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Parasitisme de posta - Viquipèdia, l'enciclopèdia lliure
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[n]" accesskey="n"><span>Discussió per aquest IP</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Lloc"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contingut" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contingut</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mou a la barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">amaga</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inici</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Tipus_de_parasitisme_de_posta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tipus_de_parasitisme_de_posta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Tipus de parasitisme de posta</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tipus_de_parasitisme_de_posta-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Tipus de parasitisme de posta</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Tipus_de_parasitisme_de_posta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Parasitisme_intraespecífic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parasitisme_intraespecífic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Parasitisme intraespecífic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parasitisme_intraespecífic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parasitisme_interespecífic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parasitisme_interespecífic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Parasitisme interespecífic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parasitisme_interespecífic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adaptacions_dels_ocells_paràsits_de_posta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adaptacions_dels_ocells_paràsits_de_posta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Adaptacions dels ocells paràsits de posta</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adaptacions_dels_ocells_paràsits_de_posta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Insectes_paràsits_de_posta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Insectes_paràsits_de_posta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Insectes paràsits de posta</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Insectes_paràsits_de_posta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peixos_paràsits_de_posta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peixos_paràsits_de_posta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Peixos paràsits de posta</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peixos_paràsits_de_posta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referències" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referències"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Referències</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referències-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contingut" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Commuta la taula de continguts." > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Commuta la taula de continguts.</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Parasitisme de posta</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vés a un article en una altra llengua. Disponible en 38 llengües" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">38 llengües</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broeiparasiet" title="Broeiparasiet - afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Broeiparasiet" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B7%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B9%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B4" title="متطفلات الأعشاش - àrab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="متطفلات الأعشاش" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="àrab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE" title="বাসা পরজীবীতা - bengalí" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বাসা পরজীবীতা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hn%C3%ADzdn%C3%AD_parazitismus" title="Hnízdní parazitismus - txec" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hnízdní parazitismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="txec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brutparasitismus" title="Brutparasitismus - alemany" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Brutparasitismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemany" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="article bo"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brood_parasitism" title="Brood parasitism - anglès" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Brood parasitism" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nestoparazitado" title="Nestoparazitado - esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nestoparazitado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasitismo_de_puesta" title="Parasitismo de puesta - espanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Parasitismo de puesta" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesaparasitism" title="Pesaparasitism - estonià" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pesaparasitism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84_%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A2%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="انگل زادآوری - persa" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="انگل زادآوری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pes%C3%A4loisinta" title="Pesäloisinta - finès" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pesäloisinta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasitisme_de_couv%C3%A9e" title="Parasitisme de couvée - francès" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Parasitisme de couvée" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99_%D7%AA%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%94" title="טפילי תטולה - hebreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טפילי תטולה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parazitiranje_legla" title="Parazitiranje legla - croat" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Parazitiranje legla" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9szekparazitizmus" title="Fészekparazitizmus - hongarès" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fészekparazitizmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hongarès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasitisme_induk" title="Parasitisme induk - indonesi" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Parasitisme induk" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nestala_parazito" title="Nestala parazito - ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Nestala parazito" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%89%98%E5%8D%B5" title="托卵 - japonès" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="托卵" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B0%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D1%82%D0%BE%D2%93%D1%8B%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D2%9B%D1%82%D1%8B%D2%93%D1%8B" title="Ұялық тоғышарлақтығы - kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ұялық