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Frank Baum</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Maud Gage Baum</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:L._Frank_and_Maud_Baum_in_Egypt_1906.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/L._Frank_and_Maud_Baum_in_Egypt_1906.png/220px-L._Frank_and_Maud_Baum_in_Egypt_1906.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="327" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/L._Frank_and_Maud_Baum_in_Egypt_1906.png 1.5x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="485" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">L. Frank and Maud Gage Baum in Egypt in 1906</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Maud Gage</div> March 27, 1861</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">March 6, 1953(1953-03-06) (aged 91)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data">Syracuse Classical School <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/L._Frank_Baum" title="L. Frank Baum">L. Frank Baum</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style>1882; died <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">1919)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">4, including <a href="/wiki/Frank_Joslyn_Baum" title="Frank Joslyn Baum">Frank</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harry_Neal_Baum" title="Harry Neal Baum">Harry</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Matilda_Joslyn_Gage" title="Matilda Joslyn Gage">Matilda Joslyn Gage</a> Henry Hill Gage</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Roger_S._Baum" title="Roger S. Baum">Roger S. Baum</a> (great-grandson)</td></tr></tbody></table> Maud Gage Baum (<a href="/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names" title="Birth name">née</a> Gage; March 27, 1861 – March 6, 1953) was the wife of American <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_literature" title="Children's literature">children's publisher</a> <a href="/wiki/L._Frank_Baum" title="L. Frank Baum">L. Frank Baum</a>. Her mother was the <a href="/wiki/Suffragette" title="Suffragette">suffragist</a> <a href="/wiki/Matilda_Joslyn_Gage" title="Matilda Joslyn Gage">Matilda Joslyn Gage</a>. In her early life, she attended a boys' high school. Maud lived in <a href="/wiki/Fayetteville,_New_York" title="Fayetteville, New York">Fayetteville, New York</a>, with her aging parents until she married Frank in 1882, sacrificing her college education at <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a>. At the onset of their marriage, she accompanied her husband's acting troupe throughout the United States. After she became pregnant, Maud and Frank settled down in a rented house, where she gave birth to <a href="/wiki/Frank_Joslyn_Baum" title="Frank Joslyn Baum">Frank Joslyn</a> in 1883. Complications arising from giving birth to her second son Robert Stanton in 1886 caused Maud to become afflicted with <a href="/wiki/Peritonitis" title="Peritonitis">peritonitis</a>. Ill for two years, she found solace in visiting her mother and siblings. In 1889 and 1891, she gave birth to <a href="/wiki/Harry_Neal_Baum" title="Harry Neal Baum">Harry Neal</a> and Kenneth Gage, respectively. Described by her children as a no-nonsense mother, Maud took charge of the family finances and the disciplining of her children. She was their primary caretaker because her husband's business obligations frequently led to his being away for weeks at a time. The family moved to <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen,_South_Dakota" title="Aberdeen, South Dakota">Aberdeen, South Dakota</a>, in 1888 because Maud wished to be near her brother and two sisters. After her husband was unable to sustain a living there, they moved to Chicago. Because of their dire financial situation, Maud also worked, teaching embroidery and <a href="/wiki/Lace" title="Lace">lace</a>-making. Beginning in 1900, her husband's best-selling picture book, <a href="/wiki/Father_Goose:_His_Book" title="Father Goose: His Book">Father Goose: His Book</a> (first published in 1899), brought the family financial security that it had theretofore lacked. They began spending their summers at a cottage in <a href="/wiki/Macatawa,_Michigan" class="mw-redirect" title="Macatawa, Michigan">Macatawa Park, Michigan</a>. In November of that year, Frank transferred to Maud the literary rights of his most recent books, including Father Goose and From Kansas to Fairyland (later published as <a href="/wiki/The_Wonderful_Wizard_of_Oz" title="The Wonderful Wizard of Oz">The Wonderful Wizard of Oz</a>). By dint of Frank's literary successes, Maud and Frank were financially secure enough to tour Egypt and Europe for six months. Since Frank was frequently occupied with penning stories for his publishers, Maud was the one who wrote numerous letters home. These letters were later published in 1907 as In Other Lands Than Ours for friends and family. After Frank died, she authorized <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Plumly_Thompson" title="Ruth Plumly Thompson">Ruth Plumly Thompson</a> to write more <a href="/wiki/List_of_Oz_books" title="List of Oz books">Oz sequels</a> and helped promote <a href="/wiki/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer" title="Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer">MGM</a>'s film <a href="/wiki/The_Wizard_of_Oz_(1939_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)">The Wizard of Oz</a> (1939). In 1953, she died at 91 years of age, surviving her husband by 34 years. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maud_Gage_Baum&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MatildaJoslynGage.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/MatildaJoslynGage.jpeg/200px-MatildaJoslynGage.jpeg" decoding="async" width="200" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/MatildaJoslynGage.jpeg/300px-MatildaJoslynGage.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/MatildaJoslynGage.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="524" /></a><figcaption>Maud's mother, <a href="/wiki/Matilda_Joslyn_Gage" title="Matilda Joslyn Gage">Matilda Joslyn Gage</a></figcaption></figure> Born on March 27, 1861<a href="#cite_note-Los_Angeles_Times_Obituary-1">[1]</a> to <a href="/wiki/Matilda_Joslyn_Gage" title="Matilda Joslyn Gage">Matilda Joslyn Gage</a> and Henry Hill Gage<a href="#cite_note-Abrams35-2">[2]</a> Maud was the youngest of their four children.<a href="#cite_note-Harmetz312-3">[3]</a> She had two sisters, Helen Leslie Gage and Julia Gage Carpenter, and a brother, Thomas Clarkson Gage.<a href="#cite_note-Rogers19-4">[4]</a> Her mother was a feminist who fought for women's rights, and her father was a prosperous dry-goods retailer.<a href="#cite_note-Abrams35-2">[2]</a> A relative noted that Maud's mother was a "woman of force" who "ruled her mild, gentle husband and her four children with a rod of iron".<a href="#cite_note-Schwartz54-5">[5]</a> Maud lived with her parents in a <a href="/wiki/Greek_Revival_architecture" title="Greek Revival architecture">Greek Revival</a> home in <a href="/wiki/Fayetteville,_New_York" title="Fayetteville, New York">Fayetteville, New York</a>. Baum scholar Evan I. Schwartz wrote that Maud had "dark hair, a shapely figure, and eyes as sharp as her mind".<a href="#cite_note-Schwartz28-6">[6]</a> In her youth, Maud went to a boys' high school.<a href="#cite_note-Abrams36-7">[7]</a> Both she and her future husband, <a href="/wiki/L._Frank_Baum" title="L. Frank Baum">L. Frank Baum</a>, attended Syracuse Classical School, a preparatory school in <a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_New_York" title="Syracuse, New York">Syracuse, New York</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BaumHearn7-8">[8]</a> In September 1880, Maud headed to <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a>, leaving on a train and arriving at an <a href="/wiki/Ithaca,_New_York" title="Ithaca, New York">Ithaca</a> depot two hours later.<a href="#cite_note-Schwartz28-6">[6]</a> Her brother, Clarkson, had graduated as one of the top of the class, though her elder sisters did not attend a university. When Maud arrived at the university, she intended to be the family's first woman to receive a complete degree. Her mother dreamed of her becoming a doctor or a lawyer, which would be an unprecedented accomplishment for a woman.<a href="#cite_note-Schwartz29-9">[9]</a> Though Maud had very little knowledge about being on her own, she was not timid.<a href="#cite_note-Schwartz28-6">[6]</a> When she entered the <a href="/wiki/Parlor" class="mw-redirect" title="Parlor">parlor</a> of her dormitory on her first day there, she recognized a tune from the piano. Telling the girls around her that "I dearly love dancing", Maud pretended to dance.<a href="#cite_note-Schwartz29-9">[9]</a> A sophomore girl, Jessie Mary Boulton, who observed her wrote in a letter back home: "There is one that I think will make quite a stir. Her name is Gage and she is lively." Baum scholar Evan I. Schwartz remarked that "[l]ively may have seemed like a compliment of sorts but it was a code word for trouble". A girl characterized as "lively" would have a difficult time in college and was likely to produce gossip.<a href="#cite_note-Schwartz29–30-10">[10]</a> Maud's tuition cost $25 each term, roughly equivalent to the money her father made each week at his Fayetteville store.<a href="#cite_note-Schwartz28-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[nb 1]</a> The cost of living at Sage College, a dormitory populated exclusively by females,<a href="#cite_note-Schwartz28-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[nb 2]</a> was $7.50 every week, which amounted to $340 every year. If two students roomed together, each could save $40. To save money, Maud chose to room with a sophomore girl, Josie Baum. When they were still strangers to each other, they addressed each other formally, saying "Miss Gage" or "Miss Baum".<a href="#cite_note-Schwartz30-14">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[nb 3]</a> After Maud passed the exam, she was included in the September 16, 1880, inaugural issue of the school daily, Cornell Sun, as "Miss M. Gage, Fayetteville". In her freshman class of 131 students, there were only 19 women.<a href="#cite_note-Schwartz31-17">[14]</a> The few young women compared to the number of young men led to the women being paid unwanted attention. Maud's classmate, Jessie Mary, wrote that the "[b]oys (or young men as I guess they call themselves) abound". She noted that girls were frequently ogled by the boys, who enjoyed teasing them. When a girl was late, the boys would loudly clap as she sat down.<a href="#cite_note-Schwartz31-17">[14]</a> Each October, the freshman class would elect about twelve positions, including a president and vice president, a treasurer, a class essayist, and a marshal. The marshal was tasked with organizing parties and other social occurrences. Girls were generally barred from most of the positions. However, an annual tradition of the boys was to "nominate the most precocious girl" and then "gossip about her viciously". Maud was nominated.<a href="#cite_note-Schwartz33-18">[15]</a> Nasty rumors about Maud circulated around campus, causing her to angrily lock herself in her dorm, where she cried for several hours. Her roommate, Jessie, wrote in a letter home that: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">We have had a sensation here. I told you about a lively girl in the freshman class. Monday, at the class of '84 election, her name was put on one of the tickets for marshal ... She is a very sensitive girl and has been taking it very hard. She has tried to keep straight and her failure is what troubles her ... She is quite young and has never been on her own responsibility before, which makes it doubly hard for her. Her mother is Mrs. Joslyn Gage.<a href="#cite_note-Schwartz33-18">[15]</a></blockquote> Because the boys knew her mother was the women's rights activist Matilda Joslyn Gage, Maud was subjected to more bullying than the other girls. Divided on the issue of women's rights, some Cornell boys believed it to be a farce, ripe for mockery.<a href="#cite_note-Schwartz33–34-19">[16]</a> Others thought it to be a plague, a danger that had to be ended. In the September 29, 1880, issue of the Cornell Sun's humor column<a href="#cite_note-Schwartz326-20">[17]</a> a boy included the limerick: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">There is a gay maiden at Sage, Who flies into a terrible rage If one says in a crowd, In a tone a bit loud, "Matilda, may I ask your age?"<a href="#cite_note-Schwartz34-21">[18]</a></blockquote> The poem was an undisguised attack on Maud for being her mother's substitute. Unaccustomed to the boys' nasty behavior, Maud was severely wounded.<a href="#cite_note-Schwartz34-21">[18]</a> Not all the men condoned such behavior. The all-male editorial board of the Cornell Sun wrote that the boys were being cruel in entering a fake ticket to mock girls. They wrote that "[t]here is not the slightest reason ... to hold the ladies up to ridicule. They have neither sought nor do they aspire to class politics, but have left politics to the more experienced sex."<a href="#cite_note-Schwartz35-22">[19]</a> The abuse she suffered at Cornell emotionally scarred her, possibly coloring her view of Cornell men and revealing to her the taxing nature of a woman's forging her way through a world dominated by men.<a href="#cite_note-Schwartz35–36-23">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_with_L._Frank_Baum">Life with L. Frank Baum</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maud_Gage_Baum&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Life with L. Frank Baum">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maud_Gage_Baum_1880.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Maud_Gage_Baum_1880.jpg/200px-Maud_Gage_Baum_1880.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Maud_Gage_Baum_1880.jpg/300px-Maud_Gage_Baum_1880.