hebridean Celtic Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Connections" title="Celtic Connections">Celtic Connections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Media_Festival" title="Celtic Media Festival">Celtic Media Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisteddfod" title="Eisteddfod">Eisteddfod</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bando_(sport)" title="Bando (sport)">Bando</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bataireacht" class="mw-redirect" title="Bataireacht">Bataireacht</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camogie" title="Camogie">Camogie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cammag" title="Cammag">Cammag</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cnapan" title="Cnapan">Cnapan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_hurling" title="Cornish hurling">Cornish hurling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_wrestling" title="Cornish wrestling">Cornish wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curling" title="Curling">Curling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_football" title="Gaelic football">Gaelic football</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ladies%27_Gaelic_football" title="Ladies' Gaelic football">Ladies'</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_handball" title="Gaelic handball">Gaelic handball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouren" title="Gouren">Gouren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rounders" title="Rounders">Rounders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_games" title="Highland games">Highland games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurling" title="Hurling">Hurling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_road_bowling" title="Irish road bowling">Road bowls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinty" title="Shinty">Shinty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_handball" title="Welsh handball">Welsh handball</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Politics56" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Politics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nationalism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_nationalism" title="Breton nationalism">Breton nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Breton_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Breton nationalism">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reunification_of_Brittany" title="Reunification of Brittany">reunification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_nationalism" title="Cornish nationalism">Cornish nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_status_of_Cornwall" title="Constitutional status of Cornwall">status</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Irish nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Manx nationalism">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_status_of_Orkney,_Shetland_and_the_Western_Isles" title="Constitutional status of Orkney, Shetland and the Western Isles">Constitutional status of Orkney, Shetland and the Western Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_nationalism" title="Scottish nationalism">Scottish nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_national_identity" title="Scottish national identity">national identity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_nationalism" title="Welsh nationalism">Welsh nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_national_identity" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh national identity">national identity</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autonomy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_devolution" title="Cornish devolution">Cornish devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_devolution" title="Scottish devolution">Scottish devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_devolution" title="Welsh devolution">Welsh devolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Breton independence">Breton independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_independence" title="Scottish independence">Scottish independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_independence" title="Welsh independence">Welsh independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Ireland" title="United Ireland">United Ireland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">Irish republicanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pan-Celticism" title="Pan-Celticism">Pan-Celticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_League" title="Celtic League">Celtic League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Congress" title="Celtic Congress">Celtic Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Revival" title="Celtic Revival">Celtic Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_society" title="Celtic society">Celtic society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_unity" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic unity">Celtic unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columba_Project" title="Columba Project">Columba Project</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Languages175" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Brittonic_languages" title="Brittonic languages">Brittonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Goidelic_languages" title="Goidelic languages">Goidelic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_language" title="Manx language">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">Mixed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shelta" title="Shelta">Shelta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bungi_dialect" title="Bungi dialect">Bungi Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beurla_Reagaird" title="Beurla Reagaird">Beurla Reagaird</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Continental_Celtic_languages" title="Continental Celtic languages">Ancient Celtic languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Extinct_language" title="Extinct language">Extinct</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_language" title="Proto-Celtic language">Proto-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Brittonic" title="Common Brittonic">Proto-Brittonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_Irish" title="Primitive Irish">Proto-Goidelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberian_language" title="Celtiberian language">Celtiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaulish" title="Gaulish">Gaulish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatian_language" title="Galatian language">Galatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallaecian_language" title="Gallaecian language">Gallaecian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepontic_language" title="Lepontic language">Lepontic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noric_language" title="Noric language">Noric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumbric" title="Cumbric">Cumbric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictish_language" title="Pictish language">Pictish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispano-Celtic_languages" title="Hispano-Celtic languages">Hispano-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaulish" title="Cisalpine Gaulish">Cisalpine Gaulish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a> dialects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arran_Gaelic" title="Arran Gaelic">Arran Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deeside_Gaelic" title="Deeside Gaelic">Deeside Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galwegian_Gaelic" title="Galwegian Gaelic">Galwegian Gaelic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Law_and_Warfare109" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_law" title="Celtic law">Law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_warfare" title="Ancient Celtic warfare">Warfare</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_law" title="Celtic law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Irish_law" title="Early Irish law">Early Irish law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyfraith_Hywel" title="Cyfraith Hywel">Cyfraith Hywel</a> (Medieval Welsh law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Scots_law" title="History of Scots law">Early Scots law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_warfare" title="Ancient Celtic warfare">Warfare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_warfare" title="Gaelic warfare">Gaelic warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cateran" title="Cateran">Ceathairne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kern_(soldier)" title="Kern (soldier)">Ceithearn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fianna" title="Fianna">Fianna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaesatae" title="Gaesatae">Gaesatae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallowglass" title="Gallowglass">Gallóglaigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobelar" title="Hobelar">Hobelar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redshank_(soldier)" title="Redshank (soldier)">Redshanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimarcisia" title="Trimarcisia">Trimarcisia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Lists332" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Lists</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Celtic_peoples_and_tribes" title="List of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes">Tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_deities" title="List of Celtic deities">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_English_words_of_Celtic_origin" title="Lists of English words of Celtic origin">Celtic words in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_words_of_Celtic_origin" title="List of Spanish words of Celtic origin">– in Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Galician_words_of_Celtic_origin" title="List of Galician words of Celtic origin">– in Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_words_of_Gaulish_origin" title="List of French words of Gaulish origin">Gaulish words in French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_place_names_in_Galicia" title="List of Celtic place names in Galicia">Celtic place names in Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_place_names_in_Italy" title="List of Celtic