тоғышарлақтығы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%83%81%EB%9E%80" title="탁란 - coreà" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="탁란" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreà" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizdinis_parazitizmas" title="Lizdinis parazitizmas - lituà" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Lizdinis parazitizmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituà" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80" title="अपत्य परजीवी - marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अपत्य परजीवी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasit_induk" title="Parasit induk - malai" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Parasit induk" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broedparasiet" title="Broedparasiet - neerlandès" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Broedparasiet" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hekkeparasittisme" title="Hekkeparasittisme - noruec bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hekkeparasittisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="noruec bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paso%C5%BCyty_l%C4%99gowe" title="Pasożyty lęgowe - polonès" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pasożyty lęgowe" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasita_de_ninhada" title="Parasita de ninhada - portuguès" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Parasita de ninhada" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portuguès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parazitism_nidicol" title="Parazitism nidicol - romanès" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Parazitism nidicol" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="romanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Гнездовой паразитизм - rus" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гнездовой паразитизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brood_parasitism" title="Brood parasitism - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Brood parasitism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Паразитирање легла - serbi" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Паразитирање легла" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A4ckningsparasitism" title="Häckningsparasitism - suec" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Häckningsparasitism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="ஒட்டுண்ணியை அடைகாத்தல் - tàmil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஒட்டுண்ணியை அடைகாத்தல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tàmil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulu%C3%A7ka_paraziti" title="Kuluçka paraziti - turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kuluçka paraziti" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Гніздовий паразитизм - ucraïnès" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гніздовий паразитизм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraïnès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BD_sinh_nu%C3%B4i_d%C6%B0%E1%BB%A1ng" title="Ký sinh nuôi dưỡng - vietnamita" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ký sinh nuôi dưỡng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%A2%E5%AF%84%E7%94%9F" title="巢寄生 - xinès" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="巢寄生" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="xinès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AB%87%E5%AF%84%E7%94%9F" title="竇寄生 - cantonès" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="竇寄生" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q647144#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifica enllaços interlingües" class="wbc-editpage">Modifica els enllaços</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div 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vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aparença</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mou a la barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">amaga</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">De la Viquipèdia, l'enciclopèdia lliure</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ca" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Reed_warbler_cuckoo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Reed_warbler_cuckoo.jpg/310px-Reed_warbler_cuckoo.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="437" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Reed_warbler_cuckoo.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="446" data-file-height="628" /></a><figcaption>Una <a href="/wiki/Boscarla_de_canyar" title="Boscarla de canyar">boscarla de canyar</a> alimenta un jove <a href="/wiki/Cucut" class="mw-redirect" title="Cucut">Cucut</a> al niu</figcaption></figure> <p>El <b>parasitisme de posta</b> és una estratègia de cria, observada bàsicament entre els <a href="/wiki/Ocells" title="Ocells">ocells</a>, però que també es presenta entre els <a href="/wiki/Peixos" title="Peixos">peixos</a> o els <a href="/wiki/Insectes" title="Insectes">insectes</a>. És una mena de <a href="/wiki/Cleptoparasitisme" title="Cleptoparasitisme">cleptoparasitisme</a> que implica la utilització d'un amfitrió que s'ocuparà de portar endavant la cria de l'ocell paràsit. Els pares paràsits, no dedicaran el seu esforç en la construcció del niu ni en la cria dels pollets, el que els permetrà passar més temps a la recerca d'aliment o producció de noves cries. A més, el risc de perdre la posta a mans de predadors es mitiga, al distribuir els ous en més d'un niu diferent.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Com que aquest comportament danya l'hoste, sovint es tradueix en una cursa d'armes evolutives entre el paràsit i l'hoste.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tipus_de_parasitisme_de_posta">Tipus de parasitisme de posta</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parasitisme_de_posta&action=edit&section=1" title="Modifica la secció: Tipus de parasitisme de posta"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Se n'han distingit diferents tipus de parasitisme de posta. Quan un ocell pon intencionadament els seus ous al niu d'un individu de la seva espècie, hom parla de <b>parasitisme intraespecífic</b>, mentre que si els pon en el niu d'altra espècie, se l'anomena parasitisme interespecífic. A més, algunes espècies estan obligades a fer servir aquest mètode perquè no tenen capacitat per a criar els seus propis fills, mentre altres l'utilitzen només de tant en tant, com alguns <a href="/wiki/Phaethornithinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Phaethornithinae">Phaethornithinae</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AD_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AD-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tots els paràsits obligatoris es troben entre els interespecífics. Hi ha al voltant d'un centenar d'espècies de paràsits obligatoris entre els <a href="/wiki/Cuc%C3%BAlid" class="mw-redirect" title="Cucúlid">cucúlids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indicat%C3%B2rid" class="mw-redirect" title="Indicatòrid">indicatòrids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ict%C3%A8rid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ictèrid">ictèrids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estr%C3%ADldid" class="mw-redirect" title="Estríldid">estríldids</a> i <a href="/wiki/An%C3%A0tid" class="mw-redirect" title="Anàtid">anàtids</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-brood_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brood-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Els pollets de la majoria d'ells maten les cries de les espècies parasitades i són alimentats pels seus amfitrions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parasitisme_intraespecífic"><span id="Parasitisme_intraespec.C3.ADfic"></span>Parasitisme intraespecífic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parasitisme_de_posta&action=edit&section=2" title="Modifica la secció: Parasitisme intraespecífic"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>És quan un ocell pon els seus ous al niu d'una parella de la mateixa espècie. Hi ha 236 <a href="/wiki/Esp%C3%A8cies" class="mw-redirect" title="Espècies">espècies</a> que practiquen d'aquest tipus de parasitisme.