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vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Early_life_(1775–1788)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life_(1775–1788)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Early life (1775–1788) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life_(1775–1788)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriage_(1790–1797)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage_(1790–1797)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Marriage (1790–1797) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage_(1790–1797)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li 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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Russia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return_to_London_and_Washington" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_to_London_and_Washington"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Return to London and Washington </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_to_London_and_Washington-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_lady_of_the_United_States_(1825–1829)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_lady_of_the_United_States_(1825–1829)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 First lady of the United States (1825–1829) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_lady_of_the_United_States_(1825–1829)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_life_(1829–1852)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_life_(1829–1852)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Later life (1829–1852) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_life_(1829–1852)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Legacy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legacy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historian_polling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historian_polling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Historian polling </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historian_polling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family_tree" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_tree"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Family tree </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family_tree-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Select_writings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Select_writings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Select writings </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Select_writings-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Select writings subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Select_writings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Autobiographies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Autobiographies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Autobiographies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Autobiographies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Plays </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Louisa Adams</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 43 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-43" aria-hidden="true" > 43 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B2%D8%A7_%D8%A2%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B2" title="لويزا آدامز – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لويزا آدامز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisa_Adams" title="Louisa Adams – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Louisa Adams" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luiza_Katrin_Adams" title="Luiza Katrin Adams – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Luiza Katrin Adams" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B8" title="লুইসা অ্যাডামস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লুইসা অ্যাডামস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81" title="Луіза Адамс – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Луіза Адамс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisa_Adamsov%C3%A1" title="Louisa Adamsová – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Louisa Adamsová" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisa_Adams" title="Louisa Adams – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Louisa Adams" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%AF%CE%B6%CE%B1_%CE%86%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BC%CF%82" title="Λουίζα Άνταμς – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λουίζα Άνταμς" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisa_Adams" title="Louisa Adams – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Louisa Adams" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisa_Adams" title="Louisa Adams – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Louisa Adams" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%A7_%D8%A2%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B2" title="لوئیزا آدامز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لوئیزا آدامز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisa_Adams" title="Louisa Adams – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Louisa Adams" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A3%A8%EC%9D%B4%EC%82%AC_%EC%95%A0%EB%8D%A4%EC%8A%A4" title="루이사 애덤스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="루이사 애덤스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%A1_%D4%B1%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%BD" title="Լուիզա Ադամս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լուիզա Ադամս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisa_Catherine_Adams" title="Louisa Catherine Adams – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Louisa Catherine Adams" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisa_Adams" title="Louisa Adams – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Louisa Adams" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisa_Adams" title="Louisa Adams – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Louisa Adams" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%90%D7%99%D7%96%D7%94_%D7%90%D7%93%D7%9E%D7%A1" title="לואיזה אדמס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לואיזה אדמס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%90_%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ლუიზა ადამსი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლუიზა ადამსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81" title="Луиза Адамс – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Луиза Адамс" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludovica_Adams" title="Ludovica Adams – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ludovica Adams" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisa_Adams" title="Louisa Adams – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Louisa Adams" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8_%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ലൂയിസ ആഡംസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ലൂയിസ ആഡംസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B2%D8%A7_%D8%A2%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B2" title="لويزا آدامز – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لويزا آدامز" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisa_Adams" title="Louisa Adams – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Louisa Adams" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisa_Adams" title="Louisa Adams – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Louisa Adams" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AB%E3%82%A4%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B6%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%83%80%E3%83%A0%E3%82%BA" title="ルイーザ・アダムズ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ルイーザ・アダムズ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisa_Adams" title="Louisa Adams – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Louisa Adams" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7_%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%88%D9%85%D8%B2" title="لوئیسا ایڈمز – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لوئیسا ایڈمز" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisa_Adams" title="Louisa Adams – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Louisa Adams" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisa_Adams" title="Louisa Adams – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Louisa Adams" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisa_Adams" title="Louisa Adams – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Louisa Adams" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81,_%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Адамс, Луиза – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Адамс, Луиза" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisa_Adams" title="Louisa Adams – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Louisa Adams" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisa_Adams" title="Louisa Adams – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Louisa Adams" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisa_Adamsov%C3%A1" title="Louisa Adamsová – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Louisa Adamsová" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisa_Adams" title="Louisa Adams – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Louisa Adams" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisa_Adams" title="Louisa Adams – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Louisa Adams" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisa_Adams" title="Louisa Adams – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Louisa Adams" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisa_Adams" title="Louisa Adams – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Louisa Adams" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%97%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81" title="Луїза Адамс – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Луїза Адамс" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7_%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%88%D9%85%D8%B2" title="لوئیسا ایڈمز – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="لوئیسا ایڈمز" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">First Lady of the United States from 1825 to 1829</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Louisa Adams</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Louisa_Adams.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Louisa_Adams.jpg/220px-Louisa_Adams.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Louisa_Adams.jpg/330px-Louisa_Adams.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Louisa_Adams.jpg/440px-Louisa_Adams.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2517" data-file-height="3000" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Portrait by <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Stuart" title="Gilbert Stuart">Gilbert Stuart</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1821–1826</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_the_United_States" title="First Lady of the United States">First Lady of the United States</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In role March 4, 1825 – March 4, 1829</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Monroe" title="Elizabeth Monroe">Elizabeth Monroe</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Emily_Donelson" title="Emily Donelson">Emily Donelson</a> (acting)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Louisa Catherine Johnson</div> (1775-02-12)February 12, 1775 <a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a>, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">May 15, 1852(1852-05-15) (aged 77) <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/United_First_Parish_Church" title="United First Parish Church">United First Parish Church</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1797; died 1848)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Adams" title="George Washington Adams">George</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams_II" title="John Adams II">John II</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Francis_Adams_Sr." title="Charles Francis Adams Sr.">Charles</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Louisa_C_Adams_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Louisa Adams's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Louisa_C_Adams_Signature.svg/128px-Louisa_C_Adams_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Louisa_C_Adams_Signature.svg/192px-Louisa_C_Adams_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Louisa_C_Adams_Signature.svg/256px-Louisa_C_Adams_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="271" data-file-height="34" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Louisa Catherine Adams (<a href="/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names" title="Birth name">née</a> Johnson; February 12, 1775 – May 15, 1852) was the <a href="/wiki/First_lady_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="First lady of the United States">first lady of the United States</a> from 1825 to 1829 during the presidency of <a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a>. She was born in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">England</a> and raised in <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Early modern France">France</a>. Her father was an influential American merchant, and she was regularly introduced to prominent Americans. After her family returned to England, she met John Quincy Adams in 1795, and the two began a tenuous courtship. They married in 1797 after being <a href="/wiki/Engaged" class="mw-redirect" title="Engaged">engaged</a> for a year, beginning a marriage of disagreements and personality conflicts. She joined her husband on his diplomatic mission to <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a>, where she was popular with the <a href="/wiki/Prussian_court" class="mw-redirect" title="Prussian court">Prussian court</a>. When they returned to the United States, her husband became a senator and she gave birth to three sons. John was appointed minister to the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> in 1809, and they traveled to Russia without their two older sons, against Louisa's wishes. Though she was again popular with the court, she detested living in Russia, especially after the death of her infant daughter in 1812. She lived in Russia alone for a year while John negotiated the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ghent" title="Treaty of Ghent">Treaty of Ghent</a>, and when he asked her to join him in 1815, she made the dangerous 40-day journey across war-torn Europe. The Adamses lived in England for two years before returning to the United States when John was appointed <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a>. Louisa became a prominent cabinet wife and regularly hosted important guests in her home. She worked to build connections for her husband's <a href="/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election" title="1824 United States presidential election">1824 presidential run</a>, allowing for his victory. She was unsatisfied in the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a>, where she became reclusive and grew distant from her husband. She instead took to writing, producing plays, essays, poems, and an autobiography. She wished for retirement after her husband lost re-election, but he was elected to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a>. She took a more active interest in politics, supporting <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">abolitionism</a> and greater rights for women in society. She was <a href="/wiki/Widow" title="Widow">widowed</a> in 1848, and she had a stroke in 1849 that left her with limited mobility. She died on May 15, 1852, at the age of 77, and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a> adjourned for her funeral, the first time a woman was honored in this way. She was the only foreign-born first lady of the United States until 2017, when <a href="/wiki/Melania_Trump" title="Melania Trump">Melania Trump</a> became first lady. Her tenure as first lady is not as well studied as other parts of her life, due to her reclusiveness and the limited records she kept at the time. Still, she is generally rated in the upper half of first ladies by historians. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_(1775–1788)">Early life (1775–1788)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Louisa_Adams&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life (1775–1788)">edit</a>]</div> Louisa Catherine Johnson was born in London on February 12, 1775. She was the second daughter of American merchant Joshua Johnson and Englishwoman Catherine Nuth.<a href="#cite_note-schneider-1">[1]</a>: 43  The Johnsons were an influential family in American politics, with Louisa's paternal uncle <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Johnson_(judge)" title="Thomas Johnson (judge)">Thomas Johnson</a> being one of the signers of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-watson2-2">[2]</a>: 42  Little is known of her mother's life prior to her marriage.<a href="#cite_note-:2-3">[3]</a>: 160 <a href="#cite_note-scofield-4">[4]</a>: 92  Louisa's parents may have only married ten years after her birth, potentially making Louisa the only <a href="/wiki/First_lady_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="First lady of the United States">first lady of the United States</a> to be born out of wedlock.<a href="#cite_note-gould-5">[5]</a>: 81  She lived a comfortable life as a child in which all of her needs were seen to.<a href="#cite_note-watson2-2">[2]</a>: 43 <a href="#cite_note-boller-6">[6]</a>: 54  Louisa's father supported <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American independence</a>, and the Johnsons left England in 1778 in response to the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-7">[7]</a>: 18  They moved to <a href="/wiki/Nantes" title="Nantes">Nantes</a>, France, where they lived for the next five years. While in France, Louisa attended a <a href="/wiki/Catholic_school" title="Catholic school">Catholic boarding school</a>. She performed well in school, becoming proficient in music and literature, and she learned to speak French fluently.<a href="#cite_note-schneider-1">[1]</a>: 43 <a href="#cite_note-gould-5">[5]</a>: 81  She also practiced Catholicism.<a href="#cite_note-:4-8">[8]</a> Such was her immersion in French that she was later forced to relearn English.<a href="#cite_note-boller-6">[6]</a>: 54  She was also versed in Greek and Latin.<a href="#cite_note-watson2-2">[2]</a>: 43  The Johnsons lived in luxury, even when they did not have the financial means to do so.<a href="#cite_note-:2-3">[3]</a>: 160  Their home in France was a mansion that came to be known as "The Temple of Taste".<a href="#cite_note-scofield-4">[4]</a>: 93  The Johnsons returned to England and settled in <a href="/wiki/Tower_Hill" title="Tower Hill">Tower Hill</a>, while Louisa was placed in a London boarding school.<a href="#cite_note-gould-5">[5]</a>: 81  She was teased for her French mannerisms, and the Catholicism that she had learned in France caused conflict with her <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a> religious education in England.<a href="#cite_note-:3-9">[9]</a>: 18  Her self-esteem suffered, and she kept a distance from her peers.<a href="#cite_note-scofield-4">[4]</a>: 93  She was sent to be educated by <a href="/wiki/John_Hewlett" title="John Hewlett">John Hewlett</a>, an Anglican minister and a family friend of the Johnsons. Hewlett became a strong influence on her upbringing, encouraging her intellectualism.<a href="#cite_note-:3-9">[9]</a>: 19  The Johnsons suffered financially in 1788, and she was pulled out of school to be educated by a <a href="/wiki/Governess" title="Governess">governess</a>.<a href="#cite_note-gould-5">[5]</a>: 81  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marriage_(1790–1797)">Marriage (1790–1797)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Louisa_Adams&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Marriage (1790–1797)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louisa_Catherine_Adams.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Louisa_Catherine_Adams.jpg/220px-Louisa_Catherine_Adams.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Louisa_Catherine_Adams.jpg/330px-Louisa_Catherine_Adams.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Louisa_Catherine_Adams.jpg/440px-Louisa_Catherine_Adams.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="797" /></a><figcaption>Portrait by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Savage_(artist)" title="Edward Savage (artist)">Edward Savage</a>, 1794</figcaption></figure> Johnson's father was appointed the American consul to Great Britain in 1790, and she often assisted in entertaining prominent guests.<a href="#cite_note-gould-5">[5]</a>: 82  Among these guests, the Johnson daughters looked for potential suitors, as they were pressured to marry a prominent young man.<a href="#cite_note-:3-9">[9]</a>: 24  <a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a> became one such guest in 1795 in his capacity as an American diplomat.<a href="#cite_note-schneider-1">[1]</a>: 43  He began showing up each day, and only later did the Johnsons realize that he intended to court Louisa, initially believing that his interest was in her older sister Nancy.<a href="#cite_note-schneider-1">[1]</a>: 43 <a href="#cite_note-:2-3">[3]</a>: 164  Only after he complied with a joking request to write her a romantic poem did she consider him a potential suitor.<a href="#cite_note-:3-9">[9]</a>: 26  Johnson and Adams began a courtship, though it was intermittent, and they did not immediately take to one another. Both had previously expressed interest in other potential partners.<a href="#cite_note-watson2-2">[2]</a>: 43 <a href="#cite_note-boller-6">[6]</a>: 54  It was their talents and prestige that eventually drew them to one another. Adams in particular was taken by Johnson's aptitude for singing and music.<a href="#cite_note-:2-3">[3]</a>: 164 <a href="#cite_note-:3-9">[9]</a>: 30  This pairing also caused a rivalry between Louisa and her older sister, who was jealous for the man she thought would court her.<a href="#cite_note-:3-9">[9]</a>: 29  Johnson and Adams were engaged by 1796, but Adams left England for work and provided a number of excuses as to why he felt they should not be wed, citing his work, his finances, and their personality conflicts. Another factor was the disapproval of his mother, <a href="/wiki/Abigail_Adams" title="Abigail Adams">Abigail Adams</a>, who did not wish to see her son marry an Englishwoman.<a href="#cite_note-watson2-2">[2]</a>: 43 <a href="#cite_note-gould-5">[5]</a>: 82  They communicated by letter over the following year, and Johnson came to dread their communications, as Adams's letters were humorless and chastising.<a href="#cite_note-:2-3">[3]</a>: 165  Louisa and John eventually married on July 26, 1797, after pressuring from her father.<a href="#cite_note-schneider-1">[1]</a>: 44 <a href="#cite_note-gould-5">[5]</a>: 83  Shortly after the marriage, the Johnsons lost the remainder of their fortune. Louisa's parents fled the country, leaving Louisa and John with little financial support and a mob of angry creditors.<a href="#cite_note-:2-3">[3]</a>: 168 <a href="#cite_note-boller-6">[6]</a>: 55  The couple disagreed about how much influence a wife should have in her family, and John often made major decisions without consulting her. Both had strong personalities, and their disagreements often became arguments.<a href="#cite_note-schneider-1">[1]</a>: 43 <a href="#cite_note-boller-6">[6]</a>: 55  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diplomat's_wife_(1797–1825)">Diplomat's wife (1797–1825)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Louisa_Adams&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Diplomat's wife (1797–1825)">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prussia">Prussia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Louisa_Adams&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Prussia">edit</a>]</div> John was appointed American minister to Prussia in 1797, and the couple moved to <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-boller-6">[6]</a>: 55  Louisa experienced several <a href="/wiki/Miscarriage" title="Miscarriage">miscarriages</a> over the following years, causing poor health that further strained her relationship with her husband. She eventually gave birth to their first child, <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Adams" title="George Washington Adams">George Washington Adams</a>, in 1801.<a href="#cite_note-gould-5">[5]</a>: 83–84  She took a prominent role in diplomatic proceedings when she was not ill from pregnancy, and she was popular among the Prussian aristocracy, personally befriending the <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_III_of_Prussia" title="Frederick William III of Prussia">king</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louise_of_Mecklenburg-Strelitz" title="Louise of Mecklenburg-Strelitz">queen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-3">[3]</a>: 170 <a href="#cite_note-gould-5">[5]</a>: 83  John was recalled from Berlin by his father after <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> was <a href="/wiki/1800_United_States_presidential_election" title="1800 United States presidential election">elected president</a>, and the family left Prussia for the United States.<a href="#cite_note-gould-5">[5]</a>: 84  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Louisa_Adams&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a>]</div> Adams reunited with her family after arriving in the United States in 1801 while her husband went to his own family home in <a href="/wiki/Quincy,_Massachusetts" title="Quincy, Massachusetts">Quincy, Massachusetts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-gould-5">[5]</a>: 84 <a href="#cite_note-boller-6">[6]</a>: 56  The journey from Washington to Quincy was interrupted by an uncomfortable dinner with the <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Jefferson family">Jefferson family</a> at the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> and a visit to <a href="/wiki/Martha_Washington" title="Martha Washington">Martha Washington</a> at <a href="/wiki/Mount_Vernon" title="Mount Vernon">Mount Vernon</a>, but it was otherwise long and punishing.<a href="#cite_note-:2-3">[3]</a>: 174  Reluctantly, she arrived in Quincy to meet her parents-in-law. While she quickly took to her father-in-law, her mother-in-law remained skeptical of her suitability as a wife.<a href="#cite_note-gould-5">[5]</a>: 84 <a href="#cite_note-boller-6">[6]</a>: 56  Adams's father Joshua died in 1802, severely affecting her and leaving the family with no financial support. When her husband was elected to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a> in 1803, she joined him in alternating between Massachusetts and <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, much preferring the latter. Unable to afford a home of their own, the family stayed with John's relatives in Massachusetts and with Louisa's relatives in Washington. She gave birth to <a href="/wiki/John_Adams_II" title="John Adams II">John Adams II</a> in 1803.<a href="#cite_note-watson2-2">[2]</a>: 44 <a href="#cite_note-gould-5">[5]</a>: 85  She was often left behind while her husband traveled on his own, which she deeply resented. On one such occasion, she suffered a miscarriage.<a href="#cite_note-gould-5">[5]</a>: 85  Their third son, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Francis_Adams_Sr." title="Charles Francis Adams Sr.">Charles Francis Adams</a>, was born in 1807.<a href="#cite_note-schneider-1">[1]</a>: 45  Her husband resigned from the Senate in 1808, having come in disagreement with the <a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist Party</a> over matters of policy.<a href="#cite_note-:2-3">[3]</a>: 182  This disagreement was seen as a betrayal, and the family was thereby excluded from Boston social life.<a href="#cite_note-:2-3">[3]</a>: 183 <a href="#cite_note-:3-9">[9]</a>: 162  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia">Russia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Louisa_Adams&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Russia">edit</a>]</div> When John accepted the position as American minister to Russia in 1809, he did not consult Louisa. He determined that she would accompany him and that their two older sons would stay behind in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-schneider-1">[1]</a>: 45  She came to regret these arrangements, feeling that she had failed her sons by leaving them.<a href="#cite_note-:1-7">[7]</a>: 25  She blamed and resented her husband for this, causing a rift in their marriage.<a href="#cite_note-schneider-1">[1]</a>: 45 <a href="#cite_note-:2-3">[3]</a>: 183  The 80 day journey to Russia proved unpleasant, and they were constantly wary of French ships that were <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">at war</a> with Russia.<a href="#cite_note-:3-9">[9]</a>: 168  Her opinion did not change after arriving in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>, which she found disagreeable, but her husband ignored her desires to return to the United States.