CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Irish people - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"f4d5dd2a-d1fc-48bf-9f03-3e0841731f06","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Irish_people","wgTitle":"Irish people","wgCurRevisionId":1255727301,"wgRevisionId":1255727301,"wgArticleId":775859,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list","CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list","CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown","CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)","Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference","Webarchive template wayback links","All articles with self-published sources","Articles with self-published sources from July 2023","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata", "Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages","Use dmy dates from May 2021","\"Related ethnic groups\" needing confirmation","Articles containing Irish-language text","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from March 2020","All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases","Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from June 2024","Articles needing additional references from February 2010","All articles needing additional references","Articles with unsourced statements from July 2012","Articles containing Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2018","Articles needing additional references from August 2020","Articles with unsourced statements from August 2021","Articles with unsourced statements from July 2023","Articles with unsourced statements from February 2010","Articles with unsourced statements from September 2022","All articles with dead external links", "Articles with dead external links from May 2023","Articles with permanently dead external links","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Articles containing Breton-language text","Articles containing Cornish-language text","Articles containing Manx-language text","Articles containing Scottish Gaelic-language text","Articles containing Welsh-language text","Irish people","Gaels","Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom","Ethnic groups in Ireland"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Irish_people","wgRelevantArticleId":775859,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":["autoconfirmed"],"wgRestrictionMove":["sysop"],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en", "pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q170826","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready", "skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022", "ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Map_of_the_Irish_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/1200px-Map_of_the_Irish_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="621"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Map_of_the_Irish_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/800px-Map_of_the_Irish_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="414"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Map_of_the_Irish_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/640px-Map_of_the_Irish_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="331"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Irish people - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_people"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_people"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Irish_people rootpage-Irish_people skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Irish+people" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Irish+people" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Irish+people" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Irish+people" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Origins_and_antecedents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins_and_antecedents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Origins and antecedents</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Origins_and_antecedents-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Origins and antecedents subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Origins_and_antecedents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prehistoric_and_legendary_ancestors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistoric_and_legendary_ancestors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Prehistoric and legendary ancestors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistoric_and_legendary_ancestors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Genetics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Irish_Travellers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Irish_Travellers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Irish Travellers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Irish_Travellers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_expansion_and_the_coming_of_Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_expansion_and_the_coming_of_Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Early expansion and the coming of Christianity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_expansion_and_the_coming_of_Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Migration_and_invasion_in_the_Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Migration_and_invasion_in_the_Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Migration and invasion in the Middle Ages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Migration_and_invasion_in_the_Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surnames" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surnames"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Surnames</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surnames-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_Medieval_and_Tudor_Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_Medieval_and_Tudor_Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Late Medieval and Tudor Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_Medieval_and_Tudor_Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plantations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plantations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Plantations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plantations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enlightenment_Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enlightenment_Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Enlightenment Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enlightenment_Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>19th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Great_Famine_/_An_Górta_Mór" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Great_Famine_/_An_Górta_Mór"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7.1</span> <span>The Great Famine / An Górta Mór</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Great_Famine_/_An_Górta_Mór-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recent_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recent_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Recent history</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Recent_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Recent history subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Recent_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religion_in_Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion_in_Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Religion in Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion_in_Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Irish_identity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Irish_identity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Irish identity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Irish_identity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Irish_diaspora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Irish_diaspora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Irish diaspora</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Irish_diaspora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Irish people</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 81 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-81" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">81 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iere" title="Iere – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Iere" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="أيرلنديون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أيرلنديون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlandeses" title="Irlandeses – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Irlandeses" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblu_irland%C3%A9s" title="Pueblu irlandés – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Pueblu irlandés" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0rlandlar" title="İrlandlar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İrlandlar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%B1" title="ایرلندلر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایرلندلر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%86%D1%8B" title="Ірландцы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ірландцы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%86%D1%8B" title="Ірляндцы – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ірляндцы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Ирландци – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ирландци" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlandesos" title="Irlandesos – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Irlandesos" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Айришсем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Айришсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irov%C3%A9" title="Irové – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Irové" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwyddelod" title="Gwyddelod – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gwyddelod" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iren" title="Iren – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Iren" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iirlased" title="Iirlased – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Iirlased" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%82" title="Ирландт – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Ирландт" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblo_irland%C3%A9s" title="Pueblo irlandés – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pueblo irlandés" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlandanoj" title="Irlandanoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Irlandanoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlandar" title="Irlandar – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Irlandar" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7" title="ایرلندی‌ها – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ایرلندی‌ها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlandais_(peuple)" title="Irlandais (peuple) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Irlandais (peuple)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ieren_(folk)" title="Ieren (folk) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ieren (folk)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muintir_na_h%C3%89ireann" title="Muintir na hÉireann – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Muintir na hÉireann" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pobo_irland%C3%A9s" title="Pobo irlandés – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pobo irlandés" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B4" title="Эйринмуд – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Эйринмуд" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%9D%BC%EB%9E%9C%EB%93%9C%EC%9D%B8" title="아일랜드인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아일랜드인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%BC%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Իռլանդացիներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Իռլանդացիներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97" title="आयरिश लोग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="आयरिश लोग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irci" title="Irci – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Irci" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Irlandia" title="Orang Irlandia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Orang Irlandia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B3_%D0%B0%D0%B4%C3%A6%D0%BC" title="Ирландиаг адæм – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Ирландиаг адæм" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlandesi" title="Irlandesi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Irlandesi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D" title="אירים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אירים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ირლანდიელები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ირლანდიელები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B%D2%9B%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Ирландықтар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ирландықтар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Erlend%C3%AE" title="Îrlendî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Îrlendî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Ирланддар – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Ирланддар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%AAri" title="Īri – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Īri" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airiai" title="Airiai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Airiai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iere" title="Iere – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Iere" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Drek" title="Írek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Írek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Ирци – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ирци" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="ირლანდიარეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ირლანდიარეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86" title="ايرلنديين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ايرلنديين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Ireland" title="Orang Ireland – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Orang Ireland" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ieren" title="Ieren – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ieren" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iern" title="Iern – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Iern" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E4%BA%BA" title="アイルランド人 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アイルランド人" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Ирландхой – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Ирландхой" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irer" title="Irer – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Irer" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlandlar" title="Irlandlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Irlandlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC_%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%95" title="ਆਇਰਿਸ਼ ਲੋਕ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਆਇਰਿਸ਼ ਲੋਕ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%84%D9%88%DA%A9" title="آئیری لوک – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="آئیری لوک" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlandczycy" title="Irlandczycy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Irlandczycy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlandeses" title="Irlandeses – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Irlandeses" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlandezi" title="Irlandezi – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Irlandezi" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%86%D1%8B" title="Ирландцы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ирландцы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Ирлааннар – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Ирлааннар" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erse_fowk" title="Erse fowk – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Erse fowk" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlandez%C3%ABt" title="Irlandezët – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Irlandezët" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Irish people" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A6%D8%B1%D8%B4_%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%BB%D9%87%D9%88" title="آئرش ماڻهو – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="آئرش ماڻهو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Dri" title="Íri – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Íri" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irci" title="Irci – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Irci" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8E%D8%B1%D9%84%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C%DB%8C%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ئێرلەندییەکان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئێرلەندییەکان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Ирци – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ирци" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irci" title="Irci – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Irci" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iiril%C3%A4iset" title="Iiriläiset – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Iiriläiset" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irl%C3%A4ndare" title="Irländare – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Irländare" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%90%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="ஐரிய மக்கள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஐரிய மக்கள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A" title="ชาวไอริช – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชาวไอริช" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A0%E1%8F%82%E1%8E%A0%E1%8F%B2%E1%8E%B5%E1%8F%8D" title="ᎠᏂᎠᏲᎵᏍ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎠᏂᎠᏲᎵᏍ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0rlandal%C4%B1lar" title="İrlandalılar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İrlandalılar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%86%D1%96" title="Ірландці – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ірландці" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A6%D8%B1%D8%B4_%D9%84%D9%88%DA%AF" title="آئرش لوگ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="آئرش لوگ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_Ireland" title="Người Ireland – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Người Ireland" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E4%BA%BA" title="爱尔兰人 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="爱尔兰人" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E7%88%BE%E8%98%AD%E4%BA%BA" title="愛爾蘭人 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="愛爾蘭人" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E4%BA%BA" title="爱尔兰人 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="爱尔兰人" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bansa_Ireland" title="Bansa Ireland – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Bansa Ireland" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jolma_Irlandia" title="Jolma Irlandia – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Jolma Irlandia" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q170826#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Irish_people" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Irish_people"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_people&action=edit" title="This page is protected.
You can view its source [e]" accesskey="e"><span>View source</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_people&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Irish_people"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_people&action=edit"><span>View source</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_people&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Irish_people" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Irish_people" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_people&oldid=1255727301" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_people&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Irish_people&id=1255727301&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FIrish_people"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FIrish_people"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Irish_people&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_people&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:People_of_Ireland" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Irish_people" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q170826" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group native to the island of Ireland</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Irish as an ethnic group and nation. For information on Ireland's population, see <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Demographics of the Republic of Ireland">Demographics of the Republic of Ireland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Demographics of Northern Ireland">Demographics of Northern Ireland</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Irishman" redirects here. For pages titled "The Irishman", see <a href="/wiki/The_Irishman_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="The Irishman (disambiguation)">The Irishman (disambiguation)</a>. For "The Irish People" newspapers, see <a href="/wiki/The_Irish_People" title="The Irish People">The Irish People</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Irish people</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above nickname" style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal;"><div lang="ga">Muintir na hÉireann</div></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/circa#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:circa">c.</a><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 70</span>–80 million worldwide<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Irish_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Map_of_the_Irish_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/260px-Map_of_the_Irish_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Map_of_the_Irish_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/390px-Map_of_the_Irish_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Map_of_the_Irish_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/520px-Map_of_the_Irish_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2192" data-file-height="1135" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a><span class="nowrap">   </span>5,149,139 (2022)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a><span class="nowrap">   </span>627,814 (2021)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></th><td class="infobox-data">36,000,000<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (<abbr title="excluding">excl.</abbr> NI)</th><td class="infobox-data">14,000,000 (650,000 first generation)<sup id="cite_ref-Irish_UK_01_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Irish_UK_01-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">7,000,000<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></th><td class="infobox-data">4,627,000<sup id="cite_ref-2016_Ethnic_Origin_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2016_Ethnic_Origin-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CanadaCensus_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CanadaCensus-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></th><td class="infobox-data">600,000<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></th><td class="infobox-data">500,000<sup id="cite_ref-Argentina_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Argentina-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></th><td class="infobox-data">120,000<sup id="cite_ref-Irlandeses,_120.000_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Irlandeses,_120.000-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></th><td class="infobox-data">35,000<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></th><td class="infobox-data">20,000–24,000<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></th><td class="infobox-data">11,308 (2021)<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">10,000<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hiberno-English" title="Hiberno-English">Hiberno-English</a> dialects)<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulster Scots dialects">Ulster Scots</a> dialects)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Sign_Language" title="Irish Sign Language">Irish Sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Sign_Language" title="Northern Ireland Sign Language">Northern Ireland Sign</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Mainly <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li>(majority <a href="/wiki/Catholicism_in_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism in Ireland">Catholicism</a>; minority <a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Ireland" title="Protestantism in Ireland">Protestantism</a>: <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_Ireland" title="Presbyterian Church in Ireland">Presbyterianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Ireland" title="Church of Ireland">Anglicanism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Church_in_Ireland" title="Methodist Church in Ireland">Methodism</a>)</li> <li>See also: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ireland" title="Religion in Ireland">Religion in Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Irish_Travellers" title="Irish Travellers">Irish Travellers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_people" title="Anglo-Irish people">Anglo-Irish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Breton_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Breton people">Bretons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cornish_people" title="Cornish people">Cornish</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Icelanders" title="Icelanders">Icelanders</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Manx_people" title="Manx people">Manx</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_people" title="Ulster Scots people">Ulster Scots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Welsh_people" title="Welsh people">Welsh</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-top:0.4em;">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%; line-height:1.0em; padding-bottom:0.4em;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Irish people</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="border:none; padding:0.6em 0.4em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Celtic_Glasgow_(1925-1977).gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Celtic_Glasgow_%281925-1977%29.gif/75px-Celtic_Glasgow_%281925-1977%29.gif" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Celtic_Glasgow_%281925-1977%29.gif/113px-Celtic_Glasgow_%281925-1977%29.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/Celtic_Glasgow_%281925-1977%29.gif 2x" data-file-width="144" data-file-height="144" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> By region or country</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_diaspora" title="Irish diaspora">Irish diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Travellers" title="Irish Travellers">Irish Travellers</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ireland" title="Culture of Ireland">Irish culture</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_art" title="Irish art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_calendar" title="Irish calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Ireland" title="Cinema of Ireland">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_clans" title="Irish clans">Clans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_cuisine" title="Irish cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_dance" title="Irish dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland#Dress" title="Gaelic Ireland">Dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Education in the Republic of Ireland">Education (ROI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Education in Northern Ireland">Education (NI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_Ireland" title="List of flags of Ireland">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Ireland" title="Languages of Ireland">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_literature" title="Irish literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ireland" title="Music of Ireland">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Politics of the Republic of Ireland">Politics (ROI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Politics of Northern Ireland">Politics (NI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Religion in the Republic of Ireland">Religion (ROI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Religion in Northern Ireland">Religion (NI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Ireland" title="Sport in Ireland">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Television in Ireland">Television</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ireland" title="Religion in Ireland">Religion</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Ireland" title="Catholic Church in Ireland">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Ireland" title="Church of Ireland">Church of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_Ireland" title="Presbyterian Church in Ireland">Presbyterianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodist_Church_in_Ireland" title="Methodist Church in Ireland">Methodism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_in_Ireland" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Ireland">Latter-day Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ireland" title="History of the Jews in Ireland">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in Ireland">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Paganism</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Ireland" title="Languages of Ireland">Languages and dialects</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiberno-English" title="Hiberno-English">Hiberno-English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_people" title="Ulster Scots people">Ulster Scots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelta" title="Shelta">Shelta</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:none; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland" title="History of Ireland">History of Ireland</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-top:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Irish_people" title="Template:Irish people"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Irish_people" title="Template talk:Irish people"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Irish_people" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Irish people"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Irish</b> (<a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>: <i lang="ga">Na Gaeil</i> or <i>Na hÉireannaigh</i>) are an <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic group</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">nation</a> native to the island of <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, who share a common ancestry, history and <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ireland" title="Culture of Ireland">culture</a>. There have been humans in Ireland for about 33,000 years, and it has been continually inhabited for more than 10,000 years (see <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Ireland" title="Prehistoric Ireland">Prehistoric Ireland</a>). For most of Ireland's <a href="/wiki/Recorded_history" title="Recorded history">recorded history</a>, the Irish have been primarily a <a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaelic people</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic Ireland</a>). From the 9th century, small numbers of <a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Vikings</a> settled in Ireland, becoming the <a href="/wiki/Norse-Gaels" class="mw-redirect" title="Norse-Gaels">Norse-Gaels</a>. <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Normans" title="Anglo-Normans">Anglo-Normans</a> also <a href="/wiki/Norman_invasion_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman invasion of Ireland">conquered parts of Ireland</a> in the 12th century, while <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a>'s 16th/17th century <a href="/wiki/Tudor_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Tudor conquest of Ireland">conquest</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plantations_of_Ireland" title="Plantations of Ireland">colonisation of Ireland</a> brought many <a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Lowlands" title="Scottish Lowlands">Lowland</a> <a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scots</a> to parts of the island, especially the north. Today, Ireland is made up of the Republic of Ireland (officially called <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">part</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>). The <a href="/wiki/People_of_Northern_Ireland" title="People of Northern Ireland">people of Northern Ireland</a> hold various national identities including Irish, British or some combination thereof. </p><p>The Irish have their own unique customs, <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irish_traditional_music" title="Irish traditional music">music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irish_dance" title="Irish dance">dance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_games" title="Gaelic games">sports</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irish_cuisine" title="Irish cuisine">cuisine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">mythology</a>. Although <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish (Gaeilge)</a> was their main language in the past, today most Irish people speak English as their first language. Historically, the Irish nation was made up of kin groups or <a href="/wiki/Irish_clans" title="Irish clans">clans</a>, and the Irish also had their own <a href="/wiki/Celtic_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic paganism">religion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Early_Irish_law" title="Early Irish law">law code</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">alphabet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland#Dress" title="Gaelic Ireland">style of dress</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>There have been many notable Irish people throughout history. After <a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(400%E2%80%93795)" title="History of Ireland (400–795)">Ireland's conversion to Christianity</a>, Irish missionaries and scholars <a href="/wiki/Hiberno-Scottish_mission" title="Hiberno-Scottish mission">exerted great influence</a> on Western Europe, and the Irish came to be seen as a nation of "saints and scholars". The 6th-century Irish monk and missionary <a href="/wiki/Columbanus" title="Columbanus">Columbanus</a> is regarded as one of the "fathers of Europe",<sup id="cite_ref-ColumbanusZenit_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ColumbanusZenit-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> followed by saints <a href="/wiki/Saint_Kilian" title="Saint Kilian">Cillian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vergilius_of_Salzburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Vergilius of Salzburg">Fergal</a>. The scientist <a href="/wiki/Robert_Boyle" title="Robert Boyle">Robert Boyle</a> is considered the "father of <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a>", and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Mallet" title="Robert Mallet">Robert Mallet</a> one of the "fathers of <a href="/wiki/Seismology" title="Seismology">seismology</a>". <a href="/wiki/Irish_literature" title="Irish literature">Irish literature</a> has produced famous writers in both Irish- and English-language traditions, such as <a href="/wiki/Eoghan_Rua_%C3%93_S%C3%BAilleabh%C3%A1in" title="Eoghan Rua Ó Súilleabháin">Eoghan Rua Ó Súilleabháin</a>, <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1ibh%C3%AD_%C3%93_Bruadair" title="Dáibhí Ó Bruadair">Dáibhí Ó Bruadair</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift">Jonathan Swift</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Oscar Wilde</a>, <a href="/wiki/W._B._Yeats" title="W. B. Yeats">W. B. Yeats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Beckett" title="Samuel Beckett">Samuel Beckett</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">James Joyce</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1irt%C3%ADn_%C3%93_Cadhain" title="Máirtín Ó Cadhain">Máirtín Ó Cadhain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eavan_Boland" title="Eavan Boland">Eavan Boland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Seamus_Heaney" title="Seamus Heaney">Seamus Heaney</a>. Notable Irish explorers include <a href="/wiki/Brendan_the_Navigator" title="Brendan the Navigator">Brendan the Navigator</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_McClure" title="Robert McClure">Sir Robert McClure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sir_Alexander_Armstrong" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Alexander Armstrong">Sir Alexander Armstrong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sir_Ernest_Shackleton" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Ernest Shackleton">Sir Ernest Shackleton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tom_Crean_(explorer)" title="Tom Crean (explorer)">Tom Crean</a>. By some accounts, the first European child born in North America had Irish descent on both sides.