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alguns exemples són: el <a href="/wiki/Flamenc_rosat" title="Flamenc rosat">flamenc rosat</a>, l'<a href="/wiki/%C3%80nec_collverd" title="Ànec collverd">ànec collverd</a>, l'<a href="/wiki/Oca_de_les_neus" title="Oca de les neus">oca de les neus</a>, la <a href="/wiki/Fotja_vulgar" class="mw-redirect" title="Fotja vulgar">fotja vulgar</a>, la <a href="/wiki/Fredeluga" class="mw-redirect" title="Fredeluga">fredeluga</a>, l'<a href="/wiki/Oreneta_comuna" class="mw-redirect" title="Oreneta comuna">oreneta comuna</a>, el <a href="/wiki/Pardal_com%C3%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="Pardal comú">pardal comú</a> o l'<a href="/wiki/Estornell_vulgar" class="mw-redirect" title="Estornell vulgar">estornell vulgar</a>. Aquest tipus de parasitisme és ocasional, ja que les espècies que la practiquen normalment construeixen un niu i no depenen del parasitisme per a reproduir-se.<sup id="cite_ref-podulka2004_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-podulka2004-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Algunes d'aquestes espècies també ponen els seus ous en els nius d'altres espècies. L'ànec <i><a href="/wiki/Aythya_americana" class="mw-redirect" title="Aythya americana">Aythya americana</a></i> pon els seus ous al niu d'<i><a href="/wiki/Aythya_valisineria" class="mw-redirect" title="Aythya valisineria">Aythya valisineria</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parasitisme_interespecífic"><span id="Parasitisme_interespec.C3.ADfic"></span>Parasitisme interespecífic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parasitisme_de_posta&action=edit&section=3" title="Modifica la secció: Parasitisme interespecífic"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Eastern_Phoebe-nest-Brown-headed-Cowbird-egg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Eastern_Phoebe-nest-Brown-headed-Cowbird-egg.jpg/220px-Eastern_Phoebe-nest-Brown-headed-Cowbird-egg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Eastern_Phoebe-nest-Brown-headed-Cowbird-egg.jpg/330px-Eastern_Phoebe-nest-Brown-headed-Cowbird-egg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Eastern_Phoebe-nest-Brown-headed-Cowbird-egg.jpg/440px-Eastern_Phoebe-nest-Brown-headed-Cowbird-egg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Un ou de merla de cap bru a un niu de <i><a href="/wiki/Sayornis_phoebe" class="mw-redirect" title="Sayornis phoebe">Sayornis phoebe</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>Aquest tipus de parasitisme es produeix quan la femella pon els ous al niu d'una altra espècie. El parasitisme interespecífica es presenta en set grups diferents d'ocells:<sup id="cite_ref-podulka2004_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-podulka2004-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Heteronetta atricapilla parasita altres espècies d'ànecs, a més de <a href="/wiki/Fulica" title="Fulica">fotjes</a>, ibis i <a href="/wiki/Gavina" class="mw-redirect" title="Gavina">gavines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-podulka2004_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-podulka2004-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Tots els membres de la família dels <a href="/wiki/Indicat%C3%B2rid" class="mw-redirect" title="Indicatòrid">indicatòrids</a> són paràsits. Llurs hostes són diverses espècies de les famílies dels <a href="/wiki/S%C3%ADlvids" title="Sílvids">sílvids</a> (Sylviidae), <a href="/wiki/Capit%C3%B2nid" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitònid">capitònids</a> (<i>Capitonidae</i>), i les espècies que nien en cavitats.<sup id="cite_ref-podulka2004_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-podulka2004-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Els cututs de la <a href="/wiki/Subfam%C3%ADlia" title="Subfamília">subfamília</a> dels <b>cuculins</b> (<i>Cuculinae</i>), que inclou el <a href="/wiki/Cucut" class="mw-redirect" title="Cucut">cucut</a> comú, són tots paràsits. Els cuculins parasiten una àmplia varietat d'espècies.<sup id="cite_ref-podulka2004_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-podulka2004-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> El <a href="/wiki/Cucut_garser" class="mw-redirect" title="Cucut garser">cucut garser</a> parasita, gairebé exclusivament, les <a href="/wiki/Garsa" title="Garsa">garses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Només tres espècies de cucùlids (Cuculidae) del Nou Món són paràsits: <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tapera_navia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tapera navia (encara no existeix)">Tapera navia</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Dromococcyx_phasianellus" class="mw-redirect" title="Dromococcyx phasianellus">Dromococcyx phasianellus</a></i> i <i><a href="/wiki/Dromococcyx_pavoninus" class="mw-redirect" title="Dromococcyx pavoninus">Dromococcyx pavoninus</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-podulka2004_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-podulka2004-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tots tres són membres de la subfamília dels <b>neomorfins</b> (<i>Neomorphinae</i>).</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anomalospiza_imberbis" class="mw-redirect" title="Anomalospiza imberbis">Anomalospiza imberbis</a></i>, un membre de la familia dels <a href="/wiki/Ploc%C3%A8ids" title="Plocèids">plocèids</a> (<i>Ploceidae</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-podulka2004_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-podulka2004-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Tots els membres de la família dels <a href="/wiki/Viuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Viuda">viduids</a> (<i>Viduidae</i>),.<sup id="cite_ref-Sorenson2003_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sorenson2003-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> que ponen llurs ous a nius d'<a href="/wiki/Estr%C3%ADldid" class="mw-redirect" title="Estríldid">estríldids</a> (<i>Estrildidae</i>).</li> <li>Totes les espècies del gènere <i><a href="/wiki/Molothrus" title="Molothrus">Molothrus</a></i>, exclusiu del <a href="/wiki/Nou_M%C3%B3n" title="Nou Món">Nou Món</a>. L'espècie més coneguda és la <a href="/wiki/Merla_de_cap_bru" class="mw-redirect" title="Merla de cap bru">merla de cap bru</a>, que pot pondre els seus ous als nius de 140 espècies diferents.