<a href="#cite_note-:2-3">[3]</a>: 184  Just as she did in Berlin, Louisa impressed the Russian court and received special attention from the monarch.<a href="#cite_note-:2-3">[3]</a>: 185 <a href="#cite_note-:1-7">[7]</a>: 27–28  Unable to afford the elaborate outfits expected of Russian courtiers, she came up with excuses to avoid frequent appearances, first feigning illness and then feigning mourning so that her less formal clothes could be excused.<a href="#cite_note-:3-9">[9]</a>: 173  Despite her success, Louisa was unhappy during her time in Russia, as she was separated from her family, regularly ill, and forced to contend with loss.<a href="#cite_note-schneider-1">[1]</a>: 45–46 <a href="#cite_note-boller-6">[6]</a>: 57  After suffering another three miscarriages,<a href="#cite_note-:1-7">[7]</a>: 29  Louisa gave birth in 1811 to her first daughter, and the first American born in Russia, Louisa Catherine Adams II.<a href="#cite_note-gould-5">[5]</a>: 86  A year later, the infant died of <a href="/wiki/Dysentery" title="Dysentery">dysentery</a>, causing Louisa further grief and increasing her resentment against her husband.<a href="#cite_note-gould-5">[5]</a>: 87  When John was called to <a href="/wiki/Ghent" title="Ghent">Ghent</a> in 1814 to negotiate a peace agreement for the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>, Louisa was left in Saint Petersburg, where she would remain for the next year.<a href="#cite_note-gould-5">[5]</a>: 87  John learned to afford her a greater level of trust and responsibility while living in Russia, and in December 1814, he tasked her with selling their property in Russia and traveling across Europe to meet him in Paris.<a href="#cite_note-schneider-1">[1]</a>: 46  She left in February 1815, and for the next 40 days she made the dangerous journey across Europe, which had been ravaged by the Napoleonic Wars, in the cold winter. She was frequently in danger of bandits, and later of French soldiers hostile to her Russian carriage.<a href="#cite_note-:1-7">[7]</a>: 30–31  John and his parents gave Louisa a greater deal of respect after she completed the journey.<a href="#cite_note-gould-5">[5]</a>: 88  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Return_to_London_and_Washington">Return to London and Washington</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Louisa_Adams&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Return to London and Washington">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louisa_Catherine_Johnson_Adams.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Louisa_Catherine_Johnson_Adams.jpg/220px-Louisa_Catherine_Johnson_Adams.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Louisa_Catherine_Johnson_Adams.jpg/330px-Louisa_Catherine_Johnson_Adams.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Louisa_Catherine_Johnson_Adams.jpg/440px-Louisa_Catherine_Johnson_Adams.jpg 2x" data-file-width="506" data-file-height="659" /></a><figcaption>Portrait by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Robert_Leslie" title="Charles Robert Leslie">Charles Robert Leslie</a>, 1816</figcaption></figure> Louisa and John returned to London in 1815, as John had been appointed minister to Great Britain. Their children were sent to London as well, and the family lived there reunited for the following two years.<a href="#cite_note-schneider-1">[1]</a>: 47 <a href="#cite_note-boller-6">[6]</a>: 57  Louisa lived more comfortably in London than she had elsewhere; the diplomatic responsibilities were lighter, and she had regular access to an Anglican church.<a href="#cite_note-:2-3">[3]</a>: 194  She took on more responsibility in managing the family and assisting her husband in his work, particularly after he suffered a painful eye infection that left him temporarily blinded and an injury to his hand that left him unable to write.<a href="#cite_note-:3-9">[9]</a>: 238–239  The family returned to the United States when John was appointed <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a> in 1817.<a href="#cite_note-boller-6">[6]</a>: 57  Louisa found the social politics of Washington distasteful, and she felt that John was too good for it.<a href="#cite_note-:2-3">[3]</a>: 211  Despite this, she worked to build political connections for her husband in Washington, hosting a party each Tuesday regularly visiting the wives of influential congressmen.<a href="#cite_note-schneider-1">[1]</a>: 47  Instead of navigating the complex social rules that had developed in Washington since they last lived there, the Adamses ignored the expectation that they defer to members of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a> in the social hierarchy by calling on them first.<a href="#cite_note-:3-9">[9]</a>: 256–257 <a href="#cite_note-caroli2-10">[10]</a>: 19–20  The resulting dispute grew to the point that it was addressed by the presidential cabinet.<a href="#cite_note-:3-9">[9]</a>: 261  Louisa's relationship with John struggled as he became increasingly occupied by his work,<a href="#cite_note-:2-3">[3]</a>: 207  but she finally earned her mother-in-law's respect after returning to the United States, and they shared a friendly reunion. Their close relationship was short-lived, however, as Abigail died in 1818.<a href="#cite_note-:2-3">[3]</a>: 196  As first lady <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Monroe" title="Elizabeth Monroe">Elizabeth Monroe</a> did not engage in social activity, the responsibility fell to the Adams household to be the social hub of the capital.<a href="#cite_note-gould-5">[5]</a>: 89  Louisa's most celebrated accomplishment in this role was the ball that she threw for <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a> in January 1824, which came to be recognized as one of the city's grandest social events.<a href="#cite_note-:2-3">[3]</a>: 209 <a href="#cite_note-boller-6">[6]</a>: 58  As John sought the presidency in the <a href="/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election" title="1824 United States presidential election">1824 presidential election</a>, Louisa effectively managed his campaign and worked beside him as an equal partner.<a href="#cite_note-boller-6">[6]</a>: 58 <a href="#cite_note-:3-9">[9]</a>: 272  When the election failed to produce a winner and the result was determined by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a>, John was chosen through what was criticized as a <a href="/wiki/Corrupt_bargain" title="Corrupt bargain">corrupt bargain</a>, and Louisa shared the criticism that he faced.<a href="#cite_note-:2-3">[3]</a>: 214  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_lady_of_the_United_States_(1825–1829)">First lady of the United States (1825–1829)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Louisa_Adams&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: First lady of the United States (1825–1829)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Bird_King_portrait_of_Louisa_Adams.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Charles_Bird_King_portrait_of_Louisa_Adams.jpg/220px-Charles_Bird_King_portrait_of_Louisa_Adams.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Charles_Bird_King_portrait_of_Louisa_Adams.jpg/330px-Charles_Bird_King_portrait_of_Louisa_Adams.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Charles_Bird_King_portrait_of_Louisa_Adams.jpg/440px-Charles_Bird_King_portrait_of_Louisa_Adams.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1537" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Portrait by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Bird_King" title="Charles Bird King">Charles Bird King</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1821–1825</figcaption></figure> Upon entering the White House, life became more difficult for the Adamses. The administration was unpopular in Congress and unable to advance many of its policies, invoking a bitterness in John that was often directed toward Louisa.<a href="#cite_note-:2-3">[3]</a>: 216 <a href="#cite_note-boller-6">[6]</a>: 58  The couple again grew distant as they were affected by the stress of their positions.<a href="#cite_note-gould-5">[5]</a>: 90 <a href="#cite_note-boller-6">[6]</a>: 58  During vacations, they traveled separately and went long periods of time without seeing one another.<a href="#cite_note-anthony-11">[11]</a>: 108–109  Even when separated, they rarely wrote to one another, and the communications they did share were emotionless.<a href="#cite_note-:2-3">[3]</a>: 220  Louisa suffered from loneliness while in the White House, which she did not consider a home.<a href="#cite_note-:3-9">[9]</a>: 330  The White House itself was in poor condition when Louisa and John occupied it, as it had never been fully restored after the <a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Washington" title="Burning of Washington">burning of Washington</a>. Despite this, they were criticized for what the public saw as an opulent residence. Louisa responded to the criticism by holding a public exhibition of the home, which was then criticized as distasteful.<a href="#cite_note-:3-9">[9]</a>: 328–329  Louisa herself became a target in political rhetoric against John, in which she was portrayed as an out of touch European that demanded to be treated as an aristocrat. In response, she published a biography of herself that emphasized her modesty and her American heritage.<a href="#cite_note-gould-5">[5]</a>: 91 <a href="#cite_note-anthony-11">[11]</a>: 110  Though it was published anonymously, she was understood to be the author. It was unprecedented for a first lady, and she was only subjected to increased criticism for the act.<a href="#cite_note-:3-9">[9]</a>: 360–361  Louisa had always been vulnerable to illness, but her health worsened during her years in the White House, and she was left bedridden on multiple occasions. Even she acknowledged a <a href="/wiki/Psychosomatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychosomatic">psychosomatic</a> aspect to her illness.<a href="#cite_note-:3-9">[9]</a>: 340  She became less visible as first lady, and even when she did entertain, she often did not attend her own events.<a href="#cite_note-schneider-1">[1]</a>: 48  She had faced criticism for being more prominent than was expected of a political wife.<a href="#cite_note-:3-9">[9]</a>: 339  Instead, she hid from the public, writing plays, poems, essays, and an autobiography.<a href="#cite_note-gould-5">[5]</a>: 90 <a href="#cite_note-anthony-11">[11]</a>: 109  These writings often contemplated the role of women in society as she lamented <a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality" title="Gender inequality">gender inequality</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-3">[3]</a>: 217  Louisa was responsible for making arrangements when <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier,_Marquis_de_Lafayette" title="Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette">Lafayette</a> visited the White House.<a href="#cite_note-:3-9">[9]</a>: 332  Louisa's greatest responsibility as first lady came upon the deaths of former presidents <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> and Thomas Jefferson on July 4, 1826. With the president traveling and Congress in recess, it fell to her to set the social rules for mourning in Washington.<a href="#cite_note-caroli2-10">[10]</a>: 105–106  She also mourned privately, as she had considered her father-in-law to be a father of her own.<a href="#cite_note-:3-9">[9]</a>: 342  Against her husband's wishes, she left the White House and traveled to the Adams family home in Quincy<a href="#cite_note-:3-9">[9]</a>: 345–346  Louisa and John reconciled toward the end of the presidential term in 1828.<a href="#cite_note-:2-3">[3]</a>: 220  She again worked to campaign for her husband during the <a href="/wiki/1828_United_States_presidential_election" title="1828 United States presidential election">1828 presidential election</a>, traveling to neighboring states to garner support.<a href="#cite_note-anthony-11">[11]</a>: 110  She was conflicted, as she was determined to get her husband re-elected, but she also loathed White House life. Louisa and John shared a mixture of despondence and relief when he lost re-election.<a href="#cite_note-:3-9">[9]</a>: 374–375  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life_(1829–1852)">Later life (1829–1852)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Louisa_Adams&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Later life (1829–1852)">edit</a>]</div> After leaving the White House in 1829, Louisa and John moved to a home at <a href="/wiki/Meridian_Hill" title="Meridian Hill">Meridian Hill</a>. Though the White House was still visible from her doorstep, she felt free from the place.<a href="#cite_note-:3-9">[9]</a>: 379  Her reprieve was short-lived, as shortly after she left the White House, her son George fell from a <a href="/wiki/Steamboat" title="Steamboat">steamboat</a> to his death. He had suffered from extensive personal and financial problems, and it was never conclusively determined whether his death was an accident or a suicide.<a href="#cite_note-schneider-1">[1]</a>: 49 <a href="#cite_note-gould-5">[5]</a>: 92  For the first few months after her son's death, Louisa's focus was on consoling her husband.<a href="#cite_note-:2-3">[3]</a>: 221  Her grief overpowered her that August, when a trip to Quincy threatened to take her on the very boat from which George had died. She fell severely ill, and the trip was canceled.<a href="#cite_note-:3-9">[9]</a>: 388–389  In May 1830, Louisa and John moved to <a href="/wiki/Peacefield" title="Peacefield">the home</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Adams_National_Historical_Park" title="Adams National Historical Park">Adams estate</a> in Quincy. Here her condition improved, as she found a home and the mental and physical toll of her depression subsided.<a href="#cite_note-:3-9">[9]</a>: 390  She was upset by John's return to public life when he ran for Congress that year, at first refusing to return to Washington and only giving in after it became apparent that the home in Quincy was not habitable in the winter.<a href="#cite_note-:3-9">[9]</a>: 393–395  She confessed her belief that having her husband in Congress would be a benefit to the country that outweighed her own suffering.<a href="#cite_note-:2-3">[3]</a>: 222  After John took office, Louisa took an active role in his political career.<a href="#cite_note-boller-6">[6]</a>: 59  Louisa's son John Adams II died of illness in 1834 with financial problems of his own. She blamed her husband in part for the failures and deaths of their two older sons, believing that they could have been given better lives had they not been separated from their parents in their childhood. In her grief, Louisa began writing a new autobiography, The Adventures of a Nobody.<a href="#cite_note-gould-5">[5]</a>: 92  Two years later, in improved spirits, she wrote another autobiography covering her journey from Russia to France in 1815, hoping that it would inspire other women.