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subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History:_Bobbin_and_needle_lace-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Early history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Venice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Venice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Venice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Venice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Belgium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belgium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Belgium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belgium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Spain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-England" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#England"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>England</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-England-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.10</span> <span>Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Patrons,_designers,_and_lace_makers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patrons,_designers,_and_lace_makers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Patrons, designers, and lace makers</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Patrons,_designers,_and_lace_makers-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Patrons, designers, and lace makers subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Patrons,_designers,_and_lace_makers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Patron_saints" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patron_saints"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Patron saints</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patron_saints-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Historic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Contemporary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lace_in_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lace_in_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Lace in art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lace_in_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lace_museums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lace_museums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Lace museums</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lace_museums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Lace</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 53 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-53" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">53 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A9" title="مخرمة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مخرمة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A8-s%C3%ACr" title="Lè-sìr – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Lè-sìr" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Карункі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Карункі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Карункі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Карункі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Дантела – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Дантела" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dantelez" title="Dantelez – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Dantelez" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punta_(teixit)" title="Punta (teixit) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Punta (teixit)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%C4%95%D0%BD%D1%82%C4%95%D1%80" title="Чĕнтĕр – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Чĕнтĕр" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krajka" title="Krajka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Krajka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blonde_(stof)" title="Blonde (stof) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Blonde (stof)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spitze_(Stoff)" title="Spitze (Stoff) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Spitze (Stoff)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pits" title="Pits – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pits" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AD%CE%BB%CE%B1" title="Δαντέλα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δαντέλα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encaje" title="Encaje – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Encaje" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punto" title="Punto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Punto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parpaila" title="Parpaila – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Parpaila" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_(%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%87)" title="توری (پارچه) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="توری (پارچه)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentelle" title="Dentelle – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dentelle" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9-s%E1%B9%B3%CC%82" title="Lé-sṳ̂ – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Lé-sṳ̂" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4_(%EC%88%98%EC%98%88)" title="레이스 (수예) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="레이스 (수예)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BA%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%AF" title="Ժանյակ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ժանյակ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cipka" title="Čipka – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Čipka" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentelo" title="Dentelo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Dentelo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renda" title="Renda – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Renda" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merletto" title="Merletto – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Merletto" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%97%D7%A8%D7%94" title="תחרה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תחרה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9nda" title="Rénda – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Rénda" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%81" title="ಕಲಾಬತು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಲಾಬತು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Csipke" title="Csipke – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Csipke" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ലേസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ലേസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kant_(textiel)" title="Kant (textiel) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kant (textiel)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9_(%E6%89%8B%E8%8A%B8)" title="レース (手芸) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="レース (手芸)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blonde" title="Blonde – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Blonde" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blonde" title="Blonde – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Blonde" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dent%C3%A8la" title="Dentèla – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Dentèla" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koronka_(sztuka)" title="Koronka (sztuka) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Koronka (sztuka)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renda_(tecido)" title="Renda (tecido) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Renda (tecido)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Openwork fabric, patterned with open holes in the work, made by machine or by hand</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Lace_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Lace (disambiguation)">Lace (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Verknipte_kantstrook.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Verknipte_kantstrook.JPG/250px-Verknipte_kantstrook.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="352" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Verknipte_kantstrook.JPG/330px-Verknipte_kantstrook.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Verknipte_kantstrook.JPG/500px-Verknipte_kantstrook.JPG 2x" data-file-width="537" data-file-height="860" /></a><figcaption>Valuable old lace, cut and framed for sale in <a href="/wiki/Bruges" title="Bruges">Bruges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Lace</b> is a delicate <a href="/wiki/Fabric" class="mw-redirect" title="Fabric">fabric</a> made of <a href="/wiki/Yarn" title="Yarn">yarn</a> or <a href="/wiki/Thread_(yarn)" title="Thread (yarn)">thread</a> in an open weblike pattern,<sup id="cite_ref-thefreedictionary1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thefreedictionary1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> made by machine or by hand. Generally, lace is split into two main categories, <a href="/wiki/Needle_lace" title="Needle lace">needlelace</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bobbin_lace" title="Bobbin lace">bobbin lace</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:12_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 122">: 122 </span></sup> although there are other types of lace, such as knitted or crocheted lace. Other laces such as these are considered as a category of their specific craft. Knitted lace, therefore, is an example of knitting. This article considers both needle lace and bobbin lace. </p><p>While some experts say both needle lace and bobbin lace began in Italy in the late 1500s,<sup id="cite_ref-:12_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 122">: 122 </span></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 12">: 12 </span></sup> there are some questions regarding its origins. </p><p>Originally <a href="/wiki/Linen" title="Linen">linen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>, or silver threads were used. Now lace is often made with <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a> thread, although linen and silk threads are still available. Manufactured lace may be made of <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_fiber" title="Synthetic fiber">synthetic fiber</a>. A few modern artists make lace with a fine copper or silver wire instead of thread. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lace&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word lace is from <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a> <i>las</i>, noose, string, from Vulgar <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> *<i>laceum</i>, from Latin <i>laqueus</i>, noose; probably akin to <i>lacere</i>, to entice or ensnare.<sup id="cite_ref-thefreedictionary1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thefreedictionary1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lace&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Latin word from which "lace" is derived means "noose," and a noose describes an open space outlined with rope or thread. This description applies to many types of open fabric resulting from "looping, plaiting, twisting, or knotting...threads...by hand or machine."<sup id="cite_ref-:12_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 122">: 122 </span></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CUR.55.96.123b_view21.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/CUR.55.96.123b_view21.jpg/250px-CUR.55.96.123b_view21.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/CUR.55.96.123b_view21.jpg/330px-CUR.55.96.123b_view21.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/CUR.55.96.123b_view21.jpg/500px-CUR.55.96.123b_view21.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1152" /></a><figcaption>Square Lace "Sampler," 1800-1825, <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum" title="Brooklyn Museum">Brooklyn Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lace&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Unknown_holland_painter._Portrait_of_woman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Unknown_holland_painter._Portrait_of_woman.jpg/250px-Unknown_holland_painter._Portrait_of_woman.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Unknown_holland_painter._Portrait_of_woman.jpg/330px-Unknown_holland_painter._Portrait_of_woman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Unknown_holland_painter._Portrait_of_woman.jpg/440px-Unknown_holland_painter._Portrait_of_woman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="578" /></a><figcaption>Unknown Holland painter, Portrait of woman, 17th century, <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Armenia" title="National Gallery of Armenia">National Gallery of Armenia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>There are many types of lace, classified by how they are made. These include: </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Bobbin_lace" title="Bobbin lace">Bobbin lace</a></b>, as the name suggests, is made with bobbins and a <a href="/wiki/Lace_pillow" class="mw-redirect" title="Lace pillow">pillow</a>. The bobbins, turned from wood, bone, or plastic, hold threads which are woven together and held in place with pins stuck in the pattern on the pillow. The pillow contains straw, preferably <a href="/wiki/Oat" title="Oat">oat</a> <a href="/wiki/Straw" title="Straw">straw</a> or other materials such as sawdust, insulation styrofoam, or ethafoam. Also known as bone-lace. <a href="/wiki/Chantilly_lace" title="Chantilly lace">Chantilly lace</a> is a type of bobbin lace.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Chemical_lace" title="Chemical lace">Chemical lace</a></b>: the stitching area is stitched with embroidery threads that form a continuous motif. Afterwards, the stitching areas are removed and only the embroidery remains. The stitching ground is made of a water-soluble or non-heat-resistant material.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Crocheted_lace" title="Crocheted lace">Crocheted lace</a></b> includes <a href="/wiki/Irish_crochet" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish crochet">Irish crochet</a>, pineapple crochet, and <a href="/wiki/Filet_crochet" title="Filet crochet">filet crochet</a>.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Cutwork" title="Cutwork">Cutwork</a></b>, or <a href="/wiki/Whitework" class="mw-redirect" title="Whitework">whitework</a>, is lace constructed by removing threads from a woven background, and the remaining threads wrapped or filled with <a href="/wiki/Embroidery" title="Embroidery">embroidery</a>.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lace_knitting" title="Lace knitting">Knitted lace</a></b> includes <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shetland_knitted_lace&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shetland knitted lace (page does not exist)">Shetland lace</a>, such as the "wedding ring shawl", a lace shawl so fine that it can be pulled through a wedding ring.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Knotted lace</b> includes <a href="/wiki/Macram%C3%A9" title="Macramé">macramé</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tatting" title="Tatting">tatting</a>.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lace_machine" title="Lace machine">Machine-made</a></b> lace is any style of lace created or replicated using mechanical means.