<sup id="cite_ref-Smiley630_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smiley630-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many <a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of the United States">presidents of the United States</a> have had some Irish ancestry. </p><p>The population of Ireland is about 6.9 million, but it is estimated that 50 to 80 million people around the world have Irish forebears, making the <a href="/wiki/Irish_diaspora" title="Irish diaspora">Irish diaspora</a> one of the largest of any nation. Historically, emigration from Ireland has been the result of conflict, famine and economic issues. People of Irish descent are found mainly in English-speaking countries, especially <a href="/wiki/Irish_migration_to_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish migration to Great Britain">Great Britain</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans" title="Irish Americans">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irish_Canadians" title="Irish Canadians">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irish_New_Zealanders" title="Irish New Zealanders">New Zealand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irish_Australians" title="Irish Australians">Australia</a>. There are also significant numbers in <a href="/wiki/Irish_Argentine" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Argentine">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irish_Mexicans" title="Irish Mexicans">Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irish_Brazilians" title="Irish Brazilians">Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="The United Arab Emirates">The United Arab Emirates</a>. The United States has the most people of Irish descent, while in Australia those of Irish descent are a higher percentage of the population than in any other country outside Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many <a href="/wiki/Icelanders" title="Icelanders">Icelanders</a> have Irish and Scottish Gaelic ancestors due to transportation there as <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Ireland" title="Slavery in Ireland">slaves</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Vikings</a> during their settlement of <a href="/wiki/Settlement_of_Iceland" title="Settlement of Iceland">Iceland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins_and_antecedents">Origins and antecedents</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistoric_and_legendary_ancestors">Prehistoric and legendary ancestors</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Ireland" title="Prehistoric Ireland">Prehistoric Ireland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Early history of Ireland">Early history of Ireland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carrowmore_Megalithic_Cemetery_P7_2015_09_08.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Carrowmore_Megalithic_Cemetery_P7_2015_09_08.jpg/220px-Carrowmore_Megalithic_Cemetery_P7_2015_09_08.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Carrowmore_Megalithic_Cemetery_P7_2015_09_08.jpg/330px-Carrowmore_Megalithic_Cemetery_P7_2015_09_08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Carrowmore_Megalithic_Cemetery_P7_2015_09_08.jpg/440px-Carrowmore_Megalithic_Cemetery_P7_2015_09_08.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="1985" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Carrowmore" title="Carrowmore">Carrowmore</a> tomb, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 3000 BC</figcaption></figure> <p>During the past 33,000 years,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ireland has witnessed different peoples arrive on its shores. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pytheas" title="Pytheas">Pytheas</a> made a voyage of exploration to northwestern Europe in about 325 BC, but his account of it, known widely in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Antiquity</a>, has not survived and is now known only through the writings of others. On this voyage, he circumnavigated and visited a considerable part of modern-day <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>. He was the first known scientific visitor to see and describe the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic peoples">Celtic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The terms <i>Irish</i> and <i>Ireland</i> are probably derived from the goddess <a href="/wiki/%C3%89riu" title="Ériu">Ériu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A variety of tribal groups and dynasties have inhabited the island, including the <a href="/wiki/Airgialla" class="mw-redirect" title="Airgialla">Airgialla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fir_Ol_nEchmacht" title="Fir Ol nEchmacht">Fir Ol nEchmacht</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delbhna" title="Delbhna">Delbhna</a>, the mythical <a href="/wiki/Fir_Bolg" title="Fir Bolg">Fir Bolg</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89rainn" class="mw-redirect" title="Érainn">Érainn</a>, <a href="/wiki/E%C3%B3ganachta" title="Eóganachta">Eóganachta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mairtine" title="Mairtine">Mairtine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conmaicne" title="Conmaicne">Conmaicne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soghain" title="Soghain">Soghain</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ulaid" title="Ulaid">Ulaid</a>. In the cases of the Conmaicne, Delbhna, and perhaps Érainn, it can be demonstrated that the tribe took their name from their chief deity, or in the case of the Ciannachta, Eóganachta, and possibly the Soghain, a deified ancestor. This practice is paralleled by the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon">Anglo-Saxon</a> dynasties. </p><p>One legend states that the Irish were descended from the <a href="/wiki/Milesians_(Irish)" title="Milesians (Irish)">Milesians</a>, who supposedly conquered Ireland around 1000 BC or later.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genetics">Genetics</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Europe" title="Genetic history of Europe">Genetic history of Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Y-DNA_haplogroups_in_populations_of_Europe" title="Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of Europe">Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of Europe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_the_British_Isles" title="Genetic history of the British Isles">Genetic history of the British Isles</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:On_an_Irish_jaunting-car_through_Donegal_and_Connemara_(1902)_(14595035740).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/On_an_Irish_jaunting-car_through_Donegal_and_Connemara_%281902%29_%2814595035740%29.jpg/220px-On_an_Irish_jaunting-car_through_Donegal_and_Connemara_%281902%29_%2814595035740%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/On_an_Irish_jaunting-car_through_Donegal_and_Connemara_%281902%29_%2814595035740%29.jpg/330px-On_an_Irish_jaunting-car_through_Donegal_and_Connemara_%281902%29_%2814595035740%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/On_an_Irish_jaunting-car_through_Donegal_and_Connemara_%281902%29_%2814595035740%29.jpg/440px-On_an_Irish_jaunting-car_through_Donegal_and_Connemara_%281902%29_%2814595035740%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3012" data-file-height="2016" /></a><figcaption>An Irishman beside his donkey in County Galway, 1902</figcaption></figure> <p>Haplogroup <a href="/wiki/R1b" class="mw-redirect" title="R1b">R1b</a> is the dominant haplogroup among Irish males, reaching a frequency of almost 80%.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/R-L21" class="mw-redirect" title="R-L21">R-L21</a> is the dominant subclade within Ireland, reaching a frequency of 65%. This subclade is also dominant in Scotland, Wales and Brittany and descends from a common ancestor who lived in about 2,500 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to 2009 studies by Bramanti et al. and Malmström et al. on <a href="/wiki/MtDNA" class="mw-redirect" title="MtDNA">mtDNA</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-sciencemag_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sciencemag-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> related western European populations appear to be largely from the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">neolithic</a> and not <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">paleolithic</a> era, as previously thought. There was discontinuity between <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">mesolithic</a> central Europe and modern European populations mainly due to an extremely high frequency of haplogroup U (particularly U5) types in mesolithic central European sites. </p><p>The existence of an especially strong genetic association between the Irish and the <a href="/wiki/Basques" title="Basques">Basques</a> was first challenged in 2005,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 2007 scientists began looking at the possibility of a more recent Mesolithic- or even Neolithic-era entrance of R1b into Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A new study published in 2010 by Balaresque et al. implies either a Mesolithic- or Neolithic- (not Paleolithic-) era entrance of R1b into Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-Balaresque2010_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Balaresque2010-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike previous studies, large sections of <a href="/wiki/Autosomal_DNA" class="mw-redirect" title="Autosomal DNA">autosomal DNA</a> were analyzed in addition to paternal <a href="/wiki/Y-DNA" class="mw-redirect" title="Y-DNA">Y-DNA</a> markers. They detected an <a href="/wiki/Autosomal" class="mw-redirect" title="Autosomal">autosomal</a> component present in modern Europeans which was not present in Neolithic or Mesolithic Europeans, and which would have been introduced into Europe with paternal lineages R1b and R1a, as well as the Indo-European languages. This genetic component, labelled as "<a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya</a>" in the studies, then mixed to varying degrees with earlier <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a> hunter-gatherer and <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> farmer populations already existing in western Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A more recent whole genome analysis of <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> skeletal remains from Ireland suggested that the original <a href="/wiki/Early_European_Farmers" title="Early European Farmers">Neolithic farming population</a> was most similar to present-day <a href="/wiki/Sardinians" class="mw-redirect" title="Sardinians">Sardinians</a>, while the three Bronze Age remains had a large genetic component from the <a href="/wiki/Pontic-Caspian_steppe" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontic-Caspian steppe">Pontic-Caspian steppe</a>. Modern Irish are the population most genetically similar to the Bronze Age remains, followed by Scottish and Welsh, and share more DNA with the three Bronze Age men from <a href="/wiki/Rathlin_Island" title="Rathlin Island">Rathlin Island</a> than with the earlier <a href="/wiki/Ballynahatty,_County_Down" title="Ballynahatty, County Down">Ballynahatty</a> Neolithic woman.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2017 genetic study done on the Irish shows that there is fine-scale population structure between different regional populations of the island, with the largest difference between native 'Gaelic' Irish populations and those of Ulster Protestants known to have recent, partial British ancestry. They were also found to have most similarity to two main ancestral sources: a 'French' component (mostly northwestern French) which reached highest levels in the Irish and other Celtic populations (Welsh, Highland Scots and Cornish) and showing a possible link to the <a href="/wiki/Bretons" title="Bretons">Bretons</a>; and a 'West Norwegian' component related to the Viking era.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="TermBlackIrish"></span> As of 2016, 10,100 Irish nationals of African descent referred to themselves as <a href="/wiki/Black_people_in_Ireland" title="Black people in Ireland">"Black Irish"</a> in the national census.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term "Black Irish" is sometimes used outside Ireland to refer to Irish people with black hair and dark eyes. One theory is that they are descendants of Spanish traders or of the few sailors of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada_in_Ireland" title="Spanish Armada in Ireland">Spanish Armada</a> who were shipwrecked on Ireland's west coast, but there is little evidence for this.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Irish_Travellers">Irish Travellers</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Irish_Travellers" title="Irish Travellers">Irish Travellers</a> are an <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic</a> people of <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>. A <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> study found they originally descended from the general Irish population, however, they are now very distinct from it. The emergence of Travellers as a distinct group occurred long before the <a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)" title="Great Famine (Ireland)">Great Famine</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetic</a> analysis shows. The research suggests that Traveller origins may in fact date as far back as 420 years to 1597. <a href="/wiki/Plantations_of_Ireland" title="Plantations of Ireland">The Plantation of Ulster</a> began around that time, with native Irish displaced from the land, perhaps to form a nomadic population.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_expansion_and_the_coming_of_Christianity">Early expansion and the coming of Christianity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Early history of Ireland">Early history of Ireland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Clonard_RC_Church_St_Finian_07_Detail_2007_08_26.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Clonard_RC_Church_St_Finian_07_Detail_2007_08_26.jpg/220px-Clonard_RC_Church_St_Finian_07_Detail_2007_08_26.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="316" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Clonard_RC_Church_St_Finian_07_Detail_2007_08_26.jpg/330px-Clonard_RC_Church_St_Finian_07_Detail_2007_08_26.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Clonard_RC_Church_St_Finian_07_Detail_2007_08_26.jpg/440px-Clonard_RC_Church_St_Finian_07_Detail_2007_08_26.jpg 2x" data-file-width="621" data-file-height="892" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Finnian_of_Clonard" title="Finnian of Clonard">Finnian of Clonard</a> imparting his blessing to the "<a href="/wiki/Twelve_Apostles_of_Ireland" title="Twelve Apostles of Ireland">Twelve Apostles of Ireland</a>"</figcaption></figure> <p>One Roman historian<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="Experts in this subject will probably have a good idea who, without MacManus's book in-hand we cannot be certain MacManus had that particular Roman writer in mind, actually. (June 2024)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> records that the Irish people were divided into "sixteen different nations" or tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-MacManus86_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacManus86-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditional histories assert that the Romans never attempted to conquer Ireland, although it may have been considered.<sup id="cite_ref-MacManus86_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacManus86-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Irish were not, however, cut off from Europe; they frequently raided the Roman territories,<sup id="cite_ref-MacManus86_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacManus86-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and also maintained trade links.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among the most famous people of ancient Irish history are the <a href="/wiki/High_Kings_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="High Kings of Ireland">High Kings of Ireland</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Cormac_mac_Airt" title="Cormac mac Airt">Cormac mac Airt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Niall_of_the_Nine_Hostages" title="Niall of the Nine Hostages">Niall of the Nine Hostages</a>, and the semi-legendary <a href="/wiki/Fianna" title="Fianna">Fianna</a>. The 20th-century writer <a href="/wiki/Seumas_MacManus" title="Seumas MacManus">Seumas MacManus</a> wrote that even if the Fianna and the <a href="/wiki/Fenian_Cycle" title="Fenian Cycle">Fenian Cycle</a> were purely fictional, they would still be representative of the character of the Irish people: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>...such beautiful fictions of such beautiful ideals, by themselves, presume and prove beautiful-souled people, capable of appreciating lofty ideals.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The introduction of Christianity to the Irish people during the 5th century brought a radical change to the Irish people's foreign relations.<sup id="cite_ref-MacManus89_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacManus89-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only military raid abroad recorded after that century is a presumed invasion of <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>, which according to a Welsh manuscript may have taken place around the 7th century.<sup id="cite_ref-MacManus89_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacManus89-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the words of Seumas MacManus: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>If we compare the history of Ireland in the 6th century, after Christianity was received, with that of the 4th century, before the coming of Christianity, the wonderful change and contrast is probably more striking than any other such change in any other nation known to history.<sup id="cite_ref-MacManus89_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacManus89-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Following the conversion of the Irish to Christianity, Irish secular laws and social institutions remained in place.<sup id="cite_ref-Nicholls_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicholls-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Migration_and_invasion_in_the_Middle_Ages">Migration and invasion in the Middle Ages</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Early_Medieval_Ireland_800%E2%80%931166" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Medieval Ireland 800–1166">Early Medieval Ireland 800–1166</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norman_invasion_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman invasion of Ireland">Norman invasion of Ireland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dalriada.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Dalriada.png/220px-Dalriada.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Dalriada.png/330px-Dalriada.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Dalriada.png/440px-Dalriada.png 2x" data-file-width="794" data-file-height="1123" /></a><figcaption>The approximate area of the <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1l_Riata" title="Dál Riata">Dál Riata</a> (shaded)</figcaption></figure> <p>The 'traditional' view is that, in the 4th or 5th century, Goidelic language and Gaelic culture was brought to Scotland by settlers from Ireland, who founded the Gaelic kingdom of <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1l_Riata" title="Dál Riata">Dál Riata</a> on Scotland's west coast.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is based mostly on medieval writings from the 9th and 10th centuries. The archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Ewan_Campbell" title="Ewan Campbell">Ewan Campbell</a> argues against this view, saying that there is no archaeological or placename evidence for a migration or a takeover by a small group of elites. He states that "the Irish migration hypothesis seems to be a classic case of long-held historical beliefs influencing not only the interpretation of documentary sources themselves but the subsequent invasion paradigm being accepted uncritically in the related disciplines of archaeology and linguistics."<sup id="cite_ref-ewancampbell_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ewancampbell-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dál Riata and the territory of the neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Picts" title="Picts">Picts</a> merged to form the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Alba" title="Kingdom of Alba">Kingdom of Alba</a>, and Goidelic language and Gaelic culture became dominant there. The country came to be called <i>Scotland</i>, after the Roman name for the Gaels: <i><a href="/wiki/Scoti" title="Scoti">Scoti</a></i>. The <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Manx_people" title="Manx people">Manx people</a> also came under massive Gaelic influence in their history. </p><p>Irish missionaries such as <a href="/wiki/Columba" title="Columba">Saint Columba</a> brought <a href="/wiki/Hiberno-Scottish_mission" title="Hiberno-Scottish mission">Christianity to Pictish Scotland</a>. The Irishmen of this time were also "aware of the cultural unity of Europe", and it was the 6th-century Irish monk <a href="/wiki/Columbanus" title="Columbanus">Columbanus</a> who is regarded as "one of the fathers of Europe".<sup id="cite_ref-ColumbanusZenit_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ColumbanusZenit-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another Irish saint, <a href="/wiki/Aidan_of_Lindisfarne" title="Aidan of Lindisfarne">Aidan of Lindisfarne</a>, has been proposed as a possible <a href="/wiki/Patron_saint" title="Patron saint">patron saint</a> of the United Kingdom,<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while <a href="/wiki/Saint_Kilian" title="Saint Kilian">Saints Kilian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vergilius_of_Salzburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Vergilius of Salzburg">Vergilius</a> became the patron saints of <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg" title="Würzburg">Würzburg</a> in Germany and <a href="/wiki/Salzburg" title="Salzburg">Salzburg</a> in Austria, respectively. Irish missionaries founded monasteries outside Ireland, such as <a href="/wiki/Iona_Abbey" title="Iona Abbey">Iona Abbey</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_St_Gall" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbey of St Gall">Abbey of St Gall</a> in Switzerland, and <a href="/wiki/Bobbio_Abbey" title="Bobbio Abbey">Bobbio Abbey</a> in Italy. </p><p>Common to both the monastic and the secular bardic schools were Irish and <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>. With Latin, the early Irish scholars "show almost a like familiarity that they do with their own Gaelic".<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is evidence also that <a href="/wiki/Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew">Hebrew</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a> were studied, the latter probably being taught at Iona.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"The knowledge of Greek", says Professor Sandys in his History of Classical Scholarship, "which had almost vanished in the west was so widely dispersed in the schools of Ireland that if anyone knew Greek it was assumed he must have come from that country."'<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Since the time of <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a>, Irish scholars had a considerable presence in the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Frankish court</a>, where they were renowned for their learning.<sup id="cite_ref-StanfordEriugena_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StanfordEriugena-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most significant Irish intellectual of the early monastic period was the 9th century <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Scotus_Eriugena" class="mw-redirect" title="Johannes Scotus Eriugena">Johannes Scotus Eriugena</a>, an outstanding philosopher in terms of originality.<sup id="cite_ref-StanfordEriugena_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StanfordEriugena-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was the earliest of the founders of <a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">scholasticism</a>, the dominant school of <a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">medieval philosophy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gothic_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gothic-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had considerable familiarity with the Greek language, and translated many works into Latin, affording access to the <a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_Fathers" title="Cappadocian Fathers">Cappadocian Fathers</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Christian_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox Christian theology">Greek theological tradition</a>, previously almost unknown in the Latin West.<sup id="cite_ref-StanfordEriugena_60-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StanfordEriugena-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The influx of <a href="/wiki/Viking" class="mw-redirect" title="Viking">Viking</a> raiders and traders in the 9th and 10th centuries resulted in the founding of many of Ireland's most important towns, including <a href="/wiki/Cork_(city)" title="Cork (city)">Cork</a>, Dublin, <a href="/wiki/Limerick" title="Limerick">Limerick</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Waterford" title="Waterford">Waterford</a> (earlier Gaelic settlements on these sites did not approach the urban nature of the subsequent Norse trading ports). The Vikings left little impact on Ireland other than towns and certain words added to the Irish language, but many Irish taken as slaves inter-married with the Scandinavians, hence forming a close link with the <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Icelandic people">Icelandic people</a>. In the Icelandic <i><a href="/wiki/Laxd%C5%93la_saga" class="mw-redirect" title="Laxdœla saga">Laxdœla saga</a></i>, for example, "even slaves are highborn, descended from the kings of Ireland."<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first name of <a href="/wiki/Nj%C3%A1ll_%C3%9Eorgeirsson" title="Njáll Þorgeirsson">Njáll Þorgeirsson</a>, the chief protagonist of <i><a href="/wiki/Nj%C3%A1ls_saga" title="Njáls saga">Njáls saga</a></i>, is a variation of the Irish name <a href="/wiki/Neil" title="Neil">Neil</a>. According to <i><a href="/wiki/Eirik_the_Red%27s_Saga" class="mw-redirect" title="Eirik the Red's Saga">Eirik the Red's Saga</a></i>, the first European couple to have a child born in North America was descended from the Viking <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Dublin" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Dublin">Queen of Dublin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aud_the_Deep-minded" class="mw-redirect" title="Aud the Deep-minded">Aud the Deep-minded</a>, and a Gaelic slave brought to Iceland.<sup id="cite_ref-Smiley630_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smiley630-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:16th-century-Irish.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/16th-century-Irish.jpg/220px-16th-century-Irish.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/16th-century-Irish.jpg/330px-16th-century-Irish.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/16th-century-Irish.jpg/440px-16th-century-Irish.jpg 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="729" /></a><figcaption>Irish <a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaels</a> in a painting from the 16th century</figcaption></figure> <p>The arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Normans" title="Anglo-Normans">Anglo-Normans</a> brought also the <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Welsh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flemish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxons</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bretons" title="Bretons">Bretons</a>. Most of these were <a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">assimilated</a> into <a href="/wiki/Irish_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish culture">Irish culture</a> and polity by the 15th century, with the exception of some of the walled towns and <a href="/wiki/The_Pale" title="The Pale">the Pale</a> areas.<sup id="cite_ref-Nicholls_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicholls-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a> also saw the settlement of Scottish <a href="/wiki/Gallowglass" title="Gallowglass">gallowglass</a> families of mixed <a href="/wiki/Gaelic-Norse" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaelic-Norse">Gaelic-Norse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Picts" title="Picts">Pict</a> descent, mainly in the north; due to similarities of language and culture they too were assimilated. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surnames">Surnames</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Irish_name" title="Irish name">Irish name</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Celtic_onomastics" title="Celtic onomastics">Celtic onomastics</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_clans" title="List of Irish clans">List of Irish clans</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Irish_people" title="Special:EditPage/Irish people">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2010</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Irish were among the first people in Europe to use surnames as we know them today.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is very common for people of <a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaelic</a> origin to have the English versions of their surnames beginning with 'Ó' or 'Mac' (Over time however many have been shortened to 'O' or Mc). 'O' comes from the Irish Ó which in turn came from Ua, which means "<a href="/wiki/Grandson_(son_of_a_child)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grandson (son of a child)">grandson</a>", or "<a href="/wiki/Kinship" title="Kinship">descendant</a>" of a named person. Mac is the Irish for son. </p><p>Names that begin with "O'" include: Ó Bánion (<a href="/wiki/O%27Banion" title="O'Banion">O'Banion</a>), Ó Briain (<a href="/wiki/O%27Brien_(surname)" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Brien (surname)">O'Brien</a>), Ó Ceallaigh (<a href="/wiki/Kelly_(surname)" title="Kelly (surname)">O'Kelly</a>), Ó Conchobhair (<a href="/wiki/O%27Conor" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Conor">O'Connor, O'Conor</a>), Ó Chonaill (<a href="/wiki/O%27Connell_(name)" title="O'Connell (name)">O'Connell</a>), O'Coiligh (<a href="/wiki/Cox_(surname)" title="Cox (surname)">Cox</a>), Ó Cuilinn (<a href="/wiki/Cullen_(surname)" title="Cullen (surname)">Cullen</a>), Ó Domhnaill (<a href="/wiki/O%27Donnell" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Donnell">O'Donnell</a>), Ó Drisceoil (<a href="/wiki/O%27Driscoll" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Driscoll">O'Driscoll</a>), Ó hAnnracháin, (<a href="/wiki/Hanrahan" title="Hanrahan">Hanrahan</a>), Ó Máille (<a href="/wiki/O%27Malley_(surname)" title="O'Malley (surname)">O'Malley</a>), Ó Mathghamhna (<a href="/wiki/O%27Mahony" title="O'Mahony">O'Mahony</a>), Ó Néill (<a href="/wiki/O%27Neill_(surname)" title="O'Neill (surname)">O'Neill</a>), Ó Sé (<a href="/wiki/O%27Shea" title="O'Shea">O'Shea</a>), Ó Súilleabháin (<a href="/wiki/O%27Sullivan_(surname)" title="O'Sullivan (surname)">O'Sullivan</a>), Ó Caiside/Ó Casaide (<a href="/wiki/Cassidy_(surname)" title="Cassidy (surname)">Cassidy</a>), Ó Brádaigh/Mac Bradaigh (<a href="/wiki/Brady_(surname)" title="Brady (surname)">Brady</a>) and Ó Tuathail (<a href="/wiki/O%27Toole_(surname)" title="O'Toole (surname)">O'Toole</a>). </p><p>Names that begin with Mac or Mc include: Mac Cárthaigh (<a href="/wiki/McCarthy_(surname)" title="McCarthy (surname)">McCarthy</a>), Mac Diarmada (<a href="/wiki/McDermott" title="McDermott">McDermott</a>), Mac Domhnaill (<a href="/wiki/McDonnell_(surname)" class="mw-redirect" title="McDonnell (surname)">McDonnell</a>), and Mac Mathghamhna (<a href="/wiki/McMahon_clans" title="McMahon clans">McMahon</a>) Mac(g) Uidhir (<a href="/wiki/Maguire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maguire">Maguire</a>), Mac Dhonnchadha (<a href="/wiki/McDonagh" title="McDonagh">McDonagh</a>), Mac Conmara (<a href="/wiki/MacNamara" title="MacNamara">MacNamara</a>), Mac Craith (<a href="/wiki/McGrath" title="McGrath">McGrath</a>), Mac Aodha (<a href="/wiki/McGee_(name)" class="mw-redirect" title="McGee (name)">McGee</a>), Mac Aonghuis (<a href="/wiki/McGuinness" title="McGuinness">McGuinness</a>), Mac Cana (<a href="/wiki/McCann_(surname)" title="McCann (surname)">McCann</a>), Mac Lochlainn (<a href="/wiki/McLaughlin_(surname)" title="McLaughlin (surname)">McLaughlin</a>) and Mac Conallaidh (<a href="/wiki/McNally_(surname)" title="McNally (surname)">McNally</a>). Mac is commonly anglicised Mc. However, "Mac" and "Mc" are not mutually exclusive, so, for example, both "MacCarthy" and "McCarthy" are used. Both "Mac" and "Ó'" prefixes are both Irish in origin, Anglicized Prefix Mc is far more common in Ireland than Scotland with 2/3 of all Mc Surnames being Irish in origin<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, "Mac" is more common in Scotland and <a href="/wiki/Ulster" title="Ulster">Ulster</a> than in the rest of Ireland; furthermore, "Ó" surnames are less common in Scotland having been brought to Scotland from Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The proper surname for a woman in Irish uses the feminine prefix nic (meaning daughter) in place of mac. Thus a boy may be called Mac Domhnaill whereas his sister would be called Nic Dhomhnaill or Ní Dhomhnaill – the insertion of 'h' follows the female prefix in the case of most consonants (bar H, L, N, R, & T). </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ireland_1450.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Ireland_1450.png/190px-Ireland_1450.png" decoding="async" width="190" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Ireland_1450.png/285px-Ireland_1450.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Ireland_1450.png/380px-Ireland_1450.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="582" /></a><figcaption>Ireland in 1450 showing lands held by <a href="/wiki/Irish_clans" title="Irish clans">native Irish</a> (green), the <a href="/wiki/Normans_in_Ireland" title="Normans in Ireland">Anglo-Irish</a> (blue) and the <a href="/wiki/The_Pale" title="The Pale">English king</a> (dark grey).</figcaption></figure> <p>A son has the same surname as his father. A female's surname replaces Ó with Ní (reduced from Iníon Uí – "daughter of the grandson of") and Mac with Nic (reduced from Iníon Mhic – "daughter of the son of"); in both cases the following name undergoes lenition. However, if the second part of the surname begins with the letter C or G, it is not lenited after Nic.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Thus the daughter of a man named Ó Maolagáin has the surname <i>Ní Mhaolagáin</i> and the daughter of a man named Mac Gearailt has the surname <i>Nic Gearailt</i>. When anglicised, the name can remain O' or Mac, regardless of gender. </p><p>There are a number of Irish surnames derived from Norse personal names, including <a href="/wiki/Clan_Sweeney" title="Clan Sweeney">Mac Suibhne</a> (Sweeney) from Swein and McAuliffe from "Olaf". The name <a href="/wiki/Cotter_family" title="Cotter family">Cotter</a>, local to <a href="/wiki/County_Cork" title="County Cork">County Cork</a>, derives from the Norse personal name Ottir. The name <a href="/wiki/Reynolds_(surname)" title="Reynolds (surname)">Reynolds</a> is an Anglicization of the Irish Mac Raghnaill, itself originating from the Norse names Randal or Reginald. Though these names were of Viking derivation some of the families who bear them appear to have had Gaelic origins. </p><p>"Fitz" is an old Norman French variant of the Old French word <span title="Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text"><i lang="fro">fils</i></span> (variant spellings <span title="Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text"><i lang="fro">filz</i></span>, <span title="Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text"><i lang="fro">fiuz</i></span>, <span title="Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text"><i lang="fro">fiz</i></span>, etc.), used by the Normans, meaning <i>son</i>. The <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Normans</a> themselves were descendants of <a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Vikings</a>, who had settled in <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a> and thoroughly adopted the French language and culture.