place names in Italy">– in Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_place_names_in_Portugal" title="List of Celtic place names in Portugal">– in Portugal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Celts" title="Portal:Celts">Celts portal</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg/16px-Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg/24px-Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg/32px-Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="639" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Topics_in_Celtic_mythology311" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Celtic_mythology_topics" title="Template:Celtic mythology topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Celtic_mythology_topics" title="Template talk:Celtic mythology topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Celtic_mythology_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Celtic mythology topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Topics_in_Celtic_mythology311" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topics in <a href="/wiki/Celtic_mythology" title="Celtic mythology">Celtic mythology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Creation311" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Creation</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beira_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Beira (mythology)">Beira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cailleach" title="Cailleach">Cailleach</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Ancient_Gaulish_and_Brythonic_deities311" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gaulish-Brythonic_mythology" title="Template:Gaulish-Brythonic mythology">Ancient Gaulish and Brythonic deities</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abandinus" title="Abandinus">Abandinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abellio" title="Abellio">Abellio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abnoba" title="Abnoba">Abnoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adsullata" title="Adsullata">Adsullata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agron%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Agronā">Agronā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaunus" title="Alaunus">Alaunus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alisanos" title="Alisanos">Alisanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambisagrus" title="Ambisagrus">Ambisagrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancamna" title="Ancamna">Ancamna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancasta" title="Ancasta">Ancasta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andarta" title="Andarta">Andarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andraste" title="Andraste">Andraste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anextiomarus" title="Anextiomarus">Anextiomarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arduinna" title="Arduinna">Arduinna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnemetia" title="Arnemetia">Arnemetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artio" title="Artio">Artio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arvernus" title="Arvernus">Arvernus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matronae_Aufaniae" title="Matronae Aufaniae">Aufaniae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aveta" title="Aveta">Aveta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belatucadros" title="Belatucadros">Belatucadros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belenus" title="Belenus">Belenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belisama" title="Belisama">Belisama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bergusia" title="Bergusia">Bergusia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bormana" title="Bormana">Bormana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borvo" title="Borvo">Borvo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bricta" title="Bricta">Bricta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigantia_(goddess)" title="Brigantia (goddess)">Brigantia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buxenus" title="Buxenus">Buxenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camma" title="Camma">Camma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camulus" title="Camulus">Camulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathubodua" title="Cathubodua">Cathubodua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cernunnos" title="Cernunnos">Cernunnos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cissonius" title="Cissonius">Cissonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clota" class="mw-redirect" title="Clota">Clota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocidius" title="Cocidius">Cocidius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condatis" title="Condatis">Condatis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ialonus_Contrebis" title="Ialonus Contrebis">Contrebis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coventina" title="Coventina">Coventina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damona" title="Damona">Damona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latis" title="Latis">Dea Latis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dea_Matrona" title="Dea Matrona">Dea Matrona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divona" title="Divona">Divona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dusios" title="Dusios">Dusios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epona" title="Epona">Epona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erecura" title="Erecura">Erecura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esus" title="Esus">Esus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fagus_(god)" title="Fagus (god)">Fagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaulish_Dis_Pater" title="Gaulish Dis Pater">Gaulish Dis Pater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grannus" title="Grannus">Grannus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hooded_Spirits" title="Hooded Spirits">Hooded Spirits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erecura" title="Erecura">Herecura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icaunis" title="Icaunis">Icaunus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icovellauna" title="Icovellauna">Icovellauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inciona" title="Inciona">Inciona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litavis" title="Litavis">Litavis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loucetios" title="Loucetios">Loucetios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugus" title="Lugus">Lugus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxovius" title="Luxovius">Luxovius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maponos" title="Maponos">Maponos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matres_and_Matronae" title="Matres and Matronae">Matres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nantosuelta" title="Nantosuelta">Nantosuelta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naria" title="Naria">Naria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemetona" title="Nemetona">Nemetona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemausus" title="Nemausus">Nemausus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicnevin" title="Nicnevin">Nicnevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nodens" title="Nodens">Nodens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogmios" title="Ogmios">Ogmios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricagambeda" title="Ricagambeda">Ricagambeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritona" title="Ritona">Ritona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robor" title="Robor">Robor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosmerta" title="Rosmerta">Rosmerta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudianos" title="Rudianos">Rudianos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segomo" title="Segomo">Segomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senuna" title="Senuna">Senua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sequana" title="Sequana">Sequana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirona_(goddess)" title="Sirona (goddess)">Sirona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smertrios" title="Smertrios">Smertrios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sucellus" title="Sucellus">Sucellus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suleviae" title="Suleviae">Suleviae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulis" title="Sulis">Sulis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Thames" title="River Thames">Tamesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taranis" title="Taranis">Taranis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teutates" title="Teutates">Teutates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verbeia" title="Verbeia">Verbeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visucius" title="Visucius">Visucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vosegus" title="Vosegus">Vosegus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Irish_mythological_characters311" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Irish mythological characters</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abarta" title="Abarta">Abartach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhean" title="Abhean">Abhean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aengus" title="Aengus">Aengus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cormac_mac_Airt" title="Cormac mac Airt">Alastir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aoi_Mac_Ollamain" title="Aoi Mac Ollamain">Ai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aibell" title="Aibell">Aibell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aimend" title="Aimend">Aimend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81ine" title="Áine">Áine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airmed" title="Airmed">Airmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anu_(Irish_goddess)" title="Anu (Irish goddess)">Anu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badb" title="Badb">Badb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balor" title="Balor">Balor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1n%C3%A1nach" title="Bánánach">Bánánach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banba" title="Banba">Banba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beag" title="Beag">Beag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9%E1%B8%83inn" title="Béḃinn">Béḃinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9_Chuille" title="Bé