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Maud_Gage_Baum_1880.jpg/400px-Maud_Gage_Baum_1880.jpg 2x" data-file-width="413" data-file-height="591" /></a><figcaption>Photograph of Maud Gage Baum circa 1906</figcaption></figure> While she was studying English and American literature at <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Schwartz25–26-24">[21]</a> Maud first met her future husband <a href="/wiki/L._Frank_Baum" title="L. Frank Baum">L. Frank Baum</a> at 678 W. Onondaga St., the house of his sister Harriet Baum Neal, and her husband, William Neal.<a href="#cite_note-Lennon-25">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Knauss-26">[23]</a> Her roommate, Josie Baum, was Frank's cousin and urged her to meet Frank. During an 1881 Christmas party, Josie's mother, Josephine, walked hand in hand with Maud to Frank and introduced them to each other, saying, "This is my nephew, Frank. Frank, I want you to know Maud Gage. I'm sure you will love her."<a href="#cite_note-28">[nb 4]</a> Frank replied, "Consider yourself loved Miss Gage", whereupon Maud countered, "Thank you, Mr. Baum. That's a promise. Please see that you live up to it."<a href="#cite_note-Wagman-Geller39–40-29">[25]</a> Not a week elapsed before Frank was certain he was drawn to her; however, she had other beaus. The two were merely friends when she continued her second year in college and Frank went back to working in the theater. On May 15, 1882, Maud traveled to Syracuse to watch Frank perform in <a href="/wiki/The_Maid_of_Arran" title="The Maid of Arran">The Maid of Arran</a>. In the summer of that year, Frank paid frequent visits to Maud by using his father's <a href="/wiki/Horse_and_buggy" class="mw-redirect" title="Horse and buggy">horse and buggy</a> to travel eight miles from his theater company in Syracuse to Maud's house in Fayetteville.<a href="#cite_note-Rogers12–13-30">[26]</a> Not only in awe of Maud's beauty, Frank was also captivated by her poise and sagacity. For Maud, as she wrote in a letter to a friend, Frank was "very handsome and attractive".<a href="#cite_note-Schwartz52-31">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriage_proposal_and_wedding">Marriage proposal and wedding</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maud_Gage_Baum&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Marriage proposal and wedding">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maud_Gage_Baum_wedding_1882.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Maud_Gage_Baum_wedding_1882.jpg/200px-Maud_Gage_Baum_wedding_1882.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Maud_Gage_Baum_wedding_1882.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="285" data-file-height="389" /></a><figcaption>Maud's wedding picture in November 1882</figcaption></figure> A sophomore at <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Schwartz52-31">[27]</a> Maud made a significant sacrifice when she accepted Frank's marriage proposal.<a href="#cite_note-Lurie27-32">[28]</a> She was twenty, and he was twenty-five. Maud's mother, <a href="/wiki/Suffragist" class="mw-redirect" title="Suffragist">suffragist</a> <a href="/wiki/Matilda_Joslyn_Gage" title="Matilda Joslyn Gage">Matilda Joslyn Gage</a>, initially disapproved of Maud's marrying Frank. Matilda considered Frank an "impractical dreamer" who would be unable support a family.<a href="#cite_note-Wagman-Geller39–40-29">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[nb 5]</a> Matilda, who once dreamed of being a doctor and was not accepted by any medical schools, was distressed that her daughter would sacrifice the chance of higher education to marry a traveling actor. After Maud accepted Frank's proposal, she asked him to remain in her front parlor while she broke the news to her mother in the back parlor. In a conversation that Frank "could not help hearing", he listened to Matilda's harsh disapproval.<a href="#cite_note-Rogers13-34">[29]</a> Matilda told Maud she refused to "have my daughter be a darned fool and marry an actor". Maud retorted, "All right, mother, if you feel that way about it, good bye."<a href="#cite_note-Rogers13-34">[29]</a> After her mother requested clarification, she said, "I'm going to marry Frank, so, naturally you don't want a darned fool around the house." Upon recognizing that Maud would marry Frank whether or not she supported her, Matilda laughed and acquiesced.<a href="#cite_note-Wagman-Geller39–40-29">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rogers13-34">[29]</a> On November 9, 1882, Maud and Frank were married by W. H. Hawley, the minister of Fayetteville Baptist Church.<a href="#cite_note-Schwartz67+69-35">[30]</a> The wedding ceremony was held in the parlor of Matilda's home, which was packed with people. Many relatives and friends of Matilda attended the wedding, including Maud's three sisters and women's rights activist <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton" title="Elizabeth Cady Stanton">Elizabeth Cady Stanton</a> and her husband <a href="/wiki/Henry_Stanton" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Stanton">Henry Stanton</a>. Frank's parents, Benjamin and Cynthia, and his sisters, Hattie and Mattie, also attended the wedding. The parlor was so crowded that the hired string quartet had to play upstairs.<a href="#cite_note-Schwartz69-36">[31]</a> The local paper praised the marriage ceremony as "one of equality". Whereas most marriages of the era had the bride's wedding vows include a pledge to obey her husband, the local paper said "the promises required of the bride [were] precisely the same as those required of the groom".<a href="#cite_note-Wagner2003-06-05-37">[32]</a> The couple honeymooned in <a href="/wiki/Saratoga_Springs,_New_York" title="Saratoga Springs, New York">Saratoga Springs, New York</a>, whereupon they passed Thanksgiving with their relatives.<a href="#cite_note-Schwartz70-38">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriage">Marriage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maud_Gage_Baum&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Marriage">edit</a>]</div> Maud's marriage with Frank abounded with passion. The two did not abide by the customary gender roles of a husband and a wife. Whereas at the advent of their marriage Maud was very assertive of her authority, Frank was charming and yielding. In a frequently related family tale, Frank bought a dozen <a href="/wiki/Berliner_(pastry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Berliner (pastry)">bismarks</a> (jelly doughnuts) and took them home. Affronted, Maud enjoined him to tell her whether he disliked the food she purchased and cooked. Frank told her that her meals were satisfying, but he grinned that he also enjoyed to eat Bismarks for breakfast. For three consecutive mornings, she gave him bismarks to eat.<a href="#cite_note-Rogers14-39">[34]</a> Frank, sick of the now stale doughnuts, placed them in the cupboard after bundling them up in newspaper.<a href="#cite_note-Schwartz90-40">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[nb 6]</a> Taking the doughnuts back from the cupboard, Maud forced him to eat them.<a href="#cite_note-Schwartz91-41">[36]</a> After he commented that the doughnuts were growing stale, Maud indifferently responded that because he had purchased them, he was obligated to finish them.<a href="#cite_note-Rogers14-39">[34]</a> Frank, unwilling to eat the moldy doughnuts, buried the rest in the backyard. However, Maud, peering through the window, noticed his actions and immediately scooped them out. "Dust[ing] off" them, she gave one to Frank. Annoyed, Frank told her he no longer wanted to eat the doughnuts because they were "not fit to eat and you know it".<a href="#cite_note-Schwartz91-41">[36]</a> Maud rejoined that because he did not confer with her prior to buying the doughnuts, he had to eat them. However, she told him, "I'll let you off this time if you promise never again to buy any food unless I ask you to get it." Frank consented, and the incident "taught him a lesson he never forgot: that ... around the house she was the boss".<a href="#cite_note-Rogers14-39">[34]</a> Maud was better at managing the family finances than her husband. Whereas her husband's frequent investments were unprofitable, she was "shrewd and impervious". Her son Harry called her "serious, unimaginative, and realistic".<a href="#cite_note-Rogers16-43">[37]</a> Before she married Frank, Maud had a well-off life. Though she assented to living a normal life, Maud was a tad dissatisfied about not completing her studies. As a result, she unleashed her resentment on Frank. Evan I. Schwartz wrote that "[t]he home was the one realm that she could control, and she exercised that control with absolute authority." Maud bossed Frank around, and Frank always complied with her orders. Their relationship paralleled that of Maud's parents. Whereas Maud and her mother ordered their husbands around, Frank and her father gave in to them.<a href="#cite_note-Schwartz89–90-44">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_years_(1882–1888)">Early years (1882–1888)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maud_Gage_Baum&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Early years (1882–1888)">edit</a>]</div> Maud and Frank initially lived in New York, where Frank was employed in the theater business.<a href="#cite_note-Wagman-Geller39–40-29">[25]</a> Together, they traveled by train to Nebraska, thousands of miles away, for Frank's acting tour. Maud crafted a more elaborate costume for Frank, thereby meshing in as an artist with others in the acting troupe.<a href="#cite_note-Schwartz70-38">[33]</a> When she became pregnant, Maud wanted them to be settled in a home before the child's birth.<a href="#cite_note-Rogers14-39">[34]</a> After hiring a new star for his play <a href="/wiki/The_Maid_of_Arran" title="The Maid of Arran">The Maid of Arran</a>, Frank rented a house on Shonnard Street in Syracuse.<a href="#cite_note-Rogers14-39">[34]</a> Their first son, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Joslyn_Baum" title="Frank Joslyn Baum">Frank</a>, was born on December 4, 1883.<a href="#cite_note-Schwartz75-45">[39]</a> Beginning when she was a child, Maud had been amazed by the kempt houses around her neighborhood.<a href="#cite_note-Schwartz74–75-46">[40]</a> She was eager to begin "keeping the household, managing its finances, organizing the kitchen, and practicing her favorite hobby, embroidery".<a href="#cite_note-Schwartz75-45">[39]</a> For Maud, motherhood would be enough of an achievement. To fulfill her mother's dreams of her becoming a female lawyer or doctor entailed tearing down gender barriers, since there were few, if any, women in those professions.<a href="#cite_note-Schwartz75-45">[39]</a> On May 1, 1884, Maud, Frank and their five-month-old son, Frank, moved to 28 Slocum Avenue, which, like their previous residence, was in west Syracuse. During the summer evenings, the family would sip lemonade on the front porch and admire as the "blazing sunsets of the day gave way to the blue Krakatoa moon".<a href="#cite_note-Schwartz85-47">[41]</a> In the summer of 1887, Maud, Frank, and their children lived in the house of Maud's mother, Matilda, whom they frequently visited.<a href="#cite_note-Wagner2009-48">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[nb 7]</a> On September 16, 1888, at 65 years old, Maud's father, Henry Gage, died after years of <a href="/wiki/Typhus" title="Typhus">typhus</a> affliction. Maud, Frank, and their son attended the funeral, which was executed by Pastor Hawley. Hawley had performed Maud and Frank's marriage two years before her father's death.<a href="#cite_note-Schwartz94-50">[43]</a> Their second son, Robert Stanton, was born on February 1, 1886. Robert was born in their new residence, located on Holland Street, into which they had moved a year prior. Robert's birth was complicated, causing Maud an abdominal infection. The resulting complications led to her becoming afflicted with <a href="/wiki/Peritonitis" title="Peritonitis">peritonitis</a>. Confined to bed for months while connected to a drainage tube, she nearly died. Baum scholar Katharine M. Rogers wrote that "[i]n the days before antibiotics, it was remarkable that she pulled through at all". At the time, Frank was selling Castorine<a href="#cite_note-52">[nb 8]</a> and was frequently away from home for several consecutive weeks. When he was at home, he spent all his time with Maud. To be closer to Frank's sisters, they later moved to a rental house. Maud was ill for two years.<a href="#cite_note-Rogers18-53">[45]</a> A special nurse was hired to take care of her.<a href="#cite_note-Abrams38-54">[46]</a> During her illness, she consoled herself by making regular trips to Fayetteville to see her family.<a href="#cite_note-Rogers18-53">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Aberdeen,_South_Dakota_(1888–1900)">Aberdeen, South Dakota (1888–1900)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maud_Gage_Baum&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Aberdeen, South Dakota (1888–1900)">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aberdeen,_South_Dakota,_photographed_by_L._Frank_Baum_1888.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Aberdeen%2C_South_Dakota%2C_photographed_by_L._Frank_Baum_1888.jpg/150px-Aberdeen%2C_South_Dakota%2C_photographed_by_L._Frank_Baum_1888.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Aberdeen%2C_South_Dakota%2C_photographed_by_L._Frank_Baum_1888.jpg/225px-Aberdeen%2C_South_Dakota%2C_photographed_by_L._Frank_Baum_1888.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Aberdeen%2C_South_Dakota%2C_photographed_by_L._Frank_Baum_1888.jpg/300px-Aberdeen%2C_South_Dakota%2C_photographed_by_L._Frank_Baum_1888.jpg 2x" data-file-width="649" data-file-height="414" /></a><figcaption>Aberdeen, South Dakota, in an 1888 photograph by L. Frank Baum</figcaption></figure> Maud's two sisters and brother were in the <a href="/wiki/Dakota_Territory" title="Dakota Territory">Dakota Territory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[nb 9]</a> Maud, Frank, and her two sons moved to Aberdeen, South Dakota, on September 20, 1888, because Frank believed there would be better business opportunities in the West.