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<ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> 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.sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Bengali_zamindars" title="Category:Bengali zamindars">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zamindars of Bengal</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ahsan_Manzil-Front_View.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Ahsan_Manzil-Front_View.jpg/210px-Ahsan_Manzil-Front_View.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Ahsan_Manzil-Front_View.jpg/315px-Ahsan_Manzil-Front_View.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Ahsan_Manzil-Front_View.jpg/420px-Ahsan_Manzil-Front_View.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2512" data-file-height="1678" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Central Bengal</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"><i><span style="font-size:85%;">Present Divisions: <a href="/wiki/Dhaka_Division" title="Dhaka Division">Dhaka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mymensingh_Division" title="Mymensingh Division">Mymensingh</a></span></i> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baliati_Zamindari" title="Baliati Zamindari">Baliati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohera_Zamindar_Bari" title="Mohera Zamindar Bari">Mohera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhawal_Estate" title="Bhawal Estate">Bhawal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhaka_Nawab_Family" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhaka Nawab Family">Dhaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idilpur_Union" title="Idilpur Union">Idilpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karatia_Zamindari" title="Karatia Zamindari">Karatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hem_Chandra_Raychaudhuri" title="Hem Chandra Raychaudhuri">Ponabalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upendrakishore_Ray_Chowdhury" title="Upendrakishore Ray Chowdhury">Masua</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Eastern Bengal</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"><i><span style="font-size:85%;">Present Divisions: <a href="/wiki/Chittagong_Division" title="Chittagong Division">Chittagong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sylhet_Division" title="Sylhet Division">Sylhet</a></span></i> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baniachong" class="mw-redirect" title="Baniachong">Baniachong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazumdars_of_Sylhet" class="mw-redirect" title="Mazumdars of Sylhet">Barshala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohmong_Circle" title="Bohmong Circle">Bohmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakma_Circle" title="Chakma Circle">Chakma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homnabad-Pashchimgaon_Estate" class="mw-redirect" title="Homnabad-Pashchimgaon Estate">Homnabad-Pashchimgaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Muntaquim_Chaudhury" title="Abdul Muntaquim Chaudhury">Kanihati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mong_Circle" title="Mong Circle">Mong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pal_family" title="Pal family">Panchakhanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prithimpassa_Family" class="mw-redirect" title="Prithimpassa Family">Prithimpassa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chowdhury_Abu_Torab_Khan" title="Chowdhury Abu Torab Khan">Sandwip</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/North_Bengal" title="North Bengal">Northern Bengal</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"><i><span style="font-size:85%;">Present Divisions: <a href="/wiki/Rangpur_Division" title="Rangpur Division">Rangpur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rajshahi_Division" title="Rajshahi Division">Rajshahi</a></span></i> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dighapatia_Raj" title="Dighapatia Raj">Dighapatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunahar_Zamindari" class="mw-redirect" title="Gunahar Zamindari">Gunahar, Bogra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajhat_Palace" title="Tajhat Palace">Tajhat, Rangpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshitish_Mohan_Lahiri" title="Kshitish Mohan Lahiri">Mohanpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamindars_of_Mahipur" title="Zamindars of Mahipur">Mahipur, Rangpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chowdhuries_of_Natore" title="Chowdhuries of Natore">Natore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulai_Zamindari" class="mw-redirect" title="Dulai Zamindari">Dulai, Pabna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthia_Raj_family" title="Puthia Raj family">Puthia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajshahi_Raj_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajshahi Raj family">Queen Bhabai Estate of Rajshahi (Natore)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghughu-danga_Zamindar_Bari" title="Ghughu-danga Zamindar Bari">Dinajpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singranatore_family" title="Singranatore family">Singranatore</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/South_Bengal" title="South Bengal">Southern Bengal</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"><i><span style="font-size:85%;">Present Divisions: <a href="/wiki/Barishal_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Barishal Division">Barishal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khulna_Division" title="Khulna Division">Khulna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Faridpur_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Faridpur Division">Faridpur</a></span></i> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chandradwip" title="Chandradwip">Chandradwip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harendranath_Munshi" title="Harendranath Munshi">Chaugachha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golam_Ali_Chowdhury" title="Golam Ali Chowdhury">Haturia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadirpara_Union" title="Kadirpara Union">Kadirpara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapan_Raychaudhuri" title="Tapan Raychaudhuri">Kirtipasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narail" title="Narail">Narail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padamdi_Nawab_Estate" title="Padamdi Nawab Estate">Padamdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sreepur_Upazila,_Magura" title="Sreepur Upazila, Magura">Sreepur</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">Western Bengal</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andul_Raj" class="mw-redirect" title="Andul Raj">Andul rajbari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azimganj_Raj" class="mw-redirect" title="Azimganj Raj">Azimganj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabarna_Roy_Choudhury" title="Sabarna Roy Choudhury">Barisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruipur" title="Baruipur">Baruipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bawali" title="Bawali">Bawali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardhaman_Raj" title="Bardhaman Raj">Burdwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhanyakuria" title="Dhanyakuria">Dhanyakuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobardanga" title="Gobardanga">Gobardanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hetampur_Raj" class="mw-redirect" title="Hetampur