Chuille">Bé Chuille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bir%C3%B3g" title="Biróg">Birog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boann" title="Boann">Boann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodb_Derg" title="Bodb Derg">Bodb Derg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuatha_D%C3%A9_Danann" title="Tuatha Dé Danann">Brea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigid" title="Brigid">Breg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bres" title="Bres">Bres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigid" title="Brigid">Brigid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cailleach" title="Cailleach">Bronach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buarainech" class="mw-redirect" title="Buarainech">Buarainech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caer_Ibormeith" title="Caer Ibormeith">Caer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canola_(mythology)" title="Canola (mythology)">Canola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carman" title="Carman">Carman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crom_Cruach" title="Crom Cruach">Cenn Cruaich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cessair" title="Cessair">Cessair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cethlenn" title="Cethlenn">Cethlenn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cian" title="Cian">Cian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cl%C3%ADodhna" title="Clíodhna">Cliodhna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fomorians" title="Fomorians">Corb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creidhne" title="Creidhne">Creidhne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crom_Cruach" title="Crom Cruach">Crom Cruach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%BA_Ro%C3%AD" title="Cú Roí">Cú Roí mac Daire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dagda" title="The Dagda">The Dagda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danu_(Irish_goddess)" title="Danu (Irish goddess)">Danu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donn" title="Donn">Donn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dian_Cecht" title="Dian Cecht">Dian Cecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elatha" title="Elatha">Elatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89ta%C3%ADn" title="Étaín">Étaín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethniu" title="Ethniu">Ethniu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89riu" title="Ériu">Ériu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fand" title="Fand">Fand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fionnuala" title="Fionnuala">Fionnuala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%B3dla" title="Fódla">Fódla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goibniu" title="Goibniu">Goibniu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lir" title="Lir">Lir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luchtaine" title="Luchtaine">Luchtaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugh" title="Lugh">Lugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macha" title="Macha">Macha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manann%C3%A1n_mac_Lir" title="Manannán mac Lir">Manannán mac Lir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miach" title="Miach">Miach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midir" title="Midir">Midir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mug_Ruith" title="Mug Ruith">Mog Ruith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Morr%C3%ADgan" title="The Morrígan">Morrígan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neit" title="Neit">Neit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemain" title="Nemain">Nemain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niamh_(mythology)" title="Niamh (mythology)">Niamh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuada_Airgetl%C3%A1m" title="Nuada Airgetlám">Nuada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogma" title="Ogma">Ogma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plor_na_mBan" title="Plor na mBan">Plor na mBan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheela_na_gig" title="Sheela na gig">Sheela na gig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tailtiu" title="Tailtiu">Tailtiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tethra" title="Tethra">Tethra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Irish_rulers_and_warriors311" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Irish rulers and warriors</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ca%C3%ADlte_mac_R%C3%B3n%C3%A1in" title="Caílte mac Rónáin">Caílte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conall_Cernach" title="Conall Cernach">Conall Cernach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conchobar_mac_Nessa" title="Conchobar mac Nessa">Conchobar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Con%C3%A1n_mac_Morna" title="Conán mac Morna">Conán mac Morna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conn_of_the_Hundred_Battles" title="Conn of the Hundred Battles">Conn of the Hundred Battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cormac_mac_Airt" title="Cormac mac Airt">Cormac mac Airt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%BA_Chulainn" title="Cú Chulainn">Cúchulainn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumhall" title="Cumhall">Cumhal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deichtine" title="Deichtine">Deichtine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deirdre" title="Deirdre">Deirdre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diarmuid_Ua_Duibhne" title="Diarmuid Ua Duibhne">Diarmuid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emer" title="Emer">Emer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdiad" title="Ferdiad">Ferdiad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fergus_mac_R%C3%B3ich" title="Fergus mac Róich">Fergus mac Róich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fionn_mac_Cumhaill" title="Fionn mac Cumhaill">Fionn mac Cumhaill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugaid" title="Lugaid">Lugaid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medb" title="Medb">Medb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ois%C3%ADn" title="Oisín">Oisín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_(Irish_mythology)" title="Oscar (Irish mythology)">Oscar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Scottish_mythological_creatures311" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Scottish mythological creatures</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Beasts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gigelorum" title="Gigelorum">Gigelorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loch_Ness_Monster" title="Loch Ness Monster">Loch Ness Monster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lyon-Bowes,_Master_of_Glamis_(born_1821)" title="Thomas Lyon-Bowes, Master of Glamis (born 1821)">Monster of Glamis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wulver" title="Wulver">Wulver</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Birds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boobrie" title="Boobrie">Boobrie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fairies/Spirits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bean-nighe" title="Bean-nighe">Bean-nighe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodach" title="Bodach">Bodach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brownie_(folklore)" title="Brownie (folklore)">Brownie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caoineag" title="Caoineag">Caoineag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat-s%C3%ACth" title="Cat-sìth">Cat-sìth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changeling" title="Changeling">Changeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%B9-s%C3%ACth" title="Cù-sìth">Cù-sìth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunnie" title="Dunnie">Dunnie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Each-uisge" title="Each-uisge">Each-uisge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghillie_Dhu" title="Ghillie Dhu">Ghillie Dhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glaistig" title="Glaistig">Glaistig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maggy_Moulach" title="Maggy Moulach">Meg Mullach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuckelavee" title="Nuckelavee">Nuckelavee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selkie" title="Selkie">Selkie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seonaidh" title="Seonaidh">Seonaidh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shellycoat" title="Shellycoat">Shellycoat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wirry-cow" title="Wirry-cow">Wirry-cow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ceasg" title="Ceasg">Ceasg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gnomes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pech_(mythology)" title="Pech (mythology)">Peck</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Goblins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bauchan" title="Bauchan">Bauchan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Scottish_rulers_and_warriors311" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Scottish rulers and warriors</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A%C3%ADfe" title="Aífe">Aífe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connla" title="Connla">Connla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sc%C3%A1thach" title="Scáthach">Scáthach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uathach" title="Uathach">Uathach</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Welsh_mythological_characters311" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Welsh mythological characters</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amaethon" title="Amaethon">Amaethon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arawn" title="Arawn">Arawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arianrhod" title="Arianrhod">Arianrhod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Arthur" title="King