<a href="#cite_note-Rogers21,_23-57">[48]</a> In 1882, when Maud had traveled with Frank while he had been performing in <a href="/wiki/The_Maid_of_Arran" title="The Maid of Arran">The Maid of Arran</a>, she had not felt at ease in the western cities they visited. But scholar Katharine M. Rogers noted that Maud would have liked being close to her siblings and being afforded a chance at <a href="/wiki/Economic_security" title="Economic security">economic security</a>. Frank started a <a href="/wiki/Dry_goods" title="Dry goods">dry goods</a> store, Baum's Bazaar, on October 1, 1888, to make a stable living for his family.<a href="#cite_note-Abrams43-58">[49]</a> However, because he granted too much credit to his destitute customers, his store went out of business.<a href="#cite_note-Wagman-Geller39–40-29">[25]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harry_Neal_Baum_1890.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Harry_Neal_Baum_1890.jpg/200px-Harry_Neal_Baum_1890.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Harry_Neal_Baum_1890.jpg/300px-Harry_Neal_Baum_1890.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Harry_Neal_Baum_1890.jpg/400px-Harry_Neal_Baum_1890.jpg 2x" data-file-width="789" data-file-height="1021" /></a><figcaption>Maud's four-month-old son, <a href="/wiki/Harry_Neal_Baum" title="Harry Neal Baum">Harry Neal Baum</a>, in May 1890</figcaption></figure> Maud's third son, <a href="/wiki/Harry_Neal_Baum" title="Harry Neal Baum">Harry Neal Baum</a> was born on December 18, 1889. His birth, which was a month before his father's store was foreclosed by the bank, increased the financial burden on the family.<a href="#cite_note-Abrams44-59">[50]</a> Maud's fourth son and final child, Kenneth Gage, was born on May 24, 1891.<a href="#cite_note-Abrams47-60">[51]</a> The family moved to <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, where Frank found a job as a newspaper reporter. By then, Maud and Frank had four sons, Robert, <a href="/wiki/Harry_Neal_Baum" title="Harry Neal Baum">Harry</a>, Kenneth, and <a href="/wiki/Frank_Joslyn_Baum" title="Frank Joslyn Baum">Frank</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wagman-Geller39–40-29">[25]</a> Their Chicago home had neither running water nor a restroom.<a href="#cite_note-BaumZipesIntroduction-61">[52]</a> Because the family's finances were dire, Maud also had to be a breadwinner. Teaching <a href="/wiki/Embroidery" title="Embroidery">embroidery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lace" title="Lace">lace</a>-making, Maud was so successful that by February 1897, she had over 20 students. The money from her students' tuition allowed her to purchase a new rug and furniture for the house.<a href="#cite_note-Abrams51-62">[53]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:68_Humboldt_Boulevard,_Chicago.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/68_Humboldt_Boulevard%2C_Chicago.jpg/200px-68_Humboldt_Boulevard%2C_Chicago.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/68_Humboldt_Boulevard%2C_Chicago.jpg/300px-68_Humboldt_Boulevard%2C_Chicago.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/68_Humboldt_Boulevard%2C_Chicago.jpg/400px-68_Humboldt_Boulevard%2C_Chicago.jpg 2x" data-file-width="649" data-file-height="504" /></a><figcaption>The Baums' house in Chicago on 68 Humboldt Boulevard, where <a href="/wiki/The_Wonderful_Wizard_of_Oz" title="The Wonderful Wizard of Oz">The Wonderful Wizard of Oz</a> was written</figcaption></figure> Maud's mother Matilda frequently spent the winter at their house, as she did when Maud and Frank were residents of Aberdeen. Maud cherished her mother's visits, especially when Frank traveled for his job. During this time, Maud discontinued attending the Episcopal Church, instead choosing to have her boys go to the West Side Ethical Culture Sunday School. She and Frank agreed with Matilda's spiritualist beliefs. Matilda favorably commented that the new school was where "morality and not religion is taught".<a href="#cite_note-Rogers50-63">[54]</a> In Frank's first children's book, published in 1897, he wrote in Maud's copy: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">One critic I always fear and long to please. It is my Sweetheart. Shall I win her approval how vain would be the plaudits of the small remnant of humanity! I hope this book will succeed, for her sake, for we need the money success would bring. But aside from that sordid fact I care little what the world thinks of it. The vital question is: What does my sweetheart, my wife of fifteen years, think of it?<a href="#cite_note-Wagner1984-64">[55]</a></blockquote> Frank relied on Maud to give him advice about business decisions. His publisher, F. K. Reilly, began to presume that Frank's letter would start with "After a conference with Mrs. Baum ... I have decided to ..." Reilly considered Maud to be one of Frank's finest pundits.<a href="#cite_note-Wagner1984-64">[55]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maud_Gage_Baum%27s_copy_of_Father_Goose_1899.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Maud_Gage_Baum%27s_copy_of_Father_Goose_1899.jpg/150px-Maud_Gage_Baum%27s_copy_of_Father_Goose_1899.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Maud_Gage_Baum%27s_copy_of_Father_Goose_1899.jpg/225px-Maud_Gage_Baum%27s_copy_of_Father_Goose_1899.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Maud_Gage_Baum%27s_copy_of_Father_Goose_1899.jpg/300px-Maud_Gage_Baum%27s_copy_of_Father_Goose_1899.jpg 2x" data-file-width="301" data-file-height="397" /></a><figcaption>Inscription in Maud's copy of Father Goose, His Book, signed by both L. Frank Baum and W. W. Denslow in 1899</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sign_of_the_Goose,_Macatawa_Park,_Michigan.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Sign_of_the_Goose%2C_Macatawa_Park%2C_Michigan.png/200px-Sign_of_the_Goose%2C_Macatawa_Park%2C_Michigan.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Sign_of_the_Goose%2C_Macatawa_Park%2C_Michigan.png/300px-Sign_of_the_Goose%2C_Macatawa_Park%2C_Michigan.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Sign_of_the_Goose%2C_Macatawa_Park%2C_Michigan.png/400px-Sign_of_the_Goose%2C_Macatawa_Park%2C_Michigan.png 2x" data-file-width="557" data-file-height="336" /></a><figcaption>The Sign of the Goose, Macatawa Park, Michigan</figcaption></figure> After Frank's publication of <a href="/wiki/Father_Goose:_His_Book" title="Father Goose: His Book">Father Goose: His Book</a>, the best-selling picture book in 1900, the family began to live a comfortable life. They passed their summers at <a href="/wiki/Macatawa,_Michigan" class="mw-redirect" title="Macatawa, Michigan">Macatawa Park, Michigan</a>, where Frank purchased a cottage, christening it the "Sign of a Goose".<a href="#cite_note-BaumHearnxxxiii-65">[56]</a> On November 17, 1900, Frank transferred the literary rights of his most recent books—<a href="/wiki/Mother_Goose_in_Prose" title="Mother Goose in Prose">Mother Goose in Prose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Father_Goose:_His_Book" title="Father Goose: His Book">Father Goose: His Book</a>, A New Wonderland (later published as <a href="/wiki/The_Magical_Monarch_of_Mo" title="The Magical Monarch of Mo">The Magical Monarch of Mo</a>), and From Kansas to Fairyland (later published as <a href="/wiki/The_Wonderful_Wizard_of_Oz" title="The Wonderful Wizard of Oz">The Wonderful Wizard of Oz</a>)—to Maud. Maud gave Frank $1,000 to validate the contract, and the signing of the contract was witnessed by <a href="/wiki/W._W._Denslow" title="W. W. Denslow">W. W. Denslow</a> and Ann Waters.<a href="#cite_note-BaumHearnxxxviii-66">[57]</a> Frequently, the family had "musical evenings" in their home that lasted about an hour. While Frank sang folk songs and played the <a href="/wiki/Square_piano" title="Square piano">square piano</a>, Maud played <a href="/wiki/Mandolin" title="Mandolin">mandolins</a> and the violin while the children played various instruments. When it was the boys' bedtime, Maud would sew while Frank wrote. Maud's niece, Matilda Jewell Gage, frequently paid visits to them. Enchanted by the Baums' extravagant way of living, she later wrote that "[t]hey represented to me something that I knew nothing about. I was thrilled with the things they did, their food, the household, everything."<a href="#cite_note-Rogers115-67">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[nb 10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Parenting">Parenting</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maud_Gage_Baum&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Parenting">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maud_Gage_Baum_and_Her_Four_Sons.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Maud_Gage_Baum_and_Her_Four_Sons.jpg/200px-Maud_Gage_Baum_and_Her_Four_Sons.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Maud_Gage_Baum_and_Her_Four_Sons.jpg/300px-Maud_Gage_Baum_and_Her_Four_Sons.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Maud_Gage_Baum_and_Her_Four_Sons.jpg/400px-Maud_Gage_Baum_and_Her_Four_Sons.jpg 2x" data-file-width="671" data-file-height="397" /></a><figcaption>Maud Gage Baum and her four sons, Robert, <a href="/wiki/Harry_Neal_Baum" title="Harry Neal Baum">Harry</a>, Kenneth and <a href="/wiki/Frank_Joslyn_Baum" title="Frank Joslyn Baum">Frank</a>, in 1900</figcaption></figure> A strict disciplinarian, Maud chastised <a href="/wiki/Frank_Joslyn_Baum" title="Frank Joslyn Baum">Frank Junior</a> after he stumbled into a pan of paste not once but twice.<a href="#cite_note-Rogers14-39">[34]</a> Despite her protests, her husband brought dinner to the boy in his room, telling him a story and staying by his side until he fell asleep. After her second son, Robert, flung from their second-story window their cat, who escaped uninjured, Maud decided to "teach him a lesson". Collaring him, she suspended him through their second-story window, "making him "screa[m] so loudly that the neighbors all rushed out and were quite horrified at the spectacle of my mother dangling me out the window". Later, he flung a cat into a barrel, whereupon Maud "promptly chucked in myself to see how I liked it".<a href="#cite_note-Rogers15-69">[59]</a> One day, her youngest son, Ken, was misbehaving. Maud ordered Frank to spank the child, and he begrudgingly complied. After Ken went to bed crying, Frank felt so discomforted that he was unable to eat dinner. He walked upstairs, woke Ken up, and apologized, saying, "I'll never spank any of you children again."<a href="#cite_note-BaumHearnxxv-70">[60]</a> Frank once said that "If I had my way, I would always have a young child in the house." Maud rejoined, "If I had my way, I wouldn't!"<a href="#cite_note-Rogers15-69">[59]</a> Because Frank was frequently absent for work-related matters, for most of the time, Maud needed to care for the sons single-handedly.<a href="#cite_note-BaumHearnxxiv-71">[61]</a> To lessen the burdens of keeping house, Maud also paid a "girl" to help her.<a href="#cite_note-Baum|Hearnxxvi-72">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Oz_and_later_years_(1900–1953)">Oz and later years (1900–1953)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maud_Gage_Baum&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Oz and later years (1900–1953)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ozcot,_Hollywood,_California_1911.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Ozcot%2C_Hollywood%2C_California_1911.png/200px-Ozcot%2C_Hollywood%2C_California_1911.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Ozcot%2C_Hollywood%2C_California_1911.png/300px-Ozcot%2C_Hollywood%2C_California_1911.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Ozcot%2C_Hollywood%2C_California_1911.png/400px-Ozcot%2C_Hollywood%2C_California_1911.png 2x" data-file-width="572" data-file-height="319" /></a><figcaption>Ozcot, Hollywood, California, in 1911<a href="#cite_note-Ozcot-Photo-Album-73">[63]</a></figcaption></figure> One night, Frank told his family a story about how a cyclone propelled a young boy to an enchanted world. Peering down at a file cabinet marked O–Z, he answered his son's query about the enchanted land's name: "Oz". Maud supported him in this venture, and he began penning the stories which he would submit for publishing. Author Marlene Wagman-Geller stated that Maud "was, in this manner, the mother of Oz".<a href="#cite_note-Wagman-Geller39–40-29">[25]</a> Traveling from her home in Chicago to <a href="/wiki/Bloomington,_Illinois" title="Bloomington, Illinois">Bloomington</a>, Maud frequently paid visits to her sister Helen and her infant daughter, Dorothy Louise Gage.<a href="#cite_note-Wagman-Geller40–41-74">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-Taylor208-75">[65]</a> The infant became gravely sick and died on November 11, 1898, of "congestion of the brain" at exactly five months. When the baby, whom Maud adored as the daughter she never had, died, she was devastated and needed to consume medicine. In a letter to her sister, Maud wrote, "Dorothy was a beautiful baby. I could have taken her for my very own and loved her devotedly.<a href="#cite_note-Taylor208-75">[65]</a> To assuage her distress, Frank made his protagonist of <a href="/wiki/The_Wonderful_Wizard_of_Oz" title="The Wonderful Wizard of Oz">The Wonderful Wizard of Oz</a> a female named Dorothy.<a href="#cite_note-Wagman-Geller40–41-74">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[nb 11]</a> Frank dedicated the book to her, writing "to my good friend and comrade, My Wife".<a href="#cite_note-Baum|Hearnxxvi-72">[62]</a> Historian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sally_Roesch_Wagner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sally Roesch Wagner (page does not exist)">Sally Roesch Wagner</a>, who discovered Dorothy Gale's namesake, told the <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a> in 1982, "He gave Maud her Dorothy in an immortal way."