<a href="#cite_note-:3-9">[9]</a>: 410  Though she shared society's dismissive attitudes toward <a href="/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">black people</a>,<a href="#cite_note-boller-6">[6]</a>: 64 <a href="#cite_note-:3-9">[9]</a>: 423  she became an <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">abolitionist</a>,<a href="#cite_note-anthony-11">[11]</a>: 143  and she supported her husband in his anti-slavery work in Congress.<a href="#cite_note-gould-5">[5]</a>: 93  Her position on the matter was even stronger than her husband's, who had aligned with the abolitionists primarily because of his principled opposition to the <a href="/wiki/Gag_rule_(United_States)" title="Gag rule (United States)">gag rule</a> against discussing slavery in Congress.<a href="#cite_note-:3-9">[9]</a>: 419–421  Louisa contributed to a fund to free slaves, and she eventually purchased a slave for the purpose of freeing her.<a href="#cite_note-boller-6">[6]</a>: 64  Involvement in the abolitionist movement also opened her to <a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_United_States" title="Feminism in the United States">feminism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-boller-6">[6]</a>: 59  Though she did not accept feminism in its entirety, she began a correspondence with feminist <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Moore_Grimk%C3%A9" title="Sarah Moore Grimké">Sarah Moore Grimké</a> and engaged in <a href="/wiki/Biblical_studies" title="Biblical studies">Biblical studies</a> to challenge the prevailing view that the Bible ordained the subservience of women.<a href="#cite_note-gould-5">[5]</a>: 93 <a href="#cite_note-:3-9">[9]</a>: 430  She was baptized in the <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)" title="Episcopal Church (United States)">Episcopal Church</a> in 1837.<a href="#cite_note-:4-8">[8]</a> Louisa was widowed on February 23, 1848, two days after her husband lost consciousness due to a fatal stroke in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">United States Capitol</a>. He was 80 years old.<a href="#cite_note-schneider-1">[1]</a>: 50  She had arrived in Washington to visit him on his deathbed, but as a woman, she was asked to leave as his health failed.<a href="#cite_note-:3-9">[9]</a>: 452  She retained her schedule of living in Washington during the winters and Quincy during the summers until a stroke left her infirm in 1849. She was then left in the care of her daughter-in-law Mary. She died on May 15, 1852 at the age of 77.<a href="#cite_note-schneider-1">[1]</a>: 51  She was the first woman to be honored by an adjournment of Congress for her funeral.<a href="#cite_note-gould-5">[5]</a>: 95  She was buried in the <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Cemetery" title="Congressional Cemetery">Congressional Cemetery</a>, but she was moved to the <a href="/wiki/United_First_Parish_Church" title="United First Parish Church">United First Parish Church</a> shortly after on the initiative of her son.<a href="#cite_note-schneider-1">[1]</a>: 51  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Louisa_Adams&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pat_Nixon_Adams_portrait_C6394-04a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Pat_Nixon_Adams_portrait_C6394-04a.jpg/220px-Pat_Nixon_Adams_portrait_C6394-04a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="328" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Pat_Nixon_Adams_portrait_C6394-04a.jpg/330px-Pat_Nixon_Adams_portrait_C6394-04a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Pat_Nixon_Adams_portrait_C6394-04a.jpg/440px-Pat_Nixon_Adams_portrait_C6394-04a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3824" data-file-height="5704" /></a><figcaption>First lady <a href="/wiki/Pat_Nixon" title="Pat Nixon">Pat Nixon</a> with <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Stuart" title="Gilbert Stuart">Gilbert Stuart</a>'s portrait of Louisa Adams in the White House</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louisa_Adams_coin_front.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Louisa_Adams_coin_front.jpg/220px-Louisa_Adams_coin_front.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Louisa_Adams_coin_front.jpg/330px-Louisa_Adams_coin_front.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Louisa_Adams_coin_front.jpg/440px-Louisa_Adams_coin_front.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1122" data-file-height="1122" /></a><figcaption>Adams on the 2008 First Spouse coin of the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_dollar_coins" title="Presidential dollar coins">Presidential dollar coin</a> series</figcaption></figure> Adams's role as a first lady has received relatively little scholarly analysis compared to the rest of her life, as she did not keep a diary during her years in the White House.<a href="#cite_note-scofield-4">[4]</a>: 104  She was reclusive during her tenure, and she did not have significant influence in shaping the role.<a href="#cite_note-gould-5">[5]</a>: 91  Adams was the first foreign-born U.S. first lady, as she was born in England and did not visit the United States until adulthood. She remained the only foreign born first lady until Slovenian-American <a href="/wiki/Melania_Trump" title="Melania Trump">Melania Trump</a> took the role in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-:0-12">[12]</a> Adams was regarded by contemporaries as the "most traveled woman of her time",<a href="#cite_note-caroli2-10">[10]</a>: 31  and she was the only first lady of the 19th century to travel so widely.<a href="#cite_note-:0-12">[12]</a> <a href="/wiki/Adams_National_Historical_Park" title="Adams National Historical Park">Adams National Historical Park</a> maintains <a href="/wiki/Peacefield" title="Peacefield">Peacefield</a>, the home Adams and her husband lived in some of the time later in their lives. The park has a bedspread on display at Peacefield which she made,<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> as well as a painting of her by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Savage_(artist)" title="Edward Savage (artist)">Edward Savage</a>. For some time the painting was still owned by Adams's great-great-granddaughter, Mrs. Henry L. Mason, and was loaned to the museum seasonally.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian's</a> <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery_(United_States)" title="National Portrait Gallery (United States)">National Portrait Gallery</a> holds several portraits of Louisa Catherine Adams, including a silhouette and a portrait on an ivory necklace.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historian_polling">Historian polling</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Louisa_Adams&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Historian polling">edit</a>]</div> Since 1982 <a href="/wiki/Siena_College_Research_Institute" title="Siena College Research Institute">Siena College Research Institute</a> has periodically conducted surveys asking historians to assess American first ladies according to a cumulative score on the independent criteria of their background, value to the country, intelligence, courage, accomplishments, integrity, leadership, being their own women, public image, and value to the president.<a href="#cite_note-Siena2014-17">[17]</a> Consistently, Adams has been ranked in the upper-half of first ladies by historians in these surveys. In terms of cumulative assessment, Adams has been ranked: <ul><li>14th-best of 42 in 1982<a href="#cite_note-Siena2008-18">[18]</a></li> <li>16th-best of 37 in 1993<a href="#cite_note-Siena2008-18">[18]</a></li> <li>12th-best of 38 in 2003<a href="#cite_note-Siena2008-18">[18]</a></li> <li>21st-best of 38 in 2008<a href="#cite_note-Siena2008-18">[18]</a></li> <li>18th-best of 38 in 2014<a href="#cite_note-2014Sienna1-19">[19]</a></li></ul> In the 2014 survey, Adams and her husband were also ranked the 19th-highest out of 39 first couples in terms of being a "power couple".<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family_tree">Family tree</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Louisa_Adams&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Family tree">edit</a>]</div> <table class="collapsible expanded" style="margin: 0.3em auto auto; clear:none; min-width:100%; width:100%; font-size:85%; border:1px solid #aaa"> <tbody><tr> <th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 0.3em;background:none; color: inherit; width:100%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 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tree</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center">} <div class="center"> <table style="border-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate;"> <tbody><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> (1735–1826)</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Abigail_Adams" title="Abigail Adams">Abigail Adams (née Smith)</a> (1744–1818)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/William_Stephens_Smith" title="William Stephens Smith">William Stephens Smith</a> (1755–1816)</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Abigail_Adams_Smith" title="Abigail Adams Smith">Abigail Amelia Adams Smith</a> (1765–1813)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a> (1767–1848)</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Louisa Catherine Adams (née Johnson)</a> (1775–1852)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Adams_(1770%E2%80%931800)" title="Charles Adams (1770–1800)">Charles Adams</a> (1770–1800)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Boylston_Adams_(1772%E2%80%931832)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Boylston Adams (1772–1832)">Thomas Boylston Adams</a> (1772–1832)</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Adams" title="George Washington Adams">George Washington Adams</a> (1801–1829)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/John_Adams_II" title="John Adams II">John Adams II</a> (1803–1834)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Francis_Adams_Sr." title="Charles Francis Adams Sr.">Charles Francis Adams Sr.</a> (1807–1886)</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Abigail Brown Adams (née Brooks) (1808–1889)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Frances Cadwalader <a href="/wiki/Crowninshield_family" title="Crowninshield family">Crowninshield</a> (1839–1911)</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams_II" title="John Quincy Adams II">John Quincy Adams II</a> (1833–1894)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Francis_Adams_Jr." title="Charles Francis Adams Jr.">Charles Francis Adams Jr.</a> (1835–1915)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Adams" title="Henry Adams">Henry Brooks Adams</a> (1838–1918)</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Marian_Hooper_Adams" title="Marian Hooper Adams">Marian Hooper Adams</a> (1843–1885)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Brooks_Adams" title="Brooks Adams">Peter Chardon Brooks Adams</a> (1848–1927)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/George_C._Adams" title="George C. Adams">George Casper Adams</a> (1863–1900)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Francis_Adams_III" title="Charles Francis Adams III">Charles Francis Adams III</a> (1866–1954)</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Frances Adams (née Lovering) (1869–1956)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">John Adams (1875–1964)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Sturgis_Morgan" title="Henry Sturgis Morgan">Henry Sturgis Morgan</a> (1900–1982)</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Catherine Lovering Adams Morgan (1902–1988)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Francis_Adams_IV" title="Charles Francis Adams IV">Charles Francis Adams IV</a> (1910–1999)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Boylston_Adams_(1910%E2%80%931997)" title="Thomas Boylston Adams (1910–1997)">Thomas Boylston Adams</a> (1910–1997)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr> </tbody></table> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Select_writings">Select writings</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Louisa_Adams&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Select writings">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Autobiographies">Autobiographies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Louisa_Adams&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Autobiographies">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>The Adventures of a Nobody<a href="#cite_note-:2-3">[3]</a>: 217 </li> <li>Narrative of a Journey from Russia to France, 1815 – Published posthumously by her grandson in <a href="/wiki/Harper%27s_Magazine" title="Harper's Magazine">Harper's Magazine</a><a href="#cite_note-gould-5">[5]</a>: 88  and <a href="/wiki/Scribner%27s_Magazine" title="Scribner's Magazine">Scribner's Magazine</a>'<a href="#cite_note-gould-5">[5]</a>: 96 </li> <li>The Record of a Life, or My Story<a href="#cite_note-gould-5">[5]</a>: 90 </li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plays">Plays</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Louisa_Adams&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Plays">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Suspicion, or Persecuted Innocence<a href="#cite_note-:2-3">[3]</a>: 218 </li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Louisa_Adams&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output 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href="#cite_ref-schneider_1-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-schneider_1-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-schneider_1-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-schneider_1-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-schneider_1-17">r</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSchneiderSchneider2010" class="citation book cs1">Schneider, Dorothy; Schneider, Carl J. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/firstladiesbiogr0000schn_k5c3">First Ladies: A Biographical Dictionary</a> (3rd ed.). Facts on File. pp. 42–52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-0815-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-0815-5"><bdi>978-1-4381-0815-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=First+Ladies%3A+A+Biographical+Dictionary&rft.pages=42-52&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Facts+on+File&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-0815-5&rft.aulast=Schneider&rft.aufirst=Dorothy&rft.au=Schneider%2C+Carl+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffirstladiesbiogr0000schn_k5c3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouisa+Adams" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-watson2-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-watson2_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-watson2_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-watson2_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-watson2_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-watson2_2-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-watson2_2-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._Watson" title="Robert P. Watson">Watson, Robert P.