Arthur">King Arthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afallach" title="Afallach">Afallach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beli_Mawr" title="Beli Mawr">Beli Mawr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blodeuwedd" title="Blodeuwedd">Blodeuwedd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Br%C3%A2n_the_Blessed" title="Brân the Blessed">Brân the Blessed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branwen" title="Branwen">Branwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassivellaunus" title="Cassivellaunus">Caswallawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceridwen" title="Ceridwen">Ceridwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cigfa" title="Cigfa">Cigfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creiddylad" title="Creiddylad">Creiddylad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culhwch" title="Culhwch">Culhwch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyhyraeth" title="Cyhyraeth">Cyhyraeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_David" title="Saint David">Dewi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B4n" title="Dôn">Dôn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwynwen" title="Dwynwen">Dwyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dylan_ail_Don" title="Dylan ail Don">Dylan Ail Don</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efnysien" title="Efnysien">Efnysien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Elen" title="Saint Elen">Elen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euroswydd" title="Euroswydd">Euroswydd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gofannon" title="Gofannon">Gofannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwydion" title="Gwydion">Gwydion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwyn_ap_Nudd" title="Gwyn ap Nudd">Gwyn ap Nudd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafgan" title="Hafgan">Hafgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lleu_Llaw_Gyffes" title="Lleu Llaw Gyffes">Lleu Llaw Gyffes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ll%C5%B7r" title="Llŷr">Llŷr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lludd_Llaw_Eraint" title="Lludd Llaw Eraint">Lludd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mabon_ap_Modron" title="Mabon ap Modron">Mabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manawydan" title="Manawydan">Manawydan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Math_fab_Mathonwy" title="Math fab Mathonwy">Math fab Mathonwy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modron" title="Modron">Modron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisien" title="Nisien">Nisien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leodegrance" class="mw-redirect" title="Leodegrance">Ogyruan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olwen" title="Olwen">Olwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penarddun" title="Penarddun">Penarddun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pryderi" title="Pryderi">Pryderi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pwyll" title="Pwyll">Pwyll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhiannon" title="Rhiannon">Rhiannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliesin" title="Taliesin">Taliesin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Welsh_mythological_creatures311" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Welsh mythological creatures</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Beasts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C%C5%B5n_Annwn" title="Cŵn Annwn">Cŵn Annwn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwyllgi" title="Gwyllgi">Gwyllgi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Birds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adar_Llwch_Gwin" title="Adar Llwch Gwin">Adar Llwch Gwin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tylwyth_Teg" title="Tylwyth Teg">Fairies/Spirits</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bendith_y_Mamau" class="mw-redirect" title="Bendith y Mamau">Bendith y Mamau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brenin_Llwyd" title="Brenin Llwyd">Brenin Llwyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyhyraeth" title="Cyhyraeth">Cyhyraeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwragedd_Annwn" title="Gwragedd Annwn">Gwragedd Annwn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwyllion" title="Gwyllion">Gwyllion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tylwyth_Teg" title="Tylwyth Teg">Tylwyth Teg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sea and lake creatures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afanc" title="Afanc">Afanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceffyl_D%C5%B5r" title="Ceffyl Dŵr">Ceffyl Dŵr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_leaper" class="mw-redirect" title="Water leaper">Llamhigyn y Dŵr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgens" class="mw-redirect" title="Morgens">Morgens</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Giants_(Welsh_folklore)" title="Giants (Welsh folklore)">Cewri</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ysbaddaden_Bencawr" class="mw-redirect" title="Ysbaddaden Bencawr">Ysbaddaden Bencawr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Goblins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coblynau" class="mw-redirect" title="Coblynau">Coblynau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pwca" class="mw-redirect" title="Pwca">Pwca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Locations311" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Locations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annwn" title="Annwn">Annwn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mag_Mell" title="Mag Mell">Mag Mell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aos_S%C3%AD#The_sídhe:_abodes_of_the_aes_sídhe" title="Aos Sí">Sídhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%ADr_na_n%C3%93g" title="Tír na nÓg">Tír na nÓg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory_Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="Tory Hill">Drom Asail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brasil_(mythical_island)" title="Brasil (mythical island)">Hy-Brasil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Weapons311" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Weapons</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Excalibur" title="Excalibur">Caledfwlch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Treasures_of_the_Island_of_Britain#The_Dyrnwyn_of_Rhydderch_Hael" title="Thirteen Treasures of the Island of Britain">Dyrnwyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Treasures_of_the_Tuatha_D%C3%A9_Danann" title="Four Treasures of the Tuatha Dé Danann">Claíomh Solais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fragarach" title="Fragarach">Fragarach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A1e_Bulg" title="Gáe Bulg">Gáe Bulg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spear_of_Lugh" class="mw-redirect" title="Spear of Lugh">Spear Lúin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Festivals311" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Festivals</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samhain" title="Samhain">Samhain</a>/<a href="/wiki/Calan_Gaeaf" title="Calan Gaeaf">Calan Gaeaf</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Imbolc</a>/<a href="/wiki/G%C5%B5yl_Fair_y_Canhwyllau" title="Gŵyl Fair y Canhwyllau">Gŵyl Fair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beltane" title="Beltane">Beltane</a>/<a href="/wiki/Calan_Mai" title="Calan Mai">Calan Mai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lughnasadh" title="Lughnasadh">Lughnasadh</a>/<a href="/wiki/Gathering_Day" title="Gathering Day">Calan Awst</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wheel_of_the_Year21" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wheel_of_the_Year" title="Template:Wheel of the Year"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wheel_of_the_Year" title="Template talk:Wheel of the Year"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wheel_of_the_Year" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wheel of the Year"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wheel_of_the_Year21" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wheel_of_the_Year" title="Wheel of the Year">Wheel of the Year</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winter_solstice" title="Winter solstice">Midwinter</a>/<a href="/wiki/Yule" title="Yule">Yule</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Imbolc</a>/<span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy"><a href="/wiki/G%C5%B5yl_Fair_y_Canhwyllau" title="Gŵyl Fair y Canhwyllau">Gŵyl Fair</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_equinox" title="March equinox">Vernal equinox</a>/<span title="Old High German (ca. 750-1050)-language text"><i lang="goh"><a href="/wiki/%C4%92ostre" title="Ēostre">Ostara</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beltane" title="Beltane">Beltane</a>/<span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy"><a href="/wiki/Calan_Mai" title="Calan Mai">Calan Mai</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summer_solstice" title="Summer solstice">Summer solstice</a>/<a href="/wiki/Midsummer" title="Midsummer">Midsummer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lughnasadh" title="Lughnasadh">Lughnasadh</a>/<span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy"><a href="/wiki/Lammas" title="Lammas">Calan Awst</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_equinox" title="September equinox">Autumnal equinox</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mabon_(Wicca)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mabon (Wicca)">Mabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samhain" title="Samhain">Samhain</a>/<span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy"><a href="/wiki/Calan_Gaeaf" title="Calan Gaeaf">Calan Gaeaf</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Neopagan_witchcraft141" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Neopagan_witchcraft" title="Template:Neopagan witchcraft"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Neopagan_witchcraft" title="Template talk:Neopagan witchcraft"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Neopagan_witchcraft" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Neopagan witchcraft"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Neopagan_witchcraft141" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Neopagan_witchcraft" title="Neopagan witchcraft">Neopagan witchcraft</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wicca" title="History of Wicca">History of Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etymology_of_Wicca" title="Etymology of Wicca">Etymology of Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_pagan_views_on_LGBT_people#Wicca" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern pagan views on LGBT people">Wicca and LGBT people</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dettmer_v._Landon" title="Dettmer v. Landon">Dettmer v. Landon</a></i></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pentacle_(fixed_width).