<sup id="cite_ref-Rasmussen2006_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rasmussen2006-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adaptacions_dels_ocells_paràsits_de_posta"><span id="Adaptacions_dels_ocells_par.C3.A0sits_de_posta"></span>Adaptacions dels ocells paràsits de posta</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parasitisme_de_posta&action=edit&section=4" title="Modifica la secció: Adaptacions dels ocells paràsits de posta"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:(Molothrus_bonariensis)_e_(_Zonotrichia_Capensis_).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/%28Molothrus_bonariensis%29_e_%28_Zonotrichia_Capensis_%29.jpg/220px-%28Molothrus_bonariensis%29_e_%28_Zonotrichia_Capensis_%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/%28Molothrus_bonariensis%29_e_%28_Zonotrichia_Capensis_%29.jpg/330px-%28Molothrus_bonariensis%29_e_%28_Zonotrichia_Capensis_%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/%28Molothrus_bonariensis%29_e_%28_Zonotrichia_Capensis_%29.jpg/440px-%28Molothrus_bonariensis%29_e_%28_Zonotrichia_Capensis_%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="492" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pardal_de_clatell_roig" class="mw-redirect" title="Pardal de clatell roig">Pardal de clatell roig</a> adult alimentant una cria de <i><a href="/wiki/Molothrus_bonariensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Molothrus bonariensis">Molothrus bonariensis</a></i></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Entre els paràsits de posta especialistes, una adaptació gairebé universal és el mimetisme dels ous. Fins i tot hi ha alguns indicis que l'ou de la merla de cap bru pot haver evolucionat fins a un color que imiti el d'un bon nombre dels seus amfitrions.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>La majoria dels ocells paràsits de posta treuen un ou del niu on ponen el propi. Això no només impedeix que l'au hoste s'adoni que ha sigut parasitada, si no que redueix la competència dels pollets paràsits després de l'eclosió.</li> <li>La major part dels paràsits de posta tenen períodes d'incubació molt curts i el creixement dels pollets és molt ràpid. Això li dona un avantatge inicial sobre els seus companys de niu. En els casos en què els pollets del paràsit són significativament majors que els de l'amfitrió, aquests moren sovint de fam. Alguns paràsits de posta eliminen tots els seus companys del niu poc després de l'eclosió, ja sigui expulsant-los fora del niu o matant-los.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Insectes_paràsits_de_posta"><span id="Insectes_par.C3.A0sits_de_posta"></span>Insectes paràsits de posta</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parasitisme_de_posta&action=edit&section=5" title="Modifica la secció: Insectes paràsits de posta"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hi ha molts tipus diferents d'abelles de la família dels àpids (<a href="/wiki/Apidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Apidae">Apidae</a>) que ponen els seus ous a les cel·les d'altres membres de la família (o de famílies properes) però habitualment hom parla de cleptoparasitisme, més que de paràsits de posta. També les <a href="/wiki/Vespa" class="mw-redirect" title="Vespa">vespes</a> de la família dels crisídids (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chrisididae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chrisididae (encara no existeix)">Chrisididae</a>) tenen aquest comportament, així com algunes espècies dels megaquílids (<a href="/wiki/Megachilidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Megachilidae">Megachilidae</a>) i halíctids (<a href="/wiki/Halictidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Halictidae">Halictidae</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Peixos_paràsits_de_posta"><span id="Peixos_par.C3.A0sits_de_posta"></span>Peixos paràsits de posta</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parasitisme_de_posta&action=edit&section=6" title="Modifica la secció: Peixos paràsits de posta"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alguns peixos són paràsits de posta. <i><a href="/wiki/Synodontis_multipunctatus" title="Synodontis multipunctatus">Synodontis multipunctatus</a></i>, un <a href="/wiki/Siluriformes" title="Siluriformes">siluriforme</a> africà, pon els seus ous i els fertilitza a la boca d'alguns cíclids (<a href="/wiki/Cichlidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cichlidae">Cichlidae</a>) d'hàbits d'incubació bucal. Els siluriformes naixen abans que els cíclids i es mengen la posta dels amfitrions.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referències"><span id="Refer.C3.A8ncies"></span>Referències</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parasitisme_de_posta&action=edit&section=7" title="Modifica la secció: Referències"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r33663753">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-center{clear:both;margin:auto}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right plainlinks"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">A <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A0gina_principal?uselang=ca">Wikimedia Commons</a></span> hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Brood_parasitism" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Brood parasitism">Parasitisme de posta</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <div class="reflist {{#if: | references-column-count references-column-count-{{{col}}}" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">David Attenborough. The Life of Birds. Princeton University Press, New Jersey, 1998. Pàgina 246. isbn=069101633X</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Payne, R. B. 1997. Avian brood parasitism. In D. H. Clayton and J. Moore (eds.), Host-parasite evolution: General principles and avian models, 338–369. Oxford University Press, Oxford.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rothstein, S. I, 1990. A model system for coevolution: avian brood parasitism. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 21: 481-508.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AD-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-AD_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Trochilidae.html">[1]</a>Alaine Camfield, Kari Kirschbaum. Trochilidae. Animal diversity</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brood-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-brood_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">N.B.Davies. Cuckoos, Cowbirds and other Cheats. T. & A. D. Poyser 2000. isbn 0-85661-135-2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Yoram Yom-Tov. An updated list and some comments on the occurrence of intraspecific nest parasitism in birds. Ibis, vol 143, pàgines 133-143. British Ornithologists' Union, 2001. ISSN 1474-919X 0019-1019</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-podulka2004-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-podulka2004_7-0">7,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-podulka2004_7-1">7,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-podulka2004_7-2">7,2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-podulka2004_7-3">7,3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-podulka2004_7-4">7,4</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-podulka2004_7-5">7,5</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-podulka2004_7-6">7,6</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Sandy Podulka, Ronald W. Rohrbaugh, Rick Bonney, et Cornell University. Laboratory of Ornithology. 