<a href="#cite_note-Wills-76">[66]</a> Elizabeth Letts writes, "This theory is less compelling...Frank used the name Dorothy in a story published in 1897, before niece Dorothy was born."<a href="#cite_note-78">[67]</a> Dorothy Gage's sister Matilda, from whom Wagner had learned of the existence of Dorothy, felt that the name was simply a popular name of the time and had no extra significance.<a href="#cite_note-Wagner1984-64">[55]</a> Although The Wonderful Wizard of Oz was very profitable, the family remained low on cash in 1900 near Christmas. The book's initial <a href="/wiki/Royalties" class="mw-redirect" title="Royalties">royalty</a> was slated to be given to Frank in January. However, Maud told Frank to ask for it in advance to purchase Christmas gifts. Begrudgingly, Frank requested and received the money, pocketing it. Not glancing at the money, Frank returned home, finding Maud ironing his shirt. He gave her the money after she asked for it, whereupon she became shocked. Anticipating it to be no more than $100, Maud was delighted to learn that the check was for $3,432.64. Maud misremembered the iron during the ensuing flurry and burned Frank's shirt.<a href="#cite_note-BaumHearnl-79">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[nb 12]</a> In 1906, because of Frank's literary successes and the profitable royalties from the <a href="/wiki/The_Wizard_of_Oz_(1902_musical)" title="The Wizard of Oz (1902 musical)">1902 Wizard of Oz musical</a>, Maud and Frank were wealthy enough to travel around <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> on a six-month expedition.<a href="#cite_note-BaumHearn51-82">[70]</a> During their traveling, Maud saw an Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Harem" title="Harem">harem</a> and enthusiastically climbed the <a href="/wiki/Great_Pyramid_of_Giza" title="Great Pyramid of Giza">Great Pyramid of Giza</a>. A year later, her husband published In Other Lands Than Ours, which he compiled from Maud's letters to people at home.<a href="#cite_note-BaumHearnlxv-83">[71]</a> Published in modest quantity, the book was for friends and family. She asked Frank to edit her work, and he also included a foreword and sixteen photographs that he had taken of the trip. Maud loved Egypt, writing that "never have we enjoyed anything more or been so intensely interested". Baum scholar Katharine M. Rogers noted that Maud's letters "demonstrate intellectual curiosity and a sense of humor".<a href="#cite_note-Rogers143-84">[72]</a> In celebration of their <a href="/wiki/Silver_Jubilee" class="mw-redirect" title="Silver Jubilee">Silver Jubilee</a> in 1907, Frank sent out an invitation to their friends and family that included a summation of their marriage: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Quarrels: Just a few. Wife in tears: Three times (cat died; bonnet spoiled; sore toe). Husband swore: One thousand one hundred and eighty-seven times; at wife, 0. Causes of jealousy: 0. (Remarkable in an age of manicured men and beauty doctor women.) Broke, occasionally; bent, often. Unhappy, 0.<a href="#cite_note-Wagner1984-64">[55]</a></blockquote> Frank sent the "tongue-in-cheek" letter without telling Maud.<a href="#cite_note-Wagner1984-64">[55]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ozcot,_Hollywood,_California_library_1911.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Ozcot%2C_Hollywood%2C_California_library_1911.png/200px-Ozcot%2C_Hollywood%2C_California_library_1911.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Ozcot%2C_Hollywood%2C_California_library_1911.png/300px-Ozcot%2C_Hollywood%2C_California_library_1911.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Ozcot%2C_Hollywood%2C_California_library_1911.png/400px-Ozcot%2C_Hollywood%2C_California_library_1911.png 2x" data-file-width="416" data-file-height="276" /></a><figcaption>Ozcot library in 1911</figcaption></figure> Moving to Hollywood from Chicago due to Frank's failing health,<a href="#cite_note-Wagman-Geller41-85">[73]</a> the family had a house custom-built,<a href="#cite_note-newspapers/76798494/-86">[74]</a> that they called Ozcot in 1910 using Maud's inheritance money from her mother.<a href="#cite_note-BaumZipesIntroduction-61">[52]</a> They obtained a puppy that they christened Toto. Frank plastered the full length of one of Ozcot's walls, which he named "Yard of Maud", with his most beloved pictures of her.<a href="#cite_note-Wagman-Geller41-85">[73]</a> On the night of Frank's death on May 16, 1919, Maud imparted in a letter to her relatives, Helen Leslie and Leslie Gage: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">He told me many times I was the only one he had ever loved. He hated to die, did not want to leave me, said he was never happy without me, but it was better he should go first, if it had to be, for I doubt if he could have got along without me. It is all so sad, and I am so forlorn and alone. For nearly thirty-seven years we had been everything to each other, we were happy, and now I am alone, to face the world alone.<a href="#cite_note-BaumHearnxxv–xxvi-87">[75]</a></blockquote> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:L_Frank_Baum_grave-Forest_Lawn_Glendale,_CA-2009-10-05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/L_Frank_Baum_grave-Forest_Lawn_Glendale%2C_CA-2009-10-05.jpg/200px-L_Frank_Baum_grave-Forest_Lawn_Glendale%2C_CA-2009-10-05.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/L_Frank_Baum_grave-Forest_Lawn_Glendale%2C_CA-2009-10-05.jpg/300px-L_Frank_Baum_grave-Forest_Lawn_Glendale%2C_CA-2009-10-05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/L_Frank_Baum_grave-Forest_Lawn_Glendale%2C_CA-2009-10-05.jpg/400px-L_Frank_Baum_grave-Forest_Lawn_Glendale%2C_CA-2009-10-05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Tombstone of Maud and Frank at <a href="/wiki/Forest_Lawn_Memorial_Park,_Glendale" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Glendale">Forest Lawn Memorial Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Glendale,_California" title="Glendale, California">Glendale, California</a>, <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer" title="Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer">Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer</a> (MGM) paid Gage to help promote their 1939 film, <a href="/wiki/The_Wizard_of_Oz_(1939_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)">The Wizard of Oz</a>. She was interviewed on the radio program <a href="/wiki/Ripley%27s_Believe_It_or_Not!#Radio" title="Ripley's Believe It or Not!">Ripley's Believe It or Not!</a>, where she discussed how Frank's story began. She was also photographed with the film's main star <a href="/wiki/Judy_Garland" title="Judy Garland">Judy Garland</a>, with whom she dined.<a href="#cite_note-Schwartz308-88">[76]</a> After her husband's death in 1919, Maud designated <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Plumly_Thompson" title="Ruth Plumly Thompson">Ruth Plumly Thompson</a> to create more <a href="/wiki/List_of_Oz_books" title="List of Oz books">Oz sequels</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Von_Gunden215-89">[77]</a> Four years before her death, she slipped and broke her hip, remaining bedridden for the rest of her life. Surviving her husband by 34 years,<a href="#cite_note-Von_Gunden215-89">[77]</a> Maud died at Ozcot<a href="#cite_note-91">[nb 13]</a> on the night of March 6, 1953, 21 days shy of her 92nd birthday.<a href="#cite_note-Los_Angeles_Times_Obituary-1">[1]</a> Her funeral service was handled by <a href="/wiki/Forest_Lawn_Memorial_Park,_Glendale" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Glendale">Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Glendale</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Los_Angeles_Times_Obituary-1">[1]</a> At her death, Maud was survived by her four sons<a href="#cite_note-Winona1953-03-07-92">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[nb 14]</a>, nieces Leslie and Matilda Gage,<a href="#cite_note-Murray-94">[80]</a> and several grandchildren.<a href="#cite_note-Los_Angeles_Times_Obituary-1">[1]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maud_Gage_Baum&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <dl><dt>Notes</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Because Cornell had three terms, the annual tuition amounted to $75. The cost of books each year was $25. The living costs of "room, board, lighting and fuel" were very expensive.<a href="#cite_note-Schwartz28-6">[6]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> In the East Coast of the United States, Cornell University was the initial preeminent university to allow women to be taught alongside men. When Maud began attending the college, it had been the sixth year women lived on campus.<a href="#cite_note-Schwartz28–29-12">[11]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> To enter the school, Maud and the other freshman had to take entrance examinations. For the first question, she was asked to provide a short biography and why she wanted to enroll at Cornell. On her geography exam, Maud had to draw the boundary lines of <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Utah_Territory" title="Utah Territory">Utah Territory</a> on a map that lacked state borders. On her grammar exam, a question asked her to "State the difference between coordinating and subordinating conjunctives", while the math exam was considered so "brainsplitting" by Evan I. Schwartz that "Maud and the rest of the students must have been exhausted after the two days were complete".<a href="#cite_note-Schwartz30–31-15">[13]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Josephine found Maud to be "quite unusual", which would perfectly complement Frank who was also unusual. That Maud had very progressive parents indicated that they might not be against Maud's marrying Frank, who was now an "oil patch actor" after working as a chicken farmer.<a href="#cite_note-Schwartz25-27">[24]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Frank told her in a visit that his future lay in being a playwright. Matilda, who wrote and published copiously, was keenly aware that supporting a family through writing would likely be unsuccessful. The money she made from her publications was trifling.<a href="#cite_note-Schwartz54-5">[5]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> In a time before <a href="/wiki/Preservative" title="Preservative">preservatives</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Schwartz90-40">[35]</a> mold began to appear on the doughnuts.<a href="#cite_note-Schwartz91-41">[36]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Frank took extensive photographs of the Gage home. His photos were used to guide the restoration of the home which became the Gage Home Museum in 2009. The Gage Home Museum is the only house in which Baum lived that is open to the public. The front parlor in which he and Maud were married became the room in which <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Mother_of_Oz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Mother of Oz (page does not exist)">The Mother of Oz</a>, which details Matilda's effect on Oz, is retold.<a href="#cite_note-Wagner2009-48">[42]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> Frank and his uncle, Adam Baum, founded Baum's Castorine Company, which sold Castorine, an axle grease Frank's older brother Benjamin had invented.<a href="#cite_note-Schwartz74-51">[44]</a> Castorine was an oil used on road wagons and coaches.<a href="#cite_note-Schwartz85-47">[41]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Clarkson Gage was considered a founding father of Aberdeen. Clarkson partnered with two Fayetteville men to run a profitable general store. A community leader, he played a role in arranging an artesian well, an irrigation plant, and the Aberdeen Building & Loan Association. Frank consulted Clarkson in 1888 to determine whether Frank's opening a bazaar in Aberdeen would be successful. In 1887, Maud's sister, Helen Leslie Gage, and her husband Charles Gage relocated to Aberdeen. Charles bought stock for several estates, while Helen was heavily involved in the community. Becoming the vice president of the Women's Benevolent Society of Aberdeen, she was also a member of the Aberdeen Equal Suffrage Association. In June 1890, she represented the latter organization at the Democratic State Convention. Maud's second sister, Julia Gage Carpenter, and her husband James "Frank" D., experienced numerous failures in Dakota. The Carpenters in 1882 purchased a homestead close to Edgeley, around 70 miles north of Aberdeen. Depressed and lonely at her plight in Dakota, Julia wrote, "This is an awful country, and I want to live East." She maintained that though her husband was considerate and loving, her sole method of survival was the lengthy, habitual visits to her relatives, who resided in Fayetteville and Aberdeen. Despite the Carpenters' not being poor, they resided in a "twelve-foot square shanty, where they were confined for most of the winter". Their closest neighbor was 20 miles away, and "[o]utside was nothing but the vast expanse of prairie, without a hill, tree, or stone to diversify the view".<a href="#cite_note-Rogers18–20-55">[47]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> Frank, in 1903, had given Matilda Gage five dollars, a "larger sum than she had ever had". Enraptured, Matilda was told that the money had "to be spent entirely for nonsense, and by you. Not a sensible thing must be bought with it."<a href="#cite_note-Rogers115-67">[58]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> Historian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sally_Roesch_Wagner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sally Roesch Wagner (page does not exist)">Sally Roesch Wagner</a> discovered <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Gale" title="Dorothy Gale">Dorothy Gale</a>'s namesake, Dorothy Louise Gage, who was Maud's five-month old niece. She learned about Dorothy Gage from Dorothy Gage's sister years before 1982.