</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/firstladiesofuni0000wats">First Ladies of the United States: A Biographical Dictionary</a>. Lynne Rienner Publishers. pp. 42–49. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9781626373532">10.1515/9781626373532</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62637-353-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62637-353-2"><bdi>978-1-62637-353-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:249333854">249333854</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=First+Ladies+of+the+United+States%3A+A+Biographical+Dictionary&rft.pages=42-49&rft.pub=Lynne+Rienner+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A249333854%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9781626373532&rft.isbn=978-1-62637-353-2&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Robert+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffirstladiesofuni0000wats&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouisa+Adams" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-24">y</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-25">z</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-26">aa</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNagel1987" class="citation book cs1">Nagel, Paul C. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/adamswomenabigai00nage">The Adams Women: Abigail and Louisa Adams, Their Sisters and Daughters</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-503874-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-503874-3"><bdi>978-0-19-503874-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Adams+Women%3A+Abigail+and+Louisa+Adams%2C+Their+Sisters+and+Daughters&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-19-503874-3&rft.aulast=Nagel&rft.aufirst=Paul+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fadamswomenabigai00nage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouisa+Adams" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-scofield-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-scofield_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-scofield_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-scofield_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-scofield_4-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllgorHeffronNorton2016" class="citation book cs1">Allgor, Catherine; Heffron, Margery M.; Norton, Amanda Mathews (2016). "A Monarch in a Republic: Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams and Court Culture in Early Washington City". In Sibley, Katherine A. S. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N1K-CwAAQBAJ&q=best%2520dressed">A Companion to First Ladies</a>. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 89–110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781118732182" title="Special:BookSources/9781118732182"><bdi>9781118732182</bdi></a>. 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Garland Publishing. pp. 80–97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8153-1479-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8153-1479-5"><bdi>0-8153-1479-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Louisa+%28Catherine+Johnson%29+Adams&rft.btitle=American+First+Ladies%3A+Their+Lives+and+Their+Legacy&rft.pages=80-97&rft.pub=Garland+Publishing&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-8153-1479-5&rft.aulast=Hudson+Parsons&rft.aufirst=Lynn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780815325857%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouisa+Adams" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-boller-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-boller_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-boller_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-boller_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-boller_6-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-boller_6-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-boller_6-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-boller_6-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-boller_6-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-boller_6-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-boller_6-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-boller_6-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-boller_6-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-boller_6-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-boller_6-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-boller_6-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-boller_6-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-boller_6-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-boller_6-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-boller_6-18">s</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoller1988" class="citation book cs1">Boller, Paul F. 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Diplomatic History. 21 (1): 15–43. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1467-7709.00049">10.1111/1467-7709.00049</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0145-2096">0145-2096</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24913402">24913402</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diplomatic+History&rft.atitle=%22A+Republican+in+a+Monarchy%22%3A+Louisa+Catherine+Adams+in+Russia&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=15-43&rft.date=1997&rft.issn=0145-2096&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24913402%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1467-7709.00049&rft.aulast=Allgor&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24913402&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouisa+Adams" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_8-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=6">"Louisa Adams Biography :: National First Ladies' Library"</a>. archive.firstladies.org. Retrieved June 2, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archive.firstladies.org&rft.atitle=Louisa+Adams+Biography+%3A%3A+National+First+Ladies%27+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.firstladies.org%2Fbiographies%2Ffirstladies.aspx%3Fbiography%3D6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouisa+Adams" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_9-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_9-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_9-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_9-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_9-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_9-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_9-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_9-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_9-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_9-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_9-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_9-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_9-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_9-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_9-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_9-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_9-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_9-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_9-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_9-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_9-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_9-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_9-24">y</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_9-25">z</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_9-26">aa</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_9-27">ab</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_9-28">ac</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_9-29">ad</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_9-30">ae</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2016" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Louisa (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/louisaextraordin0000thom">Louisa: The Extraordinary Life of Mrs. Adams</a>. Penguin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59420-463-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59420-463-0"><bdi>978-1-59420-463-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Louisa%3A+The+Extraordinary+Life+of+Mrs.+Adams&rft.pub=Penguin+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-59420-463-0&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Louisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flouisaextraordin0000thom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouisa+Adams" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-caroli2-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-caroli2_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-caroli2_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-caroli2_10-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaroli2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Betty_Boyd_Caroli" title="Betty Boyd Caroli">Caroli, Betty Boyd</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/firstladiesfromm0000caro">First Ladies: From Martha Washington to Michelle Obama</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-539285-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-539285-2"><bdi>978-0-19-539285-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=First+Ladies%3A+From+Martha+Washington+to+Michelle+Obama&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-539285-2&rft.aulast=Caroli&rft.aufirst=Betty+Boyd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffirstladiesfromm0000caro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouisa+Adams" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-anthony-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-anthony_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-anthony_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-anthony_11-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-anthony_11-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-anthony_11-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnthony1990" class="citation book cs1">Anthony, Carl Sferrazza (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/firstladiessagao00anth">First Ladies: The Saga of the Presidents' Wives and Their Power, 1789-1961</a>. William Morrow and Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780688112721" title="Special:BookSources/9780688112721"><bdi>9780688112721</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=First+Ladies%3A+The+Saga+of+the+Presidents%27+Wives+and+Their+Power%2C+1789-1961&rft.pub=William+Morrow+and+Company&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9780688112721&rft.aulast=Anthony&rft.aufirst=Carl+Sferrazza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffirstladiessagao00anth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouisa+Adams" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaxman2016" class="citation magazine cs1">Waxman, Olivia B. (November 9, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230204005015/https://time.com/4532793/louisa-adams-first-lady-melania-trump/">"Meet the Only First Lady Before Melania Trump Not to Have Been Born in the U.S."</a> Time. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/4532793/louisa-adams-first-lady-melania-trump/">the original</a> on February 4, 2023. Retrieved May 16, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Meet+the+Only+First+Lady+Before+Melania+Trump+Not+to+Have+Been+Born+in+the+U.S.&rft.date=2016-11-09&rft.aulast=Waxman&rft.aufirst=Olivia+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F4532793%2Flouisa-adams-first-lady-melania-trump%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouisa+Adams" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris1970" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Wilhelmina (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/furnishingsrepor00mass">Furnishings Report, Old House, Vol. IX</a>. Harpers Ferry Center.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Furnishings+Report%2C+Old+House%2C+Vol.+IX&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Wilhelmina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffurnishingsrepor00mass&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouisa+Adams" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris1968" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Wilhelmina (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/furnishingsrepor02harr">Furnishings Report, Old House, Vol. II</a>. Harpers Ferry Center.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Furnishings+Report%2C+Old+House%2C+Vol.+II&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Wilhelmina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffurnishingsrepor02harr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouisa+Adams" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://womenshistory.si.edu/object/louisa-catherine-johnson-adams%3Anpg_S_NPG.78.209">"Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams"</a>. Smithsonian American Women's History. Retrieved July 16, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+American+Women%27s+History&rft.atitle=Louisa+Catherine+Johnson+Adams&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwomenshistory.si.edu%2Fobject%2Flouisa-catherine-johnson-adams%253Anpg_S_NPG.78.209&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouisa+Adams" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npg.si.edu/object/npg_67.71">"Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams"</a>. npg.si.edu. Retrieved July 16, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=npg.si.edu&rft.atitle=Louisa+Catherine+Johnson+Adams&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnpg.si.edu%2Fobject%2Fnpg_67.71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouisa+Adams" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Siena2014-17"><a href="#cite_ref-Siena2014_17-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scri.siena.