Raj">Hetampur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagtai_Choudhury_Bari" title="Jagtai Choudhury Bari">Jagtai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhargram_Raj" title="Jhargram Raj">Jhargram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiaganj_Azimganj" title="Jiaganj Azimganj">Jiaganj Azimganj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorasanko_Thakur_Bari" title="Jorasanko Thakur Bari">Jorasanko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandi,_Murshidabad" title="Kandi, Murshidabad">Kandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalgola" title="Lalgola">Lalgola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midnapore_Raj" title="Midnapore Raj">Karnagarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahishadal_Raj" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahishadal Raj">Mahishadal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawabs_of_Murshidabad" title="Nawabs of Murshidabad">Murshidabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadia_Raj" title="Nadia Raj">Nadia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narajole_Raj" title="Narajole Raj">Narajole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashipur_Raj" class="mw-redirect" title="Nashipur Raj">Nashipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimtita_Zamindar_Bari" title="Nimtita Zamindar Bari">Nimtita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgachia_Villa" title="Belgachia Villa">Paikpara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathuriaghata" title="Pathuriaghata">Pathuriaghata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raikat" title="Raikat">Raikat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedarnath_Bhattacharya" title="Kedarnath Bhattacharya">Santragachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyendra_Prasanna_Sinha,_1st_Baron_Sinha" title="Satyendra Prasanna Sinha, 1st Baron Sinha">Raipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serampur_Raj" class="mw-redirect" title="Serampur Raj">Serampur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shibpur" title="Shibpur">Shibpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovabazar_Raj" title="Sovabazar Raj">Sovabazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surul" title="Surul">Surul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taki_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Taki (India)">Taki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarpara" title="Uttarpara">Uttarpara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallick_Bari_(Midnapore)" title="Mallick Bari (Midnapore)">Mallick Bari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooch_Behar_Palace" title="Cooch Behar Palace">Cooch Behar</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bengal_Zamindars_series" title="Template:Bengal Zamindars series"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bengal_Zamindars_series" title="Template talk:Bengal Zamindars series"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bengal_Zamindars_series" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bengal Zamindars series"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Zamindars of Bengal</b> were <a href="/wiki/Zamindar" title="Zamindar">zamindars</a> (hereditary landlords) of the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal</a> region of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> (now divided between <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> and the <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Indian</a> state of <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>). They governed an ancient system of land ownership. </p><p>The Bengali zamindars managed a <a href="/wiki/Plantation_economy" title="Plantation economy">plantation economy</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal Presidency</a> which produced <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jute" title="Jute">jute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indigo" title="Indigo">indigo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tea" title="Tea">tea</a>, spices and other commodities. Like the British <a href="/wiki/Landed_gentry" title="Landed gentry">landed gentry</a>, they were bestowed with titles; their plantation economy has been studied by many scholars and can be compared with historic <a href="/wiki/Plantation_complexes_in_the_Southern_United_States" title="Plantation complexes in the Southern United States">plantation complexes in the Southern United States</a>. The land was cultivated by tenant farmers who paid rent to the zamindars. A big portion of the rent was in turn paid to the imperial government as taxes. The zamindars were the principal revenue collectors for the imperial administration under <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British rule</a>. The system was abolished by 1951. The Zamindars of Bengal were generally less powerful and had less autonomy than the <a href="/wiki/Zamindars_of_Bihar" title="Zamindars of Bihar">Zamindars of Bihar</a> who were able to maintain standing armies of their own.<sup id="cite_ref-Chatterjee1996_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chatterjee1996-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The British entrenched the precolonial zamindari system through the <a href="/wiki/Permanent_Settlement" title="Permanent Settlement">Permanent Settlement</a>. The zamindars dominated most of the villages in Bengal by collecting rent from tenant cultivators.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The zamindari system mirrored the European system of <a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">serfdom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bengali zamindars were often recognised with titles like <a href="/wiki/Maharaja" title="Maharaja">Maharaja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nawab" title="Nawab">Nawab</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khan_Bahadur" title="Khan Bahadur">Khan Bahadur</a> but they never ruled over <a href="/wiki/Princely_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Princely states">princely states</a>. With Bengal being the most populous and politically influential province in British India, Bengali zamindars were the most politically influential landed gentry in British India. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zamindars_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia Britannica">Encyclopedia Britannica</a>, "zamindar, in India, a holder or occupier (dār) of land (zamīn). The root words are Persian, and the resulting name was widely used wherever Persian influence was spread by the Mughals or other Indian Muslim dynasties. The meanings attached to it were various. In Bengal the word denoted a hereditary tax collector who could retain 10 percent of the revenue he collected. In the late 18th century the British government made these zamindars landowners, thus creating a landed aristocracy in Bengal and Bihar that lasted until Indian independence (1947). In parts of north India (e.g., Uttar Pradesh), a zamindar denoted a large landowner with full proprietary rights. More generally in north India, zamindar denoted the cultivator of the soil or joint proprietors holding village lands in common as joint heirs. In Maratha territories the name was generally applied to all local hereditary revenue officers".