<a href="#cite_note-Wills-76">[66]</a><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> Wagner traveled to <a href="/wiki/Evergreen_Cemetery_(Bloomington,_Illinois)" title="Evergreen Cemetery (Bloomington, Illinois)">Evergreen Cemetery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bloomington,_Illinois" title="Bloomington, Illinois">Bloomington, Illinois</a> around 1982, where she discovered Dorothy Gage's tombstone. When documents at the cemetery pointed Wagner to a "tiny gray stone, its letters reduced to illegible grooves", McLean County Historical Society director Greg Koos recommended that she try an "old genealogy trick".<a href="#cite_note-Wills-76">[66]</a> The trick involved smearing <a href="/wiki/Shaving_cream" title="Shaving cream">shaving cream</a> over the tombstone and brushing the surplus aside to see the letters.<a href="#cite_note-Wills-76">[66]</a><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> Wagner said in a 1982 interview with the <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>, "I brought the squeegee down and there was 'Dorothy.' It took on life then. She really was buried in Bloomington. There really was a Dorothy."<a href="#cite_note-Wills-76">[66]</a> Baum biographer <a href="/wiki/Michael_Patrick_Hearn" title="Michael Patrick Hearn">Michael Patrick Hearn</a> told the Associated Press in 1982, "She was too important to the family. I think her death certainly gave (Baum) the name, and I think he modeled Dorothy on his nieces."<a href="#cite_note-Wills-76">[66]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> The amount of the check is disputed. On November 8, 1908, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Daily_Union_(Rock_Island,_Illinois)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daily Union (Rock Island, Illinois) (page does not exist)">Daily Union</a> published an article titled "Frank Baum's Manager Tells How Check for $13,700 Awakened Author to Real Merit of His First Published Work". On September 22, 1939, Maud told the radio show <a href="/wiki/Ripley%27s_Believe_It_or_Not!#Radio" title="Ripley's Believe It or Not!">Ripley's Believe It or Not!</a> that the amount was $13,000. However, W. W. Denslow—who received the same royalty as that of Baum—recorded in his account book that the amount due was $3,432.64.<a href="#cite_note-BaumHearnli-80">[69]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> Frank lived in Ozcot until he died in 1919. Maud remained in the house until her death, after which it was razed and substituted with an apartment house.<a href="#cite_note-BaumHearn56-90">[78]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> When Maud died, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Joslyn_Baum" title="Frank Joslyn Baum">Frank Joslyn Baum</a> was living in <a href="/wiki/Westwood,_Los_Angeles" title="Westwood, Los Angeles">Westwood, Los Angeles</a>; Robert Stanton Baum in <a href="/wiki/Claremont,_California" title="Claremont, California">Claremont, California</a>; <a href="/wiki/Harry_Neal_Baum" title="Harry Neal Baum">Harry Neal Baum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hinsdale,_Illinois" title="Hinsdale, Illinois">Hinsdale, Illinois</a>; and Kenneth Gage Baum in <a href="/wiki/La_Ca%C3%B1ada_Flintridge,_California" title="La Cañada Flintridge, California">La Cañada Flintridge, California</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Los_Angeles_Times_Obituary-1">[1]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <dl><dt>Footnotes</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Los_Angeles_Times_Obituary-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Los_Angeles_Times_Obituary_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Los_Angeles_Times_Obituary_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Los_Angeles_Times_Obituary_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Los_Angeles_Times_Obituary_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Los_Angeles_Times_Obituary_1-4">e</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1">"Widow of 'Oz' Book Author Passes at 91". <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>. 1953-03-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Widow+of+%27Oz%27+Book+Author+Passes+at+91&rft.date=1953-03-07&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaud+Gage+Baum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abrams35-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Abrams35_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abrams35_2-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAbramsZimmer2010">Abrams & Zimmer 2010</a>, p. 35 </li> <li id="cite_note-Harmetz312-3"><a href="#cite_ref-Harmetz312_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarmetz1998">Harmetz 1998</a>, p. 312 </li> <li id="cite_note-Rogers19-4"><a href="#cite_ref-Rogers19_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRogers2002">Rogers 2002</a>, p. 19 </li> <li id="cite_note-Schwartz54-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schwartz54_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schwartz54_5-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchwartz2009">Schwartz 2009</a>, p. 54 </li> <li id="cite_note-Schwartz28-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schwartz28_6-0">a</a> <a 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pp. 28–29 </li> <li id="cite_note-Schwartz30-14"><a href="#cite_ref-Schwartz30_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchwartz2009">Schwartz 2009</a>, p. 30 </li> <li id="cite_note-Schwartz30–31-15"><a href="#cite_ref-Schwartz30–31_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchwartz2009">Schwartz 2009</a>, pp. 30–31 </li> <li id="cite_note-Schwartz31-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schwartz31_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schwartz31_17-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchwartz2009">Schwartz 2009</a>, p. 31 </li> <li id="cite_note-Schwartz33-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schwartz33_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schwartz33_18-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchwartz2009">Schwartz 2009</a>, p. 33 </li> <li id="cite_note-Schwartz33–34-19"><a href="#cite_ref-Schwartz33–34_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchwartz2009">Schwartz 2009</a>, pp. 33–34 </li> <li id="cite_note-Schwartz326-20"><a href="#cite_ref-Schwartz326_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchwartz2009">Schwartz 2009</a>, p. 326 </li> <li id="cite_note-Schwartz34-21">^ <a 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Retrieved 2014-06-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph+%28Sydney%29&rft.atitle=Business+failure+became+a+wizard+in+publishing&rft.date=2013-08-30&rft.aulast=Lennon&rft.aufirst=Troy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdocs.newsbank.com%2Fs%2FInfoWeb%2Faggdocs%2FAWNB%2F1487FDABA67352A0%2F0D7C12F5A8A2A86A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaud+Gage+Baum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Knauss-26"><a href="#cite_ref-Knauss_26-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnauss2014" class="citation news cs1">Knauss, Tim (2014-05-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20240527013442/https://www.webcitation.org/6QC90e6mf?url=http://iw.newsbank.com/iw-search/we/InfoWeb%3Fp_action=doc&p_theme=aggdocs&p_topdoc=1&p_queryname=14DD6946124BB740&p_docnum=1&p_sort=YMD_date:D&p_product=AWNB&p_docid=14DD6946124BB740&p_text_direct-0=document_id%3D(%2014DD6946124BB740%20)&p_nbid=I55H52FLMTQwM">"Fans hope to restore house linked to L. Frank Baum"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Post-Standard" title="The Post-Standard">The Post-Standard</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docs.newsbank.com/s/InfoWeb/aggdocs/AWNB/14DD6946124BB740/0D7C12F5A8A2A86A">the original</a> on 2024-05-27. Retrieved 2014-06-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Post-Standard&rft.atitle=Fans+hope+to+restore+house+linked+to+L.+Frank+Baum&rft.date=2014-05-15&rft.aulast=Knauss&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdocs.newsbank.com%2Fs%2FInfoWeb%2Faggdocs%2FAWNB%2F14DD6946124BB740%2F0D7C12F5A8A2A86A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaud+Gage+Baum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schwartz25-27"><a href="#cite_ref-Schwartz25_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchwartz2009">Schwartz 2009</a>, p. 25 </li> <li id="cite_note-Wagman-Geller39–40-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wagman-Geller39–40_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wagman-Geller39–40_29-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wagman-Geller39–40_29-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wagman-Geller39–40_29-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wagman-Geller39–40_29-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wagman-Geller39–40_29-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wagman-Geller39–40_29-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFWagman-Geller2008">Wagman-Geller 2008</a>, pp. 39–40 </li> <li id="cite_note-Rogers12–13-30"><a href="#cite_ref-Rogers12–13_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRogers2002">Rogers 2002</a>, pp. 12–13 </li> <li id="cite_note-Schwartz52-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schwartz52_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schwartz52_31-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchwartz2009">Schwartz 2009</a>, p. 52 </li> <li id="cite_note-Lurie27-32"><a href="#cite_ref-Lurie27_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLurie2003">Lurie 2003</a>, p. 27 </li> <li id="cite_note-Rogers13-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rogers13_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rogers13_34-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rogers13_34-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFRogers2002">Rogers 2002</a>, p. 13 </li> <li id="cite_note-Schwartz67+69-35"><a href="#cite_ref-Schwartz67+69_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchwartz2009">Schwartz 2009</a>, pp. 67, 69 </li> <li id="cite_note-Schwartz69-36"><a href="#cite_ref-Schwartz69_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchwartz2009">Schwartz 2009</a>, p. 69 </li> <li id="cite_note-Wagner2003-06-05-37"><a href="#cite_ref-Wagner2003-06-05_37-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagner2003" class="citation news cs1">Wagner, Sally Roesch (2003-06-05). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20240527013523/https://www.webcitation.org/6QCA8GnFp?url=http://iw.newsbank.com/iw-search/we/InfoWeb%3Fp_action=doc&p_theme=aggdocs&p_topdoc=1&p_queryname=0FB80CD60B310DD8&p_docnum=1&p_sort=YMD_date:D&p_product=AWNB&p_docid=0FB80CD60B310DD8&p_text_direct-0=document_id%3D(%200FB80CD60B310DD8%20)&p_nbid=I61S5EAXMTQwM">"Early Feminist Had Influence in 'Oz' - Matilda Joslyn Gage Had An Impact on the Views, Writings of Her Son-In-Law, L. Frank Baum"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Post-Standard" title="The Post-Standard">The Post-Standard</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docs.newsbank.com/s/InfoWeb/aggdocs/AWNB/0FB80CD60B310DD8/0D7C12F5A8A2A86A">the original</a> on 2024-05-27. Retrieved 2014-06-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Post-Standard&rft.atitle=Early+Feminist+Had+Influence+in+%27Oz%27+-+Matilda+Joslyn+Gage+Had+An+Impact+on+the+Views%2C+Writings+of+Her+Son-In-Law%2C+L.+Frank+Baum&rft.date=2003-06-05&rft.aulast=Wagner&rft.aufirst=Sally+Roesch&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdocs.newsbank.com%2Fs%2FInfoWeb%2Faggdocs%2FAWNB%2F0FB80CD60B310DD8%2F0D7C12F5A8A2A86A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaud+Gage+Baum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schwartz70-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schwartz70_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schwartz70_38-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchwartz2009">Schwartz 2009</a>, p. 70 </li> <li id="cite_note-Rogers14-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rogers14_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rogers14_39-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rogers14_39-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rogers14_39-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rogers14_39-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rogers14_39-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFRogers2002">Rogers 2002</a>, p. 14 </li> <li id="cite_note-Schwartz90-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schwartz90_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schwartz90_40-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchwartz2009">Schwartz 2009</a>, p. 90 </li> <li id="cite_note-Schwartz91-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schwartz91_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schwartz91_41-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schwartz91_41-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchwartz2009">Schwartz 2009</a>, p. 91 </li> <li id="cite_note-Rogers16-43"><a href="#cite_ref-Rogers16_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRogers2002">Rogers 2002</a>, p. 16 </li> <li id="cite_note-Schwartz89–90-44"><a href="#cite_ref-Schwartz89–90_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchwartz2009">Schwartz 2009</a>, pp. 89–90 </li> <li id="cite_note-Schwartz75-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schwartz75_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schwartz75_45-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schwartz75_45-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchwartz2009">Schwartz 2009</a>, p. 