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the exception of the Gaelic-Irish <a href="/wiki/Fitzpatrick_(name)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fitzpatrick (name)">Fitzpatrick</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mac_Giolla_Ph%C3%A1draig" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac Giolla Phádraig">Mac Giolla Phádraig</a>) surname, all names that begin with Fitz – including <a href="/wiki/FitzGerald" class="mw-redirect" title="FitzGerald">FitzGerald</a> (Mac Gearailt), <a href="/wiki/Fitzsimons" title="Fitzsimons">Fitzsimons</a> (Mac Síomóin/Mac an Ridire) and FitzHenry (Mac Anraí) – are descended from the initial Norman settlers. A small number of Irish families of <a href="/wiki/Goidelic" class="mw-redirect" title="Goidelic">Goidelic</a> origin came to use a Norman form of their original surname—so that Mac Giolla Phádraig became Fitzpatrick—while some assimilated so well that the Irish name was dropped in favour of a new, Hiberno-Norman form. Another common Irish surname of <a href="/wiki/Hiberno-Norman" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiberno-Norman">Norman Irish</a> origin is the 'de' habitational prefix, meaning 'of' and originally signifying prestige and land ownership. Examples include de Búrca (Burke), de Brún, de Barra (Barry), de Stac (Stack), de Tiúit, de Faoite (White), de Londras (Landers), de Paor (Power). The Irish surname "Walsh" (in Irish <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Breathnach</i></span>) was routinely given to settlers of <a href="/wiki/Welsh_people" title="Welsh people">Welsh</a> origin, who had come during and after the Norman invasion. The Joyce and Griffin/Griffith (Gruffydd) families are also of Welsh origin. </p><p>The Mac Lochlainn, Ó Maol Seachlainn, Ó Maol Seachnaill, Ó Conchobhair, Mac Loughlin and Mac Diarmada families, all distinct, are now all subsumed together as MacLoughlin. The full surname usually indicated which family was in question, something that has been diminished with the loss of prefixes such as Ó and Mac. Different branches of a family with the same surname sometimes used distinguishing epithets, which sometimes became surnames in their own right. Hence the chief of the clan Ó Cearnaigh (Kearney) was referred to as An Sionnach (Fox), which his descendants use to this day. Similar surnames are often found in Scotland for many reasons, such as the use of a common language and mass Irish migration to Scotland in the late 19th and early to mid-20th centuries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_Medieval_and_Tudor_Ireland">Late Medieval and Tudor Ireland</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Archive-ugent-be-79D46426-CC9D-11E3-B56B-4FBAD43445F2_DS-25_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Archive-ugent-be-79D46426-CC9D-11E3-B56B-4FBAD43445F2_DS-25_%28cropped%29.jpg/241px-Archive-ugent-be-79D46426-CC9D-11E3-B56B-4FBAD43445F2_DS-25_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="241" height="339" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Archive-ugent-be-79D46426-CC9D-11E3-B56B-4FBAD43445F2_DS-25_%28cropped%29.jpg/362px-Archive-ugent-be-79D46426-CC9D-11E3-B56B-4FBAD43445F2_DS-25_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Archive-ugent-be-79D46426-CC9D-11E3-B56B-4FBAD43445F2_DS-25_%28cropped%29.jpg/482px-Archive-ugent-be-79D46426-CC9D-11E3-B56B-4FBAD43445F2_DS-25_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="834" data-file-height="1173" /></a><figcaption>A 16th century perception of Irish women and girls, illustrated in the manuscript "Théâtre de tous les peuples et nations de la terre avec leurs habits et ornemens divers, tant anciens que modernes, diligemment depeints au naturel". Painted by <a href="/wiki/Lucas_de_Heere" title="Lucas de Heere">Lucas d'Heere</a> in the 2nd half of the 16th century. Preserved in the <a href="/wiki/Ghent_University_Library" title="Ghent University Library">Ghent University Library</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic Ireland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Ireland" title="Lordship of Ireland">Lordship of Ireland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Galloglass-circa-1521.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Galloglass-circa-1521.jpg/220px-Galloglass-circa-1521.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Galloglass-circa-1521.jpg/330px-Galloglass-circa-1521.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Galloglass-circa-1521.jpg/440px-Galloglass-circa-1521.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4117" data-file-height="3043" /></a><figcaption>Gaelic Irish soldiers in the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a>, from a drawing of 1521 by <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer" title="Albrecht Dürer">Albrecht Dürer</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Irish people of the Late Middle Ages were active as traders on the European continent.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were distinguished from the English (who only used their own language or French) in that they only used <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> abroad—a language "spoken by all educated people throughout Gaeldom".<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the writer <a href="/wiki/Seumas_MacManus" title="Seumas MacManus">Seumas MacManus</a>, the explorer <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a> visited Ireland to gather information about the lands to the west,<sup id="cite_ref-MacManus343_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacManus343-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a number of Irish names are recorded on Columbus' crew roster preserved in the archives of <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a> and it was an Irishman named Patrick Maguire who was the first to set foot in the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a> in 1492;<sup id="cite_ref-MacManus343_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacManus343-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, according to <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Eliot_Morison" title="Samuel Eliot Morison">Morison</a> and Miss Gould<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (January 2018)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, who made a detailed study of the crew list of 1492, no Irish or English sailors were involved in the voyage.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An English report of 1515 states that the Irish people were divided into over sixty Gaelic lordships and thirty Anglo-Irish lordships.<sup id="cite_ref-Nicholls_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicholls-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The English term for these lordships was "nation" or "country".<sup id="cite_ref-Nicholls_52-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicholls-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Irish term "<i>oireacht</i>" referred to both the territory and the people ruled by the lord.<sup id="cite_ref-Nicholls_52-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicholls-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Literally, it meant an "assembly", where the <a href="/wiki/Brehon" title="Brehon">Brehons</a> would hold their courts upon hills to arbitrate the matters of the lordship.<sup id="cite_ref-Nicholls_52-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicholls-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, the Tudor lawyer <a href="/wiki/John_Davies_(poet,_born_1569)" title="John Davies (poet, born 1569)">John Davies</a> described the Irish people with respect to their laws: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>There is no people under the sun that doth love equal and indifferent (impartial) justice better than the Irish, or will rest better satisfied with the execution thereof, although it be against themselves, as they may have the protection and benefit of the law upon which just cause they do desire it.<sup id="cite_ref-multiref1_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-multiref1-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Another English commentator records that the assemblies were attended by "all the scum of the country"—the labouring population as well as the landowners.<sup id="cite_ref-Nicholls_52-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicholls-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the distinction between "free" and "unfree" elements of the Irish people was unreal in legal terms, it was a social and economic reality.<sup id="cite_ref-Nicholls_52-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicholls-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Social mobility was usually downwards, due to social and economic pressures.<sup id="cite_ref-Nicholls_52-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicholls-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ruling clan's "expansion from the top downwards" was constantly displacing commoners and forcing them into the margins of society.<sup id="cite_ref-Nicholls_52-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicholls-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a clan-based society, <a href="/wiki/Genealogy" title="Genealogy">genealogy</a> was all important.<sup id="cite_ref-Nicholls_52-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicholls-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ireland 'was justly styled a "Nation of Annalists"'.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The various branches of Irish learning—including law, poetry, history and genealogy, and medicine—were associated with hereditary learned families.<sup id="cite_ref-Jefferies_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jefferies-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The poetic families included the <a href="/wiki/%C3%93_D%C3%A1laigh" title="Ó Dálaigh">Uí Dhálaigh</a> (Daly) and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=MacGrath_(disambiguation)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MacGrath (disambiguation) (page does not exist)">MacGrath</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nicholls_52-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicholls-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Irish physicians, such as the O'Briens in <a href="/wiki/Munster" title="Munster">Munster</a> or the MacCailim Mor in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Isles" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Isles">Western Isles</a>, were renowned in the courts of England, Spain, Portugal and the Low Countries.<sup id="cite_ref-multiref1_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-multiref1-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Learning was not exclusive to the hereditary learned families, however; one such example is <a href="/wiki/Cathal_%C3%93g_Mac_Maghnusa" title="Cathal Óg Mac Maghnusa">Cathal Mac Manus</a>, the 15th century diocesan priest who wrote the <i><a href="/wiki/Annals_of_Ulster" title="Annals of Ulster">Annals of Ulster</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jefferies_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jefferies-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other learned families included the <a href="/wiki/Mac_Aodhag%C3%A1in" title="Mac Aodhagáin">Mic Aodhagáin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clan_MacFhirbhisigh" class="mw-redirect" title="Clan MacFhirbhisigh">Clann Fhir Bhisigh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jefferies_74-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jefferies-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was this latter family which produced <a href="/wiki/Dubhaltach_Mac_Fhirbhisigh" title="Dubhaltach Mac Fhirbhisigh">Dubhaltach Mac Fhirbhisigh</a>, the 17th century genealogist and compiler of the <i><a href="/wiki/Leabhar_na_nGenealach" title="Leabhar na nGenealach">Leabhar na nGenealach</a></i>. (see also <a href="/wiki/Irish_medical_families" title="Irish medical families">Irish medical families</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plantations">Plantations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Plantations_of_Ireland" title="Plantations of Ireland">Plantations of Ireland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_people" title="Ulster Scots people">Ulster Scots people</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Boyle_0001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Robert_Boyle_0001.jpg/220px-Robert_Boyle_0001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Robert_Boyle_0001.jpg/330px-Robert_Boyle_0001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Robert_Boyle_0001.jpg/440px-Robert_Boyle_0001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="523" data-file-height="663" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Robert_Boyle" title="Robert Boyle">Robert Boyle</a>, Anglo-Irish scientist and <a href="/wiki/Fathers_of_scientific_fields#Chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Fathers of scientific fields">father of chemistry</a>, whose father <a href="/wiki/Richard_Boyle,_1st_Earl_of_Cork" title="Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Cork">Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Cork</a> had settled in Ireland in the Munster plantations in 1580.</figcaption></figure> <p>The 16th century <a href="/wiki/Age_of_exploration" class="mw-redirect" title="Age of exploration">Age of exploration</a> brought an interest among the English to colonize Ireland with the reign of the Tudors. King Henry IV established surrender and regrants to the Irish, but it was not until the Catholic queen <a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Mary I of England</a> who started the first plantations in Ireland in 1550, this would become the model for English colonization moving forward in Ireland and would later form the British imperial model<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1550 plantation counties were known as Philipstown (now Daingean) and Maryborough (now Portlaoise) named by the English planters at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A group of explorers, known as the <a href="/wiki/West_Country_Men" title="West Country Men">West Country Men</a>, were active in Ireland at around this time. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Enterprise_of_Ulster" title="Enterprise of Ulster">Enterprise of Ulster</a> which pitted <a href="/wiki/Shane_O%27Neill_(Irish_chieftain)" title="Shane O'Neill (Irish chieftain)">Shane O'Neill (Irish chieftain)</a> against <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Elizabeth I">Queen Elizabeth I</a> was a total failure<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was followed by the somewhat successful first British-English colony the <a href="/wiki/Plantations_of_Ireland" title="Plantations of Ireland">Munster planations</a> which had a population of 4,000 in 1580 and in the 1620s may have grown to 16,000<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the defeat of the Irish in Ulster in the <a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)" title="Nine Years' War (Ireland)">Nine Years' War (Ireland)</a>; which was not exclusively confined to Ulster. The English would try again to colonize Ireland fearing another rebellion in Ulster, using previous colonial Irish endeavours as their influence. King James would succeed Queen Elizabeth the I, because King James I was previously King James VI of Scotland, he would plant both English and Scottish in the plantations of Ulster drawing upon the Munster Plantations, this proved to be the most successful they were settled in what's mostly Now Northern Ireland. The <a href="/wiki/Plantations_of_Ireland" title="Plantations of Ireland">Plantations of Ireland</a> introduced Tudor English settlers to Ireland, while The <a href="/wiki/Plantation_of_Ulster" title="Plantation of Ulster">Plantation of Ulster</a> in the 17th century introduced a great number of Scottish and to a lesser extent English as well as French <a href="/wiki/Huguenot" class="mw-redirect" title="Huguenot">Huguenots</a> as colonists. All previous endeavours were solely an English venture. The <a href="/wiki/Lord_Protector" title="Lord Protector">Lord Protector</a> <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a> (1653–1658) after the defeat of the Irish rebels would also plant New English in Ireland, known as the Protestant ascendency. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Enlightenment_Ireland">Enlightenment Ireland</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/United_Irishmen" class="mw-redirect" title="United Irishmen">United Irishmen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Callan" title="Nicholas Callan">Nicholas Callan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Ascendancy" title="Protestant Ascendancy">Protestant Ascendancy</a></div> <p>There have been notable Irish scientists. The Anglo-Irish scientist <a href="/wiki/Robert_Boyle" title="Robert Boyle">Robert Boyle</a> (1627–1691) is considered the <a href="/wiki/Fathers_of_scientific_fields" class="mw-redirect" title="Fathers of scientific fields">father</a> of <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a> for his book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sceptical_Chymist" title="The Sceptical Chymist">The Sceptical Chymist</a></i>, written in 1661.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Boyle was an <a href="/wiki/Atomist" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomist">atomist</a>, and is best known for <a href="/wiki/Boyle%27s_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Boyle's Law">Boyle's Law</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Hydrographer" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrographer">hydrographer</a> <a href="/wiki/Rear_Admiral_(Royal_Navy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rear Admiral (Royal Navy)">Rear Admiral</a> <a href="/wiki/Francis_Beaufort" title="Francis Beaufort">Francis Beaufort</a> (1774–1857), an Irish naval officer of Huguenot descent, was the creator of the <a href="/wiki/Beaufort_scale" title="Beaufort scale">Beaufort scale</a> for indicating wind force. <a href="/wiki/George_Boole" title="George Boole">George Boole</a> (1815–1864), the mathematician who invented <a href="/wiki/Boolean_algebra" title="Boolean algebra">Boolean algebra</a>, spent the latter part of his life in <a href="/wiki/Cork_(city)" title="Cork (city)">Cork</a>. The 19th century physicist <a href="/wiki/George_Johnstone_Stoney" title="George Johnstone Stoney">George Stoney</a> introduced the idea and the name of the <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electron</a>. He was the uncle of another notable physicist, <a href="/wiki/George_Francis_FitzGerald" title="George Francis FitzGerald">George FitzGerald</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jervas-JonathanSwift.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Jervas-JonathanSwift.jpg/220px-Jervas-JonathanSwift.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Jervas-JonathanSwift.jpg/330px-Jervas-JonathanSwift.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Jervas-JonathanSwift.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="495" /></a><figcaption>Jonathan Swift, one of the foremost prose satirists in the English language</figcaption></figure> <p>The Irish bardic system, along with the <a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaelic culture</a> and learned classes, were upset by the plantations and went into decline. Among the last of the true bardic poets were <a href="/wiki/Brian_Mac_Giolla_Ph%C3%A1draig" title="Brian Mac Giolla Phádraig">Brian Mac Giolla Phádraig</a> (c. 1580–1652) and <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1ibh%C3%AD_%C3%93_Bruadair" title="Dáibhí Ó Bruadair">Dáibhí Ó Bruadair</a> (1625–1698). The Irish poets of the late 17th and 18th centuries moved toward more modern dialects. Among the most prominent of this period were <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9amas_Dall_Mac_Cuarta" title="Séamas Dall Mac Cuarta">Séamas Dall Mac Cuarta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peadar_%C3%93_Doirn%C3%ADn" title="Peadar Ó Doirnín">Peadar Ó Doirnín</a>, <a href="/wiki/Art_Mac_Cumhaigh" title="Art Mac Cumhaigh">Art Mac Cumhaigh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cathal_Bu%C3%AD_Mac_Giolla_Ghunna" title="Cathal Buí Mac Giolla Ghunna">Cathal Buí Mac Giolla Ghunna</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_Cl%C3%A1rach_Mac_Domhnaill" class="mw-redirect" title="Seán Clárach Mac Domhnaill">Seán Clárach Mac Domhnaill</a>. Irish Catholics continued to receive an education in secret "hedgeschools", in spite of the <a href="/wiki/Penal_laws_(Ireland)" title="Penal laws (Ireland)">Penal laws</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A knowledge of <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> was common among the poor Irish mountaineers in the 17th century, who spoke it on special occasions, while cattle were bought and sold in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a> in the mountain market-places of <a href="/wiki/County_Kerry" title="County Kerry">County Kerry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For a comparatively small population of about 6 million people, Ireland made an enormous contribution to literature. <a href="/wiki/Irish_literature" title="Irish literature">Irish literature</a> encompasses the Irish and English languages. Notable <a href="/wiki/Irish_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish fiction">Irish writers</a>, playwrights and poets include <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift">Jonathan Swift</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Sterne" title="Laurence Sterne">Laurence Sterne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Oscar Wilde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Goldsmith" title="Oliver Goldsmith">Oliver Goldsmith</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">James Joyce</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">George Bernard Shaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Beckett" title="Samuel Beckett">Samuel Beckett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bram_Stoker" title="Bram Stoker">Bram Stoker</a>, <a href="/wiki/W._B._Yeats" title="W. B. Yeats">W.B. Yeats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seamus_Heaney" title="Seamus Heaney">Séamus Heaney</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brendan_Behan" title="Brendan Behan">Brendan Behan</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anti-Irish_racism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Irish racism">Anti-Irish racism</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Great_Famine_/_An_Górta_Mór"><span id="The_Great_Famine_.2F_An_G.C3.B3rta_M.C3.B3r"></span>The Great Famine / An Górta Mór</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Irish_people" title="Special:EditPage/Irish people">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Great_Irish_Famine" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Irish Famine">Great Irish Famine</a></div><p>Known as <i>An Górta Mór</i> ("The Great Hurt") in the Irish language, during the famine millions of Irish people died and emigrated during Ireland's largest famine. The famine lasted from 1845 - 1849, and it was worst in the year 1847, which became known as Black '47. The famine occurred due to the extremely impoverished Irish population's staple food the potato being infected with <a href="/wiki/Blight" title="Blight">Blight</a>, and the British administration appropriating all other crops and livestock to feed her armies abroad.<sup id="cite_ref-Montgomery2007_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Montgomery2007-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This meant the crop failed and turned black. Starving people who tried to eat them would only vomit it back up soon afterwards. Soup kitchens were set up but made little difference. The British government produced little aid, only sending raw corn known as 'Peel's Brimstone' to Ireland. It was known by this name after the British Prime Minister at the time, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Robert Peel</a>, and the fact that many Irish weren't aware of how to cook corn. This led to little or no improvement. The British government set up workhouses which were disease-ridden (with cholera, TB and others) but they also failed as little food was available and many died on arrival as they were overworked. Some British political figures at the time saw the famine as a purge from God to exterminate the majority of the native Irish population.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:An_gorta_Mor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/An_gorta_Mor.jpg/260px-An_gorta_Mor.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/An_gorta_Mor.jpg/390px-An_gorta_Mor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/An_gorta_Mor.jpg/520px-An_gorta_Mor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1909" data-file-height="1273" /></a><figcaption><i>Ireland's Holocaust</i> mural on the Ballymurphy Road, <a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a>. "An Gorta Mór, Britain's genocide by starvation, Ireland's holocaust 1845–1849, over 1,500,000 deaths".</figcaption></figure> <p>Irish people emigrated to escape the famine journeying predominantly to the east coast of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a> in England, Australia, Canada and New Zealand. Many records show the majority of Irish emigrants to Australia were in fact prisoners. A substantial proportion of these committed crimes in hopes of being extradited to Australia, favouring it to the persecution and hardships they endured in their homeland. Emigrants travelled on '<a href="/wiki/Coffin_ship" title="Coffin ship">Coffin Ships'</a>, which got their name from the often high mortality rates on board. Many died of disease or starved. Conditions on board were abysmal - tickets were expensive so stowaways were common, and little food stuff was given to passengers who were simply viewed as cargo in the eyes of the ship workers. Notable coffin ships include the <a href="/wiki/Jeanie_Johnston" title="Jeanie Johnston">Jeanie Johnston</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dunbrody_(1845)" title="Dunbrody (1845)">Dunbrody</a>. </p><p>There are statues and memorials in Dublin, New York and other cities in memory of the famine. <a href="/wiki/The_Fields_of_Athenry" title="The Fields of Athenry">The Fields of Athenry</a> is a late-20th century song about the Great Famine and is often sung at national team sporting events in memory and homage to those affected by the famine.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Great Famine is one of the biggest events in Irish history and is ingrained in the identity on the nation to this day. It was a major factor in <a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Irish nationalism</a> and Ireland's fight for independence during subsequent rebellions, as many Irish people felt a stronger need to regain independence from British rule after the famine.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Ireland" title="Partition of Ireland">Partition of Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chicks_and_Ducks_in_Galway_(8488799148).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Chicks_and_Ducks_in_Galway_%288488799148%29.jpg/220px-Chicks_and_Ducks_in_Galway_%288488799148%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Chicks_and_Ducks_in_Galway_%288488799148%29.jpg/330px-Chicks_and_Ducks_in_Galway_%288488799148%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Chicks_and_Ducks_in_Galway_%288488799148%29.jpg/440px-Chicks_and_Ducks_in_Galway_%288488799148%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1439" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><i>A Market Square</i> in Galway circa 1910</figcaption></figure> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Irish War of Independence">Irish War of Independence</a> (1919–1921) the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_Treaty" title="Anglo-Irish Treaty">Anglo-Irish Treaty</a> was signed which led to the formation of the independent <a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a> (now the independent Republic of Ireland) which consisted of 26 of Ireland's 32 traditional counties. The remaining six counties in the northeast remained in the United Kingdom as <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>. It is predominantly religion, historical, and political differences that divide the two communities of (<a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">nationalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Unionists_(Ireland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Unionists (Ireland)">unionism</a>). Four polls taken between 1989 and 1994 revealed that when asked to state their national identity, over 79% of Northern Irish Protestants replied "British" or "Ulster" with 3% or less replying "Irish", while over 60% of Northern Irish Catholics replied "Irish" with 13% or less replying "British" or "Ulster".<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A survey in 1999 showed that 72% of Northern Irish Protestants considered themselves "British" and 2% "Irish", with 68% of Northern Irish Catholics considering themselves "Irish" and 9% "British".<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The survey also revealed that 78% of Protestants and 48% of all respondents felt "Strongly British", while 77% of Catholics and 35% of all respondents felt "Strongly Irish". 51% of Protestants and 33% of all respondents felt "Not at all Irish", while 62% of Catholics and 28% of all respondents felt "Not at all British".<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recent_history">Recent history</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Demographics of the Republic of Ireland">Demographics of the Republic of Ireland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Demographics of Northern Ireland">Demographics of Northern Ireland</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion_in_Ireland">Religion in Ireland</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Group_of_men,_Corpus_Christi_procession,_Cahir,_Co._Tipperary_(21890973583).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Group_of_men%2C_Corpus_Christi_procession%2C_Cahir%2C_Co._Tipperary_%2821890973583%29.jpg/220px-Group_of_men%2C_Corpus_Christi_procession%2C_Cahir%2C_Co._Tipperary_%2821890973583%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Group_of_men%2C_Corpus_Christi_procession%2C_Cahir%2C_Co._Tipperary_%2821890973583%29.jpg/330px-Group_of_men%2C_Corpus_Christi_procession%2C_Cahir%2C_Co._Tipperary_%2821890973583%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Group_of_men%2C_Corpus_Christi_procession%2C_Cahir%2C_Co._Tipperary_%2821890973583%29.jpg/440px-Group_of_men%2C_Corpus_Christi_procession%2C_Cahir%2C_Co._Tipperary_%2821890973583%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1353" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Corpus_Christi_(feast)" class="mw-redirect" title="Corpus Christi (feast)">Corpus Christi</a> procession in <a href="/wiki/Tipperary_(town)" title="Tipperary (town)">Tipperary</a> in 1963</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a>, as of 2022, 3.5 million people or about 69.1% of the population are Catholic.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>, about 41.6% of the population are Protestant (19.1% Presbyterian, 13.7% Church of Ireland, 3.0% Methodist, 5.8% other Christian) whilst approximately 40.8% are Catholic as of 2011. </p><p>The 31st <a href="/wiki/International_Eucharistic_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="International Eucharistic Congress">International Eucharistic Congress</a> was held in <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a> in 1932, that year being the supposed 1,500th anniversary of Saint Patrick's arrival. Ireland was then home to 3,171,697 Catholics, about a third of whom attended the Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-Time1932_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Time1932-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was noted in <i><a href="/wiki/Time_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Time Magazine">Time Magazine</a></i> that the Congress' special theme would be "the Faith of the Irish".<sup id="cite_ref-Time1932_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Time1932-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The massive crowds were repeated at Pope <a href="/wiki/John_Paul_II" class="mw-redirect" title="John Paul II">John Paul II</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II%27s_visit_to_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope John Paul II's visit to Ireland">Mass in Phoenix Park</a> in 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The idea of faith has affected the question of Irish identity even in relatively recent times, apparently more so for Catholics and Irish-Americans. Today the majority of Irish people in the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a> identify as Catholic, although church attendance has significantly dropped in recent decades. In <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>, where almost 50% of the population is <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Protestants" title="Ulster Protestants">Protestant</a>, there has also been a decline in attendances. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>What defines an Irishman? His faith, his place of birth? What of the Irish-Americans? Are they Irish? Who is more Irish, a Catholic Irishman such as <a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">James Joyce</a> who is trying to escape from his Catholicism and from his Irishness, or a Protestant Irishman like <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Oscar Wilde</a> who is eventually becoming Catholic? Who is more Irish... someone like <a href="/wiki/C.S._Lewis" class="mw-redirect" title="C.S. Lewis">C.S. Lewis</a>, an Ulster Protestant, who is walking towards it, even though he never ultimately crosses the threshold?<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>This has been a matter of concern over the last century for the followers of nationalist ideologists such as <a href="/wiki/DP_Moran" class="mw-redirect" title="DP Moran">DP Moran</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Irish_identity">Irish identity</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Patrick%27s_Day_Parade,_Waterville_2012.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/St_Patrick%27s_Day_Parade%2C_Waterville_2012.JPG/220px-St_Patrick%27s_Day_Parade%2C_Waterville_2012.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/St_Patrick%27s_Day_Parade%2C_Waterville_2012.JPG/330px-St_Patrick%27s_Day_Parade%2C_Waterville_2012.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/St_Patrick%27s_Day_Parade%2C_Waterville_2012.JPG/440px-St_Patrick%27s_Day_Parade%2C_Waterville_2012.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3539" data-file-height="2863" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/St_Patrick%27s_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="St Patrick's Day">St Patrick's Day</a> parade in <a href="/wiki/County_Kerry" title="County Kerry">County Kerry</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1998-Folk-Confolens_09.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/1998-Folk-Confolens_09.JPG/220px-1998-Folk-Confolens_09.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/1998-Folk-Confolens_09.JPG/330px-1998-Folk-Confolens_09.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/1998-Folk-Confolens_09.JPG/440px-1998-Folk-Confolens_09.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1696" data-file-height="2544" /></a><figcaption>Irish dancers, 1998</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Davis_(Young_Irelander)" title="Thomas Davis (Young Irelander)">Thomas Davis</a>, a prominent <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Irish_nationalists" title="Protestant Irish nationalists">Protestant Irish nationalist</a> and founder of the Irish nationalist <a href="/wiki/Young_Ireland" title="Young Ireland">Young Ireland</a> movement, identified the Irish as a <a href="/wiki/Celtic_nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic nation">Celtic nation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-davis_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-davis-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He estimated that ethnically, 5/6ths of the nation were either of Gaelic Irish-origin, or descended from returned Scottish Gaels (including much of the <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_people" title="Ulster Scots people">Ulster Scots</a>) and some Celtic Welsh (such as his own ancestors and those carrying surnames such as Walsh and Griffiths).