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Needle_lace" title="Needle lace">Needle lace</a></b>, such as <a href="/wiki/Gros_point_de_venise" class="mw-redirect" title="Gros point de venise">Venetian Gros Point</a>, is made using a needle and <a href="/wiki/Yarn" title="Yarn">thread</a>. This is the most flexible of the lace-making arts. While some types can be made more quickly than the finest of bobbin laces, others are very time-consuming. Some purists regard needle lace as the height of lace-making.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The finest antique needle laces were made from a very fine thread that is not manufactured today.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tape_lace" title="Tape lace">Tape lace</a></b> makes the tape in the lace <a href="/wiki/Bobbin_tape_lace" title="Bobbin tape lace">as it is worked</a>, or uses a machine- or hand-made textile strip formed into a design, then <a href="/wiki/Tape_lace" title="Tape lace">joined</a> and embellished with needle or bobbin lace.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tatting" title="Tatting">Tatting</a></b> is a textile craft consisting of a series of knots and loops arranged with a shuttle or needle based process.</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Branscombe4.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Needle lace, showing button hole stitch"><img alt="Needle lace, showing button hole stitch" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Branscombe4.jpg/105px-Branscombe4.jpg" decoding="async" width="105" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Branscombe4.jpg/157px-Branscombe4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Branscombe4.jpg/210px-Branscombe4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="297" data-file-height="340" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Needle_lace" title="Needle lace">Needle lace</a>, showing button hole stitch</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ursuline_lace_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bobbin lace made on a pillow with bobbins and pins"><img alt="Bobbin lace made on a pillow with bobbins and pins" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Ursuline_lace_2.jpg/120px-Ursuline_lace_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Ursuline_lace_2.jpg/180px-Ursuline_lace_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Ursuline_lace_2.jpg/240px-Ursuline_lace_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Bobbin_lace" title="Bobbin lace">Bobbin lace</a> made on a pillow with bobbins and pins</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Boy%27s_Frock_LACMA_M.2007.211.89_(3_of_3).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Broderie anglaise, a type of cutwork"><img alt="Broderie anglaise, a type of cutwork" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Boy%27s_Frock_LACMA_M.2007.211.89_%283_of_3%29.jpg/120px-Boy%27s_Frock_LACMA_M.2007.211.89_%283_of_3%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Boy%27s_Frock_LACMA_M.2007.211.89_%283_of_3%29.jpg/250px-Boy%27s_Frock_LACMA_M.2007.211.89_%283_of_3%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1569" data-file-height="2100" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Broderie_anglaise" title="Broderie anglaise">Broderie anglaise</a>, a type of cutwork</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lace-filet-hrynkiw.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Filet lace, embroidered on an existing net"><img alt="Filet lace, embroidered on an existing net" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Lace-filet-hrynkiw.jpg/120px-Lace-filet-hrynkiw.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Lace-filet-hrynkiw.jpg/180px-Lace-filet-hrynkiw.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Lace-filet-hrynkiw.jpg/240px-Lace-filet-hrynkiw.jpg 2x" data-file-width="288" data-file-height="258" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Filet_lace" title="Filet lace">Filet lace</a>, embroidered on an existing net</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lace_knitting_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lace knitting"><img alt="Lace knitting" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Lace_knitting_2.jpg/120px-Lace_knitting_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Lace_knitting_2.jpg/180px-Lace_knitting_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Lace_knitting_2.jpg/240px-Lace_knitting_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2144" data-file-height="1874" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Lace_knitting" title="Lace knitting">Lace knitting</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuperelle-skyttel_med_nupereller.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Tatting, with shuttle"><img alt="Tatting, with shuttle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Nuperelle-skyttel_med_nupereller.JPG/120px-Nuperelle-skyttel_med_nupereller.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Nuperelle-skyttel_med_nupereller.JPG/180px-Nuperelle-skyttel_med_nupereller.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Nuperelle-skyttel_med_nupereller.JPG/240px-Nuperelle-skyttel_med_nupereller.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Tatting" title="Tatting">Tatting</a>, with shuttle</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History:_Bobbin_and_needle_lace">History: Bobbin and needle lace</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lace&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History: Bobbin and needle lace"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the industrial revolution, see <a href="/wiki/Lace_machine" title="Lace machine">Lace machine</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hans_memling,_madonna_col_bambino_tra_i_santi_giacomo_e_domenico,_1488_ca._03.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Hans_memling%2C_madonna_col_bambino_tra_i_santi_giacomo_e_domenico%2C_1488_ca._03.JPG/220px-Hans_memling%2C_madonna_col_bambino_tra_i_santi_giacomo_e_domenico%2C_1488_ca._03.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Hans_memling%2C_madonna_col_bambino_tra_i_santi_giacomo_e_domenico%2C_1488_ca._03.JPG/330px-Hans_memling%2C_madonna_col_bambino_tra_i_santi_giacomo_e_domenico%2C_1488_ca._03.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Hans_memling%2C_madonna_col_bambino_tra_i_santi_giacomo_e_domenico%2C_1488_ca._03.JPG/440px-Hans_memling%2C_madonna_col_bambino_tra_i_santi_giacomo_e_domenico%2C_1488_ca._03.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3450" /></a><figcaption>Early lace on a fragment of <i>The Virgin and Child</i> by <a href="/wiki/Hans_Memling" title="Hans Memling">Hans Memling</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lace&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The origin of lace is disputed by historians. An Italian claim is a will of 1493 by the Milanese <a href="/wiki/House_of_Sforza" title="House of Sforza">Sforza</a> family.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Flemish claim is lace on the alb of a worshiping priest in a painting about 1485 by <a href="/wiki/Hans_Memling" title="Hans Memling">Hans Memling</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But since lace evolved from other techniques, it is impossible to say that it originated in any one place.<sup id="cite_ref-guild_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guild-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fragility of lace also means that few exceedingly old specimens are extant.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 3">: 3 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lace&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lace was used by clergy of the Catholic Church as part of vestments in religious ceremonies. When they first started to use lace and through the 16th century, they primarily used cutwork. Much of their lace was made of gold, silver, and silk. Wealthy people began to use such expensive lace in clothing trimmings and furnishings, such as cushion covers. In the 1300s and 1400s in the Italian states, heavy duties were imposed on lace, and strict <a href="/wiki/Sumptuary_law" title="Sumptuary law">sumptuary laws</a> were passed.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 6–7">: 6–7 </span></sup> This led to less demand for lace. In the mid-1400s some lacemakers turned to using <a href="/wiki/Flax" title="Flax">flax</a>, which cost less, while others migrated, bringing the industry to other countries. However, lace did not come into widespread use until the 16th century in the northwestern part of the European continent.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The popularity of lace increased rapidly and the cottage industry of lace making spread throughout Europe. The late 16th century marked the rapid development of lace, both needle lace and bobbin lace became dominant in both fashion as well as home décor. For enhancing the beauty of collars and cuffs, needle lace was embroidered with loops and picots.<sup id="cite_ref-Decoratingwithlaceoutlet.com_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Decoratingwithlaceoutlet.com-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sumptuary laws in many countries had a major impact on lace wearing and production throughout its early history, though in some countries they were often ignored or worked around.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 9–10">: 9–10 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy">Italy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lace&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bobbin and needle lace were both being made in Italy early in the 1400s.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 19">: 19 </span></sup> Documenting lace in Italy in the 15th century is a list of fine laces from the inventory of <a href="/wiki/Beatrice_d%27Este" title="Beatrice d'Este">Beatrice d'Este, Duchess of Milan</a>, from 1493.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Venice">Venice</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lace&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Venice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Venice, lace making was originally the province of leisured noblewomen, using it as a pastime. Some of the wives of <a href="/wiki/Doge_of_Venice" title="Doge of Venice">doges</a> also supported lacemaking in the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic</a>. One, <a href="/wiki/Giovanna_Malipiero_Dandolo" class="mw-redirect" title="Giovanna Malipiero Dandolo">Giovanna Malipiero Dandolo</a>, showed support in 1457 for a law protecting lacemakers. In 1476, the lace trade was seriously affected by a law which disallowed "silver and embroidery on any fabric and the <a href="/wiki/Punto_in_Aria" title="Punto in Aria">Punto in Aria</a> of linen threads made with a needle, or gold and silver threads."<sup id="cite_ref-:5_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 10">: 10 </span></sup> In 1595, <a href="/wiki/Morosina_Morosini" title="Morosina Morosini">Morosina Morosini</a>, another doge's wife, founded a lace workshop for 130 women.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 403">: 403 </span></sup> In the early 1500s, the production of lace became a paid activity, accomplished by young girls working in the houses of noblewomen, creating lace for household use, and in convents. Lace was a popular Venetian export in the 1500s and 1600s, and the demand remained strong in Europe, even when the export of other items exported by Venice during this period slumped.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 406">: 406 </span></sup> The largest and most intricate pieces of Venetian lace became ruffs and collars for members of the nobility and for aristocrats.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 412">: 412 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Belgium">Belgium</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lace&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Belgium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lace was being made in Brussels in the 1400s, and samples of such lace survive.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 27">: 27 </span></sup> Belgium and Flanders became a major center for the creation of primarily bobbin lace starting in the 1500s, and some handmade lace is still being produced there today.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 19, 31">: 19, 31 </span></sup> Belgian-grown flax contributed to the lace industry in the country. It produced extremely fine linen threads that were a critical factor in the superior texture and quality of Belgian lace.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 34">: 34 </span></sup> Schools were founded to teach lacemaking to the young.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 31">: 31 </span></sup> The height of the production of lace there was in the 1700s. <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a> was known for <a href="/wiki/Brussels_lace" title="Brussels lace">Point d'Angleterre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lier,_Belgium" title="Lier, Belgium">Lierre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bruges" title="Bruges">Bruges</a> also were known for their own styles of lace. Belgian lacemakers either originated or developed laces such as Brussels or Brabant Lace, Lace of Flanders, <a href="/wiki/Mechlin_lace" title="Mechlin lace">Mechlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valenciennes_lace" title="Valenciennes lace">Valenciennes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Binche_lace" title="Binche lace">Binche</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 19">: 19 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lace&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lace arrived in France when <a href="/wiki/Catherine_de%27_Medici" title="Catherine de' Medici">Catherine de Medici</a>, newly married to King <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_France" title="Henry II of France">Henry II</a> in 1533, brought Venetian lace-makers to her new homeland. The French royal court and the fashions popular there, influenced the lace that started to be made in France. It was delicate and graceful, compared to the heavier needle or point-laces of Venice. Examples of French lace are <a href="/wiki/Alen%C3%A7on_lace" title="Alençon lace">Alençon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argentan_lace" title="Argentan lace">Argentan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chantilly_lace" title="Chantilly lace">Chantilly</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 17">: 17 </span></sup> The 17th century court of King Louis the XIV of France was known for its extravagance, and during his reign lace, particularly the delicate <a href="/wiki/Alen%C3%A7on_lace" title="Alençon lace">Alençon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Argentan_lace" title="Argentan lace">Argentan</a> varieties, was extremely popular as court dress. The <a href="/wiki/Fontange" title="Fontange">frontange</a>, a tall lace headdress, became fashionable in France at this time. Louis XIV's finance minister, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Colbert" title="Jean-Baptiste Colbert">Jean Baptiste Colbert</a>, strengthened the lace industry by establishing lace schools and workshops in the country. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spain">Spain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lace&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Spain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lacemaking in Spain was established early, as by the 1600s its <a href="/w/index.php?title=Point_d%27Espagne_lace&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Point d'Espagne lace (page does not exist)">Point d'Espagne lace</a>, made of gold and silver thread, was very popular. Lace was made for use in churches and for the <a href="/wiki/Mantilla" title="Mantilla">mantilla</a>. Lacemaking may have come to Spain from Italy in the 1500s, or from Flanders, its province at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 33–35">: 33–35 </span></sup> This lace was much admired, and was made throughout the country.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 117">: 117 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lace&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Uthmann" title="Barbara Uthmann">Barbara Uttmann</a> learned how to make bobbin lace as a girl from a Protestant refugee. In 1561 she started a lace-making workshop in <a href="/wiki/Annaberg-Buchholz" title="Annaberg-Buchholz">Annaberg</a>. By the time of her death in 1575, there were over 30,000 lacemakers in that area of Germany. Following the revocation of the <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Nantes" title="Edict of Nantes">Edict of Nantes</a> in France in 1685, many <a href="/wiki/Huguenots" title="Huguenots">Huguenot</a> lacemakers moved to Hamburg and Berlin. The earliest known lace pattern book was printed in Cologne in 1527.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 30–31">: 30–31 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="England">England</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lace&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: England"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The lace that was made in England prior to the introduction of bobbin lace in the mid 1500s was primarily cutwork or <a href="/wiki/Drawn_thread_work" title="Drawn thread work">drawn thread work</a>. There is a 1554 mention of Sir Thomas Wyatt wearing a ruff trimmed with <a href="/wiki/Bobbin_lace" title="Bobbin lace">bone lace</a> (some bobbins at the time were made of bone).<sup id="cite_ref-:7_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 49">: 49 </span></sup> The court of <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Queen Elizabeth</a> of England maintained close ties with the French court, and so French lace began to be seen and appreciated in England. Lace was used on her court gowns, and became fashionable. </p><p>There are two distinct areas of England where lacemaking was a significant industry: <a href="/wiki/Devon" title="Devon">Devon</a> and part of the <a href="/wiki/South_Midlands" title="South Midlands">South Midlands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 48">: 48 </span></sup> Belgian lacemakers were encouraged to settle in Honiton in Devon at the end of the 16th century. They continued to make pillow and other lace, as they had in their homeland, but <a href="/wiki/Honiton_lace" title="Honiton lace">Honiton lace</a> never got the acclaim that lace from France, Italy, and Belgium did.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 19–21">: 19–21 </span></sup> While the lace in Devon stayed stable, in the lace-making areas of the South Midlands there were changes brought by different groups of <a href="/wiki/%C3%89migr%C3%A9" title="Émigré">émigrés</a>: Flemings, French Huguenots, and later, French escaping the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">Revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 48–49">: 48–49 </span></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Aragon" title="Catherine of Aragon">Catherine of Aragon</a>, while exiled in Ampthill, England, was said to have supported the lace makers there by burning all her lace, and commissioning new pieces.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This may be the origin of the lacemaker's holiday, Cattern's Day. On this day (25 or 26 November) lacemakers were given a day off from work, and Cattern cakes - small dough cakes made with <a href="/wiki/Caraway" title="Caraway">caraway seeds</a>, were used to celebrate.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The English diarist <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Pepys" title="Samuel Pepys">Samuel Pepys</a> often wrote about the lace used for his, his wife's, and his acquaintances' clothing, and on 10 May 1669, noted that he intended to remove the gold lace from the sleeves of his coat "as it is fit [he] should", possibly in order to avoid charges of ostentatious living.<sup id="cite_ref-Pepys_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pepys-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1840, Britain's Queen Victoria was married in lace, influencing the wedding dress style until now.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The decline of the lace industry in England began about 1780, as was happening elsewhere. Some of the reasons include the increased popularity of clothing in the Classical style, the economic issues connected to war, and the increased production and use of machine-made laces.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 51–52">: 51–52 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="America">America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lace&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>American colonists of both British and Dutch origins strove to acquire lace accessories such as caps, ruffs, and other neckwear, and handkerchiefs. American women who afford lace textiles were also able to afford aprons and dresses trimmed with the technique or made only from lace. Because of sumptuary laws, such as one in Massachusetts in 1634, American citizens were not allowed to own or make their lace textiles. Sumptuary laws prevented spending on extravagance and luxury and classified who could own or make lace. This indicates that lace was being made in that colony at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 187–189">: 187–189 </span></sup> Lacemaking was being taught in boarding schools by the mid 1700s, and newspaper advertisements starting in the early 1700s offered to teach the technique.<sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 192">: 192 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in the 18th century, <a href="/wiki/Ipswich,_Massachusetts" title="Ipswich, Massachusetts">Ipswich</a>, Massachusetts had become the only place in America known for producing handmade lace. By 1790, women in Ipswich, who were primarily from the <a href="/wiki/Midlands" title="Midlands">British Midlands</a>, were making 42,000 yards of silk bobbin lace intended for trimmings.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 189–190">: 189–190 </span></sup> <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> reportedly purchased <a href="/wiki/Ipswich_lace" title="Ipswich lace">Ipswich Lace</a> on a trip to the region in 1789.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Machines to make lace began to be smuggled into the country in the early 1800s, as England did not permit these machines to be exported. The first lacemaking factory opened in <a href="/wiki/Medway,_Massachusetts" title="Medway, Massachusetts">Medway, Massachusetts</a> in 1818. Ipswich had its own in 1824. The women there moved from making bobbin lace to decorating the machine-made net lace with darning and tambour stitches, creating what is known as <a href="/wiki/Limerick_lace" title="Limerick lace">Limerick lace</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 190">: 190 </span></sup> </p><p>Lace was still much in demand in the 19th century. Lace trimmings on dresses, at seams, pockets, and collars were very popular. The lace being made in the United States was based on European patterns. By the turn of the 20th century, needlework and other magazines included lace patterns of a range of types.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 195">: 195 </span></sup> </p><p>In North America in the 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Missionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Missionaries">missionaries</a> spread the knowledge of lace making to the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native American</a> tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sibyl_Carter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sibyl Carter (page does not exist)">Sibyl Carter</a>, an Episcopalian missionary, began to teach lacemaking to <a href="/wiki/Ojibwe" title="Ojibwe">Ojibwa</a> women in Minnesota in 1890. Classes were being held for members of many tribes throughout the US by the first decade of the 1900s<sup id="cite_ref-:4_23-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> St. <a href="/wiki/John_Francis_Regis" title="John Francis Regis">John Francis Regis</a> guided many women out of prostitution by establishing them in the lace making and <a href="/wiki/Embroidery" title="Embroidery">embroidery</a> trade, which is why he became the <a href="/wiki/Patron_Saint" class="mw-redirect" title="Patron Saint">Patron Saint</a> of lace making.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ireland">Ireland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lace&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Irish_lace" title="Irish lace">Irish lace</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_Lace_kaftan_%E2%80%9CIllusion%E2%80%9D_by_Sybil_Connolly-_Full_length_FRONT.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Black_Lace_kaftan_%E2%80%9CIllusion%E2%80%9D_by_Sybil_Connolly-_Full_length_FRONT.jpg/250px-Black_Lace_kaftan_%E2%80%9CIllusion%E2%80%9D_by_Sybil_Connolly-_Full_length_FRONT.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Black_Lace_kaftan_%E2%80%9CIllusion%E2%80%9D_by_Sybil_Connolly-_Full_length_FRONT.jpg/330px-Black_Lace_kaftan_%E2%80%9CIllusion%E2%80%9D_by_Sybil_Connolly-_Full_length_FRONT.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Black_Lace_kaftan_%E2%80%9CIllusion%E2%80%9D_by_Sybil_Connolly-_Full_length_FRONT.jpg/500px-Black_Lace_kaftan_%E2%80%9CIllusion%E2%80%9D_by_Sybil_Connolly-_Full_length_FRONT.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="6000" /></a><figcaption>Carrickmacross Lace 'Illusion' dress by Irish fashion designer <a href="/wiki/Sybil_Connolly" title="Sybil Connolly">Sybil Connolly</a></figcaption></figure><p>Lace was made in Ireland from the 1730s onwards with several different lace-making schools founded across the country. Many regions acquired a name for high-quality work and others developed a distinctive style. Lace proved to be an important means of income for many poorer women.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several important schools of lace included: <a href="/wiki/Carrickmacross_lace" title="Carrickmacross lace">Carrickmacross</a> lace, <a href="/wiki/Kenmare_lace" title="Kenmare lace">Kenmare</a> lace, <a href="/wiki/Limerick_lace" title="Limerick lace">Limerick</a> lace and <a href="/wiki/Youghal_lace" title="Youghal lace">Youghal</a> lace.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Italian_(Florentine)_School_-_Portrait_of_an_Unknown_Lady,_Aged_23_(called_%E2%80%98the_Countess_Miranda%E2%80%99)_-_1210350_-_National_Trust.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Portrait of a woman in an ornate dress with a massive lace collar." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Italian_%28Florentine%29_School_-_Portrait_of_an_Unknown_Lady%2C_Aged_23_%28called_%E2%80%98the_Countess_Miranda%E2%80%99%29_-_1210350_-_National_Trust.jpg/220px-Italian_%28Florentine%29_School_-_Portrait_of_an_Unknown_Lady%2C_Aged_23_%28called_%E2%80%98the_Countess_Miranda%E2%80%99%29_-_1210350_-_National_Trust.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Italian_%28Florentine%29_School_-_Portrait_of_an_Unknown_Lady%2C_Aged_23_%28called_%E2%80%98the_Countess_Miranda%E2%80%99%29_-_1210350_-_National_Trust.jpg/330px-Italian_%28Florentine%29_School_-_Portrait_of_an_Unknown_Lady%2C_Aged_23_%28called_%E2%80%98the_Countess_Miranda%E2%80%99%29_-_1210350_-_National_Trust.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Italian_%28Florentine%29_School_-_Portrait_of_an_Unknown_Lady%2C_Aged_23_%28called_%E2%80%98the_Countess_Miranda%E2%80%99%29_-_1210350_-_National_Trust.jpg/440px-Italian_%28Florentine%29_School_-_Portrait_of_an_Unknown_Lady%2C_Aged_23_%28called_%E2%80%98the_Countess_Miranda%E2%80%99%29_-_1210350_-_National_Trust.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1011" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of an Unknown Lady. Florentine School, 1571. National Trust.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Godfrey_Kneller_(1646-1723)_(style_of)_-_Portrait_of_an_Unknown_Gentleman_in_Brown_with_a_Lace_Collar_-_1336256_-_National_Trust.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The man shown is wearing a lace cravat." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Godfrey_Kneller_%281646-1723%29_%28style_of%29_-_Portrait_of_an_Unknown_Gentleman_in_Brown_with_a_Lace_Collar_-_1336256_-_National_Trust.jpg/220px-Godfrey_Kneller_%281646-1723%29_%28style_of%29_-_Portrait_of_an_Unknown_Gentleman_in_Brown_with_a_Lace_Collar_-_1336256_-_National_Trust.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Godfrey_Kneller_%281646-1723%29_%28style_of%29_-_Portrait_of_an_Unknown_Gentleman_in_Brown_with_a_Lace_Collar_-_1336256_-_National_Trust.jpg/330px-Godfrey_Kneller_%281646-1723%29_%28style_of%29_-_Portrait_of_an_Unknown_Gentleman_in_Brown_with_a_Lace_Collar_-_1336256_-_National_Trust.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Godfrey_Kneller_%281646-1723%29_%28style_of%29_-_Portrait_of_an_Unknown_Gentleman_in_Brown_with_a_Lace_Collar_-_1336256_-_National_Trust.jpg/440px-Godfrey_Kneller_%281646-1723%29_%28style_of%29_-_Portrait_of_an_Unknown_Gentleman_in_Brown_with_a_Lace_Collar_-_1336256_-_National_Trust.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1052" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of an Unknown Gentleman in Brown with a Lace Collar by <a href="/wiki/Godfrey_Kneller" title="Godfrey Kneller">Godfrey Kneller</a> (1646-1723)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Patrons,_designers,_and_lace_makers"><span id="Patrons.2C_designers.2C_and_lace_makers"></span>Patrons, designers, and lace makers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lace&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Patrons, designers, and lace makers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Patron_saints">Patron saints</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lace&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Patron saints"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some patron saints of lace include:<sup id="cite_ref-Refresh_2015_y938_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Refresh_2015_y938-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Anne" title="Saint Anne">St Anne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Alexandria" title="Catherine of Alexandria">St Catherine of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crispin_and_Crispinian" title="Crispin and Crispinian">St Crispin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_Hungary" title="Elizabeth of Hungary">St Elizabeth of Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helena,_mother_of_Constantine_I" title="Helena, mother of Constantine I">St Helena of Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Francis_Regis" title="John Francis Regis">St John Regis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraskeva_of_the_Balkans" title="Paraskeva of the Balkans">St Paraskeva of the Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_of_Lima" title="Rose of Lima">St Rose of Lima</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historic">Historic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lace&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Historic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giovanna_Dandolo" title="Giovanna Dandolo">Giovanna Dandolo</a> (1457–1462)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Uthmann" title="Barbara Uthmann">Barbara Uthmann</a> (1514–1575)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morosina_Morosini" title="Morosina Morosini">Morosina Morosini</a> (1545–1614)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federico_de_Vinciolo" title="Federico de Vinciolo">Federico de Vinciolo</a> (16th century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caterina_Angiola_Pieroncini" title="Caterina Angiola Pieroncini">Caterina Angiola Pieroncini</a> (18th century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_Vere_O%27Brien" title="Florence Vere O'Brien">Florence Vere O'Brien</a> (1854-1936)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary">Contemporary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lace&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Contemporary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Elena_Egipciaco" title="Rosa Elena Egipciaco">Rosa Elena Egipciaco</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lace_in_art">Lace in art</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lace&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Lace in art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frans_Hals_-_Nicolaes_Hasselaer_-_WGA11104.