75 </li> <li id="cite_note-Schwartz74–75-46"><a href="#cite_ref-Schwartz74–75_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchwartz2009">Schwartz 2009</a>, pp. 74–75 </li> <li id="cite_note-Schwartz85-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schwartz85_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schwartz85_47-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchwartz2009">Schwartz 2009</a>, p. 85 </li> <li id="cite_note-Wagner2009-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wagner2009_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wagner2009_48-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagner,_Sally_Roesch2009" class="citation news cs1">Wagner, Sally Roesch (2009-08-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20240525113147/https://www.webcitation.org/611Djwuje?url=http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw-search/we/InfoWeb%3Fp_action=doc&p_topdoc=1&p_docnum=1&p_sort=YMD_date:D&p_product=AWNB&p_text_direct-0=document_id%3D(%2012A13CC3F6DA2510%20)&p_docid=12A13CC3F6DA2510&p_theme=aggdocs&p_queryname=12A13CC3F6DA2510&f_openurl=yes&p">"It's Bert Lahr Day in Fayetteville"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Post-Standard" title="The Post-Standard">The Post-Standard</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw-search/we/InfoWeb?p_action=doc&p_topdoc=1&p_docnum=1&p_sort=YMD_date:D&p_product=AWNB&p_text_direct-0=document_id=(%2012A13CC3F6DA2510%20)&p_docid=12A13CC3F6DA2510&p_theme=aggdocs&p_queryname=12A13CC3F6DA2510&f_openurl=yes&p">the original</a> on 2024-05-25. Retrieved 2011-08-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Post-Standard&rft.atitle=It%27s+Bert+Lahr+Day+in+Fayetteville&rft.date=2009-08-13&rft.au=Wagner%2C+Sally+Roesch&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finfoweb.newsbank.com%2Fiw-search%2Fwe%2FInfoWeb%3Fp_action%3Ddoc%26p_topdoc%3D1%26p_docnum%3D1%26p_sort%3DYMD_date%3AD%26p_product%3DAWNB%26p_text_direct-0%3Ddocument_id%3D%28%252012A13CC3F6DA2510%2520%29%26p_docid%3D12A13CC3F6DA2510%26p_theme%3Daggdocs%26p_queryname%3D12A13CC3F6DA2510%26f_openurl%3Dyes%26p&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaud+Gage+Baum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schwartz94-50"><a href="#cite_ref-Schwartz94_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchwartz2009">Schwartz 2009</a>, p. 94 </li> <li id="cite_note-Schwartz74-51"><a href="#cite_ref-Schwartz74_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchwartz2009">Schwartz 2009</a>, p. 74 </li> <li id="cite_note-Rogers18-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rogers18_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rogers18_53-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRogers2002">Rogers 2002</a>, p. 18 </li> <li id="cite_note-Abrams38-54"><a href="#cite_ref-Abrams38_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAbramsZimmer2010">Abrams & Zimmer 2010</a>, p. 38 </li> <li id="cite_note-Rogers18–20-55"><a href="#cite_ref-Rogers18–20_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRogers2002">Rogers 2002</a>, pp. 18–20 </li> <li id="cite_note-Rogers21,_23-57"><a href="#cite_ref-Rogers21,_23_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRogers2002">Rogers 2002</a>, pp. 21, 23 </li> <li id="cite_note-Abrams43-58"><a href="#cite_ref-Abrams43_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAbramsZimmer2010">Abrams & Zimmer 2010</a>, p. 43 </li> <li id="cite_note-Abrams44-59"><a href="#cite_ref-Abrams44_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAbramsZimmer2010">Abrams & Zimmer 2010</a>, p. 44 </li> <li id="cite_note-Abrams47-60"><a href="#cite_ref-Abrams47_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAbramsZimmer2010">Abrams & Zimmer 2010</a>, p. 47 </li> <li id="cite_note-BaumZipesIntroduction-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BaumZipesIntroduction_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BaumZipesIntroduction_61-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaumZipes1998">Baum & Zipes 1998</a>, Introduction </li> <li id="cite_note-Abrams51-62"><a href="#cite_ref-Abrams51_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAbramsZimmer2010">Abrams & Zimmer 2010</a>, p. 51 </li> <li id="cite_note-Rogers50-63"><a href="#cite_ref-Rogers50_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRogers2002">Rogers 2002</a>, p. 50 </li> <li id="cite_note-Wagner1984-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wagner1984_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wagner1984_64-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wagner1984_64-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wagner1984_64-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wagner1984_64-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagner,_Sally_Roesch1984" class="citation journal cs1">Wagner, Sally Roesch (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110926214013/http://www.theosophical.org/publications/quest-magazine/1580">"Oz - Dorothy Gage and Dorothy Gale"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Baum_Bugle" title="The Baum Bugle">The Baum Bugle</a>. 28 (2). <a href="/wiki/The_International_Wizard_of_Oz_Club" title="The International Wizard of Oz Club">The International Wizard of Oz Club</a>: 4–6. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theosophical.org/publications/quest-magazine/1580">the original</a> on 2011-09-26. Retrieved 2011-05-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Baum+Bugle&rft.atitle=Oz+-+Dorothy+Gage+and+Dorothy+Gale&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=4-6&rft.date=1984&rft.au=Wagner%2C+Sally+Roesch&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theosophical.org%2Fpublications%2Fquest-magazine%2F1580&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaud+Gage+Baum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BaumHearnxxxiii-65"><a href="#cite_ref-BaumHearnxxxiii_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaumHearn2000">Baum & Hearn 2000</a>, p. xxxiii </li> <li id="cite_note-BaumHearnxxxviii-66"><a href="#cite_ref-BaumHearnxxxviii_66-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaumHearn2000">Baum & Hearn 2000</a>, p. xxxviii </li> <li id="cite_note-Rogers115-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rogers115_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rogers115_67-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRogers2002">Rogers 2002</a>, p. 115 </li> <li id="cite_note-Rogers15-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rogers15_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rogers15_69-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRogers2002">Rogers 2002</a>, p. 15 </li> <li id="cite_note-BaumHearnxxv-70"><a href="#cite_ref-BaumHearnxxv_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaumHearn2000">Baum & Hearn 2000</a>, p. xxv </li> <li id="cite_note-BaumHearnxxiv-71"><a href="#cite_ref-BaumHearnxxiv_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaumHearn2000">Baum & Hearn 2000</a>, p. xxiv </li> <li id="cite_note-Baum|Hearnxxvi-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Baum|Hearnxxvi_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baum|Hearnxxvi_72-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaumHearn2000">Baum & Hearn 2000</a>, p. xxvi </li> <li id="cite_note-Ozcot-Photo-Album-73"><a href="#cite_ref-Ozcot-Photo-Album_73-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cslfdn.org/2017/07/25/new-acquisition-the-ozcot-photograph-album/">"New Acquisition: The Ozcot Photograph Album"</a>. <a href="/wiki/California_State_Library" title="California State Library">California State Library</a> Foundation. 25 July 2017. Retrieved 27 July 2024. <q>The album appears to have been put together by a young <a href="/wiki/Justin_G._Schiller" title="Justin G. Schiller">Justin Schiller</a>, an avid collector of rare Baumiana, and a founding member of The International Wizard of Oz club at the tender age of thirteen. After serving as the club's secretary from 1957 to 1962, he presented the album to his friend and successor, Fred Meyer.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=California+State+Library+Foundation&rft.atitle=New+Acquisition%3A+The+Ozcot+Photograph+Album&rft.date=2017-07-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcslfdn.org%2F2017%2F07%2F25%2Fnew-acquisition-the-ozcot-photograph-album%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaud+Gage+Baum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wagman-Geller40–41-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wagman-Geller40–41_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wagman-Geller40–41_74-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWagman-Geller2008">Wagman-Geller 2008</a>, pp. 40–41 </li> <li id="cite_note-Taylor208-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Taylor208_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taylor208_75-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFTaylorMoranSceurman2005">Taylor, Moran & Sceurman 2005</a>, p. 208 </li> <li id="cite_note-Wills-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wills_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wills_76-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wills_76-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wills_76-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wills_76-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wills_76-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWills1982" class="citation news cs1">Wills, Christopher (1982-10-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/832468/indiana_gazette/">"Dorothy's trip to Oz linked to baby's death"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Indiana_Gazette" title="Indiana Gazette">Indiana Gazette</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. p. 13. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140808063717/http://www.newspapers.com/clippings/downloadClipping/?id=832468">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-08-08. Retrieved 2014-08-08 – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indiana+Gazette&rft.atitle=Dorothy%27s+trip+to+Oz+linked+to+baby%27s+death&rft.pages=13&rft.date=1982-10-06&rft.aulast=Wills&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F832468%2Findiana_gazette%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaud+Gage+Baum" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="open access publication – free to read"><img alt="Open access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/9px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/14px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/18px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLetts2019" class="citation book cs1">Letts, Elizabeth (2019). Finding Dorothy. New York: <a href="/wiki/Ballantine_Books" title="Ballantine Books">Ballantine Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780525622116" title="Special:BookSources/9780525622116"><bdi>9780525622116</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Finding+Dorothy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Ballantine+Books&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9780525622116&rft.aulast=Letts&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaud+Gage+Baum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BaumHearnl-79"><a href="#cite_ref-BaumHearnl_79-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaumHearn2000">Baum & Hearn 2000</a>, p. l </li> <li id="cite_note-BaumHearnli-80"><a href="#cite_ref-BaumHearnli_80-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaumHearn2000">Baum & Hearn 2000</a>, p. li </li> <li id="cite_note-BaumHearn51-82"><a href="#cite_ref-BaumHearn51_82-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaumHearn1973">Baum & Hearn 1973</a>, p. 51 </li> <li id="cite_note-BaumHearnlxv-83"><a href="#cite_ref-BaumHearnlxv_83-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaumHearn2000">Baum & Hearn 2000</a>, p. lxv </li> <li id="cite_note-Rogers143-84"><a href="#cite_ref-Rogers143_84-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRogers2002">Rogers 2002</a>, p. 143 </li> <li id="cite_note-Wagman-Geller41-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wagman-Geller41_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wagman-Geller41_85-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWagman-Geller2008">Wagman-Geller 2008</a>, p. 41 </li> <li id="cite_note-newspapers/76798494/-86"><a href="#cite_ref-newspapers/76798494/_86-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPitts1939" class="citation news cs1">Pitts, Dick (20 August 1939). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240802085456/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-charlotte-observer-the-wizard-of-oz/76798494/">"The Wizard of Oz"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Charlotte_Observer" title="The Charlotte Observer">The Charlotte Observer</a>. p. 58. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-charlotte-observer-the-wizard-of-oz/76798494/">the original</a> on 2024-08-02. Retrieved 2024-08-02 – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Charlotte+Observer&rft.atitle=The+Wizard+of+Oz&rft.pages=58&rft.date=1939-08-20&rft.aulast=Pitts&rft.aufirst=Dick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2Fthe-charlotte-observer-the-wizard-of-oz%2F76798494%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaud+Gage+Baum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BaumHearnxxv–xxvi-87"><a href="#cite_ref-BaumHearnxxv–xxvi_87-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaumHearn2000">Baum & Hearn 2000</a>, pp. xxv–xxvi </li> <li id="cite_note-Schwartz308-88"><a href="#cite_ref-Schwartz308_88-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchwartz2009">Schwartz 2009</a>, p. 308 </li> <li id="cite_note-Von_Gunden215-89">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Von_Gunden215_89-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Von_Gunden215_89-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFVon_Gunden1989">Von Gunden 1989</a>, p. 215 </li> <li id="cite_note-BaumHearn56-90"><a href="#cite_ref-BaumHearn56_90-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaumHearn1973">Baum & Hearn 1973</a>, p. 56 </li> <li id="cite_note-Winona1953-03-07-92"><a href="#cite_ref-Winona1953-03-07_92-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/832427/the_winona_republicanherald/">"Mrs. Maud Gage Baum"</a>. Winona Republican-Herald. 