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/FirstLadies2014Release_Final.pdf">"Eleanor Roosevelt Retains Top Spot as America's Best First Lady Michelle Obama Enters Study as 5th, Hillary Clinton Drops to 6th Clinton Seen First Lady Most as Presidential Material; Laura Bush, Pat Nixon, Mamie Eisenhower, Bess Truman Could Have Done More in Office Eleanor & FDR Top Power Couple; Mary Drags Lincolns Down in the Ratings"</a> (PDF). scri.siena.edu. Siena Research Institute. February 15, 2014. p. 2. Retrieved May 16, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=scri.siena.edu&rft.atitle=Eleanor+Roosevelt+Retains+Top+Spot+as+America%27s+Best+First+Lady+Michelle+Obama+Enters+Study+as+5th%2C+Hillary+Clinton+Drops+to+6th+Clinton+Seen+First+Lady+Most+as+Presidential+Material%3B+Laura+Bush%2C+Pat+Nixon%2C+Mamie+Eisenhower%2C+Bess+Truman+Could+Have+Done+More+in+Office+Eleanor+%26+FDR+Top+Power+Couple%3B+Mary+Drags+Lincolns+Down+in+the+Ratings&rft.pages=2&rft.date=2014-02-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscri.siena.edu%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2018%2F08%2FFirstLadies2014Release_Final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouisa+Adams" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Siena2008-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Siena2008_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Siena2008_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Siena2008_18-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Siena2008_18-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scri.siena.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/FL_2008Release.pdf">"Ranking America's First Ladies Eleanor Roosevelt Still #1 Abigail Adams Regains 2nd Place Hillary moves from 5 th to 4 th; Jackie Kennedy from 4th to 3rd Mary Todd Lincoln Remains in 36th"</a> (PDF). Siena Research Institute. December 18, 2008. p. 4. Retrieved May 16, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ranking+America%27s+First+Ladies+Eleanor+Roosevelt+Still+%231+Abigail+Adams+Regains+2nd+Place+Hillary+moves+from+5+th+to+4+th%3B+Jackie+Kennedy+from+4th+to+3rd+Mary+Todd+Lincoln+Remains+in+36th&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Siena+Research+Institute&rft.date=2008-12-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscri.siena.edu%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2018%2F08%2FFL_2008Release.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouisa+Adams" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2014Sienna1-19"><a href="#cite_ref-2014Sienna1_19-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scri.siena.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Appendix_A_Overall_Survey_Results.pdf">"Siena College Research Institute/C-SPAN Study of the First Ladies of the United States 2014 FirstLadies2014_Full Rankings.xls"</a> (PDF). scri.siena.edu. Sienna College Research Institute/C-SPAN. 2014. Retrieved October 21, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=scri.siena.edu&rft.atitle=Siena+College+Research+Institute%2FC-SPAN+Study+of+the+First+Ladies+of+the+United+States+2014+FirstLadies2014_Full+Rankings.xls&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscri.siena.edu%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2018%2F08%2FAppendix_A_Overall_Survey_Results.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouisa+Adams" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scri.siena.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Appendix_C_Power_Couples.pdf">"2014 Power Couple Score"</a> (PDF). scri.siena.edu/. Siena Research Institute/C-SPAN Study of the First Ladies of the United States. Retrieved October 9, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=scri.siena.edu%2F&rft.atitle=2014+Power+Couple+Score&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscri.siena.edu%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2018%2F08%2FAppendix_C_Power_Couples.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouisa+Adams" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Louisa_Adams&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_United_States_presidential_spouses_and_first_ladies" title="Bibliography of United States presidential spouses and first ladies">Bibliography of United States presidential spouses and first ladies</a></div> <ul><li>Cook, Jane Hampton. American Phoenix: John Quincy and Louisa Adams, the War of 1812, and the Exile that Saved American Independence (Thomas Nelson, 2013)</li> <li>Hecht, Marie B. John Quincy Adams: A Personal History of an Independent Man (Macmillan, 1972)</li> <li>Heffron, Margery M. Louisa Catherine: The Other Mrs. Adams (Yale University Press, 2014)</li> <li>O'Brien, Michael. Mrs. Adams in Winter: A Journey in the Last Days of Napoleon (NY: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2010)</li> <li>Oliver, Andrew. Portraits of John Quincy Adams and His Wife (Harvard University Press, 1970)</li> <li>Shepherd, Jack. Cannibals of the Heart: A Personal Biography of Louisa Catherine and John Quincy Adams (McGraw-Hill, 1980)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Louisa_Adams&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Louisa_Adams" class="extiw" title="commons:Louisa Adams">Louisa Adams</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://firstladies.c-span.org/FirstLady/7/Louisa-Adams.aspx">Louisa Adams</a> at <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a>'s <a href="/wiki/First_Ladies:_Influence_%26_Image" title="First Ladies: Influence & Image">First Ladies: Influence & Image</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_scribners-magazine_1903-10_34_4/page/448/mode/2up">"Mrs. John Quincy Adams's Narrative of a Journey from St. Petersburg to Paris in February 1815," Scribner's Magazine, Vol. XXXIV, no. 4, October 1903, pp. 448-463.</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFF157;">Honorary titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Monroe" title="Elizabeth Monroe">Elizabeth Monroe</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_the_United_States" title="First Lady of the United States">First Lady of the United States</a> 1825–1829 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Emily_Donelson" title="Emily Donelson">Emily Donelson</a> Acting</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Martha_Jefferson_Randolph" title="Martha Jefferson Randolph">Martha Jefferson Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolley_Madison" title="Dolley Madison">Dolley Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Monroe" title="Elizabeth Monroe">Elizabeth Monroe</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Louisa Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Donelson" title="Emily Donelson">Emily Donelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Yorke_Jackson" title="Sarah Yorke Jackson">Sarah Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angelica_Singleton_Van_Buren" title="Angelica Singleton Van Buren">Angelica Van Buren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Harrison" title="Anna Harrison">Anna Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Irwin_Harrison" title="Jane Irwin Harrison">Jane Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letitia_Christian_Tyler" title="Letitia Christian Tyler">Letitia Tyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscilla_Cooper_Tyler" title="Priscilla Cooper Tyler">Priscilla Tyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Gardiner_Tyler" title="Julia Gardiner Tyler">Julia Tyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Childress_Polk" title="Sarah Childress Polk">Sarah Polk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Taylor" title="Margaret Taylor">Margaret Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abigail_Fillmore" title="Abigail Fillmore">Abigail Fillmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Pierce" title="Jane Pierce">Jane Pierce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Lane" title="Harriet Lane">Harriet Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Todd_Lincoln" title="Mary Todd Lincoln">Mary Todd Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliza_McCardle_Johnson" title="Eliza McCardle Johnson">Eliza Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Grant" title="Julia Grant">Julia Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Webb_Hayes" title="Lucy Webb Hayes">Lucy Hayes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucretia_Garfield" title="Lucretia Garfield">Lucretia Garfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Arthur_McElroy" title="Mary Arthur McElroy">Mary McElroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Cleveland" title="Rose Cleveland">Rose Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Cleveland" title="Frances Cleveland">Frances Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Harrison" title="Caroline Harrison">Caroline Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Harrison_McKee" title="Mary Harrison McKee">Mary Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Cleveland" title="Frances Cleveland">Frances Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_Saxton_McKinley" title="Ida Saxton McKinley">Ida McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Roosevelt" title="Edith Roosevelt">Edith Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Herron_Taft" title="Helen Herron Taft">Helen Taft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Axson_Wilson" title="Ellen Axson Wilson">Ellen Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Margaret Woodrow Wilson">Margaret Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Wilson" title="Edith Wilson">Edith Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_Harding" title="Florence Harding">Florence Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_Coolidge" title="Grace Coolidge">Grace Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lou_Henry_Hoover" title="Lou Henry Hoover">Lou Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Eleanor Roosevelt">Eleanor Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bess_Truman" title="Bess Truman">Bess Truman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamie_Eisenhower" title="Mamie Eisenhower">Mamie Eisenhower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Kennedy_Onassis" title="Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis">Jacqueline Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Bird_Johnson" title="Lady Bird Johnson">Lady Bird Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Nixon" title="Pat Nixon">Pat Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Ford" title="Betty Ford">Betty Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosalynn_Carter" title="Rosalynn Carter">Rosalynn Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Reagan" title="Nancy Reagan">Nancy Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Bush" title="Barbara Bush">Barbara Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton%27s_tenure_as_First_Lady_of_the_United_States" title="Hillary Clinton's tenure as First Lady of the United States">tenure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Bush" title="Laura Bush">Laura Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Obama" title="Michelle Obama">Michelle Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melania_Trump" title="Melania Trump">Melania Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jill_Biden" title="Jill Biden">Jill Biden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_the_United_States" title="First Lady of the United States">First Lady of the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_United_States_presidential_spouses_and_first_ladies" title="Bibliography of United States presidential spouses and first ladies">bibliographies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_family_of_the_United_States" title="First family of the United States">families</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_First_Lady_of_the_United_States_firsts" title="List of First Lady of the United States firsts">firsts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memoirs_by_first_ladies_of_the_United_States" title="List of memoirs by first ladies of the United States">memoirs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Ladies_National_Historic_Site" title="First Ladies National Historic Site">National Historic Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:First_ladies_of_the_United_States" title="Category:First ladies of the United States">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="John_Quincy_Adams" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:John_Quincy_Adams" title="Template:John Quincy Adams"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:John_Quincy_Adams" title="Template talk:John Quincy Adams"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:John_Quincy_Adams" title="Special:EditPage/Template:John Quincy Adams"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="John_Quincy_Adams" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Massachusetts" title="List of United States representatives from Massachusetts">U.S. Representative</a> for <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_8th_congressional_district" title="Massachusetts's 8th congressional district">MA–8</a> (1843–1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Massachusetts" title="List of United States representatives from Massachusetts">U.S. Representative</a> for <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_12th_congressional_district" title="Massachusetts's 12th congressional district">MA–12</a> (1833–1843)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Massachusetts" title="List of United States representatives from Massachusetts">U.S. Representative</a> for <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_11th_congressional_district" title="Massachusetts's 11th congressional district">MA–11</a> (1831–1833)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">6th</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1825–1829)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_secretaries_of_state_of_the_United_States" title="List of secretaries of state of the United States">8th</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">United States Secretary of State</a> (1817–1825)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to the United Kingdom">U.S. Minister to the United Kingdom</a> (1814–1817)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_Russia" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to Russia">U.S. Minister to Russia</a> (1809–1814)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Massachusetts" title="List of United States senators from Massachusetts">U.S. Senator from Massachusetts</a> (1803–1808)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_Germany" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to Germany">U.S. Minister to Prussia</a> (1797–1801)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_the_Netherlands" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to the Netherlands">U.S. Minister to the