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pentacle_%28fixed_width%29.svg/90px-Pentacle_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pentacle_%28fixed_width%29.svg/135px-Pentacle_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pentacle_%28fixed_width%29.svg/180px-Pentacle_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Traditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/British_Traditional_Wicca" class="mw-redirect" title="British Traditional Wicca">British Traditional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_Wicca" title="Alexandrian Wicca">Alexandrian Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algard_Wicca" class="mw-redirect" title="Algard Wicca">Algard Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Star_Wicca" title="Blue Star Wicca">Blue Star Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Valley_Wicca" title="Central Valley Wicca">Central Valley Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chthonioi_Alexandrian_Wicca" title="Chthonioi Alexandrian Wicca">Chthonioi Alexandrian Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardnerian_Wicca" title="Gardnerian Wicca">Gardnerian Wicca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1734_Tradition" title="1734 Tradition">1734 Tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Wicca" title="Celtic Wicca">Celtic Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_and_School_of_Wicca" title="Church and School of Wicca">Church and School of Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochrane%27s_Craft" title="Cochrane's Craft">Cochrane's Craft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Howard_(Wiccan)" title="Raymond Howard (Wiccan)">Coven of Atho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dianic_Wicca" title="Dianic Wicca">Dianic Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faery_Wicca" title="Faery Wicca">Faery Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feri_Tradition" title="Feri Tradition">Feri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Wicca" title="Georgian Wicca">Georgian Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odyssean_Wicca" title="Odyssean Wicca">Odyssean Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaiming_(Neopaganism)" title="Reclaiming (Neopaganism)">Reclaiming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seax-Wica" title="Seax-Wica">Seax-Wica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stregheria" title="Stregheria">Stregheria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Eclectic_Wicca" title="Universal Eclectic Wicca">Universal Eclectic Wicca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable<br />figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Gardner" title="Gerald Gardner">Gerald Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doreen_Valiente" title="Doreen Valiente">Doreen Valiente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Sanders_(Wiccan)" title="Alex Sanders (Wiccan)">Alex Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxine_Sanders" title="Maxine Sanders">Maxine Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sybil_Leek" title="Sybil Leek">Sybil Leek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Woodford-Grimes" title="Edith Woodford-Grimes">Dafo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margot_Adler" title="Margot Adler">Margot Adler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Henry_Anderson" title="Victor Henry Anderson">Victor Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Bone" title="Eleanor Bone">Artemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gavin_Bone" title="Gavin Bone">Gavin Bone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lois_Bourne" title="Lois Bourne">Lois Bourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_L._Bracelin" title="Jack L. Bracelin">Jack Bracelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Buckland" title="Raymond Buckland">Raymond Buckland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddie_Buczynski" title="Eddie Buczynski">Eddie Buczynski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zsuzsanna_Budapest" title="Zsuzsanna Budapest">Zsuzsanna Budapest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cardell" title="Charles Cardell">Charles Cardell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ipsita_Roy_Chakraverti" title="Ipsita Roy Chakraverti">Ipsita Roy Chakraverti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Crowther_(Wiccan)" title="Patricia Crowther (Wiccan)">Patricia Crowther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivianne_Crowley" title="Vivianne Crowley">Vivianne Crowley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Cochrane_(witch)" title="Robert Cochrane (witch)">Robert Cochrane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Cunningham" title="Scott Cunningham">Scott Cunningham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Curott" title="Phyllis Curott">Phyllis Curott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerridwen_Fallingstar" title="Cerridwen Fallingstar">Cerridwen Fallingstar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Farrar" title="Janet Farrar">Janet Farrar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewart_Farrar" title="Stewart Farrar">Stewart Farrar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raven_Grimassi" title="Raven Grimassi">Raven Grimassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gavin_Frost" class="mw-redirect" title="Gavin Frost">Gavin Frost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yvonne_Frost" class="mw-redirect" title="Yvonne Frost">Yvonne Frost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Heselton" title="Philip Heselton">Philip Heselton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Lamond_(Wiccan)" title="Frederic Lamond (Wiccan)">Frederic Lamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosaleen_Norton" title="Rosaleen Norton">Rosaleen Norton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_RavenWolf" title="Silver RavenWolf">Silver RavenWolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starhawk" title="Starhawk">Starhawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bearwalker_Wilson" title="Joseph Bearwalker Wilson">Joseph Wilson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Triple_Goddess_(Neopaganism)" title="Triple Goddess (Neopaganism)">Triple Goddess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horned_God" title="Horned God">Horned God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Man" title="Green Man">Green Man</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_man_(spirit_of_nature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Green man (spirit of nature)">Spirit of nature</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holly_King_and_Oak_King" title="Holly King and Oak King">Holly King / Oak King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_goddess" title="Mother goddess">Mother goddess</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key<br />concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiccan_morality" title="Wiccan morality">Wiccan morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiccan_Rede" title="Wiccan Rede">Wiccan Rede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_Three_(Wicca)" title="Rule of Three (Wicca)">Rule of Three</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiccan_views_of_divinity" title="Wiccan views of divinity">Wiccan views of divinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coven" title="Coven">Coven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craft_name" title="Craft name">Craft name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_(supernatural)" title="Magic (supernatural)">Magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">Witchcraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_magic" title="White magic">White magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otherworld" title="Otherworld">Otherworld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Summerland" title="The Summerland">The Summerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">Reincarnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skyclad_(Neopaganism)" title="Skyclad (Neopaganism)">Skyclad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summoner_(Wicca)" title="Summoner (Wicca)">Summoner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watchtower_(magic)" title="Watchtower (magic)">Watchtower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familiar" title="Familiar">Familiar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rites<br /> and ritual</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drawing_down_the_Moon_(ritual)" title="Drawing down the Moon (ritual)">Drawing down the Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_rite" title="Great rite">Great rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handfasting" title="Handfasting">Handfasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiccaning" title="Wiccaning">Wiccaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fivefold_kiss" title="Fivefold kiss">Fivefold kiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_circle" title="Magic circle">Magic circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cone_of_power" title="Cone of power">Cone of power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbal_medicine" title="Herbal medicine">Herbal medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrying" title="Scrying">Scrying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incantation" title="Incantation">Spellwork / Incantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banishing" title="Banishing">Banishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">Divination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invocation" title="Invocation">Invocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initiation" title="Initiation">Initiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rite_of_passage" title="Rite