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Man seated sideways on a chair, facing viewer, whose garment has an intricately patterned lace collar." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Frans_Hals_-_Nicolaes_Hasselaer_-_WGA11104.jpg/250px-Frans_Hals_-_Nicolaes_Hasselaer_-_WGA11104.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Frans_Hals_-_Nicolaes_Hasselaer_-_WGA11104.jpg/330px-Frans_Hals_-_Nicolaes_Hasselaer_-_WGA11104.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Frans_Hals_-_Nicolaes_Hasselaer_-_WGA11104.jpg/500px-Frans_Hals_-_Nicolaes_Hasselaer_-_WGA11104.jpg 2x" data-file-width="790" data-file-height="1010" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Nicolaes Hasselaer by Frans Hals, c. 1627. Rijksmuseum.</figcaption></figure> <p>The earliest portraits showing lace are those of the early <a href="/wiki/Florentine_painting" title="Florentine painting">Florentine School</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 13">: 13 </span></sup> Later, in the 17th century, lace was very popular and painting styles were at the time realistic. This allows viewers to see the finery of lace.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Painted portraits, primarily those of the wealthy or the nobility, depicted costly laces. This presented a challenge to the painters, who needed to represent not only their sitters accurately, but their intricate lace as well.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 414">: 414 </span></sup> </p><p>The portrait of Nicolaes Hasselaer seen here was painted by Frans Hals in about 1627. It depicts a man dressed in a black garment with a lace collar. The collar is detailed enough that those who are expert in lace identification can tell what pattern it is. Hals created the lace effect with dabs of grey and white, using black paint to indicate the spaces between the threads.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An image of an anonymous female artisan appears in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lacemaker_(Vermeer)" title="The Lacemaker (Vermeer)">The Lacemaker</a></i>, a painting by the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age_painting" title="Dutch Golden Age painting">Dutch artist</a> <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Vermeer" title="Johannes Vermeer">Johannes Vermeer</a> (1632–1675), completed around 1669–1670. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lace&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo_Scotian_Mills" title="Anglo Scotian Mills">Anglo Scotian Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doily" title="Doily">Doily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishnet" title="Fishnet">Fishnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacemaking_in_Croatia" title="Lacemaking in Croatia">Lacemaking in Croatia</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lagetta_lagetto" title="Lagetta lagetto">Lagetta lagetto</a></i> (Lacebark)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lippitt_Mill" title="Lippitt Mill">Lippitt Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pointelle" title="Pointelle">Pointelle</a>, a similar type of fabric</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribbons" class="mw-redirect" title="Ribbons">Ribbons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scranton_Lace_Company" title="Scranton Lace Company">Scranton Lace Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/See-through_clothing" title="See-through clothing">See-through clothing</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Museum_of_Costume_and_Lace_exterior.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Exterior of an old brick building" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Museum_of_Costume_and_Lace_exterior.jpg/220px-Museum_of_Costume_and_Lace_exterior.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Museum_of_Costume_and_Lace_exterior.jpg/330px-Museum_of_Costume_and_Lace_exterior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Museum_of_Costume_and_Lace_exterior.jpg/440px-Museum_of_Costume_and_Lace_exterior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fashion_and_Lace_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Fashion and Lace Museum">Fashion and Lace Museum</a>, Brussels, Belgium. </figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lace_museums">Lace museums</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lace&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Lace museums"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_%26_Lace_Museum" title="Fashion & Lace Museum">Fashion and Lace Museum</a>, Brussels, Belgium</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kantcentrum.eu/en/home">Kantcentrum</a>, Bruges, Belgium</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kenmarelace.ie/">Kenmare Lace and Design Centre</a>, Kenmare, County Kerry, Ireland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limerick_Museum" title="Limerick Museum">Limerick Museum</a></li> <li>The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.laceguild.org/the-museum">Lace Guild Museum and Gallery</a>, Stourbridge, UK</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thelacemuseum.org/">The Lace Museum</a>, Fremont, California, US</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lacismuseum.org/">Lacis Museum of Lace and Textiles</a>, Berkeley, California, US</li> <li>Lace Museum/Museo del Merletto, near Venice, Italy</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arenysdemar.cat/museu/index_i.htm">Marès Lace Museum/Museu Marès de la Punta</a>, Arenys de Mar, Spain</li> <li>Musée des Beaux-Arts et de la Dentelle Alençon, France</li> <li>Museo del Mundillo, Moca, Puerto Rico</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.textilmuseum.ch/en/">Textilmuseum St. Gallen</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Gallen" title="St. Gallen">St. Gallen, Switzerland</a>, and their exhibit traveled to Bard Graduate Center in 2022 for a major New York installation, Threads of Power.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lace&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-thefreedictionary1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-thefreedictionary1_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thefreedictionary1_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefreedictionary.com/lace">"Lace"</a>. <i>The Free Dictionary</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Free+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Lace&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefreedictionary.com%2Flace&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFrost2000" class="citation book cs1">Frost, Patricia (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/48140446"><i>Miller's collecting textiles</i></a>. London: Miller's. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84000-203-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-84000-203-4"><bdi>1-84000-203-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/48140446">48140446</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Miller%27s+collecting+textiles&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Miller%27s&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F48140446&rft.isbn=1-84000-203-4&rft.aulast=Frost&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F48140446&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchwab1957" class="citation book cs1">Schwab, David E. (1957). <i>The Story of Lace and Embroidery and Handkerchiefs</i>. New York: Fairchild.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+Lace+and+Embroidery+and+Handkerchiefs&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Fairchild&rft.date=1957&rft.aulast=Schwab&rft.aufirst=David+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLovick2013" class="citation book cs1">Lovick, Elizabeth (2013). <i>The Magic of Shetland Lace Knitting</i>. New York: St. Martin's Griffin. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-250-03908-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-250-03908-8"><bdi>978-1-250-03908-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Magic+of+Shetland+Lace+Knitting&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Griffin&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-250-03908-8&rft.aulast=Lovick&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cartelfr.louvre.fr/cartelfr/visite?srv=car_not_frame&idNotice=23998">"Hans Memling | La Vierge et l'Enfant entre saint Jacques et saint Dominique"</a>. <i>Site officiel du musée du Louvre</i> (in French). 12 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Site+officiel+du+mus%C3%A9e+du+Louvre&rft.atitle=Hans+Memling+%7C+La+Vierge+et+l%27Enfant+entre+saint+Jacques+et+saint+Dominique&rft.date=2023-10-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcartelfr.louvre.fr%2Fcartelfr%2Fvisite%3Fsrv%3Dcar_not_frame%26idNotice%3D23998&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVerhaegen1912" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Verhaegen, Pierre (1912). <i>La Dentelle Belge</i> (in French). Brussel: L. Lebègue. p. 10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Dentelle+Belge&rft.place=Brussel&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=L.+Leb%C3%A8gue&rft.date=1912&rft.aulast=Verhaegen&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFvan_Steyvoort1983" class="citation book cs1">van Steyvoort, Collette (1983). <i>Inleiding to kantcreatie (Introduction to creating lace)</i> (translation by Magda Grisar ed.). Paris: Dessain et Tolra. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/224927665X" title="Special:BookSources/224927665X"><bdi>224927665X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inleiding+to+kantcreatie+%28Introduction+to+creating+lace%29&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=11&rft.edition=translation+by+Magda+Grisar&rft.pub=Dessain+et+Tolra&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=224927665X&rft.aulast=van+Steyvoort&rft.aufirst=Collette&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-guild-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-guild_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.laceguild.org/a-brief-history-of-lace">"The Craft of Lacemaking"</a>. <i>LaceGuild.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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New York: Dover. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-25309-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-25309-0"><bdi>0-486-25309-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/14718956">14718956</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Old+handmade+lace+%3A+with+a+dictionary+of+lace&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Dover&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F14718956&rft.isbn=0-486-25309-0&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Emily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F14718956&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJackson1900" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Mrs. F. Nevill (1900). <i>A History of Hand-Made Lace</i>. London: L. Upcott Gill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Hand-Made+Lace&rft.place=London&rft.pub=L.+Upcott+Gill&rft.date=1900&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Mrs.+F.+Nevill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lacemakerslace.oddquine.co.uk/history.html">"History of Lace"</a>. <i>www.lacemakerslace.oddquine.co.uk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.lacemakerslace.oddquine.co.uk&rft.atitle=History+of+Lace&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lacemakerslace.oddquine.co.uk%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Decoratingwithlaceoutlet.com-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Decoratingwithlaceoutlet.com_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140308030649/http://decoratingwithlaceoutlet.com/page.asp?id=90">"History of Lace | Lace Trends | Lace Spreads"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Lace+%26%23124%3B+Lace+Trends+%26%23124%3B+Lace+Spreads&rft.pub=Decoratingwithlaceoutlet.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdecoratingwithlaceoutlet.com%2Fpage.asp%3Fid%3D90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHuetson1973" class="citation book cs1">Huetson, T. L. (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/793392"><i>Lace and bobbins; a history and collector's guide</i></a> ([1st American ed.] ed.). South Brunswick: A.S. Barnes. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-498-01398-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-498-01398-7"><bdi>0-498-01398-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/793392">793392</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lace+and+bobbins%3B+a+history+and+collector%27s+guide&rft.place=South+Brunswick&rft.edition=%5B1st+American+ed.%5D&rft.pub=A.S.+Barnes&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F793392&rft.isbn=0-498-01398-7&rft.aulast=Huetson&rft.aufirst=T.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F793392&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSingleton1917" class="citation book cs1">Singleton, Esther (1917). <i>Lace and Lace Making</i>. The Mentor.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lace+and+Lace+Making&rft.pub=The+Mentor&rft.date=1917&rft.aulast=Singleton&rft.aufirst=Esther&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJones2014" class="citation journal cs1">Jones, Ann Rosalind (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/678268">"Labor and Lace: The Crafts of Giacomo Franco's Habiti delle donne venetiane"</a>. <i>I Tatti Studies in the Italian Renaissance</i>. <b>17</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">399–</span>425. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F678268">10.1086/678268</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0393-5949">0393-5949</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/678268">10.1086/678268</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:192036554">192036554</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=I+Tatti+Studies+in+the+Italian+Renaissance&rft.atitle=Labor+and+Lace%3A+The+Crafts+of+Giacomo+Franco%27s+Habiti+delle+donne+venetiane&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E399-%3C%2Fspan%3E425&rft.date=2014&rft.issn=0393-5949&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A192036554%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1086%2F678268%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F678268&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Ann+Rosalind&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1086%2F678268&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlum1920" class="citation book cs1">Blum, Clara M. (1920). <i>Old World Lace, or a Guide for the Lace Lover</i>. New York: E.P. Dutton.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Old+World+Lace%2C+or+a+Guide+for+the+Lace+Lover&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=E.P.+Dutton&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Blum&rft.aufirst=Clara+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJones1951" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Mary Eirwen (1951). <i>The Romance of Lace</i>. London: Staples.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Romance+of+Lace&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Staples&rft.date=1951&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Mary+Eirwen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMincoff1987" class="citation book cs1">Mincoff, Elizabeth (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/16527223"><i>Pillow or bobbin lace : technique, patterns, history</i></a>. Margaret S. Marriage. New York: Dover. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-25505-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-25505-0"><bdi>0-486-25505-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/16527223">16527223</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pillow+or+bobbin+lace+%3A+technique%2C+patterns%2C+history&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Dover&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F16527223&rft.isbn=0-486-25505-0&rft.aulast=Mincoff&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F16527223&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lavenderandlovage.com/2011/11/st-catherines-day-lace-makers-and.html">"St Catherine's Day, Cattern Cakes and Lace"</a>. <i>Lavender and Lovage</i>. 12 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lavender+and+Lovage&rft.atitle=St+Catherine%27s+Day%2C+Cattern+Cakes+and+Lace&rft.date=2017-04-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lavenderandlovage.com%2F2011%2F11%2Fst-catherines-day-lace-makers-and.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJones1987" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Julia (1987). <i>A Calendar of Feasts; Cattern cakes and lace</i>. England: DK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0863182526" title="Special:BookSources/0863182526"><bdi>0863182526</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Calendar+of+Feasts%3B+Cattern+cakes+and+lace&rft.place=England&rft.pub=DK&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0863182526&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Julia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pepys-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pepys_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPepys1669" class="citation web cs1">Pepys, Samuel (10 May 1669). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/1669/05/10/">"Monday 10 May 1669"</a>. <i>The Diary of Samuel Pepys</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Diary+of+Samuel+Pepys&rft.atitle=Monday+10+May+1669&rft.date=1669-05-10&rft.aulast=Pepys&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pepysdiary.com%2Fdiary%2F1669%2F05%2F10%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Fashion Book</i>. London: Dorling Kindersley. 2014. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781409352327" title="Special:BookSources/9781409352327"><bdi>9781409352327</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/889544401">889544401</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fashion+Book&rft.place=London&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Dorling+Kindersley&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F889544401&rft.isbn=9781409352327&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_23-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_23-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWeissman1994" class="citation book cs1">Weissman, Judith Reiter (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/29315818"><i>Labors of love : America's textiles and needlework, 1650-1930</i></a>. Wendy Lavitt. New York: Wings Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-517-10136-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-517-10136-X"><bdi>0-517-10136-X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/29315818">29315818</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Labors+of+love+%3A+America%27s+textiles+and+needlework%2C+1650-1930&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Wings+Books&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F29315818&rft.isbn=0-517-10136-X&rft.aulast=Weissman&rft.aufirst=Judith+Reiter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F29315818&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPhilbrick2021" class="citation book cs1">Philbrick, Nathaniel (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1237806867"><i>Travels with George : in search of Washington and his legacy</i></a>. [New York, New York]. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-525-56217-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-525-56217-7"><bdi>978-0-525-56217-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1237806867">1237806867</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Travels+with+George+%3A+in+search+of+Washington+and+his+legacy&rft.place=%5BNew+York%2C+New+York%5D&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1237806867&rft.isbn=978-0-525-56217-7&rft.aulast=Philbrick&rft.aufirst=Nathaniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1237806867&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALace" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130801221656/http://lace.lacefairy.com/Lace/ID/IndianLace.html">"Indian Lace"</a>. 1 August 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lace.lacefairy.com/Lace/ID/IndianLace.html">the original</a> on 1 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indian+Lace&rft.date=2013-08-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flace.lacefairy.com%2FLace%2FID%2FIndianLace.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170627152046/http://jesuits.org/news-detail?tn=news-20160615021646">"Society of Jesus Celebrates Feast of St. John Francis Regis, SJ"</a>. <i>jesuits.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jesuits.org/news-detail?tn=news-20160615021646">the original</a> on 27 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=jesuits.org&rft.atitle=Society+of+Jesus+Celebrates+Feast+of+St.+John+Francis+Regis%2C+SJ&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjesuits.org%2Fnews-detail%3Ftn%3Dnews-20160615021646&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHooper" class="citation web cs1">Hooper, Glenn. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160425062538/http://www.heritagecouncil.ie/fileadmin/user_upload/Publications/Museums_and_Archive/Lace_Final_for_Web.pdf/">"Irish Lace"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heritagecouncil.ie/content/files/irish_lace_leaflet_4mb.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 25 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Irish+Lace&rft.aulast=Hooper&rft.aufirst=Glenn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.heritagecouncil.ie%2Fcontent%2Ffiles%2Firish_lace_leaflet_4mb.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPotter2014" class="citation book cs1">Potter, Matthew (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/910526333"><i>Amazing lace : a history of the Limerick lace industry</i></a>. Jacqui Hayes. Limerick. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-905700-22-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-905700-22-9"><bdi>978-0-905700-22-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/910526333">910526333</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Amazing+lace+%3A+a+history+of+the+Limerick+lace+industry&rft.place=Limerick&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F910526333&rft.isbn=978-0-905700-22-9&rft.aulast=Potter&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F910526333&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALace" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Refresh_2015_y938-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Refresh_2015_y938_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trc-leiden.nl/trc-needles/people-and-functions/legendary-people-and-patron-saints/patron-saints-of-needlework-and-lace">"Patron Saints of Needlework and Lace"</a>. <i>Refresh</i>. 27 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Refresh&rft.atitle=Patron+Saints+of+Needlework+and+Lace&rft.date=2015-01-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftrc-leiden.nl%2Ftrc-needles%2Fpeople-and-functions%2Flegendary-people-and-patron-saints%2Fpatron-saints-of-needlework-and-lace&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sophieploeg.com/blog/the-10-best-lace-paintings/">"The 10 Best Lace Paintings"</a>. <i>Sophie Ploeg</i>. 29 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sophie+Ploeg&rft.atitle=The+10+Best+Lace+Paintings&rft.date=2015-09-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sophieploeg.com%2Fblog%2Fthe-10-best-lace-paintings%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVan_Guldener1969" class="citation book cs1">Van Guldener, Hermine (1969). <i>Rijksmuseum Amsterdam</i>. Munich: Knorr & Hirth Verlag. p. 27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rijksmuseum+Amsterdam&rft.place=Munich&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Knorr+%26+Hirth+Verlag&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Van+Guldener&rft.aufirst=Hermine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmith2022" class="citation news cs1">Smith, Roberta (8 December 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/08/arts/design/lace-exhibition-bard-graduate-center.html">"Lace, That Most Coveted Textile"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Lace%2C+That+Most+Coveted+Textile&rft.date=2022-12-08&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Roberta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2022%2F12%2F08%2Farts%2Fdesign%2Flace-exhibition-bard-graduate-center.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lace&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lace" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Lace">Lace</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu/threadsofpower/">Threads of Power, online exhibition</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thelacemuseum.org/">The Lace Museum</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://internationalorganizationoflace.org/">International Organization of Lace</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oidfa.com/">L’Organisation Internationale de la Dentelle au Fuseau et à l’Aiguille</a>, OIDFA</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lace_types" title="Template:Lace types"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lace_types" title="Template talk:Lace types"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lace_types" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lace types"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lace_types509" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lace</a> types</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Needle_lace" title="Needle lace">Needle lace</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alen%C3%A7on_lace" title="Alençon lace">Alençon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aemilia_Ars&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aemilia Ars (page does not exist)">Aemilia Ars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentan_lace" title="Argentan lace">Argentan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentella" title="Argentella">Argentella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_needlelace" title="Armenian needlelace">Armenian</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merletto%20di%20Burano">Burano</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chebka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chebka (page does not exist)">Chebka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filet_lace" title="Filet lace">Filet lace</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frisado_de_Valladolid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frisado de Valladolid (page does not exist)">Frisado de Valladolid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_lace" title="Greek lace">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halas_lace" title="Halas lace">Halas lace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedebo_embroidery" title="Hedebo embroidery">Hedebo embroidery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollie_Point" class="mw-redirect" title="Hollie Point">Hollie Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacemaking_in_Croatia#Hvar:_agave_or_aloe_lace" title="Lacemaking in Croatia"> Hvar lace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenmare_lace" title="Kenmare lace">Kenmare Lace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nall%C4%B1han_silk_needlelace" title="Nallıhan silk needlelace">Nallıhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%91andut%C3%AD" title="Ñandutí">Ñandutí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oya_(lace)" title="Oya (lace)">Oya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pag_lace" title="Pag lace">Pag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_de_France" title="Point de France">Point de France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_de_Gaze" title="Point de Gaze">Point de Gaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_de_Venise" title="Point de Venise">Point de Venise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punto_in_Aria" title="Punto in Aria">Punto in Aria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Puncetto_Valsesiano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Puncetto Valsesiano (page does not exist)">Puncetto Valsesiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenerife_lace" title="Tenerife lace">Tenerife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youghal_lace" title="Youghal lace">Youghal</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Embroidery" title="Embroidery">Embroidery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Buratto" title="Buratto">Buratto</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Filet_lace" title="Filet lace">Filet lace</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Limerick_lace" title="Limerick lace">Limerick</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Needlerun_net" title="Needlerun net">Needlerun net</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pi%C3%B1a" title="Piña">Piña embroidery</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Reticella" title="Reticella">Reticella</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tambour_lace" title="Tambour lace">Tambour</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Cutwork" title="Cutwork">Cutwork</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Broderie_anglaise" title="Broderie