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zamindars_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Baro-Bhuyan" title="Baro-Bhuyan">Baro-Bhuyan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rabindranath-Tagore-Mrinalini-Devi-1883.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Rabindranath-Tagore-Mrinalini-Devi-1883.jpg/220px-Rabindranath-Tagore-Mrinalini-Devi-1883.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Rabindranath-Tagore-Mrinalini-Devi-1883.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="234" data-file-height="352" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a> and his wife in 1883</figcaption></figure> <p>During the 14th century, the Hindu zamindar <a href="/wiki/Raja_Ganesha" title="Raja Ganesha">Raja Ganesha</a> overthrew the <a href="/wiki/Ilyas_Shahi_dynasty" title="Ilyas Shahi dynasty">Ilyas Shahi dynasty</a> and placed his son on the throne. In Richard Eaton's <i>The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier</i>, there is mention of <a href="/wiki/Khan_Jahan_Ali" title="Khan Jahan Ali">Khan Jahan Ali</a> as the zamindar of <a href="/wiki/Mosque_City_of_Bagerhat" title="Mosque City of Bagerhat">Bagerhat</a>. According to records collected in 1870, Khan Jahan Ali settled in the area "to reclaim and cultivate the lands in the Sundarbans, which were at that time waste and covered with forest. He obtained from the emperor, or from the king of Gaur, a jaghir [revenue assignment] of these lands, and in accordance with it established himself on them. The tradition of his cutcherry site [court] in both places corresponds with this view of his position, and the fact of his undertaking such large works—works which involve the necessity of supporting quite an army of laborers—also points to his position as receiver of the rents, or chief of the cultivation of the soil.…After he had lived a long time as a great zamindar, he withdrew himself from worldly affairs and dwelt as a faqir".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between the late 16th and early 17th centuries, a <a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">confederation</a> of twelve zamindar families existed in the <a href="/wiki/Bhati_(region)" title="Bhati (region)">Bhati</a> region of eastern Bengal. They included twelve Muslim and Hindu zamindar families. They were led by <a href="/wiki/Isa_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Isa Khan">Isa Khan</a>, a former prime minister of the Bengal Sultanate. When the sultanate disintegrated due to Mughal invasions, these twelve families retained control of eastern Bengal. They resisted Mughal expansion until the early 17th century. <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Fitch" title="Ralph Fitch">Ralph Fitch</a>, an English traveler to Bengal in 1580, wrote about the twelve zamindars. According to Fitch, "for here are so many Rivers and Lands, that they (Mughals) flee from one to another, whereby his (<a href="/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar">Akbar</a>) horsemen cannot prevail against them. Great store of cotton cloth is made here. Sinnergan (Sonargaon) is a towne sixe leagues from Serrepore, where there is the best and finest cloth made of cotton that is in all India. The chief king of all these countries is called Isacan (Isa Khan), and he is chief of all the other kings, and is a great friend to all Christians". In Bengal, for the year(s) 1880/1881, there were 150,420 Estates of which 140,007 were permanently settled, 7,670 were temporarily settled, 2,720 were under the government, and 23 were ryotwari tracts. The land-tax on all these was 37,541,188 Rupees, with arrears being nearly 4 million Pounds Sterling. Of the above 150,420 estates, some 500 had an area of 20,000 Acres (31.25 Sq. Miles or 80.93 km2), and upwards of 15,000 with from 500 to 20,000 Acres. The rest or about 89 per cent were under 500 Acres each.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the words of a Jesuit mission in 1600, "Twelve princes, however, called Boyones [bhūyān] who governed twelve provinces in the late King’s name, escaped from this massacre. These united against the Mongols [sic], and hitherto, thanks to their alliance, each maintains himself in his dominions. Very rich and disposing of strong forces, they bear themselves as Kings, chiefly he of Siripur [Sripur], also called Cadaray [Kedar Rai], and he of Chandecan [Raja <a href="/wiki/Pratapaditya" title="Pratapaditya">Pratapaditya</a> of Jessore], but most of all the Mansondolin [“Masnad-i ‘ālī,” title of <a href="/wiki/Isa_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Isa Khan">Isa Khan</a>]. The Patanes [Afghans], being scattered above, are subject to the Boyones".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The capital of the confederation was <a href="/wiki/Sonargaon" title="Sonargaon">Sonargaon</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Akbar" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Akbar">Emperor Akbar</a>'s Land Regulation System of 1582 could not be implemented in Bengal.<sup id="cite_ref-Banglapedia_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Banglapedia-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, the Mughals relied on zamindars to consolidate the expansion of farmland, religion and administration. Zamindars were responsible for collecting taxes. The zamindars also had policing, judicial and administrative functions. The zamindars were integral to Mughal government in Bengal. They were also known as <a href="/wiki/Jagirdar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jagirdar">jagirdars</a>. Under <a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_India" title="Company rule in India">Company rule in India</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cornwallis_Code" title="Cornwallis Code">Cornwallis Code</a> introduced the <a href="/wiki/Permanent_Settlement" title="Permanent Settlement">Permanent Settlement</a>. Zamindars were made responsible for collecting taxes on behalf of the colonial government. The zamindari system became further entrenched under British rule. In 1950, the <a href="/wiki/East_Bengal_Legislative_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="East Bengal Legislative Assembly">East Bengal Legislative Assembly</a> enacted the <a href="/wiki/East_Bengal_State_Acquisition_and_Tenancy_Act_of_1950" title="East Bengal State Acquisition and Tenancy Act of 1950">East Bengal State Acquisition and Tenancy Act of 1950</a> which abolished the zamindari system as part of <a href="/wiki/Land_reforms" class="mw-redirect" title="Land reforms">land reforms</a>. In <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>, the zamindari system was abolished under federal laws enacted by the Indian government in 1951.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Duties">Duties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zamindars_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Duties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raja_Ganesha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Raja_Ganesha.jpg/170px-Raja_Ganesha.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Raja_Ganesha.jpg/255px-Raja_Ganesha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Raja_Ganesha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="340" data-file-height="335" /></a><figcaption>A sketch of the 15th century zamindar <a href="/wiki/Raja_Ganesha" title="Raja Ganesha">Raja Ganesha</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Isa_Khan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Isa_Khan.jpg/170px-Isa_Khan.