<sup id="cite_ref-davis_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-davis-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As part of this he was a staunch supporter of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish language</a> as the "national language".<sup id="cite_ref-davis_96-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-davis-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In regards to the Germanic minority in Ireland (of Norman and Anglo-Saxon origin) he believed that they could be assimilated into Irishness if they had a "willingness to be part of the Irish Nation".<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> joined the <a href="/wiki/European_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="European Community">European Community</a> in 1973, and Irish citizens became additionally <a href="/wiki/Citizenship_of_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizenship of the European Union">Citizens of the European Union</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Maastricht_Treaty" title="Maastricht Treaty">Maastricht Treaty</a> signed in 1992. This brought a further question for the future of Irish identity; whether Ireland was "closer to <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> than to <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>:" </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>History and geography have placed Ireland in a very special location between America and Europe... As Irish people our relationships with the United States and the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> are complex. Geographically we are closer to Berlin than Boston. Spiritually we are probably a lot closer to Boston than Berlin. – <a href="/wiki/Mary_Harney" title="Mary Harney">Mary Harney</a>, <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A1naiste" title="Tánaiste">Tánaiste</a>, 2000<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Irish_diaspora">Irish diaspora</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Irish_diaspora" title="Irish diaspora">Irish diaspora</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Irish_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish American">Irish American</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irish_Argentine" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Argentine">Irish Argentine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irish_Chilean" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Chilean">Irish Chilean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irish_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Australian">Irish Australian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irish_Brazilian" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Brazilian">Irish Brazilian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irish_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Canadian">Irish Canadian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irish_Mexicans" title="Irish Mexicans">Irish Mexicans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irish_people_in_Jamaica" title="Irish people in Jamaica">Irish people in Jamaica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irish_community_in_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish community in Britain">Irish community in Britain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scots-Irish_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Scots-Irish American">Scots-Irish American</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ohiggins.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Ohiggins.jpg/170px-Ohiggins.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Ohiggins.jpg/255px-Ohiggins.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Ohiggins.jpg/340px-Ohiggins.jpg 2x" data-file-width="852" data-file-height="1087" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bernardo_O%27Higgins" title="Bernardo O'Higgins">Bernardo O'Higgins</a>, a founding father of Chile.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leopoldo_ODonnell.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Leopoldo_ODonnell.jpg/220px-Leopoldo_ODonnell.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Leopoldo_ODonnell.jpg/330px-Leopoldo_ODonnell.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Leopoldo_ODonnell.jpg/440px-Leopoldo_ODonnell.jpg 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="953" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/General" class="mw-redirect" title="General">General</a> <a href="/wiki/Leopoldo_O%27Donnell,_1st_Duke_of_Tetuan" class="mw-redirect" title="Leopoldo O'Donnell, 1st Duke of Tetuan">The 1st Duke of Tetuan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grandee_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Grandee of Spain">Grandee of Spain</a> and <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Government_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Government of Spain">President of the Council of Ministers of Spain</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Irish diaspora consists of Irish <a href="/wiki/Emigration" title="Emigration">emigrants</a> and their descendants in <a href="/wiki/Country" title="Country">countries</a> such as the United States, Great Britain, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, and nations of the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a>. These countries all have large minorities of Irish descent, who in addition form the core of the Catholic Church in those countries. </p><p>Many famous and influential figures have claimed Irish ancestry such as <a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara">Che Guevara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney" title="Walt Disney">Walt Disney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">JFK</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali" title="Muhammad Ali">Muhammad Ali</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_France" title="Marshal of France">Maréchal</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Patrice_de_MacMahon,_Duke_of_Magenta" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrice de MacMahon, Duke of Magenta">The 1st Duke of Magenta</a>, the second <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_French_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the French Republic">President</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Third_Republic_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Republic of France">Third Republic</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Many Irish people were also transported to the island of <a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a>, to work as <a href="/wiki/Indentured_servants" class="mw-redirect" title="Indentured servants">indentured servants</a>, exiled prisoners or slaves. Unlike <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_of_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups of Africa">African</a> <a href="/wiki/Chattel_slaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Chattel slaves">chattel slaves</a>, the majority of Irish labourers who were sent to Montserrat did so by personal choice.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some were Irish Confederate troops exiled by the English Parliamentarian <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Confederate_Wars" title="Irish Confederate Wars">Irish Confederate Wars</a>. The African slave population on the island attempted a rebellion against the Irish plantation owners on 17 March 1768. The date was chosen with the idea that the plantation owners would be distracted by St. Patrick's day festivities, but the plot was ultimately discovered and several of those involved were put to death. To this day, the Island celebrates <a href="/wiki/St._Patrick%27s_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Patrick's Day">St. Patrick's Day</a> as a public holiday to commemorate the revolt and honour those who lost their lives.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People of Irish descent also feature strongly in Latin America, especially in <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> and important minorities in <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, Chile, and <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>. In 1995, President <a href="/wiki/Mary_Robinson" title="Mary Robinson">Mary Robinson</a> reached out to the "70 million people worldwide who can claim Irish descent".<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today the <a href="/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora">diaspora</a> is believed to contain an estimated 80 million people.<sup id="cite_ref-Diaspora_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diaspora-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PatriceMacMahon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/PatriceMacMahon.jpg/170px-PatriceMacMahon.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/PatriceMacMahon.jpg/255px-PatriceMacMahon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/PatriceMacMahon.jpg/340px-PatriceMacMahon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="456" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_France" title="Marshal of France">Maréchal</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Patrice_de_Mac-Mahon,_Duke_of_Magenta" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrice de Mac-Mahon, Duke of Magenta">The 1st Duke of Magenta</a>, military commander and, later, <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_French_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the French Republic">President of the French Republic</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guillermo_Brown,_por_Henry_Herve.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Guillermo_Brown%2C_por_Henry_Herve.jpg/170px-Guillermo_Brown%2C_por_Henry_Herve.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Guillermo_Brown%2C_por_Henry_Herve.jpg/255px-Guillermo_Brown%2C_por_Henry_Herve.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Guillermo_Brown%2C_por_Henry_Herve.jpg/340px-Guillermo_Brown%2C_por_Henry_Herve.jpg 2x" data-file-width="921" data-file-height="1129" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/William_Brown_(admiral)" title="William Brown (admiral)">William Brown</a>, Argentine national hero of the <a href="/wiki/Argentine_War_of_Independence" title="Argentine War of Independence">War of Independence</a>, considered the father of the <a href="/wiki/Argentine_Navy" title="Argentine Navy">Argentine Navy</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>There are also large Irish communities in some mainland European countries, notably in Spain, France and Germany. Between 1585 and 1818, over half a million Irish departed Ireland to serve in the wars on the Continent, in a constant emigration romantically styled the"<a href="/wiki/Flight_of_the_Wild_Geese" title="Flight of the Wild Geese">Flight of the Wild Geese</a>" and, before that, in the '<a href="/wiki/Flight_of_the_Earls" title="Flight of the Earls">Flight of the Earls</a>', just before the <a href="/wiki/Plantation_of_Ulster" title="Plantation of Ulster">Plantation of Ulster</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WildGeese_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WildGeese-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early years of the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a>, a French traveller remarked that the Irish "are better soldiers abroad than at home".<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, Irish brigades in France and Spain would fight in the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">Wars of the Spanish</a> and <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Austrian_Succession" title="War of the Austrian Succession">Austrian Succession</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WildGeese_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WildGeese-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the words of <a href="/wiki/Field_Marshal_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Field Marshal (United Kingdom)">Field Marshal</a> <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">The 1st Duke of Wellington</a>, the Irish-born 'Iron Duke', a notable representative of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_military_diaspora" title="Irish military diaspora">Irish military diaspora</a>, "Ireland was an inexhaustible nursery for the finest soldiers".<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/British_Legions" title="British Legions">British Legions</a> were units that <a href="/wiki/Military_career_of_Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Military career of Simón Bolívar">fought under Simón Bolívar</a> against Spain for the independence of <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>. Venezuelans called them the <a href="/wiki/Albion" title="Albion">Albion</a> Legion. They were composed of over seven thousand volunteers, mainly <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic War</a> veterans from <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">Great Britain and Ireland</a>. Volunteers in the British Legion were motivated by a combination of both genuine <a href="/wiki/Political" class="mw-redirect" title="Political">political</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mercenary" title="Mercenary">mercenary</a> motives.<sup id="cite_ref-MBrown210_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MBrown210-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most famous cause of emigration was the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Potato_Famine" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Potato Famine">Great Famine</a> of the late 1840s. A million are thought to have emigrated to <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a> as a result of the famine.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For both the Irish in Ireland and those in the resulting <a href="/wiki/Irish_diaspora" title="Irish diaspora">diaspora</a>, the famine entered <a href="/wiki/Folk_memory" title="Folk memory">folk memory</a><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and became a rallying point for various <a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">nationalist movements</a>. </p><p>There are <a href="/wiki/Afro-Caribbean" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Caribbean">Afro-Caribbean</a> people descended from <a href="/wiki/Irish_Caribbean" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Caribbean">Irish immigrants in the Caribbean</a>, especially on <a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They often have Irish surnames, speak a form of <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_English" title="Caribbean English">Caribbean English</a> influenced by the Irish vernacular and, in some cases, sing Irish songs.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Carroll_Gilbert_Stuart.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/John_Carroll_Gilbert_Stuart.jpg/220px-John_Carroll_Gilbert_Stuart.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/John_Carroll_Gilbert_Stuart.jpg/330px-John_Carroll_Gilbert_Stuart.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/John_Carroll_Gilbert_Stuart.jpg/440px-John_Carroll_Gilbert_Stuart.jpg 2x" data-file-width="754" data-file-height="921" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_Carroll_(bishop)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Carroll (bishop)">John Carroll</a>, first Catholic bishop and archbishop in the United States</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Comonfort.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Comonfort.png/220px-Comonfort.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Comonfort.png/330px-Comonfort.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Comonfort.png/440px-Comonfort.png 2x" data-file-width="920" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ignacio_Comonfort" title="Ignacio Comonfort">Ignacio Comonfort</a> 25th president of Mexico</figcaption></figure> <p>People of Irish descent are the second largest self-reported ethnic group in the United States, after <a href="/wiki/German_American" class="mw-redirect" title="German American">German Americans</a>. Nine of the signatories of the <a href="/wiki/American_Declaration_of_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="American Declaration of Independence">American Declaration of Independence</a> were of Irish origin.<sup id="cite_ref-irishpresidents_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-irishpresidents-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among them was the sole Catholic signatory, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Carroll_of_Carrollton" title="Charles Carroll of Carrollton">Charles Carroll of Carrollton</a>, whose family were the descendants of Ely O'Carroll, an Irish prince who had suffered under Cromwell.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At least twenty-five <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">presidents of the United States</a> have some Irish ancestral origins, including <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-whtaft_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whtaft-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hardingquest_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hardingquest-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-abouttruman_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abouttruman-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> took office in 1961, every American President (with the exception of <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> and <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>) has had some Irish blood.<sup id="cite_ref-DIG_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DIG-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An Irish-American, <a href="/wiki/James_Hoban" title="James Hoban">James Hoban</a>, was the designer of the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a>. <a href="/wiki/John_Barry_(naval_officer)" title="John Barry (naval officer)">Commodore John Barry</a>, who was born in <a href="/wiki/County_Wexford" title="County Wexford">County Wexford</a>, was the "Father of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JFK-John_Barry_Memorial.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/JFK-John_Barry_Memorial.jpg/220px-JFK-John_Barry_Memorial.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/JFK-John_Barry_Memorial.jpg/330px-JFK-John_Barry_Memorial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/JFK-John_Barry_Memorial.jpg/440px-JFK-John_Barry_Memorial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="508" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> visiting the <a href="/wiki/John_Barry_(naval_officer)" title="John Barry (naval officer)">John Barry</a> Memorial in <a href="/wiki/Wexford" title="Wexford">Wexford</a>, Ireland</figcaption></figure> <p>In the mid-19th century, large numbers of Irish immigrants were conscripted into <a href="/wiki/Irish_regiments" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish regiments">Irish regiments</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> at the time of the <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a>. The vast majority of the 4,811 Irish-born soldiers served in the U.S. Army, but some deserted to the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Army" title="Mexican Army">Mexican Army</a>, primarily to escape mistreatment by Protestant officers and the strong anti-Catholic discrimination in America.<sup id="cite_ref-Connaughton_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Connaughton-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These were the <i>San Patricios</i>, or <a href="/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Battalion" title="Saint Patrick's Battalion">Saint Patrick's Battalion</a>—a group of Irish led by <a href="/wiki/Galway" title="Galway">Galway</a>-born <a href="/wiki/John_O%27Riley" class="mw-redirect" title="John O'Riley">John O'Riley</a>, with some <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism in Germany">German</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism in Scotland">Scottish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism in the United States">American Catholics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Connaughton_121-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Connaughton-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They fought until their surrender at the decisive <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Churubusco" title="Battle of Churubusco">Battle of Churubusco</a>, and were executed outside <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a> by the American government on 13 September 1847.<sup id="cite_ref-Connaughton_121-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Connaughton-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The battalion is commemorated in Mexico each year on 12 September.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 18th and 19th centuries, 300,000 free emigrants and 45,000 convicts left Ireland to settle in Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, Australians of Irish descent are one of the largest self-reported ethnic groups in Australia, after English and Australian. In the 2006 <a href="/wiki/Australian_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Census">Census</a>, 1,803,741 residents identified themselves as having Irish ancestry either alone or in combination with another ancestry.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However this figure does not include Australians with an Irish background who chose to nominate themselves as 'Australian' or other ancestries. The Australian embassy in Dublin states that up to thirty per cent of the population claim some degree of Irish ancestry.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is believed that as many as 30,000 Irish people emigrated to Argentina between the 1830s and the 1890s.<sup id="cite_ref-Argentina_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Argentina-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was encouraged by the clergy, as they considered a Catholic country, Argentina, preferable to a more Protestant United States. This flow of emigrants dropped sharply when assisted passage to Australia was introduced at which point the Argentine government responded with their own scheme and wrote to Irish bishops, seeking their support. However, there was little or no planning for the arrival of a large number of immigrants, no housing, no food.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many died, others made their way to the United States and other destinations, some returned to Ireland, a few remained and prospered. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Croke" title="Thomas Croke">Thomas Croke</a> Archbishop of Cashel, said: "I most solemnly conjure my poorer countrymen, as they value their happiness hereafter, never to set foot on the Argentine Republic however tempted to do so they may be by offers of a passage or an assurance of comfortable homes."<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some notable Argentines of Irish descent and Irish people who settled in Argentina include <a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara">Che Guevara</a>, former president <a href="/wiki/Edelmiro_Juli%C3%A1n_Farrell" title="Edelmiro Julián Farrell">Edelmiro Julián Farrell</a>, and admiral <a href="/wiki/William_Brown_(admiral)" title="William Brown (admiral)">William Brown</a>. </p><p>There are people of Irish descent all over South America, such as the Chilean liberator <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_O%27Higgins" title="Bernardo O'Higgins">Bernardo O'Higgins</a> and the Peruvian photographer <a href="/wiki/Mario_Testino" title="Mario Testino">Mario Testino</a>. Although some Irish retained their surnames intact, others were assimilated into the Spanish vernacular. The last name <i>O'Brien</i>, for example, became <i>Obregón</i>. </p><p>People of Irish descent are also one of the largest self-reported ethnic groups in Canada, after <a href="/wiki/English_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="English Canadian">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="French Canadian">French</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Canadian">Scottish Canadians</a>. As of 2006, <a href="/wiki/Irish_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Canadian">Irish Canadians</a> number around 4,354,155.<sup id="cite_ref-CanadaCensus_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CanadaCensus-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Four_Provinces_Flag.svg/32px-Four_Provinces_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Four_Provinces_Flag.svg/48px-Four_Provinces_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Four_Provinces_Flag.svg/64px-Four_Provinces_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1320" data-file-height="680" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ireland" title="Portal:Ireland">Ireland portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo_Irish" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo Irish">Anglo Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Europe" title="Ethnic groups in Europe">Ethnic groups in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiberno-Normans" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiberno-Normans">Hiberno-Normans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Travellers" title="Irish Travellers">Irish Travellers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Americans_of_Irish_descent" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Americans of Irish descent">List of Americans of Irish descent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_expatriate_Irish_populations" title="List of expatriate Irish populations">List of expatriate Irish populations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ireland-related_topics" title="List of Ireland-related topics">List of Ireland-related topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_people" title="List of Irish people">List of Irish people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse%E2%80%93Gaels" title="Norse–Gaels">Norse–Gaels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanistry" title="Tanistry">Tanistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ireland_Funds" title="The Ireland Funds">The Ireland Funds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster-Scots_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulster-Scots dialects">Ulster-Scots dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster-Scots_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulster-Scots people">Ulster-Scots people</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">2021 census, Irish alone and other national identifications</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Historical and native</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dominant</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFceu@scotland.gsi.gov.uk2009" class="citation web cs1">ceu@scotland.gsi.gov.uk, Scottish Government, St. Andrew's House, Regent Road, Edinburgh EH1 3DG <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="Tel:0131">Tel:0131</a> 556 8400 (29 May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2009/05/28141101/6">"The Scottish Diaspora and Diaspora Strategy: Insights and Lessons from Ireland"</a>. <i>scotland.gov.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181224183242/https://www2.gov.scot/Publications/2009/05/28141101/6">Archived</a> from the original on 24 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=scotland.gov.uk&rft.atitle=The+Scottish+Diaspora+and+Diaspora+Strategy%3A+Insights+and+Lessons+from+Ireland&rft.date=2009-05-29&rft.aulast=ceu%40scotland.gsi.gov.uk&rft.aufirst=Scottish+Government%2C+St.+Andrew%27s+House%2C+Regent+Road%2C+Edinburgh+EH1+3DG+Tel%3A0131+556+8400&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scotland.gov.uk%2FPublications%2F2009%2F05%2F28141101%2F6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+people" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-cpsr/censusofpopulation2022-summaryresults/keyfindings/">"Census of Population 2022 – Summary Results"</a>. <i>cso.ie</i>. 3 April 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230807181457/https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-cpsr/censusofpopulation2022-summaryresults/keyfindings/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cso.ie&rft.atitle=Census+of+Population+2022+%E2%80%93+Summary+Results&rft.date=2022-04-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cso.ie%2Fen%2Freleasesandpublications%2Fep%2Fp-cpsr%2Fcensusofpopulation2022-summaryresults%2Fkeyfindings%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ethnic Irish at Ethnologue (22nd ed., 2020)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nisra.gov.uk/publications/census-2021-main-statistics-identity-tables">"Census 2021 main statistics identity tables"</a>. <i>Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency</i>. 7 September 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230709191619/https://www.nisra.gov.uk/publications/census-2021-main-statistics-identity-tables">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Northern+Ireland+Statistics+and+Research+Agency&rft.atitle=Census+2021+main+statistics+identity+tables&rft.date=2022-09-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nisra.gov.uk%2Fpublications%2Fcensus-2021-main-statistics-identity-tables&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmerican_FactFinder,_United_States_Census_Bureau" class="citation web cs1">American FactFinder, United States Census Bureau. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100410054142/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-parsed=true&-ds_name=ACS_2007_1YR_G00_&-_lang=en&-_caller=geoselect&-format=">"U.S. Census Bureau, 2007"</a>. Factfinder.census.gov. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-parsed=true&-ds_name=ACS_2007_1YR_G00_&-_lang=en&-_caller=geoselect&-format=">the original</a> on 10 April 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+Census+Bureau%2C+2007&rft.pub=Factfinder.census.gov&rft.au=American+FactFinder%2C+United+States+Census+Bureau&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffactfinder.census.gov%2Fservlet%2FADPTable%3F_bm%3Dy%26-geo_id%3D01000US%26-parsed%3Dtrue%26-ds_name%3DACS_2007_1YR_G00_%26-_lang%3Den%26-_caller%3Dgeoselect%26-format%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Irish_UK_01-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Irish_UK_01_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/1224611.stm">"One in four Britons claim Irish roots"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. BBC. 16 March 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181224183251/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/1224611.stm%20/default.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 24 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=One+in+four+Britons+claim+Irish+roots&rft.date=2001-03-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fuk_news%2F1224611.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaybin2016" class="citation news cs1">Maybin, Simon (2 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-37246769">"How many Britons are entitled to an Irish passport?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200728182612/https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-37246769">Archived</a> from the original on 28 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=How+many+Britons+are+entitled+to+an+Irish+passport%3F&rft.date=2016-09-02&rft.aulast=Maybin&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-37246769&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130728145239/http://www.dfa.ie/home/index.aspx?id=32623">"Department of Foreign Affairs – Emigrant Grants"</a>. 28 July 2013. Archived from the original on 28 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Department+of+Foreign+Affairs+%E2%80%93+Emigrant+Grants&rft.date=2013-07-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dfa.ie%2Fhome%2Findex.aspx%3Fid%3D32623&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+people" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2016_Ethnic_Origin-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2016_Ethnic_Origin_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/imm/Table.cfm?Lang=E&T=31&Geo=01">"Ethnic Origin, both sexes, age (total), Canada, 2016 Census – 25% Sample data"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Canada_2016_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada 2016 Census">Canada 2016 Census</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Canada" title="Statistics Canada">Statistics Canada</a>. 20 February 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201112015204/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/imm/Table.cfm?Lang=E">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Canada+2016+Census&rft.atitle=Ethnic+Origin%2C+both+sexes%2C+age+%28total%29%2C+Canada%2C+2016+Census+%E2%80%93+25%25+Sample+data&rft.date=2019-02-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2016%2Fdp-pd%2Fhlt-fst%2Fimm%2FTable.cfm%3FLang%3DE%26T%3D31%26Geo%3D01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CanadaCensus-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CanadaCensus_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CanadaCensus_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/dt-td/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=0&PID=105396&PRID=0&PTYPE=105277&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2013&THEME=95&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=">"Ethnic Origin (264), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3), Generation Status (4), Age Groups (10) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2011 National Household Survey"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Canada" title="Statistics Canada">Statistics Canada</a>. 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181224183256/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/dt-td/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=0&PID=105396&PRID=0&PTYPE=105277&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2013&THEME=95&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=">Archived</a> from the original on 24 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Origin+%28264%29%2C+Single+and+Multiple+Ethnic+Origin+Responses+%283%29%2C+Generation+Status+%284%29%2C+Age+Groups+%2810%29+and+Sex+%283%29+for+the+Population+in+Private+Households+of+Canada%2C+Provinces%2C+Territories%2C+Census+Metropolitan+Areas+and+Census+Agglomerations%2C+2011+National+Household+Survey&rft.pub=Statistics+Canada&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fnhs-enm%2F2011%2Fdp-pd%2Fdt-td%2FRp-eng.cfm%3FLANG%3DE%26APATH%3D3%26DETAIL%3D0%26DIM%3D0%26FL%3DA%26FREE%3D0%26GC%3D0%26GID%3D0%26GK%3D0%26GRP%3D0%26PID%3D105396%26PRID%3D0%26PTYPE%3D105277%26S%3D0%26SHOWALL%3D0%26SUB%3D0%26Temporal%3D2013%26THEME%3D95%26VID%3D0%26VNAMEE%3D%26VNAMEF%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eastonbh.ac.nz/2003/06/ithe_irish_in_new_zealand_historical_contexts_and_perspectivesi/">"The Irish in New Zealand: Historical Contexts and Perspectives – Brian Easton"</a>. <i>www.eastonbh.ac.nz</i>. 14 June 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190105184309/http://www.eastonbh.ac.nz/2003/06/ithe_irish_in_new_zealand_historical_contexts_and_perspectivesi/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.eastonbh.ac.nz&rft.atitle=The+Irish+in+New+Zealand%3A+Historical+Contexts+and+Perspectives+%E2%80%93+Brian+Easton&rft.date=2003-06-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eastonbh.ac.nz%2F2003%2F06%2Fithe_irish_in_new_zealand_historical_contexts_and_perspectivesi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Argentina-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Argentina_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Argentina_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071014183725/http://westernpeople.ie/news/story.asp?j=36054">"Flying the Irish flag in Argentina"</a>. Western People. 14 March 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://westernpeople.ie/news/story.asp?j=36054">the original</a> on 14 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Flying+the+Irish+flag+in+Argentina&rft.pub=Western+People&rft.date=2008-03-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwesternpeople.ie%2Fnews%2Fstory.asp%3Fj%3D36054&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Irlandeses,_120.000-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Irlandeses,_120.000_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Higgins_Tours" class="citation web cs1">O'Higgins Tours. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ohigginstours.com/esp/irlandeses.php">"Los irlandeses en Chile"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170907165703/http://www.ohigginstours.com/esp/irlandeses.php">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Los+irlandeses+en+Chile&rft.au=O%27Higgins+Tours&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohigginstours.com%2Fesp%2Firlandeses.