anglaise">Broderie anglaise</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Carrickmacross_lace" title="Carrickmacross lace">Carrickmacross</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lefkara_lace" title="Lefkara lace">Lefkara lace</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Saba_lace" title="Saba lace"> Saba lace</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NeedleLaceBorder_ErzgebirgeGermany1884_detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/NeedleLaceBorder_ErzgebirgeGermany1884_detail.jpg/100px-NeedleLaceBorder_ErzgebirgeGermany1884_detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/NeedleLaceBorder_ErzgebirgeGermany1884_detail.jpg/150px-NeedleLaceBorder_ErzgebirgeGermany1884_detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/NeedleLaceBorder_ErzgebirgeGermany1884_detail.jpg/200px-NeedleLaceBorder_ErzgebirgeGermany1884_detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="281" data-file-height="840" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bobbin_lace" title="Bobbin lace">Bobbin lace</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Mesh_grounded_bobbin_lace" title="Mesh grounded bobbin lace">Mesh grounds</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Antwerp_lace" title="Antwerp lace">Antwerp</a></dd> <dd><a class="external text" href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ret_fi">Arenys or Ret fi lace</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Arras_lace" title="Arras lace">Arras</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bayeux_lace" title="Bayeux lace">Bayeux</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beeralu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beeralu (page does not exist)">Beeralu</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Beveren_lace" title="Beveren lace">Beveren</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Binche_lace" title="Binche lace">Binche</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Blonde_lace" title="Blonde lace">Blonde</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bucks_point_lace" title="Bucks point lace">Bucks point</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chantilly_lace" title="Chantilly lace">Chantilly</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chefoo_lace&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chefoo lace (page does not exist)">Chefoo</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cogne_lace" title="Cogne lace">Cogne</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Flanders_lace" title="Flanders lace">Flanders</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Freehand_lace" title="Freehand lace">Freehand</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lille_lace" title="Lille lace">Lille</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ipswich_lace" title="Ipswich lace">Ipswich</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mechlin_lace" title="Mechlin lace">Mechlin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mundillo" title="Mundillo">Mundillo</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paris_lace" title="Paris lace">Paris</a></dd> <dd><a class="external text" href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nypl%C3%A4ys">Raumanpitsien or Rauma</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Valenciennes_lace" title="Valenciennes lace">Valenciennes</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=%27s_Gravenmoer_lace&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="'s Gravenmoer lace (page does not exist)">'s Gravenmoer</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Torchon_lace" title="Torchon lace">Torchon</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/T%C3%B8nder_lace" title="Tønder lace">Tønder</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Guipure" title="Guipure">Guipure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Bedfordshire_lace" title="Bedfordshire lace">Bedfordshire</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cluny_lace" title="Cluny lace">Cluny</a></dd> <dd><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentelle_du_Puy" class="extiw" title="fr:Dentelle du Puy">Dentelle du Puy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Genoese_lace" title="Genoese lace">Genoese</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Liptov" title="Liptov">Liptov</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Maltese_lace" title="Maltese lace">Maltese</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Yak_lace" title="Yak lace">Yak lace</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Part_lace" title="Part lace">Part laces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Bruges_lace" title="Bruges lace">Bruges</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Brussels_lace" title="Brussels lace">Brussels</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Brussels_lace#Point_d'Angleterre" title="Brussels lace">Point d'Angleterre</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Honiton_lace" title="Honiton lace">Honiton</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rosaline_lace" title="Rosaline lace">Rosaline</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Bobbin_tape_lace" title="Bobbin tape lace">Tape</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cant%C3%B9_lace&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cantù lace (page does not exist)">Cantù</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hinojosa_lace&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hinojosa lace (page does not exist)">Hinojosa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Idrija_lace" title="Idrija lace">Idrija</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Milanese_bobbin_lace" title="Milanese bobbin lace">Milanese</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peasant_lace&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peasant lace (page does not exist)">Peasant</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Russian_lace" title="Russian lace">Russian</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Schneeberg_lace" title="Schneeberg lace">Schneeberg</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Three_Pair_Flanders&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Three Pair Flanders (page does not exist)">Three Pair Flanders</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tape_lace" title="Tape lace">Tape lace</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battenberg_lace" title="Battenberg lace">Battenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branscombe_lace" title="Branscombe lace">Branscombe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mezzopunto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mezzopunto (page does not exist)">Mezzopunto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_lace" title="Princess lace">Princess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_lace" title="Renaissance lace">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_point_lace" title="Romanian point lace">Romanian point</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crocheted_lace" title="Crocheted lace">Crocheted lace</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broomstick_lace" title="Broomstick lace">Broomstick lace</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Csetnek_Lace&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Csetnek Lace (page does not exist)">Csetnek Lace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filet_crochet" title="Filet crochet">Filet crochet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hairpin_lace" title="Hairpin lace">Hairpin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_crochet_lace" title="Irish crochet lace">Irish crochet</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orvieto_lace&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orvieto lace (page does not exist)">Orvieto lace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lace_machine" title="Lace machine">Machine</a>-made lace</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barmen_lace_machine" title="Barmen lace machine">Barmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobbinet" title="Bobbinet">Bobbinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_lace" title="Chemical lace">Chemical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leavers_machine" title="Leavers machine">Leavers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nottingham_lace_curtain_machine" title="Nottingham lace curtain machine">Nottingham Lace Curtain Machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pusher_machine" title="Pusher machine">Pusher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warp_knitting#Raschel_machine" title="Warp knitting">Raschel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stocking_frame" title="Stocking frame">Stocking Frame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warp_knitting" title="Warp knitting">Warp Knit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other handmade laces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chancay_gauze&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chancay gauze (page does not exist)">Chancay gauze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lace_knitting" title="Lace knitting">Lace knitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgical_lace" title="Liturgical lace">Liturgical lace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macram%C3%A9" title="Macramé">Macramé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_lace" title="Metal lace">Metal lace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punto_a_groppo" title="Punto a groppo">Punto a groppo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanier_Arbeit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spanier Arbeit (page does not exist)">Spanier Arbeit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprang" title="Sprang">Sprang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatting" title="Tatting">Tatting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lace" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Lace">Lace</a> at Wikimedia Commons <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/BathingSuit1920s.jpg/20px-BathingSuit1920s.jpg" decoding="async" width="17" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/BathingSuit1920s.jpg/40px-BathingSuit1920s.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="490" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Fashion" title="Portal:Fashion">Fashion portal</a> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emojione_1F458.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Emojione_1F458.svg/15px-Emojione_1F458.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Emojione_1F458.svg/23px-Emojione_1F458.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Emojione_1F458.svg/30px-Emojione_1F458.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Clothing" title="Portal:Clothing">Clothing portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Textile_arts205" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Textile_arts" title="Template:Textile arts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Textile_arts" title="Template talk:Textile arts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Textile_arts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Textile arts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Textile_arts205" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Textile_arts" title="Textile arts">Textile arts</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fundamentals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beadwork" title="Beadwork">Beadwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braid" title="Braid">Braid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crochet" title="Crochet">Crochet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyeing" title="Dyeing">Dyeing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embroidery" title="Embroidery">Embroidery</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macram%C3%A9" title="Macramé">Macramé</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Needlework" title="Needlework">Needlework</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile" title="Textile">Fabric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felt" title="Felt">Felting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber" title="Fiber">Fiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knitting" title="Knitting">Knitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Layered_textiles" title="Template:Layered textiles">Layering</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appliqu%C3%A9" title="Appliqué">Appliqué</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patchwork" title="Patchwork">Patchwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quilting" title="Quilting">Quilting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A5lebinding" title="Nålebinding">Nålebinding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plying" title="Plying">Plying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rope" title="Rope">Rope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rug_making" title="Rug making">Rug making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewing" title="Sewing">Sewing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Passementerie" title="Passementerie">Passementerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stitch_(textile_arts)" title="Stitch (textile arts)">Stitch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinning_(textiles)" title="Spinning (textiles)">Spinning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_printing" title="Textile printing">Textile printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weaving" title="Weaving">Weaving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarn" title="Yarn">Yarn</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alpackaull.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Alpackaull.jpg/110px-Alpackaull.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Alpackaull.jpg/165px-Alpackaull.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Alpackaull.jpg/220px-Alpackaull.jpg 2x" data-file-width="756" data-file-height="567" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History of ...