of passage">Rite of passage</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eko_Eko_Azarak" title="Eko Eko Azarak">Eko Eko Azarak</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solitary_practitioner" title="Solitary practitioner">Solitary practitioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiral_dance" title="Spiral dance">Spiral dance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Holidays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wheel_of_the_Year" title="Wheel of the Year">Wheel of the Year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solstice" title="Solstice">Solstice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equinox" title="Equinox">Equinox</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Imbolc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%92ostre" title="Ēostre">Ostara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beltane" title="Beltane">Beltane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midsummer" title="Midsummer">Midsummer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lughnasadh" title="Lughnasadh">Lughnasadh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheel_of_the_Year#Autumnal_equinox_(Mabon)" title="Wheel of the Year">Mabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samhain" title="Samhain">Samhain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule" title="Yule">Yule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esbat" title="Esbat">Esbat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_Hunt#In_modern_Paganism" title="Wild Hunt">Wild Hunt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Paraphernalia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magical_tools_in_Wicca" title="Magical tools in Wicca">Magical tools in Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altar_(Wicca)" title="Altar (Wicca)">Altar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amulet" title="Amulet">Amulet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athame" title="Athame">Athame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altar_bell" title="Altar bell">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Besom" title="Besom">Besom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boline" title="Boline">Boline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Shadows" title="Book of Shadows">Book of Shadows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candle" title="Candle">Candles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cauldron" title="Cauldron">Cauldron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censer" title="Censer">Censer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalice#Wicca" title="Chalice">Chalice/Goblet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_horn" title="Drinking horn">Horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incense" title="Incense">Incense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parchment" title="Parchment">Parchment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentacle" title="Pentacle">Pentacle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runic_magic#Modern_systems" title="Runic magic">Runes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scourge" title="Scourge">Scourge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figurine" title="Figurine">Statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talisman" title="Talisman">Talisman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarot" title="Tarot">Tarot deck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wand" title="Wand">Wand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch%27s_ladder" title="Witch's ladder">Witch's ladder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aradia,_or_the_Gospel_of_the_Witches" title="Aradia, or the Gospel of the Witches">Aradia, or the Gospel of the Witches</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Meaning_of_Witchcraft" title="The Meaning of Witchcraft">The Meaning of Witchcraft</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Spiral_Dance" title="The Spiral Dance">The Spiral Dance</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/What_Witches_Do" title="What Witches Do">What Witches Do</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_Today" title="Witchcraft Today">Witchcraft Today</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charge_of_the_Goddess" title="Charge of the Goddess">Charge of the Goddess</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Enchanted_Feminism" title="Enchanted Feminism">Enchanted Feminism</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Neopagan_movements#Wicca" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Neopagan movements">List of Wiccan organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bricket_Wood_coven" title="Bricket Wood coven">Bricket Wood coven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Forest_coven" title="New Forest coven">New Forest coven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neopagan_witchcraft" title="Neopagan witchcraft">Neopagan witchcraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch-cult_hypothesis" title="Witch-cult hypothesis">Witch-cult hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-hand_path_and_right-hand_path" title="Left-hand path and right-hand path">Left-hand path and right-hand path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cunning_folk_in_Britain" title="Cunning folk in Britain">Cunning folk in Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_witchcraft" title="European witchcraft">European witchcraft</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Malleus_Maleficarum" title="Malleus Maleficarum">Malleus Maleficarum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_healer#Granny_women" title="Folk healer">Granny woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cunning_folk" title="Cunning folk">Cunning folk</a></li> <li>Magical alphabets <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Runes" title="Runes">Runes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theban_alphabet" title="Theban alphabet">Theban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witching_hour" title="Witching hour">Witching hour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_hunt" title="Witch hunt">Witch hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witches%27_Sabbath" title="Witches' Sabbath">Witches' Sabbath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_ointment" title="Flying ointment">Flying ointment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Witchcraft_and_Magic" title="Museum of Witchcraft and Magic">Museum of Witchcraft and Magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_Research_Association" title="Witchcraft Research Association">Witchcraft Research Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Public_holidays_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland132" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: #ddf;"><link 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selflink">Saint Brigid's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day" title="Saint Patrick's Day">Saint Patrick's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Monday" title="Easter Monday">Easter Monday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_Day" title="May Day">May Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_Holiday" title="June Holiday">June Holiday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Holiday" title="August Holiday">August Holiday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_Holiday" title="October Holiday">October Holiday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen%27s_Day" title="Saint Stephen's Day">Saint Stephen's Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ireland-related_topics" title="List of Ireland-related topics">topics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Outline of the Republic of Ireland">topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Northern_Ireland%E2%80%93related_topics" title="List of Northern Ireland–related topics">topics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History491" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland" title="History of Ireland">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Irish_history" title="Timeline of Irish history">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Ireland" title="Prehistoric Ireland">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protohistory_of_Ireland" title="Protohistory of Ireland">Protohistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(400%E2%80%93800)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ireland (400–800)">Early history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic Ireland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Ireland" title="Lordship of Ireland">Lordship of Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(800%E2%80%931169)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ireland (800–1169)">800–1169</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1169%E2%80%931536)" title="History of Ireland (1169–1536)">1169–1536</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Kingdom of Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1536%E2%80%931691)" title="History of Ireland (1536–1691)">1536–1691</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1691%E2%80%931800)" title="History of Ireland (1691–1800)">1691–1800</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1801%E2%80%931923)" title="History of Ireland (1801–1923)">1801–1923</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Republic" title="Irish Republic">Irish Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ireland_(1921%E2%80%931922)" title="Southern Ireland (1921–1922)">Southern Ireland (1921–1922)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> (1921–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Northern_Ireland" title="History of Northern Ireland">since 1922</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State (1922–1937)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="History of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland (since 1922)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tara_(Ireland)" title="Battle of Tara (Ireland)">Battles of Tara</a> / <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Glenmama" title="Battle of