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230307190133/http://www.europeanirish.com/germany/an">"estimated 35,000-more than 1 million enjoy Irish culture"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.europeanirish.com/germany/an">the original</a> on 7 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=estimated+35%2C000-more+than+1+million+enjoy+Irish+culture&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.europeanirish.com%2Fgermany%2Fan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/abroad/who-are-the-irish-in-france-and-what-are-they-doing-there-1.3761654">"Who are the Irish in France, and what are they doing there?"</a>. Irish Times. 18 January 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190522173857/https://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/abroad/who-are-the-irish-in-france-and-what-are-they-doing-there-1.3761654">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Who+are+the+Irish+in+France%2C+and+what+are+they+doing+there%3F&rft.pub=Irish+Times&rft.date=2019-01-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Flife-and-style%2Fabroad%2Fwho-are-the-irish-in-france-and-what-are-they-doing-there-1.3761654&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opendata.cbs.nl/statline/#/CBS/nl/dataset/37325/table?ts=1584306247468">"Bevolking; geslacht, leeftijd, generatie en migratieachtergrond, 1 januari"</a> (in Dutch). Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS). 22 July 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170803035505/https://opendata.cbs.nl/statline/#/CBS/nl/dataset/37325/table?ts=1584306247468">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bevolking%3B+geslacht%2C+leeftijd%2C+generatie+en+migratieachtergrond%2C+1+januari&rft.pub=Central+Bureau+of+Statistics+%28CBS%29&rft.date=2021-07-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopendata.cbs.nl%2Fstatline%2F%23%2FCBS%2Fnl%2Fdataset%2F37325%2Ftable%3Fts%3D1584306247468&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dfa.ie/irish-embassy/colombia/newsevents/irlandeses-en-colombia-y-antioquia-.html">"Irlandeses en Colombia y Antioquia"</a>. <i>www.dfa.ie</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220826014128/https://www.dfa.ie/irish-embassy/colombia/newsevents/irlandeses-en-colombia-y-antioquia-.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.dfa.ie&rft.atitle=Irlandeses+en+Colombia+y+Antioquia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dfa.ie%2Firish-embassy%2Fcolombia%2Fnewsevents%2Firlandeses-en-colombia-y-antioquia-.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelgason2000" class="citation journal cs1">Helgason, Agnar; et al. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1287529">"Estimating Scandinavian and Gaelic ancestry in the male settlers of Iceland"</a>. <i>The American Journal of Human Genetics</i>. <b>67</b> (3): 697–717. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F303046">10.1086/303046</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9297">0002-9297</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1287529">1287529</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10931763">10931763</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=Estimating+Scandinavian+and+Gaelic+ancestry+in+the+male+settlers+of+Iceland&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=697-717&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1287529%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0002-9297&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10931763&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F303046&rft.aulast=Helgason&rft.aufirst=Agnar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1287529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ColumbanusZenit-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ColumbanusZenit_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ColumbanusZenit_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080615013728/http://www.zenit.org/rssenglish-22867">"Pope Calls Irish Monk a Father of Europe"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Zenit_News_Agency" title="Zenit News Agency">Zenit</a>. 11 July 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zenit.org/rssenglish-22867">the original</a> on 15 June 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pope+Calls+Irish+Monk+a+Father+of+Europe&rft.pub=Zenit&rft.date=2007-07-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zenit.org%2Frssenglish-22867&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smiley630-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Smiley630_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smiley630_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Smiley, p. 630</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oireachtasdebates.oireachtas.ie/debates%20authoring/DebatesWebPack.nsf/takes/dail1987042900006#N6">"Dáil Éireann – 29/Apr/1987 Ceisteanna—Questions. Oral Answers. – Australian Bicentenary"</a>. Oireachtasdebates.oireachtas.ie. 29 April 1987. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181224183253/https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/1987-04-29/#N6">Archived</a> from the original on 24 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=D%C3%A1il+%C3%89ireann+%E2%80%93+29%2FApr%2F1987+Ceisteanna%E2%80%94Questions.+Oral+Answers.+%E2%80%93+Australian+Bicentenary&rft.pub=Oireachtasdebates.oireachtas.ie&rft.date=1987-04-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foireachtasdebates.oireachtas.ie%2Fdebates%2520authoring%2FDebatesWebPack.nsf%2Ftakes%2Fdail1987042900006%23N6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/news/science/dna-study-reveals-fate-of-irish-women-taken-by-vikings-as-slaves-to-iceland-1.3521206">"DNA study reveals fate of Irish women taken by Vikings as slaves to Iceland"</a>. irishtimes.com. 6 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DNA+study+reveals+fate+of+Irish+women+taken+by+Vikings+as+slaves+to+Iceland&rft.pub=irishtimes.com&rft.date=2018-06-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fnews%2Fscience%2Fdna-study-reveals-fate-of-irish-women-taken-by-vikings-as-slaves-to-iceland-1.3521206&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.ie/irish-news/news/first-humans-came-here33000-years-ago-reindeer-bones-show-40326319.html">"First humans came here 33,000 years ago, reindeer bones show"</a>. <i>independent</i>. 18 April 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210427213010/https://www.independent.ie/irish-news/news/first-humans-came-here33000-years-ago-reindeer-bones-show-40326319.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=independent&rft.atitle=First+humans+came+here+33%2C000+years+ago%2C+reindeer+bones+show&rft.date=2021-04-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.ie%2Firish-news%2Fnews%2Ffirst-humans-came-here33000-years-ago-reindeer-bones-show-40326319.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoseingrave" class="citation news cs1">Roseingrave, Louise. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejournal.ie/reindeer-bone-cork-cave-5413607-Apr2021/">"Reindeer bone found in Cork cave shows human activity in Ireland 33,000 years ago"</a>. <i>TheJournal.ie</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210507232843/https://www.thejournal.ie/reindeer-bone-cork-cave-5413607-Apr2021/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TheJournal.ie&rft.atitle=Reindeer+bone+found+in+Cork+cave+shows+human+activity+in+Ireland+33%2C000+years+ago&rft.aulast=Roseingrave&rft.aufirst=Louise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejournal.ie%2Freindeer-bone-cork-cave-5413607-Apr2021%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Pytheas">"Pytheas | Greek explorer"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180103111944/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Pytheas">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Pytheas+%26%23124%3B+Greek+explorer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FPytheas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Erin"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Erin">"Erin" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 9 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 744.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Erin&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=744&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mac Manus, p 1 & 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://discover.familytreedna.com/y-dna/R-M343/frequency">"FamilyTreeDNA Discover™"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Family_TreeDNA" class="mw-redirect" title="Family TreeDNA">Family TreeDNA</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230107205010/https://discover.familytreedna.com/y-dna/R-M343/frequency">Archived</a> from the original on 7 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Family+TreeDNA&rft.atitle=FamilyTreeDNA+Discover%E2%84%A2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscover.familytreedna.com%2Fy-dna%2FR-M343%2Ffrequency&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/24686284/The_phylogenealogy_of_R_L21_four_and_a_half_millennia_of_expansion_and_redistribution">"The phylogenealogy of R-L21: Four and a half millennia of expansion and redistribution."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221111105959/https://www.academia.edu/24686284/The_phylogenealogy_of_R_L21_four_and_a_half_millennia_of_expansion_and_redistribution">Archived</a> 11 November 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Joe_Flood_(policy_analyst)" title="Joe Flood (policy analyst)">Joe Flood</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sciencemag-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sciencemag_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBramantiThomasHaakUnterlaender2009" class="citation journal cs1">Bramanti, B.; Thomas, M. G.; Haak, W.; Unterlaender, M.; Jores, P.; Tambets, K.; Antanaitis-Jacobs, I.; Haidle, M. N.; Jankauskas, R.; Kind, C.-J.; Lueth, F.; Terberger, T.; Hiller, J.; Matsumura, S.; Forster, P.; Burger, J. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1176869">"Genetic Discontinuity Between Local Hunter-Gatherers and Central Europe's First Farmers"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>326</b> (5949): 137–140. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Sci...326..137B">2009Sci...326..137B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1176869">10.1126/science.1176869</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19729620">19729620</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206521424">206521424</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Genetic+Discontinuity+Between+Local+Hunter-Gatherers+and+Central+Europe%27s+First+Farmers&rft.volume=326&rft.issue=5949&rft.pages=137-140&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1176869&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A206521424%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19729620&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009Sci...326..137B&rft.aulast=Bramanti&rft.aufirst=B.&rft.au=Thomas%2C+M.+G.&rft.au=Haak%2C+W.&rft.au=Unterlaender%2C+M.&rft.au=Jores%2C+P.&rft.au=Tambets%2C+K.&rft.au=Antanaitis-Jacobs%2C+I.&rft.au=Haidle%2C+M.+N.&rft.au=Jankauskas%2C+R.&rft.au=Kind%2C+C.-J.&rft.au=Lueth%2C+F.&rft.au=Terberger%2C+T.&rft.au=Hiller%2C+J.&rft.au=Matsumura%2C+S.&rft.au=Forster%2C+P.&rft.au=Burger%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1126%252Fscience.1176869&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalmströmGilbertThomasBrandström2009" class="citation journal cs1">Malmström, Helena; Gilbert, M. Thomas P.; Thomas, Mark G.; Brandström, Mikael; Storå, Jan; Molnar, Petra; Andersen, Pernille K.; Bendixen, Christian; Holmlund, Gunilla; Götherström, Anders; Willerslev, Eske (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2009.09.017">"Ancient DNA Reveals Lack of Continuity between Neolithic Hunter-Gatherers and Contemporary Scandinavians"</a>. <i>Current Biology</i>. <b>19</b> (20): 1758–1762. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009CBio...19.1758M">2009CBio...19.1758M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2009.09.017">10.1016/j.cub.2009.09.017</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19781941">19781941</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9487217">9487217</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&rft.atitle=Ancient+DNA+Reveals+Lack+of+Continuity+between+Neolithic+Hunter-Gatherers+and+Contemporary+Scandinavians&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=20&rft.pages=1758-1762&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cub.2009.09.017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A9487217%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19781941&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009CBio...19.1758M&rft.aulast=Malmstr%C3%B6m&rft.aufirst=Helena&rft.au=Gilbert%2C+M.+Thomas+P.&rft.au=Thomas%2C+Mark+G.&rft.au=Brandstr%C3%B6m%2C+Mikael&rft.au=Stor%C3%A5%2C+Jan&rft.au=Molnar%2C+Petra&rft.au=Andersen%2C+Pernille+K.&rft.au=Bendixen%2C+Christian&rft.au=Holmlund%2C+Gunilla&rft.au=G%C3%B6therstr%C3%B6m%2C+Anders&rft.au=Willerslev%2C+Eske&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.cub.2009.09.017&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlonsoFloresCabreraAlonso2005" class="citation journal cs1">Alonso, Santos; et al. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.ejhg.5201482">"The Place of the Basques in the European Y-chromosome Diversity Landscape"</a>. <i>European Journal of Human Genetics</i>. <b>13</b> (12): 1293–1302. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.ejhg.5201482">10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201482</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16094307">16094307</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=The+Place+of+the+Basques+in+the+European+Y-chromosome+Diversity+Landscape&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1293-1302&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fsj.ejhg.5201482&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16094307&rft.aulast=Alonso&rft.aufirst=Santos&rft.au=Flores%2C+C&rft.au=Cabrera%2C+V&rft.au=Alonso%2C+A&rft.au=Mart%C3%ADn%2C+P&rft.au=Albarr%C3%A1n%2C+C&rft.au=Izagirre%2C+N&rft.au=De+La+R%C3%BAa%2C+C&rft.au=Garc%C3%ADa%2C+O&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252Fsj.ejhg.5201482&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFB._Arredi,_E._S._Poloni_and_C._Tyler-Smith2007" class="citation book cs1">B. Arredi, E. S. Poloni and C. Tyler-Smith (2007). "The peopling of Europe". In Crawford, Michael H. (ed.). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/anthropologicalg00craw"><i>Anthropological genetics: theory, methods and applications</i></a></span>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/anthropologicalg00craw/page/n404">394</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-54697-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-54697-3"><bdi>978-0-521-54697-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+peopling+of+Europe&rft.btitle=Anthropological+genetics%3A+theory%2C+methods+and+applications&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pages=394&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-521-54697-3&rft.au=B.+Arredi%2C+E.+S.+Poloni+and+C.+Tyler-Smith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fanthropologicalg00craw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Balaresque2010-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Balaresque2010_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalaresqueTeteliutinaSerebrennikovaStarostin2010" class="citation journal cs1">Balaresque; et al. (2010). Penny, David (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2799514">"A Predominantly Neolithic Origin for European Paternal Lineages"</a>. <i>PLOS Biology</i>. <b>8</b> (1): 119–122. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1000285">10.1371/journal.pbio.1000285</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2799514">2799514</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20087410">20087410</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+Biology&rft.atitle=A+Predominantly+Neolithic+Origin+for+European+Paternal+Lineages&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=119-122&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2799514%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20087410&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1000285&rft.au=Balaresque&rft.au=Teteliutina%2C+FK&rft.au=Serebrennikova%2C+GK&rft.au=Starostin%2C+SV&rft.au=Churshin%2C+AD&rft.au=Rosser%2C+Zo%C3%AB+H.&rft.au=Goodwin%2C+Jane&rft.au=Moisan%2C+Jean-Paul&rft.au=Richard%2C+Christelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2799514&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaakLazaridisPattersonRohland2015" class="citation journal cs1">Haak, Wolfgang; Lazaridis, Iosif; Patterson, Nick; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Llamas, Bastien; Brandt, Guido; Nordenfelt, Susanne; Harney, Eadaoin; Stewardson, Kristin; Fu, Qiaomei; Mittnik, Alissa; Bánffy, Eszter; Economou, Christos; Francken, Michael; Friederich, Susanne; Pena, Rafael Garrido; Hallgren, Fredrik; Khartanovich, Valery; Khokhlov, Aleksandr; Kunst, Michael; Kuznetsov, Pavel; Meller, Harald; Mochalov, Oleg; Moiseyev, Vayacheslav; Nicklisch, Nicole; Pichler, Sandra L.; Risch, Roberto; Rojo Guerra, Manuel A.; et al. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5048219">"Massive migration from the steppe is a source for Indo-European languages in Europe"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>522</b> (7555): 207–11. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1502.02783">1502.02783</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015Natur.522..207H">2015Natur.522..207H</a>. <a href="/wiki/BioRxiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="BioRxiv (identifier)">bioRxiv</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1101%2F013433">10.1101/013433</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2FNATURE14317">10.1038/NATURE14317</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5048219">5048219</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25731166">25731166</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Massive+migration+from+the+steppe+is+a+source+for+Indo-European+languages+in+Europe&rft.volume=522&rft.issue=7555&rft.pages=207-11&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5048219%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015Natur.522..207H&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1502.02783&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25731166&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2FNATURE14317&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1101%2F013433%23id-name%3DbioRxiv&rft.aulast=Haak&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rft.au=Lazaridis%2C+Iosif&rft.au=Patterson%2C+Nick&rft.au=Rohland%2C+Nadin&rft.au=Mallick%2C+Swapan&rft.au=Llamas%2C+Bastien&rft.au=Brandt%2C+Guido&rft.au=Nordenfelt%2C+Susanne&rft.au=Harney%2C+Eadaoin&rft.au=Stewardson%2C+Kristin&rft.au=Fu%2C+Qiaomei&rft.au=Mittnik%2C+Alissa&rft.au=B%C3%A1nffy%2C+Eszter&rft.au=Economou%2C+Christos&rft.au=Francken%2C+Michael&rft.au=Friederich%2C+Susanne&rft.au=Pena%2C+Rafael+Garrido&rft.au=Hallgren%2C+Fredrik&rft.au=Khartanovich%2C+Valery&rft.au=Khokhlov%2C+Aleksandr&rft.au=Kunst%2C+Michael&rft.au=Kuznetsov%2C+Pavel&rft.au=Meller%2C+Harald&rft.au=Mochalov%2C+Oleg&rft.au=Moiseyev%2C+Vayacheslav&rft.au=Nicklisch%2C+Nicole&rft.au=Pichler%2C+Sandra+L.&rft.au=Risch%2C+Roberto&rft.au=Rojo+Guerra%2C+Manuel+A.&rft.au=Roth%2C+Christina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5048219&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllentoftSikoraSjögrenRasmussen2015" class="citation journal cs1">Allentoft, Morten E.; Sikora, Martin; Sjögren, Karl-Göran; Rasmussen, Simon; Rasmussen, Morten; Stenderup, Jesper; Damgaard, Peter B.; Schroeder, Hannes; Ahlström, Torbjörn; Vinner, Lasse; Malaspinas, Anna-Sapfo; Margaryan, Ashot; Higham, Tom; Chivall, David; Lynnerup, Niels; Harvig, Lise; Baron, Justyna; Casa, Philippe Della; Dąbrowski, Paweł; Duffy, Paul R.; Ebel, Alexander V.; Epimakhov, Andrey; Frei, Karin; Furmanek, Mirosław; Gralak, Tomasz; Gromov, Andrey; Gronkiewicz, Stanisław; Grupe, Gisela; Hajdu, Tamás; et al. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://depot.ceon.pl/handle/123456789/13155">"Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>522</b> (7555): 167–172. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015Natur.522..167A">2015Natur.522..167A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature14507">10.1038/nature14507</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26062507">26062507</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4399103">4399103</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190713182031/https://depot.ceon.pl/handle/123456789/13155">Archived</a> from the original on 13 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Population+genomics+of+Bronze+Age+Eurasia&rft.volume=522&rft.issue=7555&rft.pages=167-172&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature14507&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4399103%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26062507&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015Natur.522..167A&rft.aulast=Allentoft&rft.aufirst=Morten+E.&rft.au=Sikora%2C+Martin&rft.au=Sj%C3%B6gren%2C+Karl-G%C3%B6ran&rft.au=Rasmussen%2C+Simon&rft.au=Rasmussen%2C+Morten&rft.au=Stenderup%2C+Jesper&rft.au=Damgaard%2C+Peter+B.&rft.au=Schroeder%2C+Hannes&rft.au=Ahlstr%C3%B6m%2C+Torbj%C3%B6rn&rft.au=Vinner%2C+Lasse&rft.au=Malaspinas%2C+Anna-Sapfo&rft.au=Margaryan%2C+Ashot&rft.au=Higham%2C+Tom&rft.au=Chivall%2C+David&rft.au=Lynnerup%2C+Niels&rft.au=Harvig%2C+Lise&rft.au=Baron%2C+Justyna&rft.au=Casa%2C+Philippe+Della&rft.au=D%C4%85browski%2C+Pawe%C5%82&rft.au=Duffy%2C+Paul+R.&rft.au=Ebel%2C+Alexander+V.&rft.au=Epimakhov%2C+Andrey&rft.au=Frei%2C+Karin&rft.au=Furmanek%2C+Miros%C5%82aw&rft.au=Gralak%2C+Tomasz&rft.au=Gromov%2C+Andrey&rft.au=Gronkiewicz%2C+Stanis%C5%82aw&rft.au=Grupe%2C+Gisela&rft.au=Hajdu%2C+Tam%C3%A1s&rft.au=Jarysz%2C+Rados%C5%82aw&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdepot.ceon.pl%2Fhandle%2F123456789%2F13155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMathiesonLazaridisRohlandMallick2015" class="citation journal cs1">Mathieson, Iain; Lazaridis, Iosif; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Patterson, Nick; Alpaslan Roodenberg, Songul; Harney, Eadaoin; Stewardson, Kristin; Fernandes, Daniel; Novak, Mario; Sirak, Kendra; Gamba, Cristina; Jones, Eppie R.; Llamas, Bastien; Dryomov, Stanislav; Pickrell, Joseph; Arsuaga, Juan Luis; De Castro, Jose Maria Bermudez; Carbonell, Eudald; Gerritsen, Fokke; Khokhlov, Aleksandr; Kuznetsov, Pavel; Lozano, Marina; Meller, Harald; Mochalov, Oleg; Moiseyev, Vayacheslav; Rojo Guerra, Manuel A.; Roodenberg, Jacob; Verges, Josep Maria; et al. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2015/03/13/016477">"Eight thousand years of natural selection in Europe"</a>. <i>bioRxiv</i>: 016477. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1101%2F016477">10.1101/016477</a></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175023/http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2015/03/13/016477">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=bioRxiv&rft.atitle=Eight+thousand+years+of+natural+selection+in+Europe&rft.pages=016477&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1101%2F016477&rft.aulast=Mathieson&rft.aufirst=Iain&rft.au=Lazaridis%2C+Iosif&rft.au=Rohland%2C+Nadin&rft.au=Mallick%2C+Swapan&rft.au=Patterson%2C+Nick&rft.au=Alpaslan+Roodenberg%2C+Songul&rft.au=Harney%2C+Eadaoin&rft.au=Stewardson%2C+Kristin&rft.au=Fernandes%2C+Daniel&rft.au=Novak%2C+Mario&rft.au=Sirak%2C+Kendra&rft.au=Gamba%2C+Cristina&rft.au=Jones%2C+Eppie+R.&rft.au=Llamas%2C+Bastien&rft.au=Dryomov%2C+Stanislav&rft.au=Pickrell%2C+Joseph&rft.au=Arsuaga%2C+Juan+Luis&rft.au=De+Castro%2C+Jose+Maria+Bermudez&rft.au=Carbonell%2C+Eudald&rft.au=Gerritsen%2C+Fokke&rft.au=Khokhlov%2C+Aleksandr&rft.au=Kuznetsov%2C+Pavel&rft.au=Lozano%2C+Marina&rft.au=Meller%2C+Harald&rft.au=Mochalov%2C+Oleg&rft.au=Moiseyev%2C+Vayacheslav&rft.au=Rojo+Guerra%2C+Manuel+A.&rft.au=Roodenberg%2C+Jacob&rft.au=Verges%2C+Josep+Maria&rft.au=Krause%2C+Johannes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbiorxiv.org%2Fcontent%2Fearly%2F2015%2F03%2F13%2F016477&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadford2015" class="citation news cs1">Radford, Tim (28 December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/2015/dec/28/origins-of-the-irish-down-to-mass-migration-ancient-dna-confirms">"Irish DNA originated in Middle East and eastern Europe"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180117185713/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2015/dec/28/origins-of-the-irish-down-to-mass-migration-ancient-dna-confirms">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Irish+DNA+originated+in+Middle+East+and+eastern+Europe&rft.date=2015-12-28&rft.aulast=Radford&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fscience%2F2015%2Fdec%2F28%2Forigins-of-the-irish-down-to-mass-migration-ancient-dna-confirms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLara_M._CassidyRui_Martiniano2015" class="citation journal cs1">Lara M. Cassidy; Rui Martiniano; et al. (28 December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2015/12/22/1518445113.full.pdf">"Neolithic and Bronze Age migration to Ireland and establishment of the insular Atlantic genome"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>PNAS</i>. <b>113</b> (2): 368–373. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PNAS..113..368C">2016PNAS..113..368C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1518445113">10.1073/pnas.1518445113</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4720318">4720318</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26712024">26712024</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151229093904/http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2015/12/22/1518445113.full.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 29 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PNAS&rft.atitle=Neolithic+and+Bronze+Age+migration+to+Ireland+and+establishment+of+the+insular+Atlantic+genome&rft.volume=113&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=368-373&rft.date=2015-12-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4720318%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26712024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1518445113&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016PNAS..113..368C&rft.au=Lara+M.+Cassidy&rft.au=Rui+Martiniano&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pnas.org%2Fcontent%2Fearly%2F2015%2F12%2F22%2F1518445113.full.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbertO’ReillyMerriganMcGettigan2017" class="citation journal cs1">Gilbert, Edmund; O’Reilly, Seamus; Merrigan, Michael; McGettigan, Darren; Molloy, Anne M.; Brody, Lawrence C.; Bodmer, Walter; Hutnik, Katarzyna; Ennis, Sean; Lawson, Daniel J.; Wilson, James F.; Cavalleri, Gianpiero L. (8 December 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5722868">"The Irish DNA Atlas: Revealing Fine-Scale Population Structure and History within Ireland"</a>. <i>Scientific Reports</i>. <b>7</b> (1): 17199. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017NatSR...717199G">2017NatSR...717199G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-017-17124-4">10.1038/s41598-017-17124-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5722868">5722868</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29222464">29222464</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.atitle=The+Irish+DNA+Atlas%3A+Revealing+Fine-Scale+Population+Structure+and+History+within+Ireland&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=17199&rft.date=2017-12-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5722868%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29222464&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41598-017-17124-4&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017NatSR...717199G&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=Edmund&rft.au=O%E2%80%99Reilly%2C+Seamus&rft.au=Merrigan%2C+Michael&rft.au=McGettigan%2C+Darren&rft.au=Molloy%2C+Anne+M.&rft.au=Brody%2C+Lawrence+C.&rft.au=Bodmer%2C+Walter&rft.au=Hutnik%2C+Katarzyna&rft.au=Ennis%2C+Sean&rft.au=Lawson%2C+Daniel+J.&rft.au=Wilson%2C+James+F.&rft.au=Cavalleri%2C+Gianpiero+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5722868&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2017/12/08/230797.full.pdf">"Celtic Population Structure"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>biorxiv.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180123072402/https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2017/12/08/230797.full.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 23 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=biorxiv.org&rft.atitle=Celtic+Population+Structure&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biorxiv.org%2Fcontent%2Fbiorxiv%2Fearly%2F2017%2F12%2F08%2F230797.full.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-cp8iter/p8iter/p8e/">"Census of Population 2016 – Profile 8 Irish Travellers, Ethnicity and Religion"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210920135911/https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-cp8iter/p8iter/p8e/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2022</span>. <q>There were 10,100 dual Irish nationals who identified themselves as 'Black or Black Irish - African', the largest group of which was Irish-Nigerian nationals (6,683 persons).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+of+Population+2016+%E2%80%93+Profile+8+Irish+Travellers%2C+Ethnicity+and+Religion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cso.ie%2Fen%2Freleasesandpublications%2Fep%2Fp-cp8iter%2Fp8iter%2Fp8e%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishcentral.com/roots/Who-were-the-Black-Irish-92376439.html">Who were the Black Irish? What is the origin of the Irish with swarthy dark features? A subject of historical discussion, the subject is almost never referred to in Ireland</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130525045941/http://www.irishcentral.com/roots/Who-were-the-Black-Irish-92376439.html?">Archived</a> 25 May 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. IrishCentral.com. Staff Writers, 26 March 2013. Retrieved 6 August 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhlstrom" class="citation news cs1">Ahlstrom, Dick. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/news/science/travellers-as-genetically-different-from-settled-irish-as-spanish-1.2969515">"Travellers as 'genetically different' from settled Irish as Spanish"</a>. <i>The Irish Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201031234609/https://www.irishtimes.com/news/science/travellers-as-genetically-different-from-settled-irish-as-spanish-1.2969515">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Travellers+as+%27genetically+different%27+from+settled+Irish+as+Spanish&rft.aulast=Ahlstrom&rft.aufirst=Dick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fnews%2Fscience%2Ftravellers-as-genetically-different-from-settled-irish-as-spanish-1.2969515&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MacManus86-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MacManus86_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MacManus86_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MacManus86_48-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">MacManus, p 86</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MacManus, p 87</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MacManus, p67</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MacManus89-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MacManus89_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MacManus89_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MacManus89_51-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">MacManus, p 89</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nicholls-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nicholls_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nicholls_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nicholls_52-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nicholls_52-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nicholls_52-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nicholls_52-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nicholls_52-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nicholls_52-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nicholls_52-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nicholls_52-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nicholls_52-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nicholls_52-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nicholls </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1997" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Charles (1997). <i>The Edinburgh history of the Scots language</i>. Edinburgh University Press. p. 551. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-0754-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-0754-9"><bdi>978-0-7486-0754-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Edinburgh+history+of+the+Scots+language&rft.pages=551&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-0754-9&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNora_Kershaw_Chadwick1972" class="citation book cs1">Nora Kershaw Chadwick, Myles Dyllon (1972). <i>The Celtic Realms</i>. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7607-4284-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7607-4284-6"><bdi>978-0-7607-4284-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Celtic+Realms&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-7607-4284-6&rft.aulast=Nora+Kershaw+Chadwick&rft.aufirst=Myles+Dyllon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ewancampbell-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ewancampbell_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, Ewan. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.electricscotland.com/history/articles/scotsirish.htm">Were the Scots Irish?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121110002412/http://www.electricscotland.com/history/articles/scotsirish.htm">Archived</a> 10 November 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" in <i>Antiquity</i> #75 (2001).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/homegrown-holy-man-cry-god-for-harry-britain-and-st-aidan-814057.html">"Home-grown holy man: Cry God for Harry, Britain and... St Aidan"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. London. 23 April 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121023202402/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/homegrown-holy-man-cry-god-for-harry-britain-and-st-aidan-814057.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Home-grown+holy+man%3A+Cry+God+for+Harry%2C+Britain+and...+St+Aidan&rft.date=2008-04-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Fthis-britain%2Fhomegrown-holy-man-cry-god-for-harry-britain-and-st-aidan-814057.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MacManus, p 221</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MacManus, p 221-222</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MacManus, p 215</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-StanfordEriugena-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-StanfordEriugena_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-StanfordEriugena_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-StanfordEriugena_60-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/scottus-eriugena/">"John Scottus Eriugena"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>. 17 October 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070627041736/http://plato.stanford.edu//entries///scottus-eriugena/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 June 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=John+Scottus+Eriugena&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.pub=Stanford+University&rft.date=2004-10-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fscottus-eriugena%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gothic-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gothic_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Toman, p 10: "<a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Abelard</a> himself was... together with John Scotus Erigena (9th century), and <a href="/wiki/Lanfranc" title="Lanfranc">Lanfranc</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury</a> (both 11th century), one of the founders of scholasticism."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smiley, p. 274</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoulfe1923" class="citation book cs1">Woulfe, Patrick (1923). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nWFmAAAAMAAJ&q=%22ireland+was+the+first+country+after+the+fall%22"><i>Sloinnte Gaedheal is Gall: Irish names and surnames</i></a>. M. H. Gill & son. pp. xx. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230928160250/https://books.google.com/books?id=nWFmAAAAMAAJ&q=%22ireland+was+the+first+country+after+the+fall%22#v=snippet&q=%22ireland%20was%20the%20first%20country%20after%20the%20fall%22&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sloinnte+Gaedheal+is+Gall%3A+Irish+names+and+surnames&rft.pages=xx&rft.pub=M.