1953-03-07. p. 9. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140808061144/http://www.newspapers.com/clippings/downloadClipping/?id=832427">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-08-08. Retrieved 2014-08-08 – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Winona+Republican-Herald&rft.atitle=Mrs.+Maud+Gage+Baum&rft.pages=9&rft.date=1953-03-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F832427%2Fthe_winona_republicanherald%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaud+Gage+Baum" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="open access publication – free to read"><img alt="Open access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/9px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/14px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/18px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Murray-94"><a href="#cite_ref-Murray_94-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray1953" class="citation news cs1">Murray, May (1953-11-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/832486/the_winona_republicanherald/">"Italian Scenes Shown by Dinner Guest"</a>. Winona Republican-Herald. p. 10. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140808065909/http://www.newspapers.com/clippings/downloadClipping/?id=832486">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-08-08. Retrieved 2014-08-08 – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Winona+Republican-Herald&rft.atitle=Italian+Scenes+Shown+by+Dinner+Guest&rft.pages=10&rft.date=1953-11-14&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=May&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F832486%2Fthe_winona_republicanherald%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaud+Gage+Baum" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="open access publication – free to read"><img alt="Open access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/9px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/14px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/18px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a> </li> </ol></div> <dl><dt>Bibliography</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbramsZimmer2010" class="citation book cs1">Abrams, Dennis; Zimmer, Kyle (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l71A056Q1dEC">L. Frank Baum</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Infobase_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Infobase Publishing">Infobase Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60413-501-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60413-501-5"><bdi>978-1-60413-501-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L.+Frank+Baum&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-60413-501-5&rft.aulast=Abrams&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rft.au=Zimmer%2C+Kyle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl71A056Q1dEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaud+Gage+Baum" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaumHearn1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/L._Frank_Baum" title="L. Frank Baum">Baum, L. Frank</a>; <a href="/wiki/Michael_Patrick_Hearn" title="Michael Patrick Hearn">Hearn, Michael Patrick</a> (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/annotatedwizardo00baum">The Annotated Wizard of Oz: The Wonderful Wizard of Oz</a> (The book is out of copyright and can be read in full at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a> link.). New York: <a href="/wiki/Crown_Publishing_Group" title="Crown Publishing Group">Clarkson N. Potter, Inc.</a> <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-04992-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-04992-2"><bdi>0-393-04992-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Annotated+Wizard+of+Oz%3A+The+Wonderful+Wizard+of+Oz&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Clarkson+N.+Potter%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=0-393-04992-2&rft.aulast=Baum&rft.aufirst=L.+Frank&rft.au=Hearn%2C+Michael+Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fannotatedwizardo00baum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaud+Gage+Baum" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaumHearn2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/L._Frank_Baum" title="L. Frank Baum">Baum, L. Frank</a>; <a href="/wiki/Michael_Patrick_Hearn" title="Michael Patrick Hearn">Hearn, Michael Patrick</a> (2000) [First published 1973]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/annotatedwizardo0000baum">The Annotated Wizard of Oz: The Wonderful Wizard of Oz</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company" title="W. W. Norton & Company">W. W. Norton & Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-04992-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-04992-2"><bdi>0-393-04992-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Annotated+Wizard+of+Oz%3A+The+Wonderful+Wizard+of+Oz&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-393-04992-2&rft.aulast=Baum&rft.aufirst=L.+Frank&rft.au=Hearn%2C+Michael+Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fannotatedwizardo0000baum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaud+Gage+Baum" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaumZipes1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/L._Frank_Baum" title="L. Frank Baum">Baum, L. Frank</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jack_Zipes" title="Jack Zipes">Zipes, Jack David</a> (1998). "Introduction". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bVlPdbOSB6AC">The Wonderful World of Oz</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-118085-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-118085-4"><bdi>0-14-118085-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=The+Wonderful+World+of+Oz&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-14-118085-4&rft.aulast=Baum&rft.aufirst=L.+Frank&rft.au=Zipes%2C+Jack+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbVlPdbOSB6AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaud+Gage+Baum" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGageWagner1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Matilda_Joslyn_Gage" title="Matilda Joslyn Gage">Gage, Matilda Joslyn</a>; Wagner, Sally Roesch (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/womanchurchstate00gage">Woman, Church and State: A Historical Account of the Status of Woman through the Christian Ages, with Reminiscences of the Matriarchate</a>. Aberdeen, SD: Sky Carrier Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-880589-27-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-880589-27-3"><bdi>1-880589-27-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Woman%2C+Church+and+State%3A+A+Historical+Account+of+the+Status+of+Woman+through+the+Christian+Ages%2C+with+Reminiscences+of+the+Matriarchate&rft.place=Aberdeen%2C+SD&rft.pub=Sky+Carrier+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=1-880589-27-3&rft.aulast=Gage&rft.aufirst=Matilda+Joslyn&rft.au=Wagner%2C+Sally+Roesch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwomanchurchstate00gage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaud+Gage+Baum" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarmetz1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Aljean_Harmetz" title="Aljean Harmetz">Harmetz, Aljean</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g4ZMZEC3RK0C">The Making of The Wizard of Oz: Movie Magic and Studio Power in the Prime of MGM</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Hachette_Books" title="Hachette Books">Hyperion Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7868-8352-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7868-8352-9"><bdi>0-7868-8352-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+The+Wizard+of+Oz%3A+Movie+Magic+and+Studio+Power+in+the+Prime+of+MGM&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Hyperion+Books&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-7868-8352-9&rft.aulast=Harmetz&rft.aufirst=Aljean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg4ZMZEC3RK0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaud+Gage+Baum" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLurie2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alison_Lurie" title="Alison Lurie">Lurie, Alison</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xhdz9XCc98AC">Boys and Girls Forever: Children's Classics from Cinderella to Harry Potter</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-200252-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-200252-6"><bdi>0-14-200252-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boys+and+Girls+Forever%3A+Children%27s+Classics+from+Cinderella+to+Harry+Potter&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-14-200252-6&rft.aulast=Lurie&rft.aufirst=Alison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXhdz9XCc98AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaud+Gage+Baum" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogers2002" class="citation book cs1">Rogers, Katharine M. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lfrankbaumcreato00roge">L. Frank Baum: Creator of Oz</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Press" title="St. Martin's Press">St. Martin's Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-30174-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-30174-X"><bdi>0-312-30174-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L.+Frank+Baum%3A+Creator+of+Oz.&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-312-30174-X&rft.aulast=Rogers&rft.aufirst=Katharine+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flfrankbaumcreato00roge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaud+Gage+Baum" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz2009" class="citation book cs1">Schwartz, Evan I. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E2HUcQ66NrcC">Finding Oz: how L. Frank Baum discovered the Great American story</a>. Boston: <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt" title="Houghton Mifflin Harcourt">Houghton Mifflin Harcourt</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-547-05510-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-547-05510-7"><bdi>978-0-547-05510-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Finding+Oz%3A+how+L.+Frank+Baum+discovered+the+Great+American+story&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-547-05510-7&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=Evan+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE2HUcQ66NrcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaud+Gage+Baum" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylorMoranSceurman2005" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Troy; <a href="/wiki/Mark_Moran_(writer)" title="Mark Moran (writer)">Moran, Mark</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gE4P1bhDCB4C">Weird Illinois: Your Travel Guide to Illinois' Local Legends and Best Kept Secrets</a>. <a href="/wiki/Weird_US_(book_series)" title="Weird US (book series)">Weird US</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Sterling_Publishing" title="Sterling Publishing">Sterling Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7607-5943-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7607-5943-X"><bdi>0-7607-5943-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Weird+Illinois%3A+Your+Travel+Guide+to+Illinois%27+Local+Legends+and+Best+Kept+Secrets&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Weird+US&rft.pub=Sterling+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-7607-5943-X&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Troy&rft.au=Moran%2C+Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgE4P1bhDCB4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaud+Gage+Baum" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVon_Gunden1989" class="citation book cs1">Von Gunden, Kenneth (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E5oTurPZbdUC">Flights of Fancy: The Great Fantasy Films</a>. McFarland Classics Series. Jefferson, New Carolina: <a href="/wiki/McFarland_%26_Company" title="McFarland & Company">McFarland & Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7864-1214-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7864-1214-3"><bdi>0-7864-1214-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flights+of+Fancy%3A+The+Great+Fantasy+Films&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+New+Carolina&rft.series=McFarland+Classics+Series&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-7864-1214-3&rft.aulast=Von+Gunden&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE5oTurPZbdUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaud+Gage+Baum" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagman-Geller2008" class="citation book cs1">Wagman-Geller, Marlene (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SjYHYOtQiwIC">Once Again to Zelda: The Stories Behind Literature's Most Intriguing Dedications</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-399-53462-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-399-53462-1"><bdi>978-0-399-53462-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Once+Again+to+Zelda%3A+The+Stories+Behind+Literature%27s+Most+Intriguing+Dedications&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-399-53462-1&rft.aulast=Wagman-Geller&rft.aufirst=Marlene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSjYHYOtQiwIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaud+Gage+Baum" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Template:L._Frank_Baum" title="Template:L. Frank