Glenmama">Glenmama</a> / <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Clontarf" title="Battle of Clontarf">Clontarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_invasion_of_Ireland" title="Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland">Norman invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_campaign_in_Ireland" title="Bruce campaign in Ireland">Bruce campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Tudor conquest of Ireland">Tudor conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmond_Rebellions" title="Desmond Rebellions">Desmond Rebellions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada_in_Ireland" title="Spanish Armada in Ireland">Spanish Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)" title="Nine Years' War (Ireland)">Tyrone's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_of_the_Earls" title="Flight of the Earls">Flight of the Earls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation_of_Ulster" title="Plantation of Ulster">Plantation of Ulster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1641" title="Irish Rebellion of 1641">1641 Rebellion</a> / <a href="/wiki/Irish_Confederate_Wars" title="Irish Confederate Wars">Confederate War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cromwellian_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Cromwellian conquest of Ireland">Cromwellian conquest</a> / <a href="/wiki/Act_for_the_Settlement_of_Ireland_1652" title="Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652">Settlement of 1652</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williamite_War_in_Ireland" title="Williamite War in Ireland">Williamite War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_laws_(Ireland)" title="Penal laws (Ireland)">Penal Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Famine_(1740%E2%80%931741)" title="Irish Famine (1740–1741)">First Great Famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798" title="Irish Rebellion of 1798">1798 Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1800" title="Acts of Union 1800">Act of Union (1800)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_rebellion_of_1803" title="Irish rebellion of 1803">1803 Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tithe_War" title="Tithe War">Tithe War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)" title="Great Famine (Ireland)">Second Great Famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_War" title="Land War">Land War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenian_Rising" title="Fenian Rising">Fenian Rising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_lock-out" title="Dublin lock-out">Dublin lock-out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland_Act_1914" title="Government of Ireland Act 1914">Home Rule crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Rising" title="Easter Rising">Easter Rising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Irish War of Independence">War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_Treaty" title="Anglo-Irish Treaty">Anglo-Irish Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Civil_War" title="Irish Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Emergency_(Ireland)" title="The Emergency (Ireland)">The Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_campaign_(Irish_Republican_Army)" title="Northern campaign (Irish Republican Army)">IRA Northern Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_campaign_(Irish_Republican_Army)" title="Border campaign (Irish Republican Army)">IRA Border Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles">The Troubles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_peace_process" title="Northern Ireland peace process">Peace process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Economy of the Republic of Ireland">Economy of the Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Tiger" title="Celtic Tiger">Celtic Tiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-2008_Irish_economic_downturn" title="Post-2008 Irish economic downturn">Post-2008 Irish economic downturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-2008_Irish_banking_crisis" title="Post-2008 Irish banking crisis">Post-2008 Irish banking crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_Ireland" title="List of conflicts in Ireland">List of conflicts in Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Celtic_peoples_and_tribes#Goidels_/_Gaels_/_Hibernians" title="List of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes">List of Irish tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_kingdoms" title="List of Irish kingdoms">List of Irish kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_High_Kings_of_Ireland" title="List of High Kings of Ireland">List of High Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland#Dress" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic clothing and fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the Republic of Ireland">List of World Heritage Sites in the Republic of Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Geography491" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Ireland" title="Geography of Ireland">Geography</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Natural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Ireland" title="Climate of Ireland">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Climate change in the Republic of Ireland">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_landforms_of_Ireland" title="Coastal landforms of Ireland">Coastline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Ireland" title="Extreme points of Ireland">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Ireland" title="Fauna of Ireland">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Ireland" title="List of islands of Ireland">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_loughs_of_Ireland" title="List of loughs of Ireland">Loughs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_mountains_in_Ireland" title="Lists of mountains in Ireland">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivers_of_Ireland" title="Rivers of Ireland">Rivers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Ireland" title="List of rivers of Ireland">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="List of national parks of the Republic of Ireland">List of national parks of the Republic of Ireland</a> / <a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_the_United_Kingdom#National_parks_in_Northern_Ireland" title="National parks of the United Kingdom">in Northern Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Human</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Ireland" title="Architecture of Ireland">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_buildings_in_Ireland" title="List of buildings in Ireland">Notable buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Ireland" title="List of tallest structures in Ireland">Tallest buildings and structures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_status_in_Ireland" title="City status in Ireland">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Ireland" title="Counties of Ireland">Counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Demographics of the Republic of Ireland">Demographics of the Republic of Ireland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Demographics of Northern Ireland">of Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ports_in_Ireland" title="List of ports in Ireland">Ports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Ireland" title="Provinces of Ireland">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_border" title="Republic of Ireland–United Kingdom border">ROI–UK border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_towns_in_Ireland" title="Lists of towns in Ireland">Towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Tourism in the Republic of Ireland">Tourism in the Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_Ireland" title="List of tourist attractions in Ireland">Tourist attractions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Ireland" title="Transport in Ireland">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Politics491" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Politics of the Republic of Ireland">Politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_loyalism" title="Ulster loyalism">Ulster loyalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_Ireland" title="Unionism in Ireland">Unionism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Politics of the Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Ireland" title="Constitution of Ireland">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Economy of the Republic of Ireland">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Education in the Republic of Ireland">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Ireland" title="Foreign relations of Ireland">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland" title="Government of Ireland">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Local government in the Republic of Ireland">local</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Law of the Republic of Ireland">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the Republic of Ireland">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oireachtas" title="Oireachtas"><i>Oireachtas</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">parliament</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1il_%C3%89ireann" title="Dáil Éireann"><i>Dáil Éireann</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(lower house)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seanad_%C3%89ireann" title="Seanad Éireann"><i>Seanad Éireann</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(upper house)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Ireland" title="President of Ireland">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Taxation in the Republic of Ireland">Taxation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Politics of Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Assembly" title="Northern Ireland Assembly">Assembly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%27Hondt_method" title="D'Hondt method">D'Hondt method</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Economy of Northern Ireland">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Education in Northern Ireland">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Executive" title="Northern Ireland Executive">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Local