+H.+Gill+%26+son&rft.date=1923&rft.aulast=Woulfe&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnWFmAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522ireland%2Bwas%2Bthe%2Bfirst%2Bcountry%2Bafter%2Bthe%2Bfall%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurdess" class="citation news cs1">Burdess, Neil. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/a-dozen-things-you-might-not-know-about-irish-names-1.2842791">"A dozen things you might not know about Irish names"</a>. <i>The Irish Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200921064754/https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/a-dozen-things-you-might-not-know-about-irish-names-1.2842791">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=A+dozen+things+you+might+not+know+about+Irish+names&rft.aulast=Burdess&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fculture%2Fbooks%2Fa-dozen-things-you-might-not-know-about-irish-names-1.2842791&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scottishhistory.com/articles/misc/macvsmc.html">"ScottishHistory.com"</a>. <i>www.scottishhistory.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200326012404/http://www.scottishhistory.com/articles/misc/macvsmc.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.scottishhistory.com&rft.atitle=ScottishHistory.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scottishhistory.com%2Farticles%2Fmisc%2Fmacvsmc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+people" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on a self-published source. (July 2023)">self-published source?</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Hooker" class="citation web cs1">Richard Hooker. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080614140152/http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/MA/NORMANS.HTM">"The Normans"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Washington_State_University" title="Washington State University">Washington State University</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/MA/NORMANS.HTM">the original</a> on 14 June 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Normans&rft.pub=Washington+State+University&rft.au=Richard+Hooker&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsu.edu%2F~dee%2FMA%2FNORMANS.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+people" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on a self-published source. (July 2023)">self-published source?</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lib.ugent.be/viewer/archive.ugent.be:79D46426-CC9D-11E3-B56B-4FBAD43445F2#?c=&m=&s=&cv=85&xywh=-4233,-130,13874,8416">"Théâtre de tous les peuples et nations de la terre avec leurs habits et ornemens divers, tant anciens que modernes, diligemment depeints au naturel par Luc Dheere peintre et sculpteur Gantois[manuscript]"</a>. <i>lib.ugent.be</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201029015419/https://lib.ugent.be/viewer/archive.ugent.be:79D46426-CC9D-11E3-B56B-4FBAD43445F2#?c=&m=&s=&cv=85&xywh=-4233,-130,13874,8416">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lib.ugent.be&rft.atitle=Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre+de+tous+les+peuples+et+nations+de+la+terre+avec+leurs+habits+et+ornemens+divers%2C+tant+anciens+que+modernes%2C+diligemment+depeints+au+naturel+par+Luc+Dheere+peintre+et+sculpteur+Gantois%5Bmanuscript%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flib.ugent.be%2Fviewer%2Farchive.ugent.be%3A79D46426-CC9D-11E3-B56B-4FBAD43445F2%23%3Fc%3D%26m%3D%26s%3D%26cv%3D85%26xywh%3D-4233%2C-130%2C13874%2C8416&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MacManus, p 343</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MacManus, p 340</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MacManus343-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MacManus343_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MacManus343_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">MacManus, p 343–344</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaviani1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paolo_Emilio_Taviani" title="Paolo Emilio Taviani">Taviani, Paolo Emilio</a> (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/christophercolum00tavi/page/376"><i>Christopher Columbus</i></a>. Orbis. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/christophercolum00tavi/page/376">376</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85613-922-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85613-922-2"><bdi>978-0-85613-922-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christopher+Columbus&rft.pages=376&rft.pub=Orbis&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-85613-922-2&rft.aulast=Taviani&rft.aufirst=Paolo+Emilio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchristophercolum00tavi%2Fpage%2F376&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-multiref1-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-multiref1_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-multiref1_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">MacManus, p 348</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MacManus, p 352</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jefferies-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jefferies_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jefferies_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jefferies_74-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJefferies" class="citation web cs1">Jefferies, Dr. Henry A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080416173828/http://multitext.ucc.ie/d/Culture__Religion_in_Tudor_Ireland_1494-1558">"Culture and Religion in Tudor Ireland, 1494–1558"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_College_Cork" title="University College Cork">University College Cork</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://multitext.ucc.ie/d/Culture__Religion_in_Tudor_Ireland_1494-1558">the original</a> on 16 April 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Culture+and+Religion+in+Tudor+Ireland%2C+1494%E2%80%931558&rft.pub=University+College+Cork&rft.aulast=Jefferies&rft.aufirst=Dr.+Henry+A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmultitext.ucc.ie%2Fd%2FCulture__Religion_in_Tudor_Ireland_1494-1558&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://colaisteeanna.ie/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/History-Revision-The-Plantations.pdf">"History Revision – The Plantations"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>colaisteeanna.ie</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211016233620/https://www.colaisteeanna.ie/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/History-Revision-The-Plantations.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 16 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=colaisteeanna.ie&rft.atitle=History+Revision+%E2%80%93+The+Plantations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcolaisteeanna.ie%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2011%2F01%2FHistory-Revision-The-Plantations.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHallinan1977" class="citation journal cs1">Hallinan, Conn Malachi (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/29766019">"The Subjugation and Division of Ireland: Testing Ground for Colonial Policy"</a>. <i>Crime and Social Justice</i> (8): 53–57. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/29766019">29766019</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210829175954/https://www.jstor.org/stable/29766019">Archived</a> from the original on 29 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Crime+and+Social+Justice&rft.atitle=The+Subjugation+and+Division+of+Ireland%3A+Testing+Ground+for+Colonial+Policy&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=53-57&rft.date=1977&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F29766019%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hallinan&rft.aufirst=Conn+Malachi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F29766019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">An Act whereby the King and Queen's Majesties, and the Heires and Successors of the Queen, be entituled to the Countries of Leix, Slewmarge, Irry, Glimnaliry, and Offaily, and for making the same Countries Shire Grounds."; Phil. & Mar., 1556 c.2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin Marix Evans; David Lyons (October 2003). A terrible beauty. Gill & Macmillan. Retrieved 25 February 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrews1984" class="citation book cs1">Andrews, Kenneth (1984). <i>Trade, Plunder and Settlement: Maritime Enterprise and the Genesis of the British Empire, 1480–1630</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 184.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trade%2C+Plunder+and+Settlement%3A+Maritime+Enterprise+and+the+Genesis+of+the+British+Empire%2C+1480%E2%80%931630&rft.pages=184&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Andrews&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lennon p. 279</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacCarthy-Morrogh1983" class="citation thesis cs1">MacCarthy-Morrogh, Michael (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/78864256.pdf"><i>The Munster Plantation, 1583–1641</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (PhD). Royal Holloway College, London University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210830002406/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/78864256.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 30 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Munster+Plantation%2C+1583%E2%80%931641&rft.inst=Royal+Holloway+College%2C+London+University&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=MacCarthy-Morrogh&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcore.ac.uk%2Fdownload%2Fpdf%2F78864256.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Canny, Making Ireland British, p. 146</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Boyle on Atheism</i> by J.J. MacIntosh (University of Toronto Press <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-9018-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-9018-8">978-0-8020-9018-8</a>), page 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MacManus, p 461</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MacManus, p 461-462</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Montgomery2007-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Montgomery2007_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_R._Montgomery2007" class="citation book cs1">David R. Montgomery (14 May 2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dirterosionofciv0000mont"><i>Dirt: The Erosion of Civilizations</i></a></span>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-93316-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-93316-3"><bdi>978-0-520-93316-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dirt%3A+The+Erosion+of+Civilizations&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2007-05-14&rft.isbn=978-0-520-93316-3&rft.au=David+R.+Montgomery&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdirterosionofciv0000mont&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/othelem/research/nisas/rep5c2.htm">"in, Social Attitudes in Northern Ireland: The Fifth Report"</a>. Cain.ulst.ac.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181226220013/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/othelem/research/nisas/rep5c2.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=in%2C+Social+Attitudes+in+Northern+Ireland%3A+The+Fifth+Report&rft.pub=Cain.ulst.ac.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcain.ulst.ac.uk%2Fothelem%2Fresearch%2Fnisas%2Frep5c2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ark.ac.uk/nilt/1999/Community_Relations/NINATID.html">"Northern Ireland Life and Times Survey"</a>. Ark.ac.uk. 9 May 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110510203944/http://www.ark.ac.uk/nilt/1999/Community_Relations/NINATID.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Northern+Ireland+Life+and+Times+Survey&rft.pub=Ark.ac.uk&rft.date=2003-05-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ark.ac.uk%2Fnilt%2F1999%2FCommunity_Relations%2FNINATID.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ark.ac.uk/nilt/1999/Community_Relations/BRITISH.html">"Northern Ireland Life and Times Survey"</a>. Ark.ac.uk. 12 May 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110610101029/http://www.ark.ac.uk/nilt/1999/Community_Relations/BRITISH.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Northern+Ireland+Life+and+Times+Survey&rft.pub=Ark.ac.uk&rft.date=2003-05-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ark.ac.uk%2Fnilt%2F1999%2FCommunity_Relations%2FBRITISH.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ark.ac.uk/nilt/1999/Community_Relations/IRISH.html">"Northern Ireland Life and Times Survey"</a>. Ark.ac.uk. 9 May 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110610101003/http://www.ark.ac.uk/nilt/1999/Community_Relations/IRISH.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Northern+Ireland+Life+and+Times+Survey&rft.pub=Ark.ac.uk&rft.date=2003-05-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ark.ac.uk%2Fnilt%2F1999%2FCommunity_Relations%2FIRISH.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.cso.ie/table/FY032">"Population Usually Resident and Present in the State"</a>. CSO.ie. Central Statistics Office. 30 May 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230928160254/https://data.cso.ie/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+Usually+Resident+and+Present+in+the+State&rft.pub=CSO.ie&rft.date=2023-05-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.cso.ie%2Ftable%2FFY032&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Time1932-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Time1932_92-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Time1932_92-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081208202653/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,753335-1,00.html">"In Dublin"</a>. <i>Time Magazine</i>. 20 June 1932. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,753335-1,00.html">the original</a> on 8 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time+Magazine&rft.atitle=In+Dublin&rft.date=1932-06-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C753335-1%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Paul_McCarthyTomás_O'Riordan" class="citation web cs1">John Paul McCarthy; Tomás O'Riordan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080416181018/http://multitext.ucc.ie/d/The_31st_International_Eucharistic_Congress_Dublin_1932">"The 31st International Eucharistic Congress, Dublin, 1932"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_College_Cork" title="University College Cork">University College Cork</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://multitext.ucc.ie/d/The_31st_International_Eucharistic_Congress_Dublin_1932">the original</a> on 16 April 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2008</span>. <q>Newspapers and contemporaries estimated that close to a million souls had converged on the Phoenix Park for the climax of the Congress</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+31st+International+Eucharistic+Congress%2C+Dublin%2C+1932&rft.pub=University+College+Cork&rft.au=John+Paul+McCarthy&rft.au=Tom%C3%A1s+O%27Riordan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmultitext.ucc.ie%2Fd%2FThe_31st_International_Eucharistic_Congress_Dublin_1932&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The figure 1,250,000 is mentioned on the commemorative stone at the Papal Cross in the Phoenix Park, Dublin; a quarter of the population of the island of Ireland, or a third of the population of Republic of Ireland</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearce2007" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Pearce" title="Joseph Pearce">Pearce, Joseph</a> (March–April 2007). "Editorial: The Celtic Enigma". <i><a href="/wiki/St._Austin_Review" title="St. Austin Review">St. Austin Review</a></i>. <b>7</b> (2). Ave Maria University, Naples, Florida: Sapientia Press: 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=St.+Austin+Review&rft.atitle=Editorial%3A+The+Celtic+Enigma&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2007-03%2F2007-04&rft.aulast=Pearce&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-davis-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-davis_96-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-davis_96-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-davis_96-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_Davis2013" class="citation web cs1">Thomas Davis (28 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.from-ireland.net/our-national-language-thomas-osborne-davis/">"Our National Language"</a>. From-Ireland.net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161019081303/http://www.from-ireland.net/our-national-language-thomas-osborne-davis/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Our+National+Language&rft.pub=From-Ireland.net&rft.date=2013-02-28&rft.au=Thomas+Davis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.from-ireland.net%2Four-national-language-thomas-osborne-davis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_Davis_–_Dame_Street2012" class="citation web cs1">Thomas Davis – Dame Street (17 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20140327050928/http://dublinstreets.osx128.com/dublin-statues-monuments/thomas-davis/">"90,000 Photographs By William Murphy – 90,000 Photographs By William Murphy"</a>. Dublinstreets.osx128.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dublinstreets.osx128.com/dublin-statues-monuments/thomas-davis/">the original</a> on 27 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=90%2C000+Photographs+By+William+Murphy+%E2%80%93+90%2C000+Photographs+By+William+Murphy&rft.pub=Dublinstreets.osx128.com&rft.date=2012-03-17&rft.au=Thomas+Davis+%E2%80%93+Dame+Street&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdublinstreets.osx128.com%2Fdublin-statues-monuments%2Fthomas-davis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aldous, p 185</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyireland.com/volume-24/the-irish-in-the-anglo-caribbean-servants-or-slaves/">"The Irish in the Anglo-Caribbean: servants or slaves? - History Ireland"</a>. 29 February 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170506234049/http://www.historyireland.com/volume-24/the-irish-in-the-anglo-caribbean-servants-or-slaves/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Irish+in+the+Anglo-Caribbean%3A+servants+or+slaves%3F+-+History+Ireland&rft.date=2016-02-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyireland.com%2Fvolume-24%2Fthe-irish-in-the-anglo-caribbean-servants-or-slaves%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFergus1996" class="citation book cs1">Fergus, Howard A (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2DD81ZHWhxgC&pg=PA83"><i>Gallery Montserrat: some prominent people in our history</i></a>. Canoe Press University of West Indies. p. 83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-976-8125-25-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-976-8125-25-5"><bdi>978-976-8125-25-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230928160251/https://books.google.com/books?id=2DD81ZHWhxgC&pg=PA83#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gallery+Montserrat%3A+some+prominent+people+in+our+history&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=Canoe+Press+University+of+West+Indies&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-976-8125-25-5&rft.aulast=Fergus&rft.aufirst=Howard+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2DD81ZHWhxgC%26pg%3DPA83&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130218031334/http://www.irelandroots.com/roots4.htm">"Ireland's Diaspora"</a>. Irelandroots.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irelandroots.com/roots4.htm">the original</a> on 18 February 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ireland%27s+Diaspora&rft.pub=Irelandroots.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irelandroots.com%2Froots4.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Diaspora-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Diaspora_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.discoverireland.com/us/about-ireland/history/">The island history</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130804024816/http://www.discoverireland.com/us/about-ireland/history/">Archived</a> 4 August 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, discoverireland.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WildGeese-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WildGeese_103-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WildGeese_103-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081208194501/http://www.ospreypublishing.com/text_search.aspx?TextSearch=Wild%20Geese&Group=1">"The Wild Geese, Men-at-Arms 102"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Osprey_Publishing" title="Osprey Publishing">Osprey Publishing</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ospreypublishing.com/text_search.aspx?TextSearch=Wild%20Geese&Group=1">the original</a> on 8 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Wild+Geese%2C+Men-at-Arms+102&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ospreypublishing.com%2Ftext_search.aspx%3FTextSearch%3DWild%2520Geese%26Group%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McLaughlin, p4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davies, p 832</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MBrown210-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MBrown210_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2006" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Matthew (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VfQXAAAAYAAJ&q=jack&pg=PA210"><i>Adventuring through Spanish Colonies: Simón Bolívar, Foreign Mercenaries and the Birth of New Nations</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_University_Press" title="Liverpool University Press">Liverpool University Press</a>. p. 210. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781846310447" title="Special:BookSources/9781846310447"><bdi>9781846310447</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230928160252/https://books.google.com/books?id=VfQXAAAAYAAJ&q=jack&pg=PA210">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Adventuring+through+Spanish+Colonies%3A+Sim%C3%B3n+Bol%C3%ADvar%2C+Foreign+Mercenaries+and+the+Birth+of+New+Nations&rft.pages=210&rft.pub=Liverpool+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781846310447&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVfQXAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Djack%26pg%3DPA210&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Ross, <i>Ireland: History of a Nation</i>, New Lanark: Geddes & Grosset, 2002, p. 226. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84205-164-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-84205-164-4">1-84205-164-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Famine that affected Ireland from 1845 to 1852 has become an integral part of folk legend. Kenealy, <i>This Great Calamity</i>, p. 342.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://freepages.rootsweb.com/~dgarvey/genealogy/Garvey_us_census/Montserrat.html">"Montserrat Article"</a>. <i>freepages.rootsweb.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801221248/http://freepages.rootsweb.com/~dgarvey/genealogy/Garvey_us_census/Montserrat.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=freepages.rootsweb.com&rft.atitle=Montserrat+Article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffreepages.rootsweb.com%2F~dgarvey%2Fgenealogy%2FGarvey_us_census%2FMontserrat.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rte.ie//archives/exhibitions/1378-radharc/355633-the-black-irish/">"The Black Irish"</a>. <i>RTÉ Archives</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200621220132/https://www.rte.ie/archives/exhibitions/1378-radharc/355633-the-black-irish/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RT%C3%89+Archives&rft.atitle=The+Black+Irish&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rte.ie%2F%2Farchives%2Fexhibitions%2F1378-radharc%2F355633-the-black-irish%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-irishpresidents-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-irishpresidents_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080509054147/http://irishamericanheritage.com/ProcWebPages/1995.htm">"Irish-American History Month, 1995"</a>. irishamericanheritage.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://irishamericanheritage.com/ProcWebPages/1995.htm">the original</a> on 9 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Irish-American+History+Month%2C+1995&rft.pub=irishamericanheritage.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Firishamericanheritage.com%2FProcWebPages%2F1995.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visitmaryland.org/PressRoom/Pages/MarylandTracesitsIrishRootsar.aspx">Maryland Traces Its Irish Roots</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130619183443/http://www.visitmaryland.org/PressRoom/Pages/MarylandTracesitsIrishRootsar.aspx">Archived</a> 19 June 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Maryland Office of Tourism</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080929120908/http://irishamericanheritage.com/Presidents.htm">"Presidents of the United States with "Irish Roots"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. irishamericanheritage.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://irishamericanheritage.com/Presidents.htm">the original</a> on 29 September 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Presidents+of+the+United+States+with+%22Irish+Roots%22&rft.pub=irishamericanheritage.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Firishamericanheritage.com%2FPresidents.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-whtaft-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-whtaft_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarck" class="citation web cs1">Marck, John T. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aboutfamouspeople.com/article1118.html">"William H. Taft"</a>. aboutfamouspeople.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080512145757/http://www.aboutfamouspeople.com/article1118.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=William+H.+Taft&rft.pub=aboutfamouspeople.com&rft.aulast=Marck&rft.aufirst=John+T&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aboutfamouspeople.com%2Farticle1118.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hardingquest-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hardingquest_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.thinkquest.org/TQ0312172/harding.html">"Warren Gamaliel Harding"</a>. thinkquest.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080328023209/http://library.thinkquest.org/TQ0312172/harding.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Warren+Gamaliel+Harding&rft.pub=thinkquest.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibrary.thinkquest.org%2FTQ0312172%2Fharding.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-abouttruman-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-abouttruman_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarck" class="citation web cs1">Marck, John T. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aboutfamouspeople.com/article1124.html">"Harry S. Truman"</a>. aboutfamouspeople.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080512091831/http://www.aboutfamouspeople.com/article1124.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Harry+S.+Truman&rft.pub=aboutfamouspeople.com&rft.aulast=Marck&rft.aufirst=John+T&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aboutfamouspeople.com%2Farticle1124.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DIG-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DIG_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://homepage.eircom.net/%257Eseanjmurphy/dir/pres.htm">"American Presidents with Irish Ancestors"</a>. Directory of Irish Genealogy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180926132917/http://homepage.eircom.net/~seanjmurphy/dir/pres.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 26 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=American+Presidents+with+Irish+Ancestors&rft.pub=Directory+of+Irish+Genealogy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhomepage.eircom.net%2F%25257Eseanjmurphy%2Fdir%2Fpres.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2015/08/the-man-who-made-trump-who-he-is-121647">"The Man Who Made Trump Who He Is"</a>. <i>Politico Magazine</i>. Politico. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190428214907/https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2015/08/the-man-who-made-trump-who-he-is-121647">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politico+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Man+Who+Made+Trump+Who+He+Is&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fmagazine%2Fstory%2F2015%2F08%2Fthe-man-who-made-trump-who-he-is-121647&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2016/11/02/politics/donald-trump-ancestry-scotland/">"Donald Trump's Scottish roots: How a tiny island could shape a President"</a>. CNN. 2 November 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170202044759/http://edition.cnn.com/2016/11/02/politics/donald-trump-ancestry-scotland/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Donald+Trump%27s+Scottish+roots%3A+How+a+tiny+island+could+shape+a+President&rft.pub=CNN&rft.date=2016-11-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2016%2F11%2F02%2Fpolitics%2Fdonald-trump-ancestry-scotland%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Barry_Kelly" class="citation web cs1">John Barry Kelly. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130805232138/http://www.ushistory.org/people/commodorebarry.htm">"Commodore Barry"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ushistory.org/people/commodorebarry.htm">the original</a> on 5 August 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Commodore+Barry&rft.au=John+Barry+Kelly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushistory.org%2Fpeople%2Fcommodorebarry.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Connaughton-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Connaughton_121-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Connaughton_121-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Connaughton_121-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_G._Connaughton2005" class="citation web cs1">Michael G. Connaughton (September 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irlandeses.org/sanpatriciosB.htm">"Beneath an Emerald Green Flag, The Story of Irish Soldiers in Mexico"</a>. The Society for Irish Latin American Studies. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120828105753/http://www.irlandeses.org/sanpatriciosB.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 28 August 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Beneath+an+Emerald+Green+Flag%2C+The+Story+of+Irish+Soldiers+in+Mexico&rft.pub=The+Society+for+Irish+Latin+American+Studies&rft.date=2005-09&rft.au=Michael+G.+Connaughton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irlandeses.org%2FsanpatriciosB.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark_R._Day" class="citation web cs1">Mark R. Day. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000303201659/http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/mexico/img/more_san_ps.html">"The San Patricios: Mexico's Fighting Irish"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/mexico/img/more_san_ps.html">the original</a> on 3 March 2000<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+San+Patricios%3A+Mexico%27s+Fighting+Irish&rft.au=Mark+R.+Day&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fflag.blackened.net%2Frevolt%2Fmexico%2Fimg%2Fmore_san_ps.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyan2006" class="citation web cs1">Ryan, Sean (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indigo.ie/~wildgees/australia/index.htm">"Botany Bay 1791–1867"</a>. Wild Geese Heritage Museum and Library Portumna, Co. Galway. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081005184041/http://indigo.ie/~wildgees/australia/index.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Botany+Bay+1791%E2%80%931867&rft.pub=Wild+Geese+Heritage+Museum+and+Library+Portumna%2C+Co.+Galway&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Ryan&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findigo.ie%2F~wildgees%2Faustralia%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAustralian_Bureau_of_Statistics2007" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics" title="Australian Bureau of Statistics">Australian Bureau of Statistics</a> (25 October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2006/0">"Australia"</a>. <i>2006 Census QuickStats</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=2006+Census+QuickStats&rft.atitle=Australia&rft.date=2007-10-25&rft.au=Australian+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abs.gov.au%2Fcensus%2Ffind-census-data%2Fquickstats%2F2006%2F0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ireland.embassy.gov.au/dubl/relations.html">"Australia- Ireland relationship – Australian Embassy"</a>. Ireland.embassy.gov.au. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120113041122/http://www.ireland.embassy.gov.au/dubl/relations.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Australia-+Ireland+relationship+%E2%80%93+Australian+Embassy&rft.pub=Ireland.embassy.gov.au&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ireland.embassy.gov.au%2Fdubl%2Frelations.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCole1889" class="citation news cs1">Cole, Patrick (29 March 1889). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000264/18890329/059/0008">"Irish Emigrants to the Argentine Republic"</a></span>. Western Daily Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2015</span> – via <a href="/wiki/British_Newspaper_Archive" title="British Newspaper Archive">British Newspaper Archive</a>. <q>It is a sad and pitiable sight to see Irish mothers with, in some cases, their dying babes in their arms ... ... in many cases mothers sold their clothing from their backs to procure food for their starving children</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Irish+Emigrants+to+the+Argentine+Republic&rft.date=1889-03-29&rft.aulast=Cole&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk%2Fviewer%2Fbl%2F0000264%2F18890329%2F059%2F0008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wander-argentina.com/the-irish-in-argentina/">"The Irish in Argentina"</a>. Wander Argentina. 16 March 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210813031312/https://wander-argentina.com/the-irish-in-argentina/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Irish+in+Argentina&rft.pub=Wander+Argentina&rft.date=2010-03-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwander-argentina.com%2Fthe-irish-in-argentina%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAldous2007" class="citation book cs1">Aldous, Richard (2007). <i>Great Irish Speeches</i>. London: Quercus Publishing PLC. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84724-195-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84724-195-5"><bdi>978-1-84724-195-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Irish+Speeches&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Quercus+Publishing+PLC&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84724-195-5&rft.aulast=Aldous&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies,_Norman1996" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Norman (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/europehistory00davi_0"><i>Europe: A History</i></a></span>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820171-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820171-7"><bdi>978-0-19-820171-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe%3A+A+History&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-19-820171-7&rft.au=Davies%2C+Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feuropehistory00davi_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis1985" class="citation book cs1">Ellis, Steven G. (1985). <i>Tudor Ireland: Crown, Community, and the Conflict of Cultures, 1470–1603</i>. Great Britain: Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-49341-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-49341-4"><bdi>978-0-582-49341-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tudor+Ireland%3A+Crown%2C+Community%2C+and+the+Conflict+of+Cultures%2C+1470%E2%80%931603&rft.place=Great+Britain&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-582-49341-4&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=Steven+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.libraryireland.com/Names.php">Irish Names - origins and meanings</a> at Library Ireland</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacManus1921" class="citation book cs1">MacManus, Seamus (1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/storyofirishrace00macmrich"><i>The Story of the Irish Race: A Popular History of Ireland</i></a>. Ireland: The Irish Publishing Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-517-06408-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-517-06408-5"><bdi>978-0-517-06408-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+the+Irish+Race%3A+A+Popular+History+of+Ireland&rft.place=Ireland&rft.pub=The+Irish+Publishing+Co&rft.date=1921&rft.isbn=978-0-517-06408-5&rft.aulast=MacManus&rft.aufirst=Seamus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstoryofirishrace00macmrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLaughlin1980" class="citation book cs1">McLaughlin, Mark G. (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fJlzoC_RdhEC"><i>The Wild Geese: The Irish Brigades of France and Spain</i></a>. Christopher Warner, illustrator. <a href="/wiki/Osprey_Publishing" title="Osprey Publishing">Osprey Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85045-358-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85045-358-4"><bdi>978-0-85045-358-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wild+Geese%3A+The+Irish+Brigades+of+France+and+Spain&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-85045-358-4&rft.aulast=McLaughlin&rft.aufirst=Mark+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfJlzoC_RdhEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+people" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged May 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholls1972" class="citation book cs1">Nicholls, Kenneth W. (1972). <i>Gaelic and Gaelicised Ireland in the Middle Ages</i>. Gill and Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7171-0561-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7171-0561-8"><bdi>978-0-7171-0561-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gaelic+and+Gaelicised+Ireland+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.pub=Gill+and+Macmillan&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-7171-0561-8&rft.aulast=Nicholls&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOppenheimer2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Oppenheimer" title="Stephen Oppenheimer">Oppenheimer, Stephen</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780786718900"><i>The Origins of the British: A Genetic Detective Story</i></a>. Carroll & Graf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-1890-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-1890-0"><bdi>978-0-7867-1890-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+the+British%3A+A+Genetic+Detective+Story&rft.pub=Carroll+%26+Graf&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7867-1890-0&rft.aulast=Oppenheimer&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780786718900&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSykes2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Sykes" class="mw-redirect" title="Brian Sykes">Sykes, Bryan</a> (2006). <i>Blood of the Isles: Exploring the Genetic Roots of Our Tribal History</i>. DNA, Fossil. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-593-05652-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-593-05652-3"><bdi>978-0-593-05652-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blood+of+the+Isles%3A+Exploring+the+Genetic+Roots+of+Our+Tribal+History&rft.pub=DNA%2C+Fossil&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-593-05652-3&rft.aulast=Sykes&rft.aufirst=Bryan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToman2007" class="citation book cs1">Toman, Rolf (2007). <i>The Art of Gothic: Architecture, Sculpture, Painting</i>. photography by Achim Bednorz. <a href="/wiki/Tandem_Verlag_GmbH" class="mw-redirect" title="Tandem Verlag GmbH">Tandem Verlag GmbH</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8331-4676-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8331-4676-3"><bdi>978-3-8331-4676-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Gothic%3A+Architecture%2C+Sculpture%2C+Painting&rft.pub=Tandem+Verlag+GmbH&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-8331-4676-3&rft.aulast=Toman&rft.aufirst=Rolf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVarious2001" class="citation book cs1">Various (2001). Smiley, Jane (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090916234712/http://us.penguingroup.com/nf/Book/BookDisplay/0,,9780141000039,00.html"><i>The Sagas of Icelanders</i></a>. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-100003-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-100003-9"><bdi>978-0-14-100003-9</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://us.penguingroup.com/nf/Book/BookDisplay/0,,9780141000039,00.html">the original</a> on 16 September 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sagas+of+Icelanders&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-14-100003-9&rft.au=Various&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fus.penguingroup.com%2Fnf%2FBook%2FBookDisplay%2F0%2C%2C9780141000039%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+people" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:People_of_Ireland" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:People of Ireland">People of Ireland</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bloodoftheirish.com/"><i>Blood of the Irish</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180324152901/http://bloodoftheirish.com/">Archived</a> 24 March 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>—Documentary about Irish genetic history</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ireland_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ireland_topics" title="Template:Ireland topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ireland_topics" title="Template talk:Ireland topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ireland_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ireland topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ireland_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ireland-related_topics" title="List of Ireland-related topics">topics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Outline of the Republic of Ireland">topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Northern_Ireland%E2%80%93related_topics" title="List of Northern Ireland–related topics">topics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland" title="History of Ireland">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Irish_history" title="Timeline of Irish history">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Ireland" title="Prehistoric Ireland">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protohistory_of_Ireland" title="Protohistory of Ireland">Protohistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(400%E2%80%93800)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ireland (400–800)">Early history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic Ireland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Ireland" title="Lordship of Ireland">Lordship of Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(800%E2%80%931169)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ireland (800–1169)">800–1169</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1169%E2%80%931536)" title="History of Ireland (1169–1536)">1169–1536</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Kingdom of Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1536%E2%80%931691)" title="History of Ireland (1536–1691)">1536–1691</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1691%E2%80%931800)" title="History of Ireland (1691–1800)">1691–1800</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1801%E2%80%931923)" title="History of Ireland (1801–1923)">1801–1923</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Republic" title="Irish Republic">Irish Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ireland_(1921%E2%80%931922)" title="Southern Ireland (1921–1922)">Southern Ireland (1921–1922)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> (1921–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Northern_Ireland" title="History of Northern Ireland">since 1922</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State (1922–1937)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="History of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland (since 1922)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tara_(Ireland)" title="Battle of Tara (Ireland)">Battles of Tara</a> / <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Glenmama" title="Battle of Glenmama">Glenmama</a> / <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Clontarf" title="Battle of Clontarf">Clontarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_invasion_of_Ireland" title="Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland">Norman invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_campaign_in_Ireland" title="Bruce campaign in Ireland">Bruce campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Tudor conquest of Ireland">Tudor conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmond_Rebellions" title="Desmond Rebellions">Desmond Rebellions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada_in_Ireland" title="Spanish Armada in Ireland">Spanish Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)" title="Nine Years' War (Ireland)">Tyrone's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_of_the_Earls" title="Flight of the Earls">Flight of the Earls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation_of_Ulster" title="Plantation of Ulster">Plantation of Ulster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1641" title="Irish Rebellion of 1641">1641 Rebellion</a> / <a href="/wiki/Irish_Confederate_Wars" title="Irish Confederate Wars">Confederate War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cromwellian_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Cromwellian conquest of Ireland">Cromwellian conquest</a> / <a href="/wiki/Act_for_the_Settlement_of_Ireland_1652" title="Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652">Settlement of 1652</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williamite_War_in_Ireland" title="Williamite War in Ireland">Williamite War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_laws_(Ireland)" title="Penal laws (Ireland)">Penal Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Famine_(1740%E2%80%931741)" title="Irish Famine (1740–1741)">First Great Famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798" title="Irish Rebellion of 1798">1798 Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1800" title="Acts of Union 1800">Act of Union (1800)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_rebellion_of_1803" title="Irish rebellion of 1803">1803 Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tithe_War" title="Tithe War">Tithe War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)" title="Great Famine (Ireland)">Second Great Famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_War" title="Land War">Land War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenian_Rising" title="Fenian Rising">Fenian Rising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_lock-out" title="Dublin lock-out">Dublin lock-out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland_Act_1914" title="Government of Ireland Act 1914">Home Rule crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Rising" title="Easter Rising">Easter Rising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Irish War of Independence">War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_Treaty" title="Anglo-Irish Treaty">Anglo-Irish Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Civil_War" title="Irish Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Emergency_(Ireland)" title="The Emergency (Ireland)">The Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_campaign_(Irish_Republican_Army)" title="Northern campaign (Irish Republican Army)">IRA Northern Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_campaign_(Irish_Republican_Army)" title="Border campaign (Irish Republican Army)">IRA Border Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles">The Troubles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_peace_process" title="Northern Ireland peace process">Peace process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Economy of the Republic of Ireland">Economy of the Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Tiger" title="Celtic Tiger">Celtic Tiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-2008_Irish_economic_downturn" title="Post-2008 Irish economic downturn">Post-2008 Irish economic downturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-2008_Irish_banking_crisis" title="Post-2008 Irish banking crisis">Post-2008 Irish banking crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_Ireland" title="List of conflicts in Ireland">List of conflicts in Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Celtic_peoples_and_tribes#Goidels_/_Gaels_/_Hibernians" title="List of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes">List of Irish tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_kingdoms" title="List of Irish kingdoms">List of Irish kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_High_Kings_of_Ireland" title="List of High Kings of Ireland">List of High Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland#Dress" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic clothing and fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the Republic of Ireland">List of World Heritage Sites in the Republic of Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Geography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Ireland" title="Geography of Ireland">Geography</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Natural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Ireland" title="Climate of Ireland">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Climate change in the Republic of Ireland">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_landforms_of_Ireland" title="Coastal landforms of Ireland">Coastline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Ireland" title="Extreme points of Ireland">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Ireland" title="Fauna of Ireland">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Ireland" title="List of islands of Ireland">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_loughs_of_Ireland" title="List of loughs of Ireland">Loughs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_mountains_in_Ireland" title="Lists of mountains in Ireland">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivers_of_Ireland" title="Rivers of Ireland">Rivers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Ireland" title="List of rivers of Ireland">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="List of national parks of the Republic of Ireland">List of national parks of the Republic of Ireland</a> / <a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_the_United_Kingdom#National_parks_in_Northern_Ireland" title="National parks of the United Kingdom">in Northern Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Human</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Ireland" title="Architecture of Ireland">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_buildings_in_Ireland" title="List of buildings in Ireland">Notable buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Ireland" title="List of tallest structures in Ireland">Tallest buildings and structures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_status_in_Ireland" title="City status in Ireland">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Ireland" title="Counties of Ireland">Counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Demographics of the Republic of Ireland">Demographics of the Republic of Ireland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Demographics of Northern Ireland">of Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ports_in_Ireland" title="List of ports in Ireland">Ports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Ireland" title="Provinces of Ireland">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_border" title="Republic of Ireland–United Kingdom border">ROI–UK border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_towns_in_Ireland" title="Lists of towns in Ireland">Towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Tourism in the Republic of Ireland">Tourism in the Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_Ireland" title="List of tourist attractions in Ireland">Tourist attractions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Ireland" title="Transport in Ireland">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Politics of the Republic of Ireland">Politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_loyalism" title="Ulster loyalism">Ulster loyalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_Ireland" title="Unionism in Ireland">Unionism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Politics of the Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Ireland" title="Constitution of Ireland">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Economy of the Republic of Ireland">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Education in the Republic of Ireland">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Ireland" title="Foreign relations of Ireland">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland" title="Government of Ireland">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Local government in the Republic of Ireland">local</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Law of the Republic of Ireland">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the Republic of Ireland">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oireachtas" title="Oireachtas"><i>Oireachtas</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">parliament</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1il_%C3%89ireann" title="Dáil Éireann"><i>Dáil Éireann</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(lower house)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seanad_%C3%89ireann" title="Seanad Éireann"><i>Seanad Éireann</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(upper house)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Ireland" title="President of Ireland">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Taxation in the Republic of Ireland">Taxation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Politics of Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Assembly" title="Northern Ireland Assembly">Assembly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%27Hondt_method" title="D'Hondt method">D'Hondt method</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Economy of Northern Ireland">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Education in Northern Ireland">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Executive" title="Northern Ireland Executive">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Local government in Northern Ireland">local</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Northern_Ireland" title="LGBT rights in Northern Ireland">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_peace_process" title="Northern Ireland peace process">Peace process</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ireland" title="Culture of Ireland">Culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_cuisine" title="Irish cuisine">Cuisine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Food</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_dishes" title="List of Irish dishes">List of dishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barmbrack" title="Barmbrack">Barmbrack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacon_and_cabbage" title="Bacon and cabbage">Bacon and cabbage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxty" title="Boxty">Boxty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champ_(food)" title="Champ (food)">Champ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coddle" title="Coddle">Coddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colcannon" title="Colcannon">Colcannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drisheen" title="Drisheen">Drisheen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_breakfast#Ireland" title="Full breakfast">Irish fry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skirts_and_kidneys" title="Skirts and kidneys">Skirts and kidneys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soda_bread" title="Soda bread">Soda bread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spice_bag" title="Spice bag">Spice Bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_stew" title="Irish stew">Stew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-in-1_(fast_food_dish)" title="3-in-1 (fast food dish)">Three-in-One</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Drinks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_coffee" title="Irish coffee">Coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_cream" title="Irish cream">Cream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinness" title="Guinness">Guinness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Mist" title="Irish Mist">Mist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poit%C3%ADn" title="Poitín">Poitín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_breakfast_tea" title="Irish breakfast tea">Tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_whiskey" title="Irish whiskey">Whiskey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_dance" title="Irish dance">Dance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jig" title="Jig">Jig</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sean-n%C3%B3s_dance" title="Sean-nós dance">Sean-nós</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_set_dancing" title="Irish set dancing">Set dancing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_stepdance" title="Irish stepdance">Stepdance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Festivals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imbolc" title="Imbolc">Imbolc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day" title="Saint Patrick's Day">Saint Patrick's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beltane" title="Beltane">Bealtaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Twelfth" title="The Twelfth">The Twelfth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lughnasadh" title="Lughnasadh">Lúnasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_of_Tralee_(festival)" title="Rose of Tralee (festival)">Rose of Tralee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samhain" title="Samhain">Samhain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween">Halloween</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wren_Day" title="Wren Day">Wren Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Ireland" title="Languages of Ireland">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hiberno-English" title="Hiberno-English">Hiberno-English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelta" title="Shelta">Shelta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_dialect" title="Ulster Scots dialect">Ulster Scots</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_literature" title="Irish literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_annals" title="Irish annals">Annals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_prose_fiction" title="Irish prose fiction">Fiction</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Modern_literature_in_Irish" title="Modern literature in Irish">Gaeilge</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_poetry" title="Irish poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_theatre" title="Irish theatre">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triads_of_Ireland" title="Triads of Ireland">Triads</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ireland" title="Music of Ireland">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_ballads" title="List of Irish ballads">Ballads</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A8ilidh" title="Cèilidh">Céilí</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_traditional_music" title="Irish traditional music">Folk music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_traditional_music_session" title="Irish traditional music session">session</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Irish_musical_instruments" title="Category:Irish musical instruments">Instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Ireland" title="Rock music in Ireland">Rock music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Irish_singing" title="Traditional Irish singing">Traditional singing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Mythology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology#Mythological_cycle" title="Irish mythology">Cycles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mythological_Cycle" title="Mythological Cycle">Mythological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenian_Cycle" title="Fenian Cycle">Fenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Cycle" title="Ulster Cycle">Ulster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycles_of_the_Kings" title="Cycles of the Kings">Kings</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aos_S%C3%AD" title="Aos Sí">Aos Sí</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Echtra" title="Echtra">Echtrai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Immram" title="Immram">Immrama</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tuatha_D%C3%A9_Danann" title="Tuatha Dé Danann">Tuatha Dé Danann</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Firbolg" class="mw-redirect" title="Firbolg">Firbolg</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fomorians" title="Fomorians">Fomorians</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Irish_legendary_creatures" title="Category:Irish legendary creatures">Legendary creatures</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_people" title="Anglo-Irish people">Anglo-Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic Ireland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normans_in_Ireland" title="Normans in Ireland">Hiberno-Normans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_diaspora" title="Irish diaspora">Irish diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_people" title="List of Irish people">List of Irish people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Travellers" title="Irish Travellers">Travellers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_people" title="Ulster Scots people">Ulster Scots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yola_people" title="Yola people">Yola</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Ireland" title="Sport in Ireland">Sport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_football_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Association football in the Republic of Ireland">Association football in the Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_football_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Association football in Northern Ireland">Association football in Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camogie" title="Camogie">Camogie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_football" title="Gaelic football">Gaelic football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_handball" title="Gaelic handball">Gaelic handball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurling" title="Hurling">Hurling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_martial_arts" title="Irish martial arts">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_road_bowling" title="Irish road bowling">Road bowling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rounders" title="Rounders">Rounders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Ireland" title="Rugby union in Ireland">Rugby union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Category:National_symbols_of_Ireland" title="Category:National symbols of Ireland">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brigid%27s_cross" title="Brigid's cross">Brighid's Cross</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Celtic_harp" title="Celtic harp">Cláirseach</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armorial_of_Ireland" title="Armorial of Ireland">County coats of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_Ireland" title="List of flags of Ireland">Flags</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_flags_issue" title="Northern Ireland flags issue">Northern Ireland flags issue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Wolfhound" title="Irish Wolfhound">Irish Wolfhound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Ireland" title="Coat of arms of Ireland">National coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Hand_of_Ulster" title="Red Hand of Ulster">Red Hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamrock" title="Shamrock">Shamrock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_calendar" title="Irish calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Ireland" title="List of castles in Ireland">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Ireland" title="Cinema of Ireland">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the Republic of Ireland">Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_houses_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="List of historic houses in the Republic of Ireland">Historic houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Ireland" title="Homelessness in Ireland">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Mass media in the Republic of Ireland">Mass media (Republic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monastic_houses_in_Ireland" title="List of monastic houses in Ireland">Monastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_name" title="Irish name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_names_in_Ireland" title="Place names in Ireland">Place names</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_place_names_in_other_countries" title="List of Irish place names in other countries">outside Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Prostitution in the Republic of Ireland">Prostitution (Republic)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Prostitution in Northern Ireland">in Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Public holidays in the Republic of Ireland">Public holidays in the Republic of Ireland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_United_Kingdom#Dates_in_England,_Northern_Ireland,_and_Wales" title="Public holidays in the United Kingdom">in Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_pub" title="Irish pub">Public houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Ireland" title="Squatting in Ireland">Squatting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Four_Provinces_Flag.svg/32px-Four_Provinces_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Four_Provinces_Flag.svg/48px-Four_Provinces_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Four_Provinces_Flag.svg/64px-Four_Provinces_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1320" data-file-height="680" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ireland" title="Portal:Ireland">Ireland portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Celts_and_modern_Celts" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Celts" title="Template:Celts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Celts" title="Template talk:Celts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Celts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Celts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Celts_and_modern_Celts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Celts_(modern)" title="Celts (modern)">modern Celts</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Celtic nations</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Celtic_studies" title="Celtic studies">Celtic studies</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Celtic_peoples_and_tribes" title="List of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes">Celtic tribes</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic languages</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Peoples" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Peoples</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Celtic_peoples_and_tribes" title="List of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes">Ancient Celtic ethnic groups</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Celts" title="Names of the Celts">Names</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgae" title="Belgae">Belgae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Britons" title="Celtic Britons">Britons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caledonians" title="Caledonians">Caledonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberians" title="Celtiberians">Celtiberians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallaeci" title="Gallaeci">Gallaeci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatians_(people)" title="Galatians (people)">Galatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helvetii" title="Helvetii">Helvetii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepontii" title="Lepontii">Lepontii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noricum" title="Noricum">Noricum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcae" title="Volcae">Volcae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celts_(modern)" title="Celts (modern)">Modern Celtic ethnic groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bretons" title="Bretons">Bretons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_people" title="Cornish people">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_people" title="Welsh people">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaels</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_people" title="Manx people">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scots</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Celtic diaspora</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_diaspora" title="Cornish diaspora">Cornish diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_diaspora" title="Irish diaspora">Irish diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_diaspora" title="Scottish diaspora">Scottish diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh diaspora">Welsh diaspora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related ethnic groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Celtic" title="Anglo-Celtic">Anglo-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_Americans" title="Breton Americans">Breton Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_Americans" title="Cornish Americans">Cornish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English people</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Irish people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Celtic_round_dogs.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Celtic_round_dogs.svg/100px-Celtic_round_dogs.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Celtic_round_dogs.svg/150px-Celtic_round_dogs.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Celtic_round_dogs.svg/200px-Celtic_round_dogs.