Netherlands</a> (1794–1797)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams#Presidency_(1825–1829)" title="John Quincy Adams">Presidency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_John_Quincy_Adams" title="Inauguration of John Quincy Adams">Inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_System_(economic_plan)" title="American System (economic plan)">American System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_improvements" title="Internal improvements">Internal improvements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariff_of_Abominations" title="Tariff of Abominations">Tariff of 1828</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Treaty_of_Prairie_du_Chien" title="First Treaty of Prairie du Chien">First Treaty of Prairie du Chien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fond_du_Lac#1826_Treaty_of_Fond_du_Lac" title="Treaty of Fond du Lac">Treaty of Fond du Lac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Limits_(Mexico%E2%80%93United_States)" title="Treaty of Limits (Mexico–United States)">Treaty of Limits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Observatory#History" title="United States Naval Observatory">United States Naval Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1825_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1825 State of the Union Address">State of the Union Address, 1825</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1827_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1827 State of the Union Address">1827</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1828_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1828 State of the Union Address">1828</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_John_Quincy_Adams" title="List of federal judges appointed by John Quincy Adams">Federal judiciary appointments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monroe_Doctrine" title="Monroe Doctrine">Monroe Doctrine, author</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ghent" title="Treaty of Ghent">Treaty of Ghent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adams%E2%80%93On%C3%ADs_Treaty" title="Adams–Onís Treaty">Adams–Onís Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_1818" title="Treaty of 1818">Treaty of 1818</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariff_of_1832" title="Tariff of 1832">Tariff of 1832</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution#Founding" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._The_Amistad" title="United States v. The Amistad">United States v. The Amistad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mendi_Bible" title="Mendi Bible">Mendi Bible</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">President, American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbian_Institute_for_the_Promotion_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Columbian Institute for the Promotion of Arts and Sciences">President, Columbian Institute for the Promotion of Arts and Sciences</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams#Diaries" title="John Quincy Adams">Lifelong diary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Historical_Society#Collections" title="Massachusetts Historical Society">Massachusetts Historical Society holdings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adams_Papers_Editorial_Project" title="Adams Papers Editorial Project">Adams Papers Editorial Project</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life and homes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams#Early_life,_education,_and_early_career" title="John Quincy Adams">Early life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abigail_Adams_Cairn" title="Abigail Adams Cairn">Abigail Adams Cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams_and_abolitionism" title="John Quincy Adams and abolitionism">John Quincy Adams and abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adams_National_Historical_Park" title="Adams National Historical Park">Adams National Historical Park</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams_Birthplace" title="John Quincy Adams Birthplace">Birthplace and family home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peacefield" title="Peacefield">Peacefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adams_National_Historical_Park#Stone_Library" title="Adams National Historical Park">Stone Library</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_First_Parish_Church" title="United First Parish Church">United First Parish Church and gravesite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_John_Quincy_Adams" title="Electoral history of John Quincy Adams">Electoral history</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Senate <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1803_United_States_Senate_election_in_Massachusetts" title="1803 United States Senate election in Massachusetts">1803</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1808_United_States_Senate_election_in_Massachusetts" title="1808 United States Senate election in Massachusetts">1808</a></li></ul></li> <li>Presidential runs <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election" title="1824 United States presidential election">1824</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corrupt_Bargain#Election_of_1824" class="mw-redirect" title="Corrupt Bargain">Corrupt Bargain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1828_United_States_presidential_election" title="1828 United States presidential election">1828</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_John_Quincy_Adams" title="Bibliography of John Quincy Adams">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adams_Memorial" title="Adams Memorial">Adams Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adams_House_(Harvard_College)" title="Adams House (Harvard College)">Adams House at Harvard University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidents_of_the_United_States_on_U.S._postage_stamps#John_Quincy_Adams" title="Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps">U.S. Postage stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroe_Doctrine_Centennial_half_dollar" title="Monroe Doctrine Centennial half dollar">Monroe Doctrine Centennial half dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Quincy_Adams_(Fairweather_Range)" title="Mount Quincy Adams (Fairweather Range)">Mount Quincy Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_President_Adams_(APA-19)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS President Adams (APA-19)">USS President Adams</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_John_Adams_(SSBN-620)" title="USS John Adams (SSBN-620)">USS John Adams</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyster-Adams_Bilingual_School" title="Oyster-Adams Bilingual School">Oyster-Adams Bilingual School</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Popular culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Profiles_in_Courage" title="Profiles in Courage">Profiles in Courage (1957 book)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Profiles_in_Courage_(TV_series)" title="Profiles in Courage (TV series)">1965 television series)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Adams_Chronicles" title="The Adams Chronicles">The Adams Chronicles (1976 miniseries)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutiny_on_the_Amistad" title="Mutiny on the Amistad">Mutiny on the Amistad (1987 book)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amistad_(film)" title="Amistad (film)">Amistad (1997 film) </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams_(book)" title="John Adams (book)">John Adams (2001 book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams_(miniseries)" title="John Adams (miniseries)">2008 miniseries)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adams_political_family" title="Adams political family">Adams political family</a> <a href="/wiki/Quincy_political_family" title="Quincy political family">Quincy family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Louisa Adams</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Adams" title="George Washington Adams">George Washington Adams</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Francis_Adams_Sr." title="Charles Francis Adams Sr.">Charles Francis Adams Sr.</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams_II" title="John Adams II">John Adams II</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Adams" title="Henry Adams">Henry Adams</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooks_Adams" title="Brooks Adams">Brooks Adams</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams_II" title="John Quincy Adams II">John Quincy Adams II</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> <ul><li>father</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Adams" title="Presidency of John Adams">presidency</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abigail_Adams" title="Abigail Adams">Abigail Adams</a> <ul><li>mother</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_the_United_States" title="First Lady of the United States">First Lady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quincy_political_family" title="Quincy political family">Quincy political family</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abigail_Adams_Smith" title="Abigail Adams Smith">Abigail Adams Smith</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Adams_(1770%E2%80%931800)" title="Charles Adams (1770–1800)">Charles Adams</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Boylston_Adams_(1772%E2%80%931832)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Boylston Adams (1772–1832)">Thomas Boylston Adams</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams_Sr." title="John Adams Sr.">John Adams Sr.</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susanna_Boylston" title="Susanna Boylston">Susanna Boylston</a> (grandmother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy" title="John Quincy">John Quincy</a> (great-grandfather)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Party" title="National Republican Party">National Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Patriot_Ledger" title="The Patriot Ledger">Quincy Patriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams_(Bingham)" title="John Quincy Adams (Bingham)">John Quincy Adams (Bingham)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">← James Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson →</a></li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:John_Quincy_Adams" title="Category:John Quincy Adams">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="John_Adams" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:John_Adams" title="Template:John Adams"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:John_Adams" title="Template talk:John Adams"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:John_Adams" title="Special:EditPage/Template:John Adams"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="John_Adams" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">2nd</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1797–1801)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of vice presidents of the United States">1st</a> <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a> (1789–1797)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to the United Kingdom">U.S. Minister to the United Kingdom</a> (1785–1788)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_the_Netherlands" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to the Netherlands">U.S. Minister to the Netherlands</a> (1782–1788)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_delegates_to_the_Continental_Congress" title="List of delegates to the Continental Congress">Delegate</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a> (1775–1778)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_delegates_to_the_Continental_Congress" title="List of delegates to the Continental Congress">Delegate</a> to the <a href="/wiki/First_Continental_Congress" title="First Continental Congress">First Continental Congress</a> (1774)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding of the United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Braintree_Instructions" title="Braintree Instructions">Braintree Instructions (1765)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Massacre#Trials" title="Boston Massacre">Boston Massacre defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Association" title="Continental Association">Continental Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petition_to_the_King" title="Petition to the King">Petition to the King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Colonies" title="United Colonies">United Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoughts_on_Government" title="Thoughts on Government">Thoughts on Government (1776)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Resolution" title="Lee Resolution">Lee Resolution (seconded)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams#Independence" title="John Adams">Declaration of Independence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence#May_15_preamble" title="United States Declaration of Independence">May 15 preamble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Five" title="Committee of Five">Committee of Five</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_Treaty" title="Model Treaty">Model Treaty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amity_and_Commerce_(France%E2%80%93United_States)" title="Treaty of Amity and Commerce (France–United States)">Treaty of Amity and Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Alliance_(1778)" title="Treaty of Alliance (1778)">Treaty of Alliance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Board_of_War" title="Board of War">Board of War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy#Secretaries_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">Chairman of the Marine Committee, 1775-1779</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Navy" title="Continental Navy">Continental Navy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staten_Island_Peace_Conference" title="Staten Island Peace Conference">Staten Island Peace Conference</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conference_House" title="Conference House">Conference House</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Massachusetts" title="Constitution of Massachusetts">Constitution of Massachusetts (1780)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris, 1783</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomacy_of_John_Adams" title="Diplomacy of John Adams">Diplomacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1788%E2%80%9389_United_States_presidential_election" title="1788–89 United States