</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles" title="History of clothing and textiles">Clothing and textiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_quilting" title="History of quilting">Quilting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_silk" title="History of silk">Silk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_silk" title="Byzantine silk">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Silk in the Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_manufacture_during_the_British_Industrial_Revolution" title="Textile manufacture during the British Industrial Revolution">Textile manufacture during the British Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_manufacturing_by_pre-industrial_methods" title="Textile manufacturing by pre-industrial methods">Textile manufacturing by pre-industrial methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology" title="Timeline of clothing and textiles technology">Timeline of clothing and textiles technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional and ethnic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_textiles" title="African textiles">African</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kongo_textiles" title="Kongo textiles">Kongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuba_textiles" title="Kuba textiles">Kuba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_fibrecraft" title="Australian Aboriginal fibrecraft">Australian Aboriginal</a></li> <li>Burmese <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acheik" title="Acheik">Acheik</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_textile_art" title="Hmong textile art">Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_arts_of_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Textile arts of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous peoples of the Americas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andean_textiles" title="Andean textiles">Andean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_textiles" title="Mapuche textiles">Mapuche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_textiles" title="Maya textiles">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textiles_of_Mexico" title="Textiles of Mexico">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_weaving" title="Navajo weaving">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textiles_of_Oaxaca" title="Textiles of Oaxaca">Oaxacan</a></li></ul></li> <li>Indonesian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_textiles" title="Balinese textiles">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textiles_of_Sumba" title="Textiles of Sumba">Sumba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_fabric_arts" title="Korean fabric arts">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_traditional_textiles" title="Māori traditional textiles">Māori</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blocking_(textile_arts)" title="Blocking (textile arts)">Blocking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing" title="Clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_textiles" title="Conservation and restoration of textiles">Conservation and restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber_art" title="Fiber art">Fiber art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wearable_art#Wearable_fiber_art" title="Wearable art">wearable fiber art</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_industry" title="Textile industry">Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_manufacturing" title="Textile manufacturing">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_and_fiber_arts" title="Mathematics and fiber arts">Mathematics and fiber arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_recycling" title="Textile recycling">Recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Units_of_textile_measurement" title="Units of textile measurement">Units of measurement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Glossaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dyeing_terms" title="Glossary of dyeing terms">Dyeing terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_sewing_terms" title="Glossary of sewing terms">Sewing terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_textile_manufacturing" title="Glossary of textile manufacturing">Textile manufacturing terms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emojione_1F458.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Emojione_1F458.svg/15px-Emojione_1F458.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Emojione_1F458.svg/23px-Emojione_1F458.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Emojione_1F458.svg/30px-Emojione_1F458.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Clothing" title="Portal:Clothing">Clothing portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fabric391" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Textile" title="Template:Textile"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Textile" title="Template talk:Textile"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Textile" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Textile"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fabric391" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Textile" title="Textile">Fabric</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Woven_fabric" title="Woven fabric">Woven</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abac%C3%A1#Textiles" title="Abacá">Abacá cloth</a> (Medriñaque)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aertex" title="Aertex">Aertex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armazine" title="Armazine">Armazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almer%C3%ADan_silk" title="Almerían silk">Almerían silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barathea" title="Barathea">Barathea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barkcloth" title="Barkcloth">Barkcloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batiste" class="mw-redirect" title="Batiste">Batiste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedford_cord" title="Bedford cord">Bedford cord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengaline" title="Bengaline">Bengaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_cloth" title="Beta cloth">Beta cloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombazine" title="Bombazine">Bombazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brilliantine_(fabric)" title="Brilliantine (fabric)">Brilliantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcloth" title="Broadcloth">Broadcloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckram" title="Buckram">Buckram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunting_(textile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bunting (textile)">Bunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hessian_fabric" title="Hessian fabric">Burlap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byrd_Cloth" title="Byrd Cloth">Byrd Cloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_change" title="C change">C change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calico" title="Calico">Calico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambric" title="Cambric">Cambric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canvas" title="Canvas">Canvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambric" title="Cambric">Chambray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capilene" class="mw-redirect" title="Capilene">Capilene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedar_bark_textile" title="Cedar bark textile">Cedar bark textile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Challis_(fabric)" title="Challis (fabric)">Challis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Char_cloth" title="Char cloth">Char cloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charmeuse" title="Charmeuse">Charmeuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charvet_(fabric)" title="Charvet (fabric)">Charvet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheesecloth" title="Cheesecloth">Cheesecloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiffon_(fabric)" title="Chiffon (fabric)">Chiffon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chino_cloth" title="Chino cloth">Chino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chintz" title="Chintz">Chintz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloqu%C3%A9" title="Cloqué">Cloqué</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloth_of_gold" title="Cloth of gold">Cloth of gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordura" title="Cordura">Cordura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corduroy" title="Corduroy">Corduroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton_duck" title="Cotton duck">Cotton duck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coutil" title="Coutil">Coutil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%AApe_(textile)" title="Crêpe (textile)">Crêpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretonne" title="Cretonne">Cretonne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denim" title="Denim">Denim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimity" title="Dimity">Dimity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donegal_tweed" title="Donegal tweed">Donegal tweed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dornix" title="Dornix">Dornix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dowlas" title="Dowlas">Dowlas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drill_(fabric)" title="Drill (fabric)">Drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drugget" title="Drugget">Drugget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eolienne" title="Eolienne">Eolienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flannel" title="Flannel">Flannel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foulard" title="Foulard">Foulard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fustian" title="Fustian">Fustian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabardine" title="Gabardine">Gabardine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauze" title="Gauze">Gauze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gazar" title="Gazar">Gazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgette_(fabric)" title="Georgette (fabric)">Georgette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghalamkar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghalamkar">Ghalamkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gingham" title="Gingham">Gingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenadine_(cloth)" title="Grenadine (cloth)">Grenadine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenfell_Cloth" class="mw-redirect" title="Grenfell Cloth">Grenfell Cloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grosgrain" title="Grosgrain">Grosgrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habutai" title="Habutai">Habutai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haircloth" title="Haircloth">Haircloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harris_tweed" title="Harris tweed">Harris tweed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herringbone_(cloth)" title="Herringbone (cloth)">Herringbone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himroo" title="Himroo">Himroo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hodden" title="Hodden">Hodden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_linen" title="Irish linen">Irish linen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamdani" title="Jamdani">Jamdani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerseymere" title="Kerseymere">Kerseymere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kh%C4%81d%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Khādī">Khādī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaki_drill" title="Khaki drill">Khaki drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kij%C5%8Dka-bash%C5%8Dfu" title="Kijōka-bashōfu">Kijōka-bashōfu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kente_cloth" title="Kente cloth">Kente cloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lam%C3%A9_(fabric)" title="Lamé (fabric)">Lamé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawn_cloth" title="Lawn cloth">Lawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linsey-woolsey" title="Linsey-woolsey">Linsey-woolsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loden_cape" title="Loden cape">Loden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longcloth" title="Longcloth">Longcloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackinaw_cloth" title="Mackinaw cloth">Mackinaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madapollam" title="Madapollam">Madapollam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madras_(cloth)" title="Madras (cloth)">Madras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moleskin" title="Moleskin">Moleskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslin" title="Muslin">Muslin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nainsook" title="Nainsook">Nainsook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nankeen" title="Nankeen">Nankeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninon" title="Ninon">Ninon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oilskin" title="Oilskin">Oilskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organdy" title="Organdy">Organdy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organza" title="Organza">Organza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osnaburg" title="Osnaburg">Osnaburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_(textile)" title="Ottoman (textile)">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_(cloth)" title="Oxford (cloth)">Oxford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paduasoy" title="Paduasoy">Paduasoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percale" title="Percale">Percale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetuana" title="Perpetuana">Perpetuana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongee" title="Pongee">Pongee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poplin" title="Poplin">Poplin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakematiz" title="Rakematiz">Rakematiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayadillo" title="Rayadillo">Rayadillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rep_(fabric)" title="Rep (fabric)">Rep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripstop" title="Ripstop">Ripstop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_cord" title="Russell cord">Russell cord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saga_Nishiki" title="Saga Nishiki">Saga Nishiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samite" title="Samite">Samite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sateen" title="Sateen">Sateen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satin" title="Satin">Satin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saye" title="Saye">Saye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scarlet_(cloth)" title="Scarlet (cloth)">Scarlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seerhand_muslin" title="Seerhand muslin">Seerhand muslin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seersucker" title="Seersucker">Seersucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sendal" title="Sendal">Sendal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serge_(fabric)" title="Serge (fabric)">Serge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrim_(material)" title="Scrim (material)">Scrim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shot_silk" title="Shot silk">Shot silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuff_(cloth)" title="Stuff (cloth)">Stuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taffeta" title="Taffeta">Taffeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tais" title="Tais">Tais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartan" title="Tartan">Tartan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticking" title="Ticking">Ticking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toile" title="Toile">Toile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucuyo" title="Tucuyo">Tucuyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tweed" title="Tweed">Tweed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twill" title="Twill">Twill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultrasuede" title="Ultrasuede">Ultrasuede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_flannel" title="Vegetable flannel">Vegetable flannel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventile" title="Ventile">Ventile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinyl_coated_polyester" title="Vinyl coated polyester">Vinyl coated