2004. Handbook of bird biology. Cornell Lab of Ornithology; In association with Princeton University Press. isbn 093802762X 9780938027621 0938027557 9780938027553. oclc 57003728</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael D.Sorenson. Effects of intra- and interspecific brood parasitism on a precocial host, the canvasback, <i>Aythya valisineria</i>. Behavioral Ecology, vol 8, pàgines 155-161. International Society for Behavioral Ecology. ISSN 1465-7279 1045-2249</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jesús M. Avilés i col. Ultraviolet reflectance of great spotted cuckoo eggs and egg discrimination by magpies. Behavioral Ecology, vol 17, pàgines 310-314. International Society for Behavioral Ecology. ISSN 1465-7279 1045-2249</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">S. Aragon, A.P. Moller, J.J. Soler i col. Molecular phylogeny of cuckoos supports a polyphyletic origin of brood parasitism. Journal of evolutionary biology. vol 12, pàgines 495-506. European Society of Evolutionary Biology. ISSN 1010-061X</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sorenson2003-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Sorenson2003_11-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael D. Sorenson, Kristina M. Sefc i Robert B. Payne. Speciation by host switch in brood parasitic indigobirds. Nature, nº 6951, vol 424, pàgines 928-931. Nature Publishing Group, 2003. ISSN 0028-0836</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rasmussen2006-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Rasmussen2006_12-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Justin L. Rasmussen i Spencer G. Sealy. Hosts feeding only Brown-headed Cowbird fledglings: where are the host fledglings?. Journal of Field Ornithology, vol 77, pàgines 269-279. Association of Field Ornithologists, 2006. ISSN 0273-8570</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Brian Peer, Scott Robinson, and James Herkert in <i>The Auk</i> 117(4):892–901</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Douglas W. Tallamy. Dumping in Insects. Annual review of entomology, 2005, vol. 50, pàgines 347-370. Inc. Annual reviews. ISSN=1545-4487</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Brian D. Wisendn. Alloparental care in fishes. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries. doi 10.1023/A:1008865801329<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008865801329">[2]</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ocells_(classe:_Aves)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Plantilla:Ocells" title="Plantilla:Ocells"><img alt="Vegeu aquesta plantilla" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Commons-emblem-notice.svg/18px-Commons-emblem-notice.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Commons-emblem-notice.svg/27px-Commons-emblem-notice.svg.png 1.5x, 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ocells">Anatomia dels ocells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vol_dels_ocells" title="Vol dels ocells">Vol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ou_(biologia)" title="Ou (biologia)">Ou (biologia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ploma" title="Ploma">Plomes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plomatge" title="Plomatge">Plomatge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bec" title="Bec">Bec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visi%C3%B3_dels_ocells" title="Visió dels ocells">Visió</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dactilia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dactilia (encara no existeix)">Dactilia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gl%C3%A0ndula_urop%C3%ADgea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glàndula uropígea (encara no existeix)">Glàndula uropígea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Comportament" title="Comportament">Comportament</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vocalitzaci%C3%B3_dels_ocells" title="Vocalització dels ocells">Vocalització</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel%C2%B7lig%C3%A8ncia_dels_ocells" title="Intel·ligència dels ocells">Intel·ligència</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocell_migrador" title="Ocell migrador">Migració</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farratjar_en_ocells&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Farratjar en ocells (encara no existeix)">Farratjar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Selecci%C3%B3_sexual_en_ocells&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Selecció sexual en ocells (encara no existeix)">Selecció sexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lek_(coportament_animal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lek (coportament animal)">Lek (coportament animal)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aparellament_en_ocells_marins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aparellament en ocells marins (encara no existeix)">Aparellament en ocells marins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incubaci%C3%B3" title="Incubació">Incubació</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Parasitisme de posta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niu_d%27ocell" title="Niu d'ocell">Nius</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ocells_h%C3%ADbrids&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ocells híbrids (encara no existeix)">Hibrids</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Evoluci%C3%B3" title="Evolució">Evolució</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origen_dels_ocells" title="Origen dels ocells">Origen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ter%C3%B2podes" title="Teròpodes">Theropoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinosaures" title="Dinosaures">Dinosauria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Origen_del_vol_en_ocells&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Origen del vol en ocells (encara no existeix)">Origen del vol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evoluci%C3%B3_dels_ocells" title="Evolució dels ocells">Evolució dels ocells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinsans_de_Darwin" title="Pinsans de Darwin">Pinsans de Darwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocells_marins" title="Ocells marins">Ocells marins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Llista_d%27ocells_f%C3%B2ssils_per_g%C3%A8nere&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Llista d'ocells fòssils per gènere (encara no existeix)">Ocells fòssils</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Arque%C3%B2pterix" title="Arqueòpterix">Archaeopteryx</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Omnivoropterygidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Omnivoropterygidae (encara no