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1400" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Studies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_studies" title="Celtic studies">Studies</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1l_Riata" title="Dál Riata">Dálriata</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Alba" title="Kingdom of Alba">Alba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Iron_Age" title="British Iron Age">Iron Age Britain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brigantia_(ancient_region)" title="Brigantia (ancient region)">Brigantia (ancient region)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman Britain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sub-Roman_Britain" title="Sub-Roman Britain">Sub-Roman Britain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dumnonia" title="Dumnonia">Dumnonia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hen_Ogledd" title="Hen Ogledd">Hen Ogledd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Iron Age Gaul</a> / <a href="/wiki/Roman_Gaul" title="Roman Gaul">Roman Gaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britonia" title="Britonia">Britonia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armorica" title="Armorica">Armorica</a> / <a href="/wiki/Domnon%C3%A9e" title="Domnonée">Domnonée</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallaecia" title="Gallaecia">Gallaecia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Cisalpine Gaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_settlement_of_Southeast_Europe" title="Celtic settlement of Southeast Europe">Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celts_in_Transylvania" title="Celts in Transylvania">Transylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatia" title="Galatia">Galatia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_paganism" title="Proto-Celtic paganism">Proto-Celtic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Celtic polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_deities" title="Celtic deities">Celtic deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Animism" title="Celtic Animism">Celtic Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_mythology" title="Celtic mythology">Celtic mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Christianity" title="Celtic Christianity">Celtic Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Rite" title="Celtic Rite">Celtic Rites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_stone_idols" title="Celtic stone idols">Celtic stone idolss</a>* <a href="/wiki/Druid" title="Druid">Druids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Monasticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Insular Monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Celtic_temple" title="Romano-Celtic temple">Romano-Celtic temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Celtic_pagan_practices" title="Template:Celtic pagan practices">Practices</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mythology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_mythology" title="Scottish mythology">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_mythology" title="Welsh mythology">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matter_of_Britain" title="Matter of Britain">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_mythology" title="Breton mythology">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_mythology" title="Cornish mythology">Cornish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bard" title="Bard">Bard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brehon" title="Brehon">Brehon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_calendar" title="Celtic calendar">Celtic calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_festivals" title="List of Celtic festivals">Celtic festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_women" title="Ancient Celtic women">Celtic women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celticisation" title="Celticisation">Celticisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Name" title="Chief of the Name">Chief of the Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derbfine" title="Derbfine">Derbfine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druid" title="Druid">Druid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_clan_chief" title="Scottish clan chief">Clan chief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelicisation" title="Gaelicisation">Gaelicisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Irish_astrology" title="Early Irish astrology">Gaelic astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1inne" title="Fáinne">Fáinne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fili" class="mw-redirect" title="Fili">Fili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_law" title="Celtic law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanistry" title="Tanistry">Tanistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seancha%C3%AD" title="Seanchaí">Seanchaí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sept" title="Sept">Sept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BAath" title="Túath">Túath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vates" title="Vates">Vates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic warfare">Warfare</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gaelic_warfare" title="Gaelic warfare">Gaelic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_coinage" title="Celtic coinage">Coinage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Modern_Celts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celts_(modern)" title="Celts (modern)">Modern Celts</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Revival" title="Celtic Revival">Celtic Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Celtic nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Celticism" title="Pan-Celticism">Pan-Celticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Congress" title="Celtic Congress">Celtic Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_League" title="Celtic League">Celtic League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_union" title="Celtic union">Celtic union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_music" title="Celtic music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_rock" title="Celtic rock">Rock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Celtic_Christianity" title="Neo-Celtic Christianity">Neo-Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_neopaganism" title="Celtic neopaganism">Neopaganism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Wicca" title="Celtic Wicca">Celtic Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druidry_(modern)" title="Druidry (modern)">Neo-Druidism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nations" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Nations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_League" title="Celtic League">Celtic League</a> definition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a> (<span title="Breton-language text"><i lang="br">Breizh</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a> (<span title="Cornish-language text"><i lang="kw">Kernow</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> (<span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Éire</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a> (<span title="Manx-language text"><i lang="gv">Mannin</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> (<span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">Alba</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> (<span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">Cymru</i></span>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other claimants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y_Wladfa" title="Y Wladfa">Y Wladfa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Culture</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_literature" title="Celtic literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matter_of_Britain" title="Matter of Britain">Arthurian Legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_bardic_poetry" title="Irish bardic poetry">Bardic Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_literature" title="Breton literature">Breton literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_literature" title="Cornish literature">Cornish literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_literature" title="Irish literature">Irish literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_literature" title="Manx literature">Manx literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_literature" title="Scottish literature">Scottish literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh-language_literature" title="Welsh-language literature">Welsh-language literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_literature_in_English" title="Welsh literature in English">Welsh literature in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Irish_literature" title="Early Irish literature">Early Irish literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_annals" title="Irish annals">Irish annals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_literature" title="Gaelic literature">Gaelic literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_literature" title="Scottish Gaelic literature">Scottish Gaelic literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National cultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Brittany" title="Culture of Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Cornwall" title="Culture of Cornwall">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ireland" title="Culture of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Culture of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Scotland" title="Culture of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Wales" title="Culture of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_art" title="Celtic art">Art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bell_shrine" title="Bell shrine">Bell shrines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_brooch" title="Celtic brooch">Brooches</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dragonesque_brooch" title="Dragonesque brooch">Dragonesque</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnyx" title="Carnyx">Carnyx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_cross" title="Celtic cross">Celtic cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_knot" title="Celtic knot">Knotwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_cross" title="High cross">High crosses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_art" title="Insular art">Insular art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlace_(art)" title="Interlace (art)">Interlace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_leaf-crown" title="Celtic leaf-crown">Leaf-crowns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_maze" title="Celtic maze">Mazes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictish_stone" title="Pictish stone">Pictish stones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torc" title="Torc">Torcs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triskelion" title="Triskelion">Triple spiral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Clothing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Dress" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic Dress">Celtic Dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_clothing" title="Irish clothing">Gaelic clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_dress" title="Highland dress">Highland dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartan" title="Tartan">Tartan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional cultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Highlands" title="Scottish Highlands">Highland culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_music" title="Celtic music">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_music" title="Ancient Celtic music">Ancient Celtic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Brittany" title="Music of Brittany">Breton Folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_folk_music" title="Gaelic folk music">Gaelic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_traditional_music" title="Irish traditional music">Irish folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_folk_music" title="Scottish folk music">Scottish folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_folk_music" title="Welsh folk music">Welsh folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean-n%C3%B3s_singing" title="Sean-nós singing">Sean-nós singing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnyx" title="Carnyx">Carnyx</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="National_music_scenes" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National music scenes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Brittany" title="Music of Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cornwall" title="Music of Cornwall">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_music_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk music of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Music of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Scotland" title="Music of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Wales" title="Music of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_festivals" title="List of Celtic festivals">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_calendar" title="Celtic calendar">Calendar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samhain" title="Samhain">Samhain</a>/<a href="/wiki/Calan_Gaeaf" title="Calan Gaeaf">Calan Gaeaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imbolc" title="Imbolc">Imbolc</a>/<a href="/wiki/G%C5%B5yl_Fair_y_Canhwyllau" title="Gŵyl Fair y Canhwyllau">Gŵyl Fair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beltane" title="Beltane">Beltane</a>/<a href="/wiki/Calan_Mai" title="Calan Mai">Calan Mai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lughnasadh" title="Lughnasadh">Lughnasadh</a>/<a href="/wiki/Gathering_Day" title="Gathering Day">Calan Awst</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festival_Interceltique_de_Lorient" title="Festival Interceltique de Lorient">Festival Interceltique de Lorient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Celtic_Festival" title="Pan Celtic Festival">Pan Celtic Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebridean_Celtic_Festival" title="Hebridean Celtic Festival">Hebridean Celtic Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Connections" title="Celtic Connections">Celtic Connections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Media_Festival" title="Celtic Media Festival">Celtic Media Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisteddfod" title="Eisteddfod">Eisteddfod</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bando_(sport)" title="Bando (sport)">Bando</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bataireacht" class="mw-redirect" title="Bataireacht">Bataireacht</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camogie" title="Camogie">Camogie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cammag" title="Cammag">Cammag</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cnapan" title="Cnapan">Cnapan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_hurling" title="Cornish hurling">Cornish hurling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_wrestling" title="Cornish wrestling">Cornish wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curling" title="Curling">Curling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_football" title="Gaelic football">Gaelic football</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ladies%27_Gaelic_football" title="Ladies' Gaelic football">Ladies'</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_handball" title="Gaelic handball">Gaelic handball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouren" title="Gouren">Gouren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rounders" title="Rounders">Rounders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_games" title="Highland games">Highland games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurling" title="Hurling">Hurling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_road_bowling" title="Irish road bowling">Road bowls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinty" title="Shinty">Shinty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_handball" title="Welsh handball">Welsh handball</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Politics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nationalism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_nationalism" title="Breton nationalism">Breton nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Breton_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Breton nationalism">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reunification_of_Brittany" title="Reunification of Brittany">reunification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_nationalism" title="Cornish nationalism">Cornish nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_status_of_Cornwall" title="Constitutional status of Cornwall">status</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Irish nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Manx nationalism">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_status_of_Orkney,_Shetland_and_the_Western_Isles" title="Constitutional status of Orkney, Shetland and the Western Isles">Constitutional status of Orkney, Shetland and the Western Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_nationalism" title="Scottish nationalism">Scottish nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_national_identity" title="Scottish national identity">national identity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_nationalism" title="Welsh nationalism">Welsh nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_national_identity" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh national identity">national identity</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autonomy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_devolution" title="Cornish devolution">Cornish devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_devolution" title="Scottish devolution">Scottish devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_devolution" title="Welsh devolution">Welsh devolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Breton independence">Breton independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_independence" title="Scottish independence">Scottish independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_independence" title="Welsh independence">Welsh independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Ireland" title="United Ireland">United Ireland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">Irish republicanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pan-Celticism" title="Pan-Celticism">Pan-Celticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_League" title="Celtic League">Celtic League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Congress" title="Celtic Congress">Celtic Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Revival" title="Celtic Revival">Celtic Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_society" title="Celtic society">Celtic society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_unity" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic unity">Celtic unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columba_Project" title="Columba Project">Columba Project</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Brittonic_languages" title="Brittonic languages">Brittonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Goidelic_languages" title="Goidelic languages">Goidelic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_language" title="Manx language">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">Mixed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shelta" title="Shelta">Shelta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bungi_dialect" title="Bungi dialect">Bungi Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beurla_Reagaird" title="Beurla Reagaird">Beurla Reagaird</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Continental_Celtic_languages" title="Continental Celtic languages">Ancient Celtic languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Extinct_language" title="Extinct language">Extinct</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_language" title="Proto-Celtic language">Proto-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Brittonic" title="Common Brittonic">Proto-Brittonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_Irish" title="Primitive Irish">Proto-Goidelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberian_language" title="Celtiberian language">Celtiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaulish" title="Gaulish">Gaulish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatian_language" title="Galatian language">Galatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallaecian_language" title="Gallaecian language">Gallaecian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepontic_language" title="Lepontic language">Lepontic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noric_language" title="Noric language">Noric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumbric" title="Cumbric">Cumbric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictish_language" title="Pictish language">Pictish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispano-Celtic_languages" title="Hispano-Celtic languages">Hispano-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaulish" title="Cisalpine Gaulish">Cisalpine Gaulish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a> dialects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arran_Gaelic" title="Arran Gaelic">Arran Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deeside_Gaelic" title="Deeside Gaelic">Deeside Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galwegian_Gaelic" title="Galwegian Gaelic">Galwegian Gaelic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Law_and_Warfare" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_law" title="Celtic law">Law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_warfare" title="Ancient Celtic warfare">Warfare</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_law" title="Celtic law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Irish_law" title="Early Irish law">Early Irish law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyfraith_Hywel" title="Cyfraith Hywel">Cyfraith Hywel</a> (Medieval Welsh law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Scots_law" title="History of Scots law">Early Scots law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_warfare" title="Ancient Celtic warfare">Warfare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_warfare" title="Gaelic warfare">Gaelic warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cateran" title="Cateran">Ceathairne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kern_(soldier)" title="Kern (soldier)">Ceithearn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fianna" title="Fianna">Fianna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaesatae" title="Gaesatae">Gaesatae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallowglass" title="Gallowglass">Gallóglaigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobelar" title="Hobelar">Hobelar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redshank_(soldier)" title="Redshank (soldier)">Redshanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimarcisia" title="Trimarcisia">Trimarcisia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Lists" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Lists</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Celtic_peoples_and_tribes" title="List of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes">Tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_deities" title="List of Celtic deities">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_English_words_of_Celtic_origin" title="Lists of English words of Celtic origin">Celtic words in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_words_of_Celtic_origin" title="List of Spanish words of Celtic origin">– in Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Galician_words_of_Celtic_origin" title="List of Galician words of Celtic origin">– in Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_words_of_Gaulish_origin" title="List of French words of Gaulish origin">Gaulish words in French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_place_names_in_Galicia" title="List of Celtic place names in Galicia">Celtic place names in Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_place_names_in_Italy" title="List of Celtic place names in Italy">– in Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_place_names_in_Portugal" title="List of Celtic place names in Portugal">– in Portugal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Celts" title="Portal:Celts">Celts portal</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg/16px-Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg/24px-Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg/32px-Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="639" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="British_Isles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:British_Isles" title="Template:British Isles"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:British_Isles" title="Template talk:British Isles"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:British_Isles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:British Isles"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="British_Isles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_British_Isles" title="Names of the British Isles">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminology_of_the_British_Isles" title="Terminology of the British Isles">Terminology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alba" title="Alba">Alba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albion" title="Albion">Albion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cymru" title="Cymru">Cymru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prydain" title="Prydain">Prydain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britain_(place_name)" title="Britain (place name)">Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89ire" title="Éire">Éire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibernia" title="Hibernia">Hibernia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (<a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em"><a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Bailiwick of Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Political cooperation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ireland%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Ireland–United Kingdom relations">Ireland–United Kingdom relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British%E2%80%93Irish_Council" title="British–Irish Council">British–Irish Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British%E2%80%93Irish_Intergovernmental_Conference" title="British–Irish Intergovernmental Conference">British–Irish Intergovernmental Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British%E2%80%93Irish_Parliamentary_Assembly" title="British–Irish Parliamentary Assembly">British–Irish Parliamentary Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Travel_Area" title="Common Travel Area">Common Travel Area</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Island groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands" title="Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islands_of_the_Clyde" title="Islands of the Clyde">Islands of the Clyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrides" title="Hebrides">Hebrides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Hebrides" title="Inner Hebrides">Inner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_Hebrides" title="Outer Hebrides">Outer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Isles" title="Northern Isles">Northern Isles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orkney" title="Orkney">Orkney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shetland" title="Shetland">Shetland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isles_of_Scilly" title="Isles of Scilly">Isles of Scilly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Lists of islands of</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" class="mw-redirect" title="List of islands of the Bailiwick of Guernsey">Bailiwick of Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Ireland" title="List of islands of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_Bailiwick_of_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="List of islands of the Bailiwick of Jersey">Bailiwick of Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="List of islands of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of islands of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_England" title="List of islands of England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Scotland" title="List of islands of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Wales" title="List of islands of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_Isles" title="History of the British Isles">History</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_history_of_the_British_Isles" title="Outline of the history of the British Isles">outline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Island groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland" title="History of Ireland">Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Current states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="History of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_England" title="History of England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Northern_Ireland" title="History of Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Scotland" title="History of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wales" title="History of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guernsey" title="History of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jersey" title="History of Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="History of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Former states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Wales" title="Principality of Wales">Principality of Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Kingdom of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Kingdom of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Modern languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_language" title="Manx language">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auregnais" title="Auregnais">Auregnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guern%C3%A9siais" title="Guernésiais">Guernésiais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A8rriais" title="Jèrriais">Jèrriais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sercquiais" title="Sercquiais">Sercquiais</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Sign_Language" title="British Sign Language">British Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Sign_Language" title="Irish Sign Language">Irish Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Sign_Language" title="Northern Ireland Sign Language">Northern Ireland Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelta" title="Shelta">Shelta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_people" title="British people">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_people" title="Cornish people">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanichal" title="Romanichal">English Gypsies</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Travellers" title="Irish Travellers">Irish Travellers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kale_(Welsh_Roma)" title="Kale (Welsh Roma)">Kale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_people" title="Manx people">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_Northern_Ireland" title="People of Northern Ireland">Northern Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_people" title="Ulster Scots people">Ulster-Scots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_people" title="Welsh people">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170826#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170826#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170826#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4109151-6">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Irové"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph117643&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10639245">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Irish_people&oldid=1255727301">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Irish_people&oldid=1255727301</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Irish_people" title="Category:Irish people">Irish people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Gaels" title="Category:Gaels">Gaels</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom">Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Ireland" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Ireland">Ethnic groups in Ireland</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Dutch-language_sources_(nl)" title="Category:CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)">CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1911_Encyclopaedia_Britannica_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_self-published_sources" title="Category:All articles with self-published sources">All articles with self-published sources</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_self-published_sources_from_July_2023" title="Category:Articles with self-published sources from July 2023">Articles with self-published sources from July 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_semi-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages">Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_May_2021" title="Category:Use dmy dates from May 2021">Use dmy dates from May 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%22Related_ethnic_groups%22_needing_confirmation" title="Category:"Related ethnic groups" needing confirmation">"Related ethnic groups" needing confirmation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Irish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Irish-language text">Articles containing Irish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_March_2020" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2020">Articles with unsourced statements from March 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases" title="Category:All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases">All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases_from_June_2024" title="Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from June 2024">Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from June 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_February_2010" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from February 2010">Articles needing additional references from February 2010</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2012" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2012">Articles with unsourced statements from July 2012</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Old_French_(842-ca._1400)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text">Articles containing Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_January_2018" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2018">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_August_2020" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from August 2020">Articles needing additional references from August 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_August_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from August 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from July 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_February_2010" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2010">Articles with unsourced statements from February 2010</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_September_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from September 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_May_2023" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from May 2023">Articles with dead external links from May 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Breton-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Breton-language text">Articles containing Breton-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Cornish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Cornish-language text">Articles containing Cornish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Manx-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Manx-language text">Articles containing Manx-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Scottish_Gaelic-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Scottish Gaelic-language text">Articles containing Scottish Gaelic-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Welsh-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Welsh-language text">Articles containing Welsh-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 6 November 2024, at 10:05<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Irish_people&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-4bspq","wgBackendResponseTime":214,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.999","walltime":"2.476","ppvisitednodes":{"value":13737,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":537722,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":21046,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":57,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":434514,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1982.842 1 -total"," 39.02% 773.652 2 Template:Reflist"," 16.37% 324.631 53 Template:Cite_web"," 8.46% 167.775 12 Template:Cite_journal"," 6.54% 129.626 1 Template:Langx"," 6.06% 120.230 2 Template:Navbox_with_collapsible_groups"," 5.70% 113.102 2 Template:Short_description"," 5.58% 110.729 23 Template:Navbox"," 5.46% 108.253 11 Template:Fix"," 5.36% 106.356 1 Template:Irish_people"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.194","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":24890440,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","300","22.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","180","13.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","160","11.9"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","100","7.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","60","4.5"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","60","4.5"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","60","4.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","60","4.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::preprocess","40","3.0"],["getArgs \u003CModule:Arguments:57\u003E","40","3.0"],["[others]","280","20.9"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-dxng5","timestamp":"20241122140812","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Irish people","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Irish_people","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q170826","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q170826","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-07-03T19:25:22Z","dateModified":"2024-11-06T10:05:41Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/5\/51\/Map_of_the_Irish_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg","headline":"Celtic people"}</script> </body> </html>