polyester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viyella" title="Viyella">Viyella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voile" title="Voile">Voile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadmal" title="Wadmal">Wadmal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waffle_fabric" title="Waffle fabric">Waffle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wigan_(fabric)" title="Wigan (fabric)">Wigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whipcord" title="Whipcord">Whipcord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zephyr_cloth" class="mw-redirect" title="Zephyr cloth">Zephyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zorbeez" title="Zorbeez">Zorbeez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Figured <br />woven</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brocade" title="Brocade">Brocade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camlet" title="Camlet">Camlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damask" title="Damask">Damask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampas" title="Lampas">Lampas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songket" title="Songket">Songket</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Rinzu" title="Rinzu">Rinzu</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pile_(textile)" title="Pile (textile)">Pile woven</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baize" title="Baize">Baize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenille_fabric" title="Chenille fabric">Chenille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corduroy" title="Corduroy">Corduroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimplene" title="Crimplene">Crimplene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fustian" title="Fustian">Fustian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mockado" title="Mockado">Mockado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moquette" title="Moquette">Moquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plush" title="Plush">Plush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_fleece" title="Polar fleece">Polar fleece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrycloth" title="Terrycloth">Terrycloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velours_du_Kasa%C3%AF" title="Velours du Kasaï">Velours du Kasaï</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velvet" title="Velvet">Velvet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velveteen" title="Velveteen">Velveteen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zibeline" title="Zibeline">Zibeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nonwoven_fabric" title="Nonwoven fabric">Nonwoven</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Felt" title="Felt">Felt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedar_bark_textile" title="Cedar bark textile">Cedar bark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Knitted_fabric" title="Knitted fabric">Knitted</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boiled_wool" title="Boiled wool">Boiled wool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coolmax" title="Coolmax">Coolmax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knitting_machine" title="Knitting machine">Machine knitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milliskin" title="Milliskin">Milliskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_(fabric)" title="Jersey (fabric)">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velour" title="Velour">Velour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Net_(textile)" title="Net (textile)">Netted</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bobbinet" title="Bobbinet">Bobbinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_fibers" title="Carbon fibers">Carbon fibers</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesh" title="Mesh">Mesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Needlerun_net" title="Needlerun net">Needlerun net</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninon" title="Ninon">Ninon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulle_netting" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulle netting">Tulle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Technical_textile" title="Technical textile">Technical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballistic_nylon" title="Ballistic nylon">Ballistic nylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ban-Lon" title="Ban-Lon">Ban-Lon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conductive_textile" title="Conductive textile">Conductive textile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darlexx" title="Darlexx">Darlexx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-textiles" title="E-textiles">E-textiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gannex" title="Gannex">Gannex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gore-Tex" title="Gore-Tex">Gore-Tex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenticular_fabric" title="Lenticular fabric">Lenticular fabric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silnylon" title="Silnylon">Silnylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spandex" title="Spandex">Spandex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stub-tex" class="mw-redirect" title="Stub-tex">Stub-tex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SympaTex" class="mw-redirect" title="SympaTex">SympaTex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windstopper" title="Windstopper">Windstopper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Patterns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argyle_(pattern)" title="Argyle (pattern)">Argyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bizarre_silk" title="Bizarre silk">Bizarre silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Check_(pattern)" title="Check (pattern)">Check</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warp_printing" title="Warp printing">Chiné</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glen_plaid" title="Glen plaid">Glen plaid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herringbone_(cloth)" title="Herringbone (cloth)">Herringbone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houndstooth" title="Houndstooth">Houndstooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelsch_d%27Alsace" title="Kelsch d'Alsace">Kelsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paisley_(design)" title="Paisley (design)">Paisley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinstripes" title="Pinstripes">Pinstripes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polka_dot" title="Polka dot">Polka dot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shweshwe" title="Shweshwe">Shweshwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartan" title="Tartan">Tartan or plaid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tattersall_(cloth)" title="Tattersall (cloth)">Tattersall</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fiber" title="Fiber">Textile fibers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abac%C3%A1" title="Abacá">Abacá</a> (Manila hemp)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acrylic_fiber" title="Acrylic fiber">Acrylic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpaca_fiber" title="Alpaca fiber">Alpaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angora_wool" title="Angora wool">Angora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musa_basjoo" title="Musa basjoo">Bashō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cashmere_wool" title="Cashmere wool">Cashmere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coir" title="Coir">Coir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">Cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisengarn" title="Eisengarn">Eisengarn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemp" title="Hemp">Hemp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jute" title="Jute">Jute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevlar" title="Kevlar">Kevlar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linen" title="Linen">Linen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohair" title="Mohair">Mohair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nylon" title="Nylon">Nylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microfiber" title="Microfiber">Microfiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olefin_fiber" title="Olefin fiber">Olefin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashmina" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashmina">Pashmina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyester" title="Polyester">Polyester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi%C3%B1a" title="Piña">Piña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramie" title="Ramie">Ramie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayon" title="Rayon">Rayon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_silk" title="Sea silk">Sea silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">Silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisal" title="Sisal">Sisal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spandex" title="Spandex">Spandex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spider_silk" title="Spider silk">Spider silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">Wool</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Finishing_(textiles)" title="Finishing (textiles)">Finishing</a> and<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><a href="/wiki/Textile_printing" title="Textile printing">printing</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Androsia" title="Androsia">Androsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batik" title="Batik">Batik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beetling" title="Beetling">Beetling</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Bingata" title="Bingata">Bingata</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B2g%C3%B2lanfini" title="Bògòlanfini">Bògòlanfini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devor%C3%A9" title="Devoré">Burnout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendering_(textiles)" title="Calendering (textiles)">Calendering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decatising" title="Decatising">Decatising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devor%C3%A9" title="Devoré">Devoré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finishing_(textiles)" title="Finishing (textiles)">Finishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulling" title="Fulling">Fulling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heatsetting" title="Heatsetting">Heatsetting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indienne" title="Indienne">Indienne</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kasuri" title="Kasuri">Kasuri</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Katazome" title="Katazome">Katazome</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercerised_cotton" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercerised cotton">Mercerization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moire_(fabric)" title="Moire (fabric)">Moire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nap_(textile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nap (textile)">Nap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parchmentising" title="Parchmentising">Parchmentising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogan_printing" class="mw-redirect" title="Rogan printing">Rogan printing</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dketsuzome" title="Rōketsuzome">Rōketsuzome</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roller_printing_on_textiles" title="Roller printing on textiles">Roller printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanforization" title="Sanforization">Sanforization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenterhook" title="Tenterhook">Tenterhook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_printing" title="Textile printing">Textile printing</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Tsutsugaki" title="Tsutsugaki">Tsutsugaki</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warp_printing" title="Warp printing">Warp printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waxed_cotton" title="Waxed cotton">Waxed cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodblock_printing_on_textiles" title="Woodblock printing on textiles">Woodblock printing</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%ABzen" title="Yūzen">Yūzen</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fabric mills</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Barbera" title="Carlo Barbera">Carlo Barbera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanificio_Fratelli_Cerruti" title="Lanificio Fratelli Cerruti">Cerruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dormeuil" title="Dormeuil">Dormeuil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._Thomas" title="E. Thomas">E. Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holland_%26_Sherry" title="Holland & Sherry">Holland & Sherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larusmiani" title="Larusmiani">Larusmiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loro_Piana" title="Loro Piana">Loro Piana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fratelli_Piacenza" title="Fratelli Piacenza"> Piacenza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reda_(fabric_mill)" title="Reda (fabric mill)">Reda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scabal" title="Scabal">Scabal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitale_Barberis_Canonico" title="Vitale Barberis Canonico">Vitale Barberis Canonico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zegna" title="Zegna">Zegna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manufacturing<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Textile_design" title="Textile design">Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_manufacturing" title="Textile manufacturing">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_performance" title="Textile performance">Performance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_preservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Textile preservation">Preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_recycling" title="Textile recycling">Recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_textile_manufacturing" title="Glossary of textile manufacturing">Terminology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dyeing" title="Dyeing">Dyeing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber" title="Fiber">Fiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles" title="History of clothing and textiles">History of textiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_silk" title="History of silk">History of silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knitting" title="Knitting">Knitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulling_mill" class="mw-redirect" title="Fulling mill">Pandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrinkage_(fabric)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrinkage (fabric)">Shrinkage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_sample" title="Textile sample">Swatches and strike-offs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_fabric" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthetic fabric">Synthetic fabric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weaving" title="Weaving">Weaving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarn" title="Yarn">Yarn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px 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