presidential election">United States presidential election 1788–1789</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1792_United_States_presidential_election" title="1792 United States presidential election">1792</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1796_United_States_presidential_election" title="1796 United States presidential election">1796</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1800_United_States_presidential_election" title="1800 United States presidential election">1800</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Adams" title="Presidency of John Adams">Presidency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_John_Adams" title="Inauguration of John Adams">Inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-War" title="Quasi-War">Quasi War with France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/XYZ_Affair" title="XYZ Affair">XYZ Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Navy" title="United States Department of the Navy">United States Department of the Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Act_further_to_protect_the_commerce_of_the_United_States" title="An Act further to protect the commerce of the United States">Commerce Protection Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">United States Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_1800" title="Convention of 1800">Convention of 1800</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Territory" title="Mississippi Territory">Mississippi Organic Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_and_Sedition_Acts" title="Alien and Sedition Acts">Alien and Sedition Acts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naturalization_Act_of_1798" title="Naturalization Act of 1798">Naturalization Act of 1798</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Act_for_the_relief_of_sick_and_disabled_seamen" title="An Act for the relief of sick and disabled seamen">Sick and Disabled Seamen Relief Act</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Hospital_Service" title="Marine Hospital Service">Marine Hospital Service</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bankruptcy_Act_of_1800" title="Bankruptcy Act of 1800">Bankruptcy Act of 1800</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Territory" title="Indiana Territory">Indiana Organic Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Trade_Act_of_1800" title="Slave Trade Act of 1800">Slave Trade Act of 1800</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_Organic_Act_of_1801" title="District of Columbia Organic Act of 1801">District of Columbia Organic Act of 1801</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navy_Department_Library" title="Navy Department Library">Navy Department Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tellico" title="Treaty of Tellico">Treaty of Tellico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tripoli" title="Treaty of Tripoli">Treaty of Tripoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midnight_Judges_Act" title="Midnight Judges Act">Midnight Judges Act</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marbury_v._Madison" title="Marbury v. Madison">Marbury v. Madison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1797_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1797 State of the Union Address">State of the Union Address (1797</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1798_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1798 State of the Union Address">1798</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1799_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1799 State of the Union Address">1799</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1800_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1800 State of the Union Address">1800)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Thomas_Jefferson" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidential transition of Thomas Jefferson">Presidential transition of Thomas Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams#Administration_and_cabinet" title="John Adams">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_John_Adams" title="List of federal judges appointed by John Adams">Federal judiciary appointments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other writings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Historical_Society#Collections" title="Massachusetts Historical Society">Massachusetts Historical Society holdings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adams_Papers_Editorial_Project" title="Adams Papers Editorial Project">Adams Papers Editorial Project</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Defence_of_the_Constitutions_of_Government_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="A Defence of the Constitutions of Government of the United States of America">A Defence of the Constitutions of Government of the United States of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letters_of_Mrs._Adams,_the_Wife_of_John_Adams" title="Letters of Mrs. Adams, the Wife of John Adams">Letters of Mrs. Adams, the Wife of John Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founders_Online" title="Founders Online">Founders Online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gray_v._Pitts" title="Gray v. Pitts">Gray v. Pitts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life and homes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams#Early_life_and_education" title="John Adams">Early life and education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adams_National_Historical_Park" title="Adams National Historical Park">Adams National Historical Park</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams_Birthplace" title="John Adams Birthplace">John Adams Birthplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams_Birthplace" title="John Quincy Adams Birthplace">Family home and John Quincy Adams birthplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peacefield" title="Peacefield">Peacefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adams_National_Historical_Park#Stone_Library" title="Adams National Historical Park">Stone Library</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Hall_(Harvard_University)" title="Massachusetts Hall (Harvard University)">Massachusetts Hall, Harvard University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_House_(Philadelphia)" title="President's House (Philadelphia)">Presidents House, Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">Co-founder and second president, American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_First_Parish_Church" title="United First Parish Church">United First Parish Church and gravesite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_John_Adams" title="Bibliography of John Adams">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_John_Adams" title="List of memorials to John Adams">List of memorials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adams_Memorial" title="Adams Memorial">Adams Memorial</a> (proposed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams_Building" title="John Adams Building">John Adams Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffolk_County_Courthouse" title="Suffolk County Courthouse">John Adams Courthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Memorial#Exterior" title="Jefferson Memorial">Jefferson Memorial pediment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidents_of_the_United_States_on_U.S._postage_stamps#John_Adams" title="Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps">U.S. Postage stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(painting)" title="Treaty of Paris (painting)">Treaty of Paris</a> (1783 painting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Adams_(1799)" title="USS Adams (1799)">USS Adams</a> (1799)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_John_Adams_(1799)" title="USS John Adams (1799)">USS John Adams</a> (1799)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Adams_(1874)" title="USS Adams (1874)">USS Adams</a> (1874)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_President_Adams_(APA-19)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS President Adams (APA-19)">USS President Adams</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_John_Adams_(SSBN-620)" title="USS John Adams (SSBN-620)">USS John Adams</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adams_House_(Harvard_College)" title="Adams House (Harvard College)">Adams House at Harvard University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Adams_(New_Hampshire)" title="Mount Adams (New Hampshire)">Mount Adams (New Hampshire,</a> <a href="/wiki/Mount_Adams_(Washington)" title="Mount Adams (Washington)">Washington)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_to_the_56_Signers_of_the_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence">Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Popular culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Profiles_in_Courage_(TV_series)" title="Profiles in Courage (TV series)">Profiles in Courage (1964 series)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Primitive" title="American Primitive">American Primitive (1969 play)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1776_(musical)" title="1776 (musical)">1776 (1969 musical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1776_(film)" title="1776 (film)">1972 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Adams_Chronicles" title="The Adams Chronicles">The Adams Chronicles (1976 miniseries)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty!" title="Liberty!">Liberty! (1997 documentary series)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty%27s_Kids" title="Liberty's Kids">Liberty's Kids (2002 animated series)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams_(book)" title="John Adams (book)">John Adams (2001 book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams_(miniseries)" title="John Adams (miniseries)">2008 miniseries)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_and_Abigail_Adams" title="John and Abigail Adams">John and Abigail Adams (2006 documentary film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty_(miniseries)" title="Sons of Liberty (miniseries)">Sons of Liberty (2015 miniseries)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_(miniseries)" title="Franklin (miniseries)">Franklin (2024 miniseries)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adams_and_Liberty" title="Adams and Liberty">"Adams and Liberty" campaign song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Public_Library#Overview" title="Boston Public Library">Adams' personal library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Enlightenment" title="American Enlightenment">American Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_Hall" title="Congress Hall">Congress Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Era" title="Federalist Era">Federalist Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Party_System" title="First Party System">First Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">republicanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gazette_of_the_United_States" title="Gazette of the United States">Gazette of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_American_Museum_(magazine)" title="The American Museum (magazine)">The American Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution)" title="Patriot (American Revolution)">patriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adams_political_family" title="Adams political family">Adams political family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abigail_Adams" title="Abigail Adams">Abigail Adams</a> <ul><li>wife</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quincy_political_family" title="Quincy political family">Quincy political family</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abigail_Adams_Smith" title="Abigail Adams Smith">Abigail Adams Smith</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a> <ul><li>son</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Quincy_Adams" title="Presidency of John Quincy Adams">presidency</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Adams_(1770%E2%80%931800)" title="Charles Adams (1770–1800)">Charles Adams</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Boylston_Adams_(1772%E2%80%931832)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Boylston Adams (1772–1832)">Thomas Boylston Adams</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Adams" title="George Washington Adams">George Washington Adams</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Francis_Adams_Sr." title="Charles Francis Adams Sr.">Charles Francis Adams Sr.</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams_II" title="John Adams II">John Adams II</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams_II" title="John Quincy Adams II">John Quincy Adams II</a> (great-grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Adams" title="Henry Adams">Henry Adams</a> (great-grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooks_Adams" title="Brooks Adams">Brooks Adams</a> (great-grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams_Sr." title="John Adams Sr.">John Adams Sr.</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susanna_Boylston" title="Susanna Boylston">Susanna Boylston</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Adams" title="Samuel Adams">Samuel Adams</a> (second cousin)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Louisa Adams</a> (daughter-in-law, <a href="/wiki/List_of_first_ladies_of_the_United_States" title="List of first ladies of the United States">first lady</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">← George Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson →</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Thomas Jefferson →</li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:John_Adams" title="Category:John Adams">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q233660#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q233660#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q233660#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000025182294">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/52597139">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/188211/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJhRJvpMrkB4Ttp8D38jYP">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/123455456">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n86022545">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16705317z">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16705317z">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p073664642">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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