existeix)">Omnivoropterygiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confuciusorn%C3%ADtids" title="Confuciusornítids">Confuciusornithiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enantiornites" title="Enantiornites">Enantiornithes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaoyangiformes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chaoyangiformes (encara no existeix)">Chaoyangiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patagopterygiformes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patagopterygiformes (encara no existeix)">Patagopterygiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ambiortiformes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ambiortiformes (encara no existeix)">Ambiortiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Songlingornithiformes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Songlingornithiformes (encara no existeix)">Songlingornithiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hongshanornithidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hongshanornithidae (encara no existeix)">Hongshanornithidae</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gansus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gansus (encara no existeix)">Gansuiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ichthyornithes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ichthyornithes (encara no existeix)">Ichthyornithiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesperornitiformes" title="Hesperornitiformes">Hesperornithes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithornithidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lithornithidae (encara no existeix)">Lithornithiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moes" title="Moes">Dinornithiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocells_elefant" title="Ocells elefant">Aepyornithiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastornitiformes" title="Gastornitiformes">Gastornithiformes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Usos_Humans_dels_ocells&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Usos Humans dels ocells (encara no existeix)">Interacció humans</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anellament_d%27ocells" class="mw-redirect" title="Anellament d'ocells">Anellament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornitologia" title="Ornitologia">Ornitologia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ornitom%C3%A0ncia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ornitomància (encara no existeix)">Ornitomància</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Col%C2%B7leccionisme_d%27ocells&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Col·leccionisme d'ocells (encara no existeix)">Col·leccionisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observaci%C3%B3_d%27ocells" title="Observació d'ocells">Observació d'ocells</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_year&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Big year (encara no existeix)">Big year</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alimentaci%C3%B3_d%27ocells&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alimentació d'ocells (encara no existeix)">Alimentació d'ocells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservaci%C3%B3_dels_ocells" title="Conservació dels ocells">Conservació</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicultura" title="Avicultura">Avicultura</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ca%C3%A7a_d%27an%C3%A0tides&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caça d'anàtides (encara no existeix)">Caça d'anàtides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baralla_de_galls" title="Baralla de galls">Baralla de galls</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cursa_de_coloms&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cursa de coloms (encara no existeix)">Cursa de coloms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falconeria" title="Falconeria">Falconeria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Faisaneria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Faisaneria (encara no existeix)">Faisaneria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oologia" title="Oologia">Recol·lecció d'ous</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Llistes</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lista_d%27ocells&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lista d'ocells (encara no existeix)">Famílies i ordres</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lista_d%27ocells_per_g%C3%A8nere&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lista d'ocells per gènere (encara no existeix)">Gèneres</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossari_de_termes_d%27ocells&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glossari de termes d'ocells (encara no existeix)">Glossari</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lista_d%27ocells_per_poblaci%C3%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lista d'ocells per població (encara no existeix)">Poblacions</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lista_d%27ocells_per_regi%C3%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lista d'ocells per regió (encara no existeix)">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lista_d%27ocells_recentment_extints&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lista d'ocells recentment extints (encara no existeix)">Ocells extints</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lista_d%27ocells_del_quaternari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lista d'ocells del quaternari (encara no existeix)">Espècies del quaternari</a></li> <li>Ocells cèlebres <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lista_d%27ocells_individuals&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lista d'ocells individuals (encara no existeix)">Individuals</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lista_d%27ocells_de_ficci%C3%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lista d'ocells de ficció (encara no existeix)">Ficció</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Neornithes</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pale%C3%B2gnats" title="Paleògnats">Palaeognathae</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Struthionidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Struthionidae">Struthioniformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(Struthio)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rheidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Rheidae">Rheiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(Rhea)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinam%C3%BAs" title="Tinamús">Tinamiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(tinamous)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiwi_(ocell)" title="Kiwi (ocell)">Apterygiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(kiwis)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dromaius" title="Dromaius">Casuariformes</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Emus_i_casuaris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emus i casuaris (encara no existeix)">emus i casuaris</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ne%C3%B2gnats" title="Neògnats">Neognathae</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gal%C2%B7loanseris" title="Gal·loanseris">Galloanserae</a> <br /> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Gallina" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallina">gallina</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anseriformes" title="Anseriformes">Anseriformes</a> <br /> <span style="font-size:85%;">(anàtides)</span></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/An%C3%A0tids" title="Anàtids">Anatidae</a> <br /> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/%C3%80nec" class="mw-redirect" title="Ànec">ànecs</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatinae">Anatinae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aitins" title="Aitins">Aythyini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mergins" title="Mergins">Mergini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxi%C3%BCrinis" title="Oxiürinis">Oxyurini</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anserins" title="Anserins">Anserinae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cigne" title="Cigne"><span style="font-size:85%;">cignes</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oca" title="Oca"><span style="font-size:85%;">oques</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dendrocygna" title="Dendrocygna">Dendrocygninae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%80nec_pigat" title="Ànec pigat">Stictonettinae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadornins" title="Tadornins">Tadorninae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anh%C3%ADmids" title="Anhímids">Anhimidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Xah%C3%A0_banyut" title="Xahà banyut">Xahà banyut</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chauna" title="Chauna">Chauna</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anseranatidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Anseranatidae">Anseranatidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatalavis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anatalavis (encara no existeix)">Anatalavis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oca_garsera" title="Oca garsera">Oca garsera</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gal%C2%B7liformes" title="Gal·liformes">Gal·liformes</a> <br /> <span style="font-size:85%;">(ocells de caça)</span></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A0cids" title="Cràcids">Cracidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hoco" title="Hoco">Cracinae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guan_banyut" title="Guan banyut">Oreophasinae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penelopins" title="Penelopins">Penelopinae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Megap%C3%B2dids" title="Megapòdids">Megapodidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aepypodius" title="Aepypodius">Aepypodius</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tal%C3%A8gol_cap-roig" title="Talègol cap-roig">Alectura</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Meg%C3%A0pode_de_Wallace" title="Megàpode de Wallace">Eulipoa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tal%C3%A8gol_ocel%C2%B7lat" title="Talègol ocel·lat">Leipoa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Macrocephalon" class="mw-redirect" title="Macrocephalon">Macrocephalon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Megapodius" title="Megapodius">Megapodius</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Talegalla" title="Talegalla">Talegalla</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Numididae" class="mw-redirect" title="Numididae">Numididae</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulturine_guineafowl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vulturine guineafowl (encara no existeix)">Acryllium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Agelastes" title="Agelastes">Agelastes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guttera" title="Guttera">Guttera</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Numida" class="mw-redirect" title="Numida">Numida</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Odontophoridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Odontophoridae">Odontophoridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Callipepla" title="Callipepla">Callipepla</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Colinus" title="Colinus">Colinus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cyrtonyx" title="Cyrtonyx">Cyrtonyx</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dactylortyx" class="mw-redirect" title="Dactylortyx">Dactylortyx</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dendrortyx" title="Dendrortyx">Dendrortyx</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Odontophorus" title="Odontophorus">Odontophorus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oreortyx" class="mw-redirect" title="Oreortyx">Oreortyx</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Philortyx" class="mw-redirect" title="Philortyx">Philortyx</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhynchortyx" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhynchortyx">Rhynchortyx</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phasianidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Phasianidae">Phasianidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meleagridinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Meleagridinae">Meleagridinae <span style="font-size:85%;">(turkeys)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perdicinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Perdicinae">Perdicinae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phasianinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Phasianinae">Phasianinae <span style="font-size:85%;">(pheasants and relatives)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetraoninae" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetraoninae">Tetraoninae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neoaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoaves">Neoaves</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Columbea (encara no existeix)">Columbea</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbimorphae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Columbimorphae (encara no existeix)">Columbimorphae</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Col%C3%BAbmids&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Colúbmids (encara no existeix)">Columbiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(coloms i tòrtores)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesitorn%C3%ADtids" title="Mesitornítids">Mesitornithiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(mesites)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pter%C3%B2clids" title="Pteròclids">Pterocliformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(pterocles)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mirandornithes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mirandornithes (encara no existeix)">Mirandornithes</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flamencs_(animal)" title="Flamencs (animal)">Phoenicopteriformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(flamencs)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podicipediformes" title="Podicipediformes">Podicipediformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(cabussons)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Passerea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Passerea (encara no existeix)">Passerea</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otidimorphae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Otidimorphae (encara no existeix)">Otidimorphae</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuc%C3%BAlids" title="Cucúlids">Cuculiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(cucuts)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turacs" title="Turacs">Musophagiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(turacs)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ot%C3%ADdids" title="Otídids">Otidiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(piocs)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strisores&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Strisores (encara no existeix)">Strisores</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caprimulgiformes" title="Caprimulgiformes">Caprimulgiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(Caprimúlgids i relacionats)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocell_de_l%27oli" title="Ocell de l'oli">Steatornithiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pod%C3%A0rgids" title="Podàrgids">Podargiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apodiformes" title="Apodiformes">Apodiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(Hemiprocne i colibris)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Opisthocomiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Opisthocomiformes">Opisthocomiformes</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Opisthocomidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Opisthocomidae">Opisthocomiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(hoatzin)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cursorimorphae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cursorimorphae (encara no existeix)">Cursorimorphae</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caradriformes" title="Caradriformes">Charadriiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(gavines, xatracs i àlcids)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gru%C3%AFformes" title="Gruïformes">Gruïformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(grues i relacionats)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phaethontimorphae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phaethontimorphae (encara no existeix)">Phaethontimorphae</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tropicbird&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tropicbird (encara no existeix)">Phaethontiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(ocells dels tròpics)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euripigiformes" title="Euripigiformes">Eurypygiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(kagú i ocell sol)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aequornithes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aequornithes (encara no existeix)">Aequornithes</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Loon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Loon (encara no existeix)">Gaviiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(colimbs)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ping%C3%BCins" title="Pingüins">Sphenisciformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(pingüins)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procel%C2%B7lariformes" title="Procel·lariformes">Procellariiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(albatros i petrells)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cic%C3%B2nids" title="Cicònids">Ciconiiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(cigonyes)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suliformes" title="Suliformes">Suliformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(corbs marins i relacionats)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelicaniformes" title="Pelicaniformes">Pelecaniformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(pelicans i relacionats)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australaves&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Australaves (encara no existeix)">Australaves</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cariami" title="Cariami">Cariamiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(sarians i relacionats)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falconiformes" title="Falconiformes">Falconiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(falcons i relacionats)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psitaciformes" title="Psitaciformes">Psittaciformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(lloros)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passeriformes" title="Passeriformes">Passeriformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(moixons)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afroaves&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Afroaves (encara no existeix)">Afroaves</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cathartiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathartiformes">Cathartiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(voltors del Nou Món i còndors)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accipitriformes" title="Accipitriformes">Accipitriformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(àguiles i falcons)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estrigiformes" title="Estrigiformes">Strigiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(òlives i mussols)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%B2lids" title="Còlids">Coliiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(colius i urocolius)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trogoniformes" title="Trogoniformes">Trogoniformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(trogons i quetzals)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curol" title="Curol">Leptosomiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(curols)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucerotiformes" title="Bucerotiformes">Bucerotiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(calaus)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coraciformes" title="Coraciformes">Coraciiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(gaig blau i coràcids)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piciformes" title="Piciformes">Piciformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(pitgrocs i relacionats)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/16px-Symbol_question.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/24px-Symbol_question.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/32px-Symbol_question.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span><b><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Ocells" title="Categoria:Ocells">Categoria</a></b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="Commons page" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/16px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" 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