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Isa_Khan.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="308" /></a><figcaption>The 16th century zamindar <a href="/wiki/Isa_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Isa Khan">Isa Khan</a></figcaption></figure> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Banglapedia" title="Banglapedia">Banglapedia</a>, "All categories of zamindars under the Mughals were required to perform certain police, judicial and military duties. With elements of both fiscal and political power at their disposal, zamindars exercised enormous local influence that made them the most undisputed potentates within the bounds of their territories. However, a full-fledged police system did not develop in rural Bengal during the period and hence some revenue staff were simultaneously entrusted with police duties. For instance, the gram-saranjami paiks who were employed primarily to assist zamindars in the collection of rents and guard the crops on the fields, were also made responsible for apprehension of thieves and robbers and preservation of peace, law and order in public places such as haats (fairs) and bazaars, and fairgrounds. The regular police forces of big zamindars were organised and controlled within a system of thanas which were the largest police units, and under these came the smaller posts known as chaukies or pharies. In the heyday of the Mughals, the faujdar retained supreme authority over the thanas, nominally placed under the zamindari control. In nawabi Bengal (under the <a href="/wiki/Nawabs_of_Bengal" title="Nawabs of Bengal">Nawabs of Bengal</a>), the thanas gradually fell under the control of the monopolistic zamindari estates.<sup id="cite_ref-Banglapedia_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Banglapedia-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Territorial zamindars had judicial powers. The encyclopedia further states that "Since the Mughals did not maintain a large standing army, they had to depend heavily on the indirect recruits of soldiers drafted from the territorial chiefs, clan or caste leaders. Some zamindars were even enrolled personally into the imperial service as mansabdars (nobles, holding military titles or ranks) and were remunerated in grants of jagirs, proportionate to their status. Moreover, torrential monsoon rain in the flat and riverine Bengal rendered the cavalry and artillery almost useless except in the dry season. In such a situation, to fight against the rebellious chiefs, the Magh and Feringi pirates who had been intermittently raiding the southern and eastern frontiers of Bengal, the Mughals had to depend greatly on the military assistance of the zamindars who were obliged to provide the troops with victuals and other daily necessaries and to cut off supplies to the enemies of the government. The great territorial zamindars were empowered to keep armed establishments and construct forts with a view to defending their territories, protecting agriculture, trade and commerce, ensuring the safe despatch of the revenues and keeping the raiyats under control. But the erosion of the imperial authority and the subsequent unsettled condition of the subah considerably weakened the Nawab's hold on the landed gentry, who changed their loyalties as the tide of conflicts between the awab and the Marathas or the nawab and the English East India Company flowed and ebbed".<sup id="cite_ref-Banglapedia_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Banglapedia-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under British rule, members of zamindar families often served in the Bengal Civil Service, the Bengal Judicial Service and the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Army" title="Bengal Army">Bengal Army</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zamindars_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AK_Fazlul_Huq_Cabinet_1937.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/AK_Fazlul_Huq_Cabinet_1937.jpg/220px-AK_Fazlul_Huq_Cabinet_1937.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/AK_Fazlul_Huq_Cabinet_1937.jpg/330px-AK_Fazlul_Huq_Cabinet_1937.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/AK_Fazlul_Huq_Cabinet_1937.jpg/440px-AK_Fazlul_Huq_Cabinet_1937.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1144" data-file-height="728" /></a><figcaption>The first elected cabinet of Bengal in 1937 included many zamindars</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nathan_Commitee.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nathan_Commitee.jpg/220px-Nathan_Commitee.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nathan_Commitee.jpg/330px-Nathan_Commitee.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nathan_Commitee.jpg/440px-Nathan_Commitee.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1125" data-file-height="728" /></a><figcaption>Zamindars were part of the Nathan Committee which founded the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Dhaka" title="University of Dhaka">University of Dhaka</a> in 1921</figcaption></figure> <p>The Zamindars of Bengal were involved in the creation and leadership of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> and <a href="/wiki/All_India_Muslim_League" class="mw-redirect" title="All India Muslim League">All India Muslim League</a>. Many zamindar families produced leading politicians and members of the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Legislative_Council" title="Bengal Legislative Council">Bengal Legislative Council</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Legislative_Assembly" title="Bengal Legislative Assembly">Bengal Legislative Assembly</a>. Opposition to Bengali Hindu zamindars was a major factor in the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Provincial_Muslim_League" title="Bengal Provincial Muslim League">Bengal Provincial Muslim League</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Krishak_Praja_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Krishak Praja Party">All Bengal Tenants Association</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Banglapedia_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Banglapedia-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Debt relief for tenants was pursued by the government of Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/A._K._Fazlul_Huq" title="A. K. Fazlul Huq">A. K. Fazlul Huq</a>. Huq's first cabinet in 1937 included several Bengali zamindars, including Maharaja <a href="/wiki/Srish_Chandra_Nandy" title="Srish Chandra Nandy">Srish Chandra Nandy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khawaja_Nazimuddin" title="Khawaja Nazimuddin">Sir Khwaja Nazimuddin</a>, Nawab <a href="/wiki/Khwaja_Habibullah" title="Khwaja Habibullah">Khwaja Habibullah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Musharraf_Hussain_(nawab)" class="mw-redirect" title="Musharraf Hussain (nawab)">Nawab Musharraf Hussain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_contributions">Cultural contributions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zamindars_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Cultural contributions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Banglapedia further states that "Zamindars developed a system of zamindari management of their own through their privileged hereditary position and built up their courts and a style of private life vying with each other in pomp and grandeur. The landed aristocracy of the pre-British period included few absentee zamindars. Those who retained their official position as qanungos or chowdhuris were zamindars of the same locality. Consequently, the social life and public activities of the landed class were usually confined within the bound of their 'little kingdoms'. Their luxurious lifestyle boosted local crafts and small-scale industries like fine quality cotton textiles, exquisite silks, jewellery, decorative swords and weapons. Again, the extravagance of the prime zamindars in socio-religious festivities helped in no less degree the circulation of wealth in the society. Their darbars (courts) were modelled after the nawabs', and the Mughal dress, food, art and architecture were emulated which paved the way for a synthesis between the <a href="/wiki/Turco-Persian_tradition" title="Turco-Persian tradition">Turko-Persian</a> and the indigenous cultures".