Baum"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:L._Frank_Baum" title="Template talk:L. Frank Baum"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:L._Frank_Baum" title="Special:EditPage/Template:L. Frank Baum"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="L._Frank_Baum" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/L._Frank_Baum" title="L. Frank Baum">L. Frank Baum</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/L._Frank_Baum_bibliography" title="L. Frank Baum bibliography">Bibliography</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Novels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Magical_Monarch_of_Mo" title="The Magical Monarch of Mo">The Magical Monarch of Mo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Wonderful_Wizard_of_Oz" title="The Wonderful Wizard of Oz">The Wonderful Wizard of Oz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dot_and_Tot_of_Merryland" title="Dot and Tot of Merryland">Dot and Tot of Merryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Master_Key_(Baum_novel)" title="The Master Key (Baum novel)">The Master Key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Life_and_Adventures_of_Santa_Claus" title="The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus">The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Enchanted_Island_of_Yew" title="The Enchanted Island of Yew">The Enchanted Island of Yew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Marvelous_Land_of_Oz" title="The Marvelous Land of Oz">The Marvelous Land of Oz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Zixi_of_Ix" title="Queen Zixi of Ix">Queen Zixi of Ix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fate_of_a_Crown" title="The Fate of a Crown">The Fate of a Crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Woggle-Bug_Book" title="The Woggle-Bug Book">The Woggle-Bug Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annabel_(Baum_novel)" title="Annabel (Baum novel)">Annabel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aunt_Jane%27s_Nieces" title="Aunt Jane's Nieces">Aunt Jane's Nieces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aunt_Jane%27s_Nieces_Abroad" title="Aunt Jane's Nieces Abroad">Aunt Jane's Nieces Abroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_Destiny_(novel)" title="Daughters of Destiny (novel)">Daughters of Destiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Steele%27s_Adventures_on_Land_and_Sea" title="Sam Steele's Adventures on Land and Sea">Sam Steele's Adventures on Land and Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Twinkle_Tales" title="The Twinkle Tales">The Twinkle Tales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dough_and_the_Cherub" title="John Dough and the Cherub">John Dough and the Cherub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozma_of_Oz" title="Ozma of Oz">Ozma of Oz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policeman_Bluejay" title="Policeman Bluejay">Policeman Bluejay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Egyptian" title="The Last Egyptian">The Last Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boy_Fortune_Hunters" class="mw-redirect" title="Boy Fortune Hunters">The Boy Fortune Hunters in Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_and_the_Wizard_in_Oz" title="Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz">Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aunt_Jane%27s_Nieces_at_Millville" title="Aunt Jane's Nieces at Millville">Aunt Jane's Nieces at Millville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aunt_Jane%27s_Nieces_at_Work" title="Aunt Jane's Nieces at Work">Aunt Jane's Nieces at Work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Oz" title="The Road to Oz">The Road to Oz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aunt_Jane%27s_Nieces_in_Society" title="Aunt Jane's Nieces in Society">Aunt Jane's Nieces in Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Emerald_City_of_Oz" title="The Emerald City of Oz">The Emerald City of Oz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aunt_Jane%27s_Nieces_and_Uncle_John" title="Aunt Jane's Nieces and Uncle John">Aunt Jane's Nieces and Uncle John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daring_Twins" title="The Daring Twins">The Daring Twins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Flying_Girl" title="The Flying Girl">The Flying Girl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sea_Fairies" title="The Sea Fairies">The Sea Fairies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aunt_Jane%27s_Nieces_on_Vacation" title="Aunt Jane's Nieces on Vacation">Aunt Jane's Nieces on Vacation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoebe_Daring" title="Phoebe Daring">Phoebe Daring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Island" title="Sky Island">Sky Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aunt_Jane%27s_Nieces_on_the_Ranch" title="Aunt Jane's Nieces on the Ranch">Aunt Jane's Nieces on the Ranch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Patchwork_Girl_of_Oz" title="The Patchwork Girl of Oz">The Patchwork Girl of Oz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aunt_Jane%27s_Nieces_Out_West" title="Aunt Jane's Nieces Out West">Aunt Jane's Nieces Out West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tik-Tok_of_Oz" title="Tik-Tok of Oz">Tik-Tok of Oz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aunt_Jane%27s_Nieces_in_the_Red_Cross" title="Aunt Jane's Nieces in the Red Cross">Aunt Jane's Nieces in the Red Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Scarecrow_of_Oz" title="The Scarecrow of Oz">The Scarecrow of Oz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Louise_(novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary Louise (novel)">Mary Louise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinkitink_in_Oz" title="Rinkitink in Oz">Rinkitink in Oz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lost_Princess_of_Oz" title="The Lost Princess of Oz">The Lost Princess of Oz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Tin_Woodman_of_Oz" title="The Tin Woodman of Oz">The Tin Woodman of Oz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Magic_of_Oz" title="The Magic of Oz">The Magic of Oz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glinda_of_Oz" title="Glinda of Oz">Glinda of Oz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Short story collections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Goose_in_Prose" title="Mother Goose in Prose">Mother Goose in Prose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Fairy_Tales" title="American Fairy Tales">American Fairy Tales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_Visitors_from_the_Marvelous_Land_of_Oz" title="Queer Visitors from the Marvelous Land of Oz">Queer Visitors from the Marvelous Land of Oz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Fairy_Tales" title="Animal Fairy Tales">Animal Fairy Tales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._Frank_Baum%27s_Juvenile_Speaker" title="L. Frank Baum's Juvenile Speaker">L. Frank Baum's Juvenile Speaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Wizard_Stories_of_Oz" title="Little Wizard Stories of Oz">Little Wizard Stories of Oz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Runaway_Shadows" title="The Runaway Shadows">The Runaway Shadows</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poetry collections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/By_the_Candelabra%27s_Glare" title="By the Candelabra's Glare">By the Candelabra's Glare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father_Goose:_His_Book" title="Father Goose: His Book">Father Goose: His Book</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plays_of_L._Frank_Baum" title="Plays of L. Frank Baum">Plays</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Maid_of_Arran" title="The Maid of Arran">The Maid of Arran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Wizard_of_Oz_(1902_musical)" title="The Wizard of Oz (1902 musical)">The Wizard of Oz</a> (1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Silverwings" title="Prince Silverwings">Prince Silverwings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Woggle-Bug_(musical)" title="The Woggle-Bug (musical)">The Woggle-Bug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Tik-Tok_Man_of_Oz" title="The Tik-Tok Man of Oz">The Tik-Tok Man of Oz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adaptations_of_The_Wizard_of_Oz" class="mw-redirect" title="Adaptations of The Wizard of Oz">Films</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Fairylogue_and_Radio-Plays" title="The Fairylogue and Radio-Plays">The Fairylogue and Radio-Plays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Patchwork_Girl_of_Oz_(1914_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Patchwork Girl of Oz (1914 film)">The Patchwork Girl of Oz</a> (1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Magic_Cloak_of_Oz" title="The Magic Cloak of Oz">The Magic Cloak of Oz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/His_Majesty,_the_Scarecrow_of_Oz" title="His Majesty, the Scarecrow of Oz">His Majesty, the Scarecrow of Oz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violet%27s_Dreams" title="Violet's Dreams">Violet's Dreams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gray_Nun_of_Belgium" title="The Gray Nun of Belgium">The Gray Nun of Belgium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related people and collaborators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Maud Gage Baum</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matilda_Joslyn_Gage" title="Matilda Joslyn Gage">Matilda Joslyn Gage</a> (mother-in-law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Joslyn_Baum" title="Frank Joslyn Baum">Frank Joslyn Baum</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Neal_Baum" title="Harry Neal Baum">Harry Neal Baum</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_S._Baum" title="Roger S. Baum">Roger S. Baum</a> (great-grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jocelyn_Burdick" title="Jocelyn Burdick">Jocelyn Burdick</a> (niece)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Tietjens" title="Paul Tietjens">Paul Tietjens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Ogden_Harrison" title="Edith Ogden Harrison">Edith Ogden Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Witmark_%26_Sons" title="M. Witmark & Sons">Isidore Witmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_F._Gottschalk" title="Louis F. Gottschalk">Louis F. Gottschalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_D._Mann" title="Nathaniel D. Mann">Nathaniel D. Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Chapin" title="Frederic Chapin">Frederic Chapin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Klein" title="Manuel Klein">Manuel Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Pryor" title="Arthur Pryor">Arthur Pryor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byron_Gay" title="Byron Gay">Byron Gay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerson_Hough" title="Emerson Hough">Emerson Hough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wallace_Denslow" class="mw-redirect" title="William Wallace Denslow">William Wallace Denslow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_R._Neill" title="John R. Neill">John R. Neill</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Dreamer_of_Oz:_The_L._Frank_Baum_Story" title="The Dreamer of Oz: The L. Frank Baum Story">The Dreamer of Oz: The L. Frank Baum Story</a> (1990 film)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maud_Gage_Baum&oldid=1238135451">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maud_Gage_Baum&oldid=1238135451</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1861_births" title="Category:1861 births">1861 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1953_deaths" title="Category:1953 deaths">1953 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_American_people" title="Category:19th-century American people">19th-century American people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_American_women" title="Category:19th-century American women">19th-century American women</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_letter_writers" title="Category:20th-century letter writers">20th-century letter writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_writers" title="Category:20th-century American writers">20th-century American writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_women_writers" title="Category:20th-century American women writers">20th-century American women writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cornell_University_alumni" title="Category:Cornell University alumni">Cornell University alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Fayetteville,_New_York" title="Category:People from Fayetteville, New York">People from Fayetteville, New York</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Burials_at_Forest_Lawn_Memorial_Park_(Glendale)" title="Category:Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale)">Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Great_Pyramid_of_Giza" title="Category:Great Pyramid of Giza">Great Pyramid of Giza</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Baum_family" title="Category:Baum family">Baum family</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_infobox_person_with_multiple_parents" title="Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple parents">Pages using infobox person with multiple parents</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards" title="Category:Articles with hCards">Articles with hCards</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 2 August 2024, at 08:57 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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