government in Northern Ireland">local</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Northern Ireland">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_peace_process" title="Northern Ireland peace process">Peace process</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Culture491" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ireland" title="Culture of Ireland">Culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_cuisine" title="Irish cuisine">Cuisine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Food</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_dishes" title="List of Irish dishes">List of dishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barmbrack" title="Barmbrack">Barmbrack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacon_and_cabbage" title="Bacon and cabbage">Bacon and cabbage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxty" title="Boxty">Boxty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champ_(food)" title="Champ (food)">Champ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coddle" title="Coddle">Coddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colcannon" title="Colcannon">Colcannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drisheen" title="Drisheen">Drisheen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_breakfast#Ireland" title="Full breakfast">Irish fry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skirts_and_kidneys" title="Skirts and kidneys">Skirts and kidneys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soda_bread" title="Soda bread">Soda bread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spice_bag" title="Spice bag">Spice Bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_stew" title="Irish stew">Stew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-in-1_(fast_food_dish)" title="3-in-1 (fast food dish)">Three-in-One</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Drinks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_coffee" title="Irish coffee">Coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_cream" title="Irish cream">Cream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinness" title="Guinness">Guinness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Mist" title="Irish Mist">Mist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poit%C3%ADn" title="Poitín">Poitín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_breakfast_tea" title="Irish breakfast tea">Tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_whiskey" title="Irish whiskey">Whiskey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_dance" title="Irish dance">Dance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jig" title="Jig">Jig</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sean-n%C3%B3s_dance" title="Sean-nós dance">Sean-nós</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_set_dancing" title="Irish set dancing">Set dancing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_stepdance" title="Irish stepdance">Stepdance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Festivals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Imbolc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day" title="Saint Patrick's Day">Saint Patrick's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beltane" title="Beltane">Bealtaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Twelfth" title="The Twelfth">The Twelfth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lughnasadh" title="Lughnasadh">Lúnasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_of_Tralee_(festival)" title="Rose of Tralee (festival)">Rose of Tralee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samhain" title="Samhain">Samhain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween">Halloween</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wren_Day" title="Wren Day">Wren Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Ireland" title="Languages of Ireland">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hiberno-English" title="Hiberno-English">Hiberno-English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelta" title="Shelta">Shelta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_dialect" title="Ulster Scots dialect">Ulster Scots</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_literature" title="Irish literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_annals" title="Irish annals">Annals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_prose_fiction" title="Irish prose fiction">Fiction</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Modern_literature_in_Irish" title="Modern literature in Irish">Gaeilge</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_poetry" title="Irish poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_theatre" title="Irish theatre">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triads_of_Ireland" title="Triads of Ireland">Triads</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ireland" title="Music of Ireland">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_ballads" title="List of Irish ballads">Ballads</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A8ilidh" title="Cèilidh">Céilí</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_traditional_music" title="Irish traditional music">Folk music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_traditional_music_session" title="Irish traditional music session">session</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Irish_musical_instruments" title="Category:Irish musical instruments">Instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Ireland" title="Rock music in Ireland">Rock music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Irish_singing" title="Traditional Irish singing">Traditional singing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Mythology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology#Mythological_cycle" title="Irish mythology">Cycles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mythological_Cycle" title="Mythological Cycle">Mythological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenian_Cycle" title="Fenian Cycle">Fenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Cycle" title="Ulster Cycle">Ulster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycles_of_the_Kings" title="Cycles of the Kings">Kings</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aos_S%C3%AD" title="Aos Sí">Aos Sí</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Echtra" title="Echtra">Echtrai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Immram" title="Immram">Immrama</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tuatha_D%C3%A9_Danann" title="Tuatha Dé Danann">Tuatha Dé Danann</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Firbolg" class="mw-redirect" title="Firbolg">Firbolg</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fomorians" title="Fomorians">Fomorians</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Irish_legendary_creatures" title="Category:Irish legendary creatures">Legendary creatures</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_people" title="List of Irish people">List of Irish people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_diaspora" title="Irish diaspora">Irish diaspora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_people" title="Anglo-Irish people">Anglo-Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic Ireland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normans_in_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Normans in Ireland">Hiberno-Normans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Travellers" title="Irish Travellers">Travellers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_people" title="Ulster Scots people">Ulster Scots</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Immigration_to_the_Republic_of_Ireland114" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" 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title="Polish minority in Ireland">Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Ireland" title="Romani people in Ireland">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Ireland" title="Turks in Ireland">Turks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Demographics of the Republic of Ireland">Demographics of the Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Naturalisation_and_Immigration_Service" title="Irish Naturalisation and Immigration Service">Irish Naturalisation and Immigration Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_4" title="Stamp 4">Stamp 4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Ireland" title="Sport in Ireland">Sport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_football_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Association football in the Republic of Ireland">Association football in the Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_football_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Association football in Northern Ireland">Association football in Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camogie" title="Camogie">Camogie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_football" title="Gaelic football">Gaelic football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_handball" title="Gaelic handball">Gaelic handball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurling" title="Hurling">Hurling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_martial_arts" title="Irish martial arts">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_road_bowling" title="Irish road bowling">Road bowling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rounders" title="Rounders">Rounders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Ireland" title="Rugby union in Ireland">Rugby union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Category:National_symbols_of_Ireland" title="Category:National symbols of Ireland">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brigid%27s_cross" title="Brigid's cross">Brighid's Cross</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Celtic_harp" title="Celtic harp">Cláirseach</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armorial_of_Ireland" title="Armorial of Ireland">County coats of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_Ireland" title="List of flags of Ireland">Flags</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_flags_issue" title="Northern Ireland flags issue">Northern Ireland flags issue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Wolfhound" title="Irish Wolfhound">Irish 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