<sup id="cite_ref-Banglapedia_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Banglapedia-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The chieftains of the <a href="/wiki/Chittagong_Hill_Tracts" title="Chittagong Hill Tracts">Chittagong Hill Tracts</a> also engaged in elaborate ritual ceremonies. </p><p>The Zamindars of Bengal were great patrons of <a href="/wiki/The_arts" title="The arts">the arts</a>. Many libraries were established by zamindars under British rule. The Great Bengal Library Association was formed in 1925.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zamindars established museums like the <a href="/wiki/Varendra_Research_Museum" title="Varendra Research Museum">Varendra Research Museum</a> and the Dacca Museum (which later became the <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_National_Museum" title="Bangladesh National Museum">Bangladesh National Museum</a>). They set up numerous educational institutions like the <a href="/wiki/BUET" class="mw-redirect" title="BUET">Ahansullah School of Engineering</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Tagore_family" title="Tagore family">Tagore family</a> became pioneers of the <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Renaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Renaissance">Bengali Renaissance</a> among the Hindu population. Writers like <a href="/wiki/Mir_Mosharraf_Hossain" title="Mir Mosharraf Hossain">Mir Mosharraf Hossain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Begum_Rokeya" title="Begum Rokeya">Begum Rokeya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Madhusudan_Dutt" title="Michael Madhusudan Dutt">Michael Madhusudan Dutt</a> were born and brought up on <a href="/wiki/Zamindar" title="Zamindar">zamindar</a> estates. The zamindars built their mansions in the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Saracenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Saracenic">Indo-Saracenic</a> style. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wealth">Wealth</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zamindars_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Wealth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under the British, the zamindars grew very wealthy.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some families such like <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a> family of <a href="/wiki/Nadia_Raj" title="Nadia Raj">Nadia Raj</a> were one of the most influential zamindars of bengal, the Hindu <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a> zamindars of Rajshahi Raj estate covered territories covering 13,000 km<sup>2</sup>, <a href="/wiki/Burdwan_(Zamindari)" class="mw-redirect" title="Burdwan (Zamindari)">Burdwan Raj family</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Bardhaman_Raj" title="Bardhaman Raj">Burdhaman</a>) ruled over territories in excess of 13,000 km<sup>2</sup>, <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a> zamindars of Bhawal Raj estate covered 1500 km<sup>2</sup>. Muslim Chowdhury Moyezuddin Bishwash estate covered nearly 4000 km<sup>2</sup>. In 1934, the Muslim <a href="/wiki/Dhaka_Nawab_Family" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhaka Nawab Family">Dhaka Nawab Family</a> had an estate which covered almost 1200 km<sup>2</sup> across different districts of Bengal and Assam, as well as the cities of <a href="/wiki/Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcutta">Calcutta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shillong" title="Shillong">Shillong</a>. They earned £120,000 in rent annually (US$16.5 million in 2022). With its wealth, social status and close relationship with the British Raj, the family of the Nawab of Dacca was the single most powerful Muslim family in Bengal.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Dhaka Nawab Family also owned a major <a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">diamond</a> which is now preserved in a vault of <a href="/wiki/Sonali_Bank" title="Sonali Bank">Sonali Bank</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest 100 estates out of 1200 tier 1 estate covered 75% of land in Bengal and the remaining 25% was divide between the remainder i.e. approximately 1100 estates. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zamindars_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_feudalism" title="Indian feudalism">Indian feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_honorifics" title="Indian honorifics">Indian honorifics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">Princely state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamindars_of_Bihar" title="Zamindars of Bihar">Zamindars of Bihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_zamindari_estates_in_Madras_Presidency" title="List of zamindari estates in Madras Presidency">List of zamindari estates in Madras Presidency</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zamindars_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFChowdhuryP._K.Ismail2012" class="citation book cs1">Chowdhury, S. R. Kumar; P. K., Singh; Ismail, M. Ali (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=212VMQEACAAJ&q=Blood+Dynasties:+Zemindaris+of+Bengal+-+A+Chronicle+of+Bengal%E2%80%99s+Ruling+families"><i>Blood Dynasties: Zemindaris of Bengal - A Chronicle of Bengal's Ruling families</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(Paperback)</span>. Dictus: Politics and Democracy series. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783847385080" title="Special:BookSources/9783847385080"><bdi>9783847385080</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blood+Dynasties%3A+Zemindaris+of+Bengal+-+A+Chronicle+of+Bengal%27s+Ruling+families&rft.pub=Dictus%3A+Politics+and+Democracy+series.&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9783847385080&rft.aulast=Chowdhury&rft.aufirst=S.+R.+Kumar&rft.au=P.+K.%2C+Singh&rft.au=Ismail%2C+M.+Ali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D212VMQEACAAJ%26q%3DBlood%2BDynasties%3A%2BZemindaris%2Bof%2BBengal%2B-%2BA%2BChronicle%2Bof%2BBengal%25E2%2580%2599s%2BRuling%2Bfamilies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZamindars+of+Bengal" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zamindars_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Chatterjee1996-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chatterjee1996_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKumkum_Chatterjee1996" class="citation book cs1">Kumkum Chatterjee (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wUeqQ2buQ80C&pg=PA31"><i>Merchants, Politics, and Society in Early Modern India: Bihar, 1733-1820</i></a>. BRILL. pp. 31–32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-10303-1" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-10303-1"><bdi>90-04-10303-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Merchants%2C+Politics%2C+and+Society+in+Early+Modern+India%3A+Bihar%2C+1733-1820&rft.pages=31-32&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=90-04-10303-1&rft.au=Kumkum+Chatterjee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwUeqQ2buQ80C%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZamindars+of+Bengal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkovits2002" class="citation book cs1">Markovits, Claude, ed. (2002) [First published 1994 as <i>Histoire de l'Inde Moderne</i>]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uzOmy2y0Zh4C&pg=PA301"><i>A History of Modern India, 1480–1950</i></a>. London: Anthem Press. p. 301. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84331-004-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84331-004-4"><bdi>978-1-84331-004-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Modern+India%2C+1480%E2%80%931950&rft.place=London&rft.pages=301&rft.pub=Anthem+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-84331-004-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuzOmy2y0Zh4C%26pg%3DPA301&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZamindars+of+Bengal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFU._A._B._Razia_Akter_Banu1992" class="citation book cs1">U. A. B. Razia Akter Banu (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XyzqATEDPSgC&pg=PA21"><i>Islam in Bangladesh</i></a>. BRILL. pp. 21–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-09497-0" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-09497-0"><bdi>90-04-09497-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+in+Bangladesh&rft.pages=21-&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=90-04-09497-0&rft.au=U.+A.+B.+Razia+Akter+Banu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXyzqATEDPSgC%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZamindars+of+Bengal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/zamindar">"Zamindar"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Zamindar&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fzamindar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZamindars+of+Bengal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEaton1993" class="citation book cs1">Eaton, Richard Maxwell (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft067n99v9&chunk.id=ch08&toc.depth=1&toc.id=ch08&brand=ucpress"><i>The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204-1760</i></a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-20507-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-20507-9"><bdi>978-0-520-20507-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+Islam+and+the+Bengal+Frontier%2C+1204-1760&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-520-20507-9&rft.aulast=Eaton&rft.aufirst=Richard+Maxwell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublishing.cdlib.org%2Fucpressebooks%2Fview%3FdocId%3Dft067n99v9%26chunk.id%3Dch08%26toc.depth%3D1%26toc.id%3Dch08%26brand%3Ducpress&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZamindars+of+Bengal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyley1899" class="citation web cs1">Ryley, J. Horton (John Horton) (29 December 1899). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/ralphfitchenglan00rylerich">"Ralph Fitch, England's pioneer to India and Burma; his companions and contemporaries, with his remarkable narrative told in his own words"</a>. London, T.F. Unwin – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ralph+Fitch%2C+England%27s+pioneer+to+India+and+Burma%3B+his+companions+and+contemporaries%2C+with+his+remarkable+narrative+told+in+his+own+words&rft.pub=London%2C+T.F.+Unwin&rft.date=1899-12-29&rft.aulast=Ryley&rft.aufirst=J.+Horton+%28John+Horton%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fralphfitchenglan00rylerich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZamindars+of+Bengal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEaton1993" class="citation book cs1">Eaton, Richard Maxwell (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gKhChF3yAOUC&pg=PA146"><i>The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204-1760</i></a>. University of California Press. p. 146. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-20507-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-20507-9"><bdi>978-0-520-20507-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+Islam+and+the+Bengal+Frontier%2C+1204-1760&rft.pages=146&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-520-20507-9&rft.aulast=Eaton&rft.aufirst=Richard+Maxwell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgKhChF3yAOUC%26pg%3DPA146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZamindars+of+Bengal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Banglapedia-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Banglapedia_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Banglapedia_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Banglapedia_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Banglapedia_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Banglapedia_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Zamindar">"Zamindar"</a>. <i>Banglapedia</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Banglapedia&rft.atitle=Zamindar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.banglapedia.org%2Findex.php%2FZamindar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZamindars+of+Bengal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The extension of the Khalsa, however, was effective in a limited area. Abul Fazl says that the provinces of Bengal, Bihar and Gujarat were from foresight and appreciation, left as they were. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2016" class="citation journal cs1">Singh, Vijender (March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ijemhs.com/Published%20Paper/Volume%2019/Issue%2001/IJES%2003/IJEMHSMarch2016_8_15_VijenderS.pdf">"Akbar's Land Revenue System"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>International Journal of Engineering, Management, Humanities and Social Sciences Paradigm</i>. <b>19</b> (1).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Engineering%2C+Management%2C+Humanities+and+Social+Sciences+Paradigm&rft.atitle=Akbar%E2%80%99s+Land+Revenue+System&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2016-03&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Vijender&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijemhs.com%2FPublished%2520Paper%2FVolume%252019%2FIssue%252001%2FIJES%252003%2FIJEMHSMarch2016_8_15_VijenderS.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZamindars+of+Bengal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Huq,_AK_Fazlul">"Huq, AK Fazlul"</a>. <i>Banglapedia</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Banglapedia&rft.atitle=Huq%2C+AK+Fazlul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.banglapedia.org%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DHuq%2C_AK_Fazlul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZamindars+of+Bengal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Library">"Library"</a>. <i>Banglapedia</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Banglapedia&rft.atitle=Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.banglapedia.org%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DLibrary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZamindars+of+Bengal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/amp/raj-darbhanga--home-of-indias-wealthiest-zamindars-column/1660682">"Raj Darbhanga - home of India<i>s wealthiest Zamindars (Column)"</i></a><i>. </i>Outlook India<i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2021</span>.</i></cite><i><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Outlook+India&rft.atitle=Raj+Darbhanga+-+home+of+Indias+wealthiest+Zamindars+%28Column%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.outlookindia.com%2Fnewsscroll%2Famp%2Fraj-darbhanga--home-of-indias-wealthiest-zamindars-column%2F1660682&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZamindars+of+Bengal" class="Z3988"></span></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChatterji2002" class="citation book cs1">Chatterji, Joya (2002). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bengaldividedhin00chat_422"><i>Bengal Divided: Hindu Communalism and Partition</i></a></span>. Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bengaldividedhin00chat_422/page/n98">80</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bengal+Divided%3A+Hindu+Communalism+and+Partition&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Chatterji&rft.aufirst=Joya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbengaldividedhin00chat_422&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZamindars+of+Bengal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Daria-i-Noor">"Daria-i-Noor"</a>. <i>Banglapedia</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Banglapedia&rft.atitle=Daria-i-Noor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.banglapedia.org%2Findex.php%2FDaria-i-Noor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZamindars+of+Bengal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Allahabad" class="extiw" title="s:Treaty of Allahabad">Wikisource: Text of Allahabad Treaty</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zamindars_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ier.sagepub.com/content/12/3/263.extract">The Bengal Zamindars</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Indian_Economic_and_Social_History_Review" title="Indian Economic and Social History Review">Indian Economic and Social History Review</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zamindars_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bengali_zamindars" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Bengali zamindars">Bengali zamindars</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/misc/bengal-zamins.html">Zamindari in Bengal</a> by Henry Soszynski</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bengal_Nobility" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bengal_Nobility" title="Template:Bengal Nobility"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bengal_Nobility" title="Template talk:Bengal Nobility"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bengal_Nobility" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bengal Nobility"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bengal_Nobility" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Bengal Nobility</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bengal" title="History of Bengal">History of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Settlement" title="Permanent Settlement">Permanent Settlement Act of 1793 and 1888</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Bengal_State_Acquisition_and_Tenancy_Act_of_1950" title="East Bengal State Acquisition and Tenancy Act of 1950">East Bengal State Acquisition and Tenancy Act of 1950</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early Medieval Period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gauda_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Gauda Kingdom">Gauda Kingdom</a> (4th century CE–626 CE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala Empire</a> (8th century CE–12th century CE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sena_dynasty" title="Sena dynasty">Sena dynasty</a> (1070–1230)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deva_dynasty" title="Deva dynasty">Deva dynasty</a> (12th century CE–13th century CE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallabhum" class="mw-redirect" title="Mallabhum">Mallabhum</a> (694–1947)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Late Medieval Period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate" title="Bengal Sultanate">Sultanate of Bengal</a> (1342–1576)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_emperors" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal emperors">Mughal emperors</a> (1576–1707)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawabs_of_Bengal" title="Nawabs of Bengal">Nawabs of Bengal</a> (1717–1880)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_India" title="Company rule in India">Company rule in Bengal</a> (1757–1858)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a> (1858–1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooch_Behar_State" title="Cooch Behar State">Cooch Behar State</a> (1586–1949)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nawabs_of_Bengal" title="Nawabs of Bengal">Nawabs of Bengal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Murshid_Quli_Khan" title="Murshid Quli Khan">Murshid Quli Khan</a> (1717–1727)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarfaraz_Khan" title="Sarfaraz Khan">Sarfaraz Khan</a> (1727–1727)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuja-ud-Din_Muhammad_Khan" title="Shuja-ud-Din Muhammad Khan">Shuja-ud-Din Muhammad Khan</a> (1727–1739)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarfaraz_Khan" title="Sarfaraz Khan">Sarfaraz Khan</a> (1739–1740)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alivardi_Khan" title="Alivardi Khan">Alivardi Khan</a> (1740–1756)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siraj_ud-Daulah" class="mw-redirect" title="Siraj ud-Daulah">Siraj ud-Daulah</a> (1756–1757)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_Jafar" title="Mir Jafar">Mir Jafar Ali Khan</a> (1757–1760)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_Qasim" title="Mir Qasim">Mir Qasim</a> (1760–1763)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_Jafar" title="Mir Jafar">Mir Jafar Ali Khan</a> (1763–1765)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najmuddin_Ali_Khan" title="Najmuddin Ali Khan">Najmuddin Ali Khan</a> (1765–1766)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najabat_Ali_Khan" title="Najabat Ali Khan">Najabat Ali Khan</a> (1766–1770)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashraf_Ali_Khan" title="Ashraf Ali Khan">Ashraf Ali Khan</a> (1770)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mubarak_Ali_Khan_of_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Mubarak Ali Khan of Bengal">Mubarak Ali Khan</a> (1770–1793)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babar_Ali_Khan" title="Babar Ali Khan">Baber Ali Khan</a> (1793–1810)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Jah" title="Ali Jah">Ali Jah</a> (1810–1821)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Ali_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad Ali Khan">Ahmad Ali Khan</a> (1821–1824)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mubarak_Ali_Khan_II" title="Mubarak Ali Khan II">Mubarak Ali Khan II</a> (1824–1838)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansur_Ali_Khan" title="Mansur Ali Khan">Mansur Ali Khan</a> (1838–1880)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zamindars of Bengal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhawal_Estate" title="Bhawal Estate">Bhawal Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardhaman_Raj" title="Bardhaman Raj">Burdwan Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohmong_Circle" title="Bohmong Circle">Bohmong Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakma_Circle" title="Chakma Circle">Chakma Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandradwip" title="Chandradwip">Rajas of Chandradwip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawab_of_Dhaka" title="Nawab of Dhaka">Nawabs of Dhaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhanbari_Nawab_family" title="Dhanbari Nawab family">Nawabs of Dhanbari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dighapatia_Raj" title="Dighapatia Raj">Rajas of Dighapatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja_Ganesha#Dinajpur_Raj" title="Raja Ganesha">Rajas of Dinajpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulai_Zamindari" class="mw-redirect" title="Dulai Zamindari">Chowdhuries of Dulai</a></li> <li>Gayen Estate of Dhanyakuria</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunahar_Zamindari" class="mw-redirect" title="Gunahar Zamindari">Khans of Gunahar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golam_Ali_Chowdhury" title="Golam Ali Chowdhury">Haturia Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawab_Faizunnesa" title="Nawab Faizunnesa">Nawabs of Homnabad-Pashchimgaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhargram_Raj" title="Jhargram Raj">Jhargram Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atish_Chandra_Sinha" title="Atish Chandra Sinha">Kandi Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karatia_Zamindari" title="Karatia Zamindari">Pannis of Karatia</a></li> <li>Kirtipasha Raj</li> <li>Lalgola Raj</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamindars_of_Mahipur" title="Zamindars of Mahipur">Zamindars of Mahipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawabs_of_Murshidabad" title="Nawabs of Murshidabad">Nawabs of Murshidabad</a> (1882–1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazumdars_of_Sylhet" class="mw-redirect" title="Mazumdars of Sylhet">Majumdars of Sylhet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mong_Circle" title="Mong Circle">Mong Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Mymensingh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of Mymensingh (page does not exist)">Muktagacha Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadia_Raj" title="Nadia Raj">Nadia Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padamdi_Nawab_Estate" title="Padamdi Nawab Estate">Nawabs of Padamdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pal_family" title="Pal family">Pal family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prithimpassa_Family" class="mw-redirect" title="Prithimpassa Family">Nawabs of Longla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthia_Raj_family" title="Puthia Raj family">Rajas of Puthia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chowdhuries_of_Natore" title="Chowdhuries of Natore">Chowdhuries of Natore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamindar_of_Natore" class="mw-redirect" title="Zamindar of Natore">Rajas of Natore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajshahi_Raj" title="Rajshahi Raj">Rajas of Rajshahi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Mymensingh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of Mymensingh (page does not exist)">Rajas of Ramgopalpur</a></li> <li>Ratanpur Nawab Estate</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chowdhury_Abu_Torab_Khan" title="Chowdhury Abu Torab Khan">Zamindars of Sandwip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovabazar_Raj" title="Sovabazar Raj">Rajas of Shobhabazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singranatore_family" title="Singranatore family">Singranatore family</a></li> <li>Susanga Raj (See: <a href="/wiki/Surajit_Chandra_Sinha" title="Surajit Chandra Sinha">Surajit Chandra Sinha</a>)</li> <li>Bodra Zamindari (Ashok Kumar Roy Chowdhury)</li> <li>Teota Estate (See: <a href="/wiki/Parbati_Sankar_Roy_Choudhury" title="Parbati Sankar Roy Choudhury">Parbati Sankar Roy Choudhury</a> and <a href="/wiki/Raja_Shyama_Sankar_Roy_Choudhury" class="mw-redirect" title="Raja Shyama Sankar Roy Choudhury">Raja Shyama Sankar Roy Choudhury</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarpara_Public_Library" title="Uttarpara Public Library">Rajas of Uttarpara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Establishments <br />and Heirlooms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hazarduari_Palace" title="Hazarduari Palace">Hazarduari Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttara_Ganabhaban" title="Uttara Ganabhaban">Uttara Ganabhaban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahsan_Manzil" title="Ahsan Manzil">Ahsan Manzil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israt_Manzil_Palace" title="Israt Manzil Palace">Israt Manzil Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajhat_Palace" title="Tajhat Palace">Tajhat Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natore_Rajbari" title="Natore Rajbari">Natore Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhawal_Estate" title="Bhawal Estate">Bhawal Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Dacca" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Dacca">University of Dacca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varendra_Research_Society" title="Varendra Research Society">Varendra Research Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varendra_Research_Museum" title="Varendra Research Museum">Varendra Research Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_University_of_Engineering_and_Technology" title="Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology">Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shashi_Lodge_(Mymensingh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shashi Lodge (Mymensingh)">Shashi Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gole_Afroz_College" title="Gole Afroz College">Gole Afroz College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahmat_Iqbal_College" title="Rahmat Iqbal College">Rahmat Iqbal College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Garden_Palace" title="Rose Garden Palace">Rose Garden Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghughu-danga_Zamindar_Bari" title="Ghughu-danga Zamindar Bari">Ghughudanga Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moyez_Manzil" title="Moyez Manzil">Moyez Manzil Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthia_Temple_Complex" title="Puthia Temple Complex">Puthia Temple Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wasif_Manzil" title="Wasif Manzil">Wasif Manzil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Castle" title="Alexander Castle">Alexander Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muktagacha_Zamindar